71st Annual Report 27 unnumbered plates., 1915

THE
New DAy IN PRISON REFORM

[1915]

SEVENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

PRISON ASSOCIATION

OF NEW YORK

135 EAST 1STH STREET, NEW YORK

PART ONE
“THE PRISON ASSOCIATION AND PRISON REFORM IN 1915

PART TWO.
INSPECTIONS OF CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS

4. B.LYON COMPANY, PRINTERS
1918

‘When the released prisoner returns
shall he meet

Bade sy

uses:

PREFACE.

HIS publication of the Prison Association of New York

I is an official report to the Legislature of the State of

‘New York, the seventy-first of the series of annual
reports begun in 1845,

Paragraph Six of Article Eleven of the Act incorporating
the Prison Association of New York provides that “the said
executive committee (of the Prison Association), by such
committees as they shall from time to time appoint, shall have
power, and it shall be their duty to visit, inspect and examine,
all the prisons of the State, and annually report to the Legis-
Tacure their state and condition, and all such other things in
regard to them as may enable the Legislature to perfect their
government and discipline.”

‘The same paragraph furthermore gives to the Prison Associa-
tion of New York adequate power to make such inspections,
and the State of New York provides for the printing of five
hundred copies of the annual report of the Prison Association.
Additional copies, to the number of several thousand, are
purchased by the Prison Association for distribution to its
contributors and many others, not only in New York State
but elsewhere.

‘The principal activities of the Prison Association are outlined
‘on pages 22-49 of this Report, and a detailed statement of the
many departments of the Astociation can be found on pages
19-69 of the Annual Report of the Association for 1914. The
departments of the Society are the following: Administrative,
Inspections, Parole, Probation, Relief, Employment, Research,
Financial,

The Prison Association has enjoyed in 1915 probably the
most useful and constructive year of its existence. Its work
has been more far-reaching, more efficient, and its disburse-
ments larger in the cause of sane prison reform than ever before.

‘Our Annual Report this year differs somewhat from those
‘of many previous years, in that the great increase in our
activities has caused the selection, for the Annual Report, of
the most important and imminent things in the betterment
of prison conditions and the condition of prisoners in which

5

6 Prerace.

the Association is playing an important part. For instance,
extended treatment is given of such timely and significant
topics as ‘The Progress of Prison Reform,” “The Abolition
of Sing Sing,” “The Problem of the Prison Industries,” the
Department of Correction of the City of New York, as well
as the great need fele for State institutions for the defective
delinquent, the tramp and vagrant, and the young mis-
demeanant.

Less space in the Annual Report is given, proportionally,
to the daily activities of the Prison Association’s relief work,
its parole and probation problems, and its constant usefulness
as a general consulting and cooperating agency, even though
during 1915 the Association probably reached the highest
poine yer in those branches of sensible, patient, daily usefulness.

‘We would further direct the attention of those of our friends
who wish special details regarding our State prisons and their
condition to the reports of the Superintendent of Prisons
and of the Prison Commission, which can be obtained upon
addressing them at the Capitol, Albany, New York.

Medieval Survival in New York State, Prisoners under Panshinent, Onondaes
(Couney Penicesie

(i

A

i
aah

TO THE CONTRIBUTORS AND OTHER FRIENDS OF
THE PRISON ASSOCIATION.

HIS volume, the Annual Report for 1915, comes to you
from the Executive Committee of the Prison Associ-
ation in very warm-hearted and sincere appreciation of

the help you are giving to prison reform through this Society

as an agency.

We know that any organized charitable effort must become
materially dependent upon its machinery and its system for
results, and we know, too, that when such a Society as ours
comes to have several thousand contributors and a fairly
large staff of workers, there cannot be the constantin-touchness
between the supporters of the work and the daily workers that
is possible when only a few are cooperating.

But we want you, every one, to know that this Association is
what its name means, a gathering together of friends of a good
cause. Our workers are filled with sympathy and zeal. Our
machinery serves only to make our work prompt and useful.
‘And we who are near the center of the ‘* work are convinced
that out among our supporting friends there are many hundred
large-hearted and zealous associates in this work — which is
in a mighty field, and one needing all our energy and patience.
So we send to you this word of appreciation and thank-
fulness for your cooperation

‘THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

THE PURPOSES

THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK

1, The protection of society against crime.

2, The reformation of the criminal.

3. Protection for those unjustly accused.

. Probation, when suitable, for first offenders.

. Improvement in prisons and prison discipline.

|. Employment, and when necessary, food, tool
shelter and other assistance for released or dis-
charged prisoners.

Necessary aid for prisoners’ families.

8. Supervision for those on probation and parole.
9. Needed legislation.

10. Publicity in prison reform.

11, Research and advice.

‘TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Fam of ease

Toco

Standing Commitees
Sea

The Piso Association of New York
‘The Prison Aszocition fo 1915

‘The Present Day in Prison Reform.
‘The Absalon of Sing Sing.

‘The Problem ofthe Prion Indust

{A Parole and Commutation Biles os

‘The State Indoetsat Farm Colony
ASeate Reformstory for Misdemeananis.
The New Erie County Jai

‘The Westchester Cound Jail and Penitensiny
Depactment of Correction, New York City
‘Teense’s Report.

CCanenibutor! Lit

Coastiusion and By-Laws

THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK.
OFFICERS FOR 1916.

Evcene Suir,

Decatur M. Sawyer,

CC. Avemneross, 135 E. 15th Sty N.Y.

(GENERAL SECRETARY.
O. F, Lewss.

Re. Rev. Davio H. Greer, Euorse A. Pinan,
Faux ADLER, Jacon H. Scum, |
Ronerr W. pe Fonrsr, Tuomas Morr Osnoint:

W. W. Barrensuant, Joun W. Huremnson,
B. Oapen Cmsoims, Gronce W. Kincnwey,
J. Feniwone Corer, Frank D. Pavey,
Connenius B. Gorn,
Wu. H. Gratwick,
Howey G. Gray, Ino C. SPERANZA,
Henry E. Grecony, J. Senty Wann,
Avexanper M, Apex, Evert Jansen Wexpet,
Epwin O. Hoizer, Morsay Wruttass,
Ricanp M. Horo, Jaszs Woop,

E. Trownnwor Hau.

STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1916. ‘THE PRISON ASSOCIATION'S STAFF IN 1916.

so eoaear teat. ADMINISTRATION.
Heoclr ie pou 0. F. Lewis, General Secretary.
‘Mise F. S. Avcuansravon, Private Secretary.
R. S, Monisox, Cashier.
— ‘Mise Bearaice Strecker, Clerk
Miss Bessie Rarwen, Clerk.
TAW COOSALIEE HOe2. Mrs, H. B. Lzacur, Telephone Operator.
Sey LE ATN: Miss Atice Scemupr, Clerk.
Messrs, Sace, Pavey, Spemanza anp Gray. Miss L. I. Gay, Clerk
Mise Sorme Cartso, Clerk.

Messrs. Wittiaus, Kincnwey, Grecory axp Hover.

(COMMITTEE. ON PRISON DISCIPLINE. —
‘Messrs. Hurp, Sawysn, Hatt, Woop np Pavey. INSPECTION AND RESEARCH,
— Punnae Kirin, Assistant Secretary.

E.R. Cass, Assistant Secretary.

‘COMMITTEE ON DISCHARGED CONVICTS. Mrs. M. Woouratt, Stenographer.

Mess rs. Happen, Cusoust, Hortex anv Kincnwey.

PAROLE AND RELIEF BUREAU.
August L. Bony, Parole Agent
Messrs. Catsoust, Gray, SRELTON AND WENDELI. Josera Forey, Assistant
Mrs. H. B. Rovcexs, Relief Agent.
‘Mrs. W. H. Brown, Stenographer.

‘COMMITTEE. ON DETENTIONS.

(COMMITTEE ON FINANCES.

