The objective of this research is to identify the key factors that impact the system of product commercialization in the Bogota´s market to allow a better comprehension of the growth behavior of the convenience stores in this city.
The use of DDT for Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) in recent years has proven to be a cost effective way of combating malaria in sub Saharan Africa. A variety of alternatives to DDT for IRS exist. However, their costs and benefits are insufficiently understood. This is particularly true when it comes to evaluating vector control strategies in an integrated way, i.e., also in terms of their broader socio-economic development impacts. The Malaria Management Model project estimated the costs associated with the eradication of malaria for different combinations of vector control interventions and for different time horizons. For this purpose it developed a computer based simulation model that is based on an extensive database and calibrated for the aggregated sub Saharan African region. It studies long-term (1970-2050) trends of malaria diffusion and the implications for socio-economic development. Model simulations showed that for all policy-scenario combinations, the average yearly expenditures for malaria prevention were much lower than the possible average yearly gain in GDP from eradicating malaria. Model simulations also revealed that the additional costs of substituting DDT for IRS create a series of benefits as well as avoided risks that overall more than offset the costs.
In promotion, tenure or funding decisions, publication performances of researchers in scientific institutions are evaluated using some performance measures. However, there is a concern that measuring research performance, if not properly done, may damage science. Researchers tend to change their research practices when they are asked to be good at some particular measure. In this study, a dynamic model is developed for analyzing the changes in publication practices of researchers towards improving the performance measures used. Reputation, skill level, total time devoted to research activities, fraction of papers accepted by the journals, publication and citation pressures on researchers are the basic variables in the model. The model is constructed and calibrated using Bo?aziçi University Engineering Faculty data. Validation of the model is established by standard structure and behavior tests. Scenario and policy analysis are performed with the simulation model. Pushing researchers to publish in high numbers causes spurious publications with low citations. Allowing researchers to spend more time on research activities is found to be an effective policy. Encouraging mostly the high quality research results in more high-quality publications compared to low-quality ones, hence increased citations. The model provides a platform on which many other policies can be tested.
Flood is the most frequent natural disaster in Indonesia. However mitigation program is still not effective, especially the indirect impact related to human health. The limitation on clean water, sanitation facilities, cold temperature and the quality of health surveillance might trigger the outbreak of infectious disease and also ineffective the mitigation policy. Therefore in this paper we use System Dynamic that modeled the the two diseases that mostly emerge during rainy season, diarrhea and acute-respiratory-infections (ARI)to give insight and feasible policy to mitigate and control the potential outbreak of infectious diseases.