Messrs. Avcuixctoss, Happen, Haut axp Hunn.

' PROBATION BUREAU.

D. E. Knshatt, General Agent and Probation Officer.
‘Miss Miverva RoseNtHat, Stenographer,

HOUSE COMMITTEE.

‘Messrs. Garcony, Aucurncioss ano Warp.

EMPLOYMENT BUREAU.
DEBARY COMMUTES, Cuanues K. Buarcaty, Secretary.

Messrs. Gnecony, Gray ax Wintiaas, ‘Miss Extzapera Banwerr.

Br. Charles Raymond Hendersant

De. Charles Raymond Hendeson, profeor atthe University of Chicago,
fs a ditece result of overwork im important civic duties in Chi

Henderson's cootibutions to Amesican knowledge of she proper treatment
of Inwbeeabor were many and valuable. Hic apite pernested the ect
fant. a practically every feld of American socal service he was at home,

He was atthe tie of hie death the United States repeesntiive on
Inernavonal Paton Commission, having ueceeded i tht position im 1909
June Buttons, former correponding secretary of the Prison
iho, like De. Henderson, ied in the mst of most mporeane

‘We miahs eee the long ie of our dead fiend’s offal die, his

ona, is accesees. But the bese vision of hie valuable hfe thie
Femaine to ur 6 Ghat of the geal, helpful fathfal Dr, Henderson, moving
snilisly atoms ws our setings, lays led to meet sal agai aay
teal ed even tage to eas ofthe uk and problene of otk aed
slays making others beer socal rervans, beter chiens, who came in
touch wih bi.”

Dr, Charles R, Hendecson, United States Represeneative International Prison Com=
mission, Died March, 1915

STATE OF NEW YORK

IN SENATE

Avni 20, 1916

SEVENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK

Hon. Epwarp ScHOENECK,
Lieusenant-Governor of New York:

Sin.— In accordance with chapter 165 of the Laws
of 1845, we have the honor to present the seventy-first
annual report of the Prison Association of New York,
and_to request that you will lay the same before the
Legislacure.

Respectfully,
‘THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK,
by Evcens Surrn, President
O. F. Lewis, General Secretary.

THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK.

\HE Prison Association of New York is a charitable
society, absolutely dependent upon voluntary con-
tributions. Te was founded in 1844, and received a

charter from the State in 1846. It has had an unbroken

record since 1844, and at present conducts a larger number
of activities, and we hope more efficiently, than ever before.

‘The officers of the society are president, vice-president, record

ing secretary, general secretary, treasurer and an exccutive

committee, which constitutes the governing board of the

Association. The general secretary is the salaried executive

of the Association. The objects of the Association are, accord-

ing to the charter

1, The amelioration of the condition of prisoners, whether
detained for trial, or finally convicted, or as wienesses.

2. The improvement of prison discipline and the government
of prisons, whether for cities, counties or states.

3. The support and encouragement of reformed convicts after
their discharge, by affording thom the means of obraining an
honest livelihood, and sustaining them in their efforts at reform.

In recent years the objects of the Associaton have been
stated briefly. as follows:

1. The protection of society against crime.

2. The reformation of the criminal

3+ Protection for those unjustly accused.

4. Probation for first offenders.

5. Improvement in prisons and. prison discipline.

6. Employment, and, when necessary, food, tools and shelter
for discharged prisoners

7. Necessary aid for prisoners’ families.

8. Supervision for those on probation and parole.

9. Needed legislation.

‘The legal power of the Association is considerable. The

executive committee, by such committees as shall from time

to time be appointed, has the power and the duty to inspect

and examine all the prisons in the State, and annually report
9

20 ‘Tue Prison Association or New York.

to the Legislature their state and condition, and all such
other things in regard to them as may enable the Legislature
to perfect their government and discipline. ‘The authority
for such inspection is found in Paragraph 6 of Article 11 of
the constitution of the Asso Orders for the purpoze
of inspection and investigation are issued by one of the judges
of the Supreme Court, or by other competent authority.

‘The record of the Prison Association has been one of honor
and of value to the State. The Association was founded at
‘a time when the rights of the prisoner and the duties of the
State were very insufficiently guarded or understood. The
society grew out of a wave of protest against abuses of
prisoners and the low state of prison administration inv
State. The activity of the society has been characterize? not
so much by a conspicuous declaration of activities, by
persistent and quiet cooperation when possible ~/-11 ison
authorities and by consistent propaganda for the nt
of prisoners and the treatment of crime.

Conspicuous among the many results ir which che Asso-
ciation shared were the campaign for fc °-' ‘lishment of
Elmira Reformatory; the seudy of the Jat: ‘amily by Mr.
Dugdale, one of the managers of the ton; the develop-
ment of probation in New Ye the development
through many years of the pov in New York City.
for the Seate reformatories prisons; the establish-
ment of the National Pri» ation (now the American
Prison Association) thr tivity of Dr. E. C. Wines,
corresponding secre:s- ie Association in 1870; the
organization of th donal Prison Congress by Dr.
Wines after he! . 9 down his office as corresponding
secretary of ©" . sisr. Association; the election of Dr. Bar-
rows, corr. + secretary of the Association from 1900
to 1900. int of the Eighth International Prison Con-

aign against the fee system in the case of

‘sj the increase of the endowment fund of the

since 1910 from $9,000 to neatly $100,000, and

ase in recent years not only of the membership of

+ ssociation, but of the income of the Association and the
scompanying development of the fields of activity of the
wssociation. In recent years the Association has made
a considerable part of ies activity che cooperation in develop-
‘ment of new institutions, such as a new Farm Industrial

‘TnebPrison Assocation or New York. ar
Prison to take the place of Si i
t lace of Sing Sing, the State Industrial
Farm Colony, the State Reformatory for Misdemeanante, the
farm colony of the Boatd of Inebriety of New York City and

the proposed State Custodial Asylum i
Duiperosed State Custodial Asylum for Feeble-Minded Male

‘The Prison Association is reco,
as an importa
uupon to furni

ined throghont the covrry
ant association in its field, and is daily called
Counties a fo the betterment of enna Cuba, States and
lation and other social problems connected with delingu

legis
lency.

‘THE PRISON ASSOCIATION IN 1915.

‘The Executive Committee of the Prison Association
appreciates most keenly he suppore given by the contributors,
to the society during 191s, Without their generous help the
splendid record of the year could not have been accomplished.
Te has been a year of steady, substantial progress, tested always
by the effect the activities of the society have had upon
prisoners, prisoners’ families and prison reform. Five years
ago the Association announced the beginning of a decade of
reorganization and advance. We can assure our members and
other contributors that good progress is being made.

‘The following paragraphs state briefly some of the most
important accomplishments of the last year. We have
purposely reduced this portion of our Annual Report, in view
of the many important chapters we have devoted to matters
of State-wide importance in prison reform and also in view
of the several hundred pages of inspections, which must and
should be included in our repore to the Legislature.

‘Throughout the year our campaign for a farm industrial
prison, to take the place of Sing Sing, has been uppermost in
our minds. Notwithstanding 2 most determined effort in
the spring of 1915, we were unable to secure the abandonment
of Sing Sing. The Association utged the establishment of a
new farm industrial prison upon the so-called Beekman site,
about twenty. miles southeast of Poughkeepsie, purchased in
1912 by the State for a farm industrial colony for tramps and
vagrants. The Association also urged that in case the Beekman
site were chosen for a prison, the site already owned by the
State at Wingdale should without fail be utilized for an indus
trial farm colony for tramps and vagrants.

In the early fall the Association, through a special com-
mittee, compiled the most comprehensive study yet made of
reasons for the abandonment of Sing Sing prison, the estab-
lishment of a farm industrial prison, and the relative merits
of the two sites in Dutchess county, Wingdale and Beekman,
for the location of such a farm prison. This report, much of
which is outlined on pages 58-78 of the present report, was
furnished in the fall of 1915 to Senator Henry M. Sage, Chai

Tue Prison Association In 1915. 23

rman of the Finance Committee of the Senate. With the advent
of 1916, the Association has begun again its campaign for the
securing of a farm industrial prison.

In the spring of 1915, the Prison Association elected to
membership in the Executive Committee, Mr. E. Trowbridge
Hall, a retired business man, who became especially interested
in the problem of prison industries at Sing Sing. ‘Through his
generous support, it was possible in the summer and early fall
to conduct through Mr. Pan! Kennaday a study of the prison
industries of the State, the results of which study are embodied
‘on pages 79-87 in the present annual report. ut of this study
developed, in the fall of 1915, the Prison Industries and Employ-
ment Association, composed of a group of business and pro
fessional men_in New York City whose special interests are
in the line of prison labor and the employment of released
prisoners. Mr. Kennaday became secretary of the above-
named committee and is closely affliated, in his work, with
the Prison Association. Important results are looked for
during 1916 from this very useful alliance. The problem
‘of the prison industries has long been one of the most com-
plicated and fundamental in prison reform in this State,

During the legislative session very earnest efforts were made
by the Association and other prison reform groups to secure
the passage of a reasonable bill providing for more liberal
terms of parole for inmates of our State prisons. The bill
ultimately submitted, and the attitude of the Governor and the
Legislature, were not sufficiently in accord to secure the passage
of the bill.’ The necessity nor only of granting more liberal
terms of parole but also of equalizing more nearly the sentences,
of persons committed to State prisons under indeterminate
and definite sentences has been so apparent that the Associa
tion will make a most earnest effort during 1916 to secure the
Passage of an adequate bill.

"A bill of the highest importance to New York City was
passed by the Legislature, putting upon an indeterminate
sentence basis the New York County Penitentiary, the New
York City Reformatory for Misdemeanants, and, for a con-
considerable proportion of inmates, the New York City Work-
house. This bill is outlined in detail on pages 119-125 of the
present annual report. Great credit is due to Dr. Katharine
Bement Davis, Commissioner of Correction of New York City,
for the drafting and passage of this bill. A reason advanced

4 ‘Tue Prison Association or New Yorx.

State prisons was che
Presults of the
however,

vagrants,
feeble-minded is out

“The important posit

this State as 2 counselling and advisory bi

by the frequent use made of the Society

‘and city correctional institutions.

‘Conspicuous during the year has been the advance toward

completion of the Erie county jail. This jail located in

ulfalo, is the second largest county jail in the State, | In.

rie County Board of Supervisors, after months o}

renovate the jail upon the so-called

advocated during recent years by the

he leading penologists

I, when completed

in 1916, will supply to eacl ace room with

‘window tothe outer at, adequs
Steel bars, and affording to the prisoner
Chance of privacy and to the jail administration the oppor
funity for adequate classification, It js unfortunare that the
hrew jail must be reconstructed out of the old jail, instead of
fiving full scope to the archicects to develop the new jail upon
‘wholly modern lines. k

During 1915 @ highly important decision was reached by
Westchester county when the Commissioners began the con,
seruction of a new county penitentiary, co cake the place of

fe county’ jail at White Plains, upon the “ group-unit plan
toe one dein the od tcadiional cellblock plan. A detailed
description of this county penitentiary will be found on pages
Trrrrqof the present annual report. Because there is a strong,

Trend. throughout the country in the direction of building

Tue Prison Association IN 1915. 2s

prisons and jails upon wide acreage and with detached build-
ings for housing inmates, the new jail in Westchester county
will undoubtedly attract attention in many States. Tt is not
too much to say that this county penitentiary, if successfully
buile and successfully administered, will mark a definite
turning point in prison construction throughout the counery.
Mr. Alfred J. Hopkins of New York City, the architect chosen
by the Westchester County Building Commission, has during
the year accepted many suggestions of the Prison’ Association
as to the layout and administrative features of the proposed
county penitentiary.

The New York City Department of Correction has been
most cordial in asking repeatedly the cooperation of the Prison
Association, particularly in ies plans for renovation of old insti
tutions or for the establishment of new instieutions. Special
comprehensive inspections have been made by the Association
of the New York County Penitentiary, the New York City
Workhouse and the New York City Reformatory for Mis
demeanants, and reports of the same have been submicted
to the Department of Correction. Repeated inspections
have been made of New Hampton Farms, the country division
in Orange county of the New York City Reformatory, for the
purpose of assisting in the introduction and maintenance of
satisfactory sanitary and administrative conditions. ‘The
plans for the proposed New York City Reformatory at New
Hampton Farms have been worked out to some extent in
cooperation with the Association, which has also, through the
cordial and valuable assistance of Mr. Mortimer J. Fox,
proposed a tentative plan for the erection of an industrial
penitentiary on Hart's Island, to be begun as soon as the
Reformavory shall have been removed to New Hampton

‘The very numerous inspections made by Mr. Philip Klein
and Mr. E. R. Cass, assistant secretaries of the Prison Associa-
tion, of the State, county and city institutions, have led to
many important improvements in those institutions. The
entire second part of this Annual Report bears testimony
to the thoroughness and the cooperative policy of the said
inspections, of which 146 have been made, not including many
occasional visits. One hundred and four inspections of county
jails and county penitentiaries are recorded. Following each
inspection, reports have been made, revised, and finally sub-

26 ‘Tue Prison Association or New York.

mitted to the authorities administering the various institutions.
‘At the time of the inspections of county jails, members of
various committees, boards of supervisors, etc. in the different
counties have been consulted and advised relativetothe carrying.
‘out of recommendations made in the reports. There has been
continued agitation for the abolition of demoralizing idleness
among the prisoners serving sentences in the county jails.
Analyses of successful methods of employment of county
jail prisoners in some counties have been made and emphasized.
Conferences with representatives of labor organizations have
been held relative to their attitude concerning the employment
of sentenced prisoners in the jails,

Continued activity is recorded also in the introduction and
maintenance of libraries in the county jails of the State, in
cooperation with the Jail Library Committee.t Ar the time
of each inspection, the library books are examined and infor-
mation is gathered as to the methods of distribution of the
books among the prisoters. The information is communicated
t0 the donors of the libraries in the respective jails, and, if
necessary, new books are supplied by that member.” During
the year also an effore has been made to establish county
committees to work in cooperation with the Prison Association
in improving the physical condition and equipment of the
county jails, to urge upon the boards of supervisors the need
for finding employment for sentenced prisoners, and to cooperate
with them as much as possible in the solution of this important
problem. It is hoped that such county committees may be
further developed during 1916, who may assist also in finding
employment for released prisoners, in encouraging probation
for first offenders, and in securing relief for prisoners’ families.

‘Not infrequencly individual cases have been discovered in
the jails, in the course of inspections and investigations,
necessitating consuleation with county jail authorities, distr
attorneys, sheriffs and probation officers. Sometimes di
inspections, charges of brutality are made by prisoners, each
necessitating careful investigation. ‘Two notable instances of
this occurred, one in the Erie county penitentiary and one
in the Schenectady county jail. Occasionally, injudicious
commitments to the county jails of young boys are found.
“The cooperation secured from probation officers and county
judges has helped to bring about 2 more judicious disposition
of such cases.

Tue Prisow Association 1x 1915.

In two instances, requests from committees outsi

State were acceded to, and Mr. Case made informal inepections

of 0 county jails in the State of New Jersey. In cach oF

{hese inseances a survey was made of the possibilities for the
ployment of sentenced prisoners, and a movement followed

to gecure county jal Farms,

‘ting briefly some of the most important changes effecte
directly’ or indirectly, through our inspections of conte eet
we give the following: vs
_ In Monroe County many
improvement of the jail equi
Prisoners. ‘The most impor
of a fumigating apparatus
toilets; jail yard for exercising
cups and eating pans instead
tion of materesses instead

sere jail farm has been pur-
'916 prisoners will be employed
of St. Lawrence county brought
'y authorities in our reports is

Richmond County will have an additional sessi

grand jury when the population, in the opinion of the courts
ies ¢ Population, in the opinion of the county

‘uffotk County, in the past year, worked on the ¥i

highways a daily. average’ of nine prisoners. "Os the ee
county tuberculosis hospital site, twenty-five prisoners wens
Gmployed daily, and it is estimated thar the net value of
this labor. tothe county exceeds 8,000. A four-hundred-
cre farm is to be purchased.

Ulster’ County— Striking improvement in the cleanliness
znd equipment in the all; better food supply for the prisoners:
the east toey, atid ofthe shri and his staf toward

Cattaraugus Coun

Tmporcane changes in the toi

ment; more favorable treatment of d particulary

mens more favorable of the prisoners, particularly
Bronx County.—As a result of much eviticism j

irom bo ‘sult of much criticism in our frequent
pe © the congestion in the original jail, 2 branch jail

28 ‘Tue Prisos Association or New York.

i sn improved
ig provided. The care of the prisoners has been impr
iy Provided Hberal periods of exercise, better classieation
a comet Lietngson, Brsex and Chemung counties ave
appointed committees to study the possiblities of employment
Fer the inmates serving sentence in the jails. These com.
Rietees have been supplied with valuable material by
plstett have on and have also made visits o other counties.

‘Clinton County.—The jail is to be renovated, |
Cortland County—Commiciee appointed to study possibt
ies of employment for sentenced prisoners and ako co study

for the construction of a new jail.
a re omen fr she constuction ofa jail midway
between Rome and Utica under consideration.
Columbia. County—New jail under constrvetion.
Dutchess County:—Present, sheriff using inmate labor to
manufacture ‘mattresses and finish toweling, sheets, an

Pilgirege County.—Pulaski jail abandoned.

improvements have also
Within New York City, important improv 0
resulted from the inspections. The Deparument of Correction
se attached special importance to a, comprehensi iy
Ba sfe'Klein of the medical service of che Department, and
recommendations have been made by the Department along
{he 'general lines of the study, inchiding a recommendation
for 2 general medical superintendent. : cot
The" Association drew two bills for che improvement ¢
methods of treatment and disposition of inane coms,
mocf nought to secure their passage in the Legislature of 1915-
Fee eae ocd oth mows but fled co receive he
Gonature of the Governor. One of the bills passed the Senate
Bae failed to pass the Assembly. Sufficient attention was
aroused, however, so that municipal officials have assumes
the duey of following out the provisions of the Bill.
‘Our inspectors have been watchful in the macter of the
treatment of individual prisoners, Out of the discovery of
Gn improper arrest of a child in the Bronx resulted a change
an ape methods of dealing with juvenile delinquents in that
“thio rth of reading
Fough becoming aware of the obvious dea

‘Te Prison Association 1 1915. a9

a marked advance has been brought about bythe Prison
Association in the supplying of literature to prisoners. In
the Queens county jail a library has been established as a
result of the work of the Prison Association in securing the
cooperation of the New York Public Library. In other in:
tutions of the Department permanent libraries are being
organized.

In the anticipation of the introduction of the new parole
law for New York City on January 1, 1916, the Commissioner
of Accounts of New York City gave detailed attention in
the fall to the preparation of an exhaustive system of blanks,
records, etc., in the preparation of which the assistance of the
Prison Association was invited and received through many
weeks. ‘The Association also cooperated with the Department
of Correction in the preparation of its Panama-Pacific exhibit

With the Joine Committee on Prison Reform, established
by the Women’s Deparement of the National Civie Federation
(New York and New Jersey branches) in the spring of 1or4,
the Prison Association has affiliated very closely, two members
of the Association being on the Executive Committee of the
Joint Committee on Prison Reform. In the summer of 1914,
reparations were begun by the Joint Committee for a Prison
Exhibit, a hitherto untried feature in public education along
prison reform lines. ‘The outbreak of the European war and
the consequent probable reduction in financial support caused
the postponement of the plans for a prison exhibit until the
summer of 1915, when preparations were again begun. Dur-
ing the fall the prison exhibit was organized, the work requiring
months of most careful preparation. Under the general
management of Mrs. Francis MeNiel Bacon, Jr., Chairman,
and Mr. Alexander Cleland, Secretary of the Joint Committee,
the cooperation in particular of the Russell Sage Foundation
and of the Prison

The Prison Exhibit was finally opened in New York on
January 10, 1916, and consisted of fourteen divisions, pre-
‘senting a well coordinated general survey of New York prison
conditions. Special emphasis was laid upon the necessity for
the abolition of Sing Sing and the establishment of a farm
industrial prison on wide acreage. Sections of the exhibit
were devoted to prison industries, prison administration,
Teformatoriee, county jails, women’ delinquenes, tramps: and

28 ‘Tue Prison Association or New York.

is provided. ‘The care of the prisoners has been improved
through more liberal periods of exercise, better classification
and cell equipment.

‘Broome, Livingston, Essex and Chemung counties have
appointed committees to study the possibilities of employment
for the inmates serving sentence in the jails. ‘These com-
mittees have been supplied with valuable material by the
Prison Association and have also made visits to other counties.

‘Clinton County.—The jail is to be renovated. .

Cortland County.—Commnittee appointed to study possibil-
ies of employment for sentenced prisoners and als to study

lans for the construction of a new jail
PYOncida County.—Plans for the construction of a jail midway
between Rome and Utica under consideration

Columbia County. New jail under construction.

Duichess County.—Present sheriff using inmate labor to
manufacture mattresses and finish toweling, sheets, and
pilloweases. .

Oswego County.—Pulaski jail abandoned

Within New York City, important improvements have also
resulted from the inspections. The Department of Correction

has attached special importance to 2 comprehensive study
by Mr. Klein of the medical service of the Department, and
recommendations have been made by the Department along
the general lines of the study, including a recommendation
for a general medical superintendent.

“The Ascociation drew two. bills for the improvement of
methods of treatment and disposition of insane criminals,
and sought to secure their passage in the Legislature of 1915.
‘One of the bills passed both houses but failed to receive the
signature of the Governor. One of the bills passed the Senate
but failed to pass the Assembly. Sufficient attention was
aroused, however, so that municipal officials have assumed
the duty of following out the provisions of the bill.

‘Our inspectors have been watchful in the matter of the
treatment of individual prisoners. Out of the discovery of
‘an improper arrest of a child in the Bronx resulted 2 change
in the methods of dealing with juvenile delinquents in that
county.

"Through becoming aware of the obvious dearth of reading
matter in the institutions of the Department of Correction,

Tur Prison Assoctation 1% 1915. 29

a marked advance has been brought about by the Prison
Association in the supplying of literature to prisoners. In
the Queens county jail a library has been established as
result of the work of the Prison Association in securing the
cooperation of the New York Public Library. In other insti-
tutions of the Department permanent libraries are being
organized.

In the anticipation of the introduction of the new parole
law for New York City on January r, 1916, the Commissioner
of Accounts of New York City gave detailed attention in
the fall to the preparation of an exhaustive system of blanks,
records, etc., in the preparation of which the assistance of the
Prison ‘Association was invited and received through many
weeks. The Association also cooperated with the Department
of Correction in the preparation of its Panama-Pacific exhibit.

With the Joint Committee on Prison Reform, established”
by the Women’s Department of the National Civic Federation
(New York and New Jersey branches) in the spring of 1914,
the Prison Association has affiliated very closely, two members
of the Association being on the Executive Committece of the
Joint Committee on Prison Reform. In the summer of 1914,
preparations were begun by the Joint Committee for a Prison
Exhibit, a hitherto untried feature in public education along
prison reform lines. ‘The outbreak of the European war and
the consequent probable reduction in financial suppore caused
the postponement of the plans for a prison exhibit until the
summer of 1915, when preparations were again begun. Dur-
ing the fall the prison exhibit was organized, the work requiring
months of most careful preparation. Under the general
management of Mrs. Francis McNiel Bacon, Jr., Chairman,
and Mr. Alexander Cleland, Secretary of the Joint Committee,
the cooperation in particular of the Russell Sage Foundation
and of the Prison Association was utilized.

‘The Prison Exhibit was finally opened in New York on
January 10, 1916, and consisted of fourteen divisions, pre-
senting a well coordinated general survey of New York prison
conditions. Special emphasis was laid upon the necessity: for
the abolition of Sing Sing and the establishment of a farm
industrial prison on wide acreage. Sections of the exhibit
were devoted to prison industries, prison administration,
reformatories, county jails, women delinquents, tramps and

30 Tur Prison Association or New York.

young offenders, feeble-minded delinquents, short sentences}
definite and indefinite sentences, the released prisoner, parole,
probation and the correctional needs and plans of the New
‘York City Department of Correction. Under the auspices of
the Joint Committee on Prison Reform, consisting of repre-
sentatives and members of prison reform organizations, public
and private, in New York City and State, the exhibit was
financed; it consiseed of a very large number of important
panels, each illustrating in a graphic and striking way the
conditions in the correctional institutions of this State.

The Prison Exhibit also presented many original models,
charts, electrical devices and the like. During the summer
and fall, about 7,000 feet of very striking motion-pictures
were taken of the daily life in Sing Sing and Great Meadow
prisons, and of the repetition of the experiences of Mr. Thomas
‘Mott Osborne in Auburn prison in the fall of 1913 as a volun
tary prisoner. The motion-picture films furnished an
exceptional opportunity to see for the first time absolutely
truthful motion-pictures of the prison systems of this State,
taken with the hearty cooperation of the authorities of the
Prison Department and. the several State prisons. The
pictures were produced for educational purposes only."

Its estimated that at least 50,000 people visited the Prison
Exhibit, and great interest was aroused not only in this State
but also outside the State, a number of requests being received
for the display of the Exhibit in other States. It is planned
to send the Exhibit to other cities of this State during 1916.
The Exhibit was developed and managed with exceptional
efficiency by Mr. Cleland.

The cooperation of the Prison Association with other
organizations was also especially manifest during the past
year in the case of the Horatio Street House, now known as
“No. 70 Horatio Street,” 2 Home for Discharged Women
Prisoners. In the fall of 1914 the Prison Association called
a special meeting of some of its members and friends to

ider the possibility of establishing a home for discharged

(econ, “Te'wes eahibeed

nex from Febraacy 15" to, 16th,
speisie) ip Syeacins fm February 28th to March qth snclsive, we ‘Albany
From March t3th to 18th inlurve

Panels fom the Prison Exhibie

Panel from the Prison Exhibit

Tus Prison Association IN 1915. 31

women prisoners, the city being singularly lacking in agencies
for the proper care of delinquent women. A special and
separate committee was formed, and issued an appeal for
funds, $3,500 being the sum specified and obtained, and early
in January, 1915, the house was formally opened.

Te searted with accommodations for twelve women. During
thé year two more beds were added and four rooms were
obtained in the house of the Director Deaconess Virginia
Young, directly across the street. The house has been used
with great success, and particularly for women discharged
from the Workhouse. The first annual repore of “No. 70”
says: “Every day the Workhouse boat lands about thirty
forlorn and bedraggled women on the 26th Sereet Pier, many
of whom find their only welcome in the backroom of the
nearest saloon, and some of whom really want to be decent,
while others might be made so if they could be reached. “To
these our little home opens its door. which, having swung
wide for the new comer, is closed upon her’ past.”

In ten months from January 1 to October 31, 1915, 165
women have been helped, of whom a fairly large number

have been materially improved. The Prison Association is
indeed glad to have had 2 part in the establishment of this
very necessary house.

¢ Jail Library Committee is a group of citizens accom-
plishing a practical philanthropy with the hearty cooperation
and frequent counsel of the Prison Association. ‘This Com-
mittee, organized at the rooms of the Prison Association in
1913 by Miss Ella H. Davison, has undertaken successfully
to supply every county jail in the Stare with a jail library.
Prior to the time when this work was begun, the majority of
the jails were not furnished with sufficient or proper reading
matter. In some, occasionally a few discarded books were
brought in by residents of the county, and now and then
back numbers of magazines. Now, in every county jail a
set of from, twenty-five to fifty desirable books can be found.
A novel plan was developed by Miss Davison for securing
the libraries. A donor was assigned to each jail. In most
of the jails fifty books were furnished by the donor, there
being a separate donor for almost every jail. The first
installation occurred in March, 1913, in the Washington county
jail at Salem. ‘The last jail supplied was at Lake Pleasant,

32 Tue Prison Association or New York.

Hamilton county, in the spring of 1916. During 1913, books
have been renewed in nineteen jails. Mr. Edward R. Cass,
Assistant Secretary of the Prison Association, inspects the
jails and reports upon the condition of the libraries.

Since its foundation in 1844 the Prison Association has
aimed to help secure employment for released prisoners. In
more recent years, with the growth of parole work, our agents
have had less time per individual than was formerly the case
in the securing of employment. In 1915, for instance, the
total number of men on parole to the Prison Association from
the State prisons was I5I.

In order to help much more intensively the men coming
out of prisons and other correctional institutions, the Prison
Association engaged as ethployment secretary, in October, 1915,
Mr. Charles K. Blatchly, formerly Superintendent of the Joint
Application Bureau of the Charity Organization Society and
the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor.
Mr. Blatchly was for seven years at the head of that Bureau
and prior to that time on the staf of the State Board of
Charities, and came to the Association well equipped for
his special work.

The results of the first ninety days of his activity, from
October 4, 1915, are a matter for congratulation. Of a total
of 144 men interviewed intensively by the employment
secretary, ninety-seven secured work, either directly or indi-
rectly, through the assistance of the employment secretary.
Nearly every man who applied at the offices of the Association
between October 1, 1915, and the end of the year, who was
willing and able to work, was placed during that_ period.
Since the work was started there has been a constant increase
in the number of placements, which promises well for the
future usefulness of this work. The employment secretary
comes in touch by letter and personal visit wich a growing
circle of business men who are willing to give the ex-prisoner
a chance to make good. Those who make good (and there
are many of them) thereby give a chance to our Bureau to
place other men with che same employer. Both in the matter
of common laborers and in skilled trades there has been a larger
opportunity for placements than the employment secretary
had released prisoners to fill.

‘That the securing of employment for released prisoners is

Tdleness in Albany County Penitentiary. in Charge. Shop Unused

Branch Public Library. City Prison, Queens,

‘Typieal Pence

‘Tre Prison Association i 1915. + 33
going to be one of the main features of future efforts for their
rehabilitation is shown by the recommendation of Governor
Whicman that an employment bureau be established by the
State Prison Department, and by. the prominent place which
this work is being given’ by the new Parole Board of New
York City. The successful employment secretary must not
only be a good “case worker” but must be competent to
give vocational guidance to many of the prisoners who come
to him for aid in finding work. It is one thing to find a job
for a prisoner and an entirely different matter vo find employ-
ment suited to the capabilities of the indiv
where he will remain and make good. ‘1
success of this placement work will depend on the best selection,
of the applicant for the job.

No matter how important employment is in aiding a prisoner
to become a good and useful member of the community, it
is not a panacea for all the problems of the discharged convict.
Exactly one-half of all ex-convicts applying for work were
found to be suffering from such serious handicaps and diseases
as to prevent them from earning a living except under the
most favorable conditions. These handicaps and diseases
included tuberculosis, heart disease, kidney disease, asthma,
Bright's disease, varicose veins, rupture, Potts’ disease, anky-
losis, deafness, poor eyesight, old age, syphilis, gonorrhea,
broken wrist and partial paralysis. Seventeen men stated
that they were habitual drunkards, 7 were clearly mentally
defective, 10 others were dull or below normal, 1 was senile,
3 very nervous, 4 with surly or erratic dispositions, 1 a drug
fiend at the time of application. Obviously, the hospital, the
home for che aged, relief agencies and, custodial institutions
are needed rather than employment in the solution of the
above problems. To discover these needs and recommend
suitable relief measures is part of the work of a good employ=
ment secrerary

‘The prominence now given prison reform, the new penology
and all matters pertaining to correctional problems has brought
many new and untrained workers into the field. In conse-
quence, there is much overlapping of relief of the kind that
Pauperizes instead of helping the recipient to become self-
supporting. Greater co-operation is needed between these
agencies. A central registration bureau is needed to make
available to any interested person the facts about individual

d

34 Tar Prison Association of New York.

applicants known by any other correctional agency. By such
a system of registration, imposters would be eliminated readily
and the man genuinely in need of any kind of aid would
receive it more promptly than now.

Nearly one-half of all applicants for employment were born
in New York City. Over two-thirds were born in the United
States. Only 20 of the 144 applicants stated that they had
had any definite business or trade training. Forty-seven
different occupations were represented by the answers given

“First Position at What?” at che beginning of their work
career. This large variety of occupations seems to indicate
that there is no particular crime significance in the occupation
chosen.

Sixty-five different occupations were given as the regular
work of the 144 applicants. Forty-three other occupations
were represented by these same applicants. No union man
in good standing applied for work. Only 9 applicants admitted
that they ever belonged to any union. Nineteen different
institutions were given as the places of last confinement.

For many years Mr. D. E, Kimball, as the representative
of this Association, has acted as probation officer in the Court
of General Sessions of this city. During the fiscal year ending
September 30, 1915, there were 192 persons on probation to
him, 95 visits were made to probationers, 586 investigations
were made by Mr. Kimball or his assistant, and 718 calls
were made by probationers at his office. In previous reports
of the Association the methods of our probation work have
been outlined in detail.

The probation officer is by no means simply an investigator.
The probation officer’s duty is but begun when he or she
has gotten the most essential facts. The real probation officer
must be wise and patient, painstaking, stern, sympathetic,
long-suffering, diplomatic and courageous. The judge upon
the bench must depend to a considerable extent upon the
probation officer for his information prior to the sentencing
of a prisoner. Upon the breadth and depth of vision of a
probation officer depends to a considerable extent the degree
of increase or decrease of crime among those committed to
him for supervision.

The probation officer’s work teems with human interest.
During the year, cocaine as a cause of crime has impressed

Inmate Labor Building an Outside-Cell Structure, Michigan State Prison, Jackson.

Olt Log House Repaired at India || Farm and Used as Tobacco Factory

Tue Prison Assocation 1 1915. 35

itself more and more strongly upon Mr. Kimball. Men and
women’ addicted to the use of cocaine and other derivatives
of morphine will commic criminal acts to secure the money
with which to purchase drugs. When the habit is once formed,
it is exceedingly difficult to overcome. Drug users have told
Mr. Kimball that the general impression: is wrong that the
use of such drugs produces a feeling of exhilaration. They
say that while this is true during the first few periods of
indulgence, the effect of exhilaration ceases when the habit
has been formed and the shattered nervous system demands
the drugs, even though hated, as absolutely essential to life,

One of our women probationers is a notable case. Her
husband, who had been using cocaine-for five years, persuaded
her to join him in its use. ‘The Family income was small,
the husband being employed in a clothing factory at small
wages. As new laws were passed, making the drug more
and more expensive, the husband and wife became desperate,
and the husband stole two valuable coats from his employers
and succeeded in getting them our of the shop. His wile
met him by appointment and carried one of the coats. On
their way to the pawnshop they were stopped by two detec.
tives: They were put under arrest on pure speculation, and
not being able to prove ownership of the coats were committed
to prison for trial. Both prisoners pleaded guilty and the
facts were brought out in Mr. Kimball's report of his investi-
gation. The woman was a nervous and physical wreck, and
weighed 105 pounds when the physician at the City Prison
began to treat her. In five weeks,improvement was so marked
that Judge Nott released her ‘on probation, whereat she
promised to report regularly, as well as to give up cocaine
for the rest of her life. "She went to her parents’ home in New
Jersey and in six weeks gained 48 pounds in weight and is
how enjoying excellent health. ‘The husband was sent to a
sanitarium by his parents and is now permanently cured.

A girl of twenty-two years made a foolish marriage at
seventeen and was forced to leave her busband after her
marriage. She went back home, but because of a stepmother
was unhappy. Her father was an aged man and his word
in the house amounted to very little. The stepmother was
considerable of a termagant and made life so unpleasant
for the girl that she was obliged to leave home and secured
work as a saleswoman in a department store. She lived in

36 ‘Tun Pausox Association or New York.

4 furnished room with a woman who turned out to be a bad
Character, and formed the habit of going to dances, staying
our late nights, and lost her wor!

In her extremity she wene to a young man relative who
said he had no money to give her, but if she would pawn a
piece of cut-glass for him he would give her some, She went
qo the pawnshop and was arrested for having stolen property
fn her possession. | His arrest was brought about ehrough hers,
and he was sent to the Elmira Reformatory.

“The git! was stricken wich appendicitis and other internal
troubles and spent a long time in a hospital. The Court
took pity on her and released her on probation. She passed
{hrough’ all this trying experience without resorting, to
immorality and is now a happy, contented working girl, a
year's probation having made a wonderful change in her. | Her
Sunday school teacher states that he is greatly surprised co
see how she has settled down.

“The daily work of a probation officer is literally that of
lifesaver. Every effort is made to keep from a sentence £0
prison those who seem reformable and whose previous careers
offer mitigating circumstances.

Letters by scores come to the probation officer, thanking
him for his assistance. The following letter is presented to
four members as typical

Mareb.......1916.
My dear Mr. Kimball
Please do not think I did not appreciate your kindness, because
T have not written, but I have been quite ill, The nervous
‘serain was terrible and I went all to pieces after I came home,
but I have not forgotten your kindness and never will, You
vere the only one that was a gentleman, the others all treated
Treas though I were a dog. Ir-was such a relief to meee some-
Une who was human and sympathetic and had a kied word.
Trean see where you do a great deal of good. You were a great
help to me and I had so much confidence in you and hope from
the first day 1 saw you. I felt ic would go alright wich your
help, but still T could not keep from worrying. As
Tsgja before I will never forget your kindness and will always
appreciate it and have the best of thoughts for you.
‘Yours respectfully,
Mss.

‘Tue Paisox Assoctation IN 1915. a7

During the year the question has continued to be raised ax
to the bese method of conducting probation in the Coure of
General Sessions. The Prison Association has adhered to iea
policy, announced in previous reports, that appointments of
probation ofcers inthe Cour of General Sessions should fellow,
in the matter of appointment, the trend throughout the State
of New York, which is the appointment of probation officers
from civil service lises and the maintenance of such officers 2
city expense. These officers, moreover, should be direcely and
wholly responsible to the court. Examinations held for the
position of probation officer, particularly the most recent
examinations held by the Municipal Civil Service Commission
in New York City, have proved that efficient probation officers
may be secured by such methods. We have recognized the
devotion of probation officers provided by private charitable
organizations, and have regretted being obliged to differ from
other organizations furnishing probation officers in General
Sessions. Tt has been with us solely a matter of principle
and not a lack of appreciation ofthe services rendered by the

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‘Tue Prison Assoctarton oF New York.

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38

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‘Tar Prison Association IN 1915.

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6

Passep From Prosarioxany Ovsksicny,

Suamary 1902 To 1915.

Cases investigated from 1902 to 1915, 8,298
Released on probation, sree 2,151
‘Amount of restitution passed through our hands... $10,554 28
“Average age of probationer received : 2

Number of cases on probation October 1, 1914. 129
Number of cases received on probation during the year.
Number of cases received by transfer from other pro-

bation officers

oral,

Number of eases passed from probationary oversight
Number of cases remaining on probation, October 1,
1915 . .

‘rabauon
138

Total amount of money received for restitution, fines
and family support from 1902-1915,

‘Tue Prison AssociaTion 1x 1915.

Money Couectsp From Paonarionans.

7 7
| Resivotion.| Fines. | Family-

Oscer

Ang.
Stpeember: : 3 50

~ fi a | Bre a ca me =

For many years inmates released from prisons and reforma-

ries in this Stace have been paroled in the custody of the
Fuison Assosiscon. ‘This means that tumstes, have been
released from prison before the expiration of their maximum
sentence, with the provision that for a certain period, generally
from six months to a year, they shall enjoy conditional libera~
tion, during which time they must adhere to the rules and
regulations laid down by che prison authorities or a board of
parole, in return for the liberty accorded them. Parole officers:
of the Prison Association have supervised them during their
parole period. Such inmates have been required to report
regularly to the parole officer at least once a month, and they
have been forbidden to frequent improper places or to associate-
with improper persons. At the end of their parole period,
they have been granted absolute release if the period has been,
satisfactorily passe’

In short, parole is similar in many ways to the earlier
ticket-of-leave plan pursued in England. Te is a period during
which the former inmate can test his ability to be outside of
prison walls and to metge properly again into industrial and
social life. The parole officer should be one of the most
sagacious and helpful friends to the released inmates.

‘The parole period is a necessary sequence to the indeter~
minate period of the prisoner's sentence. That is to say,

44 Tu Prisow Association or New You

the first offender in felony, whether sent to reformatory or
State prison, receives an indeterminate sentence, there being
limits within which the prisoner may be released upon parole
In the case of Elmira and Napanoch Reformatories, no mi
mum is prescribed, and the maximum period of imprisonment
is that provided by law in the penal code as the maximum
that might be given for the specific crime committed. In
the case of the State prisons, the offender who has not previously
committed crime punishable by imprisonment in a State
prison receives a minimum and a maximum sentence. At
‘the expiration of his minimum he becomes eligible for parole
in case he has conducted himself properly in prison. Within
the limits of his minimum and his maximum he may be con-
tinued on parole. Second and third offenders (those who have
previously been conviered of one or more felonies within the
State of New York) are not given indeterminate sentences,
but definite sentences, which may be reduced about one-third
by commutation obtained through good behavior while in
prison.

For years the Association received on parole the great
majority of young men who came to New York from Elmira and
Napanoch Reformatories. In 1912, however, because of a
decision of the Attorney-General of the State that private
corporations might not by law serve as salaried parole agents
of the reformazories, the Board of Reformatory Managers of

d Napanoch Reformatories took over several of the

8 of the Prison Association into the State service.

‘The location of the reformatories’ offices, however, continues

to be in the Prison Association building and there is a most

intimate and cordial cooperation between the parole officers of

the reformatories and the staff of the Prison Association. The

Association, moreover, renders material relief in worthy cases of

need called to its attention by the parole office of the reforma~
tories.

Our parole work for the State prisons has developed very
gratifyingly. Numerically the Associstion has had a con-
siderably larger number on parole from the prisons during 1915
than 19143 our parole methods have become more efficient,
and our parole officer for the State prisons, Mr. Bohn, whose
services are placed by the Association at the disposition of the
Board of Pacole for State prisons so far as is necessary, has
done excellent work and has been designated as special parole

1B PRISON ASSOCIATION IN 1915. 45

officer for Great Meadow prison, thus fulfilling certain official
functions while continuing to be the parole agent of the Prison
Association.

‘Two and sometimes three agents have given all their timeto
helping released and discharged prisoners. It is impossible
to measure, on any cash basis, the enormous value of the
“friend in need ” to the prisoner just entering the world again.
‘The following summary shows the volume of work done by
the Parole Bureau during the fiscal year ending September 30,
1915:

151 On parole to us from State prisons.
1,360 Calls from men on parole.
1,217 Visits made by agents to places of work, homes, ete.
'440 Prisoners (discharged, not paroled} helped.
5,625 Meals given.
1,263 Lodgings given.
182 Garments, shoes, ete., given.
59 Employment found.

While during the year no important new activities have been
started in the Parole Bureau, the Bureau has been kept
exceedingly busy in the following duties:

First. The general supervision of paroled men, which
includes visiting them at their homes, and at their places of
work when feasible. Whenever needed, friendly advice is
given, and in a number of instances the Parole Bureau has
been ‘successful in effecting friendly relations between the
released men and their families

Second. It has been during the year (until the appoine-
ment of our special employment secretary) the duty of the
Parole Bureau to interview all male applicants for relief and
to aid such applicants as the merits of the case might require.
No worthy released prisoner has been denied relief when it was
possible to verify that he had been an inmate of a prison. In
conjunction with this work a large number of people are inter-
viewed who are desirous of obtaining information concerning
refatives confined in the different State and county insti-

.e the addition of the Employment Bureau to the
s of the Association the Parole Bureau has been
relieved to a large extent of finding employment for paroled

46 ‘Tue Prison Association or New York.

The Relief Bureau of the Association, in charge of Mrs. H{B.
Rodgers and under the direct supervision of the Relief Com-
mittee of the Prison Association, has had a most useful and
practical year. Mrs. Rodgers is a visitor of deep sympathy
and long experience and gives her entire time to aiding the
families of men in prison, a constant daily helpfulness that
cannot be measured in terms of cash. ‘i

Prisoners’ families to the number of 269 were in our care
during the year, and 1,414 visits were made to families.
At Thanksgiving and at Christmas bountiful baskets. we
given. The nature of the relief work is best shown by a few:
simple instances.

‘A wife and three children, ranging from six months to five
years, who lived in three rooms, were referred to the Associa-
tion by another charitable society. The man had been
sentenced to Elmira Reformatory for petty larceny, it being
his frse offense. The Association has paid the rent of $10 per
month during the imprisonment of the husband and has
‘expended to dave $171 for this family. ‘The referring charitable
society has sent in food and milk daily for the children.

‘A man sencenced to Sing Sing for fourteen months, who had
been steadily employed in one position for the previous nine
‘years, left @ wife and six children living in four rooms, with a
ental of $10 per month. The only income of the family was
$4.50 per week, eared by the oldest boy. Mrs. Rodgers
secured work for the oldest daughter ae dressmaking at $6
per week, and the Association has paid rent for the family
since the man’s imprisonment.

‘The wage-earning son of a widow with five children was sent
to the New York City Reformatory. The remaining income
of the family was that of the oldest daughter, aged 18, who
earned $6 per week in a candy factory. The widow was the
Janitress of two houses and secured her rent free. The Prison

sociation furnished half the rene for this family and in
December, 1915, referred the family to the Child Welfare
Board which has recently allowed the widow $27 per month.
‘The boy has been released from the Reformatory, has been
again employed by his former employer, and in February,
1916, the case was closed, when the family’s income was
875 per month, with rent free.

Such simple yet vital instances of family destitution might
be repeated by the score. Many letters also to our relief
agent might be printed, like the following:

‘Tre Prison Assocration Iw 1915. a”

Mrs. R, Rodgers: meres

T take the liberty of writing to thank you for the way you
have created my family while I have been away. As you probe
bly know it meant 2 whole lot to me to have my home and family
together when Tcame homey nd Tam sure I done know what woul
have become of them had it not been for you. I have secured a
esition now and am doing as well as could be expected, nd believe
tneifT can possibly help i, my farly will never be placed in such a
position again. So thanking you Tor everything you have done, hoch
for my family and myself, 1 remain, ‘You,

A.B,

‘The members of the Relief Committee supervising the work
of the Relief Bureau are as follows: —"

Mise M. A. Atesira
Mr 3

Hes Cy Auchincos. Mee BB Bere

Chat
Mins Ehsabeth Bshenck
beock

Hoge
Rosell

le
Miss Blssneth ch,

Mis AS Sn
‘Mra. Edith P. Morgan. a ‘a

In November, 1914, a most interesting development occurred

f wwhen the Rodgers Loyal Club! was established, an organiza~

son made up of former inmates of Elmira and Napanoch
teformatories. The club has had fourteen monthly meetings
with a musical entertainment following each meeting, A
portion of the second floor has been transformed into # club
oom, where every night, except Saturdays, Sundays and
holidays, members of the club gather: The reporting time is

Named afc drs chief parole fice for Elmirs and Napanod
Betoomtoien nh orginticd a8 guste he Qube” of Ein and Naranoch

8 ‘Tue Prison Association or New Youk.

hus combined with the opportunity given tothe club members
Bes tee ell selected bray, che pianola or the billiad
Toute’ al'of which are presents: ‘The rooms are attractive,
SHO yditicuarly during'the winter season, are used by mary
sr thegoung fellows, The average atendance at the monthly
tncetings has been about 00.

Sa seriking. rerult of the club's organization, about 30
potions each month have been secured for those out of
Petnloyment, and some half dozen violators of parole have been
induced hy members of he luo sunrender sheaves and
UMblain the ctuse of their delinquency, have been reinstac
oh parle) ‘and the warrants for their apprehension have been
Giehivawh. “Thuee of the club members have become active
ee aorkers in three of the well known organizations inthe
So Pesetlally allt the members ate doing personal soil
service work

lowing gifts have been received by the Club:

John

Barrows League
Hadden, A. M. Library table, pictures, other
Furnishings.
Hadden, Mr, and Mrs, John A.. Mantel clock.
Halkett, Mrs. Sarah K ool table and equipment.
Walter Safe.
jeorge M. Pictures and other furnishings
Prison Astaciation Useof piano, and pianola attach-
A library was supplied by various individuals.
Magazines supplied gravis by’ the different publishers.
Blectrc lights installed by members of the Club.
Rooms decorated by members of che Barrows League.

Cash Coneriburions.
Halkert, Mrs. Sarah K $25, Club Fund.

Presbrey, Mr. and Mrs. Frank.. 50, Christmas.

Barrows League 40, Expenses,including postage
Club dues Ti ge.

‘The program for 1916 inclides addresses by judges, prison
workers and other workers in the field which most interests
‘the members of the club.

‘Tue Prisox Association IN 1915, 49

During 1915, a monthly magazine entitled The Delinquent,
which has been published since 1911 by Mr. O. F. Lewis, the
General Secretary of the Prison Association of New York,
continued to be issued monthly as the organ of the National
Prisoners’ Aid Association. In October, 915, by vote of the
Executive Commietee of the Prison Association, the responsi-
bility for the publication of the magazine was assumed by the
Prison Association. The Delinquent, first issued as ‘The
Review, was intended to be a monthly record of the most
important events occurring in the field of delinquency, and
has recorded in particular the more modern experiments and
theories and acts of the prison reform forces throughout the
countzy. _ [thas been fele for several years that the Association
might well assume the publication of this magazine, which,
however, will continue to be issued on a subseription basis, and
will be s0 far as possible conducted as a self-supporting
publication,

‘The financial year of the Association has been gratifying
Our condition at the end of the fiscal year, September 30, 1915,
wwas more satisfactory than at the end of the previous fiscal
year, due to the somewhat incceased contributions to our
aeneral fund, which was helpfully increased by an additional
contribution during the year from a large number of our
regular contributors. During the year of 1915 the following
gifts or legacies for the Endowment Fund were received:

February 26....;.. Mrs. GL. Hall
April 3 * Dudley Jardine Estate
October 1

December 2

$1,000 09
10,123 07
A. Plant, 1,009 09
Estate of B. J. Lord... 1,303 06

‘The Endowment Fund, whieh at the end of 1909 amounted
to $9,108.66, totalled at the close of the present fiseal year
$92,223.50, a most gratifying increase.

On September 27, 1915, Dr. Austin Flint, for many years a
valuable member of the Executive Committee of the Prison
Association, passed away. In recent years Dr. Fline’s failing
health prevented his frequent attendance at meetings of the
board." His active participation in earlier years was most
belpfuh eo the Association, and his absence will be greatly

THE PRESENT DAY IN PRISON REFORM.

intelligent citizens throughout the United State
Prison reform along broad and humane lines is inev:
table in every State prison of this country.

Such reform must be more than the mere abolition of
repressive and punitive measures. It is not enough to do
away with dark cell, straightjacket, water cure, and all the
miserable abuses of the prisoner that have branded the
traditional treatment of the prisoner in times now rapidly
vanishing. The whipping post of Delaware already stands
out in its exceptional character as a relic of a day of barbarous
treatment.

Prison reform is to-day in many parts of our country a
great constructive movement, differing from the mere abolition
of cruelties and injustices just as a militant civic worker
differs from the colorless “ good citizen,” whose only reputa-
tion in the community is that no one ““ knows anything special
against him.” Prison reform has become a positive engine
for the reclamation and rehabilitation of human beings.
‘The prison in such a conception is nodonger a cage for safety,
but a training school for life.

This kind of prison reform produces an entirely different
sort of seaction in the community. It makes demands on
the intelligence of everyone. Citizens are called upon to
understand “ what is going on” in such a prison. On the
other hand, the lawgivers, who make appropriations, must
be convinced that important expenditures for the rehabil-
itation of criminals are justified in theory and practice.
The officers of such prisons, using the “ new penology,” are
forced to acquire a new conception of their responsibilities
and of their opportunities. Habits of generations in prison
administration must be broken — violently, if necessary.
The prisoner himself must go through a violent mental process
of reconstruction. He must come to conceive of the prison
as a useful, honest, modern instrument of reclamation, a
creator and developer of character.

Such a conception of a prison as one of society’s engines

50

P’xi reform is demanded by the great majority of

VOLUME, VI, No. 1 JANUARY, 1916

THE

DELINQUENT

A Monthly Periodical, Published by the

PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK

st 135 East Fifteenth Street, New York

iis COPY TEN CENTS ‘ONE DOLLAR A YEAR

Entered as tecond-cians mall matter ae New York

THE PRISON EXHIBIT
By O. F. LEWIS
additional methods of publicity, more

powerful than any others yet ‘under-
taken, wore tried: “The Exhibit, and the

‘That “Something New Under the
Sun” in prison reform is just as neces-

sary for propaganda purposes aa in an;

other field of social service, was the idea
fof the Joint Committee on Prison Re-
Torm, which during the winter of 1915.
1816" brought out in New York State
‘undonbtedly the most novel means yet
devised for driving home the facts and

claving defeiencies of parts of the prison
gystem of that State. ‘The Prison
Eshibit, opened in New York City on
Jenuary 10th, struck a new note, not
suly in prison reform but in Exhibits,
and The Delinquent in this issue out-
lines movement that already has de-
veloped requests for its presence not
only’ in eities of the Empire State, but
also from Philadelphia, Detroit, “Chi-
ago, and even from Paris, Fi

‘The basie idea of the Prison
js simplicity itself. If the people in
general won't go to tho prisons to see
conditions for themselves, bring the
peisons to the people! The latter hss

heen done only’ by. deseriptions, photo-
aphs,Tantera aides, or oeasional liv.

‘examples of the products of the
rons, ut the Joint Committee ‘on
Prison Reform went further, and two

Movies.

Exhibits have made good in, recent
years along several social ines," Tuber:
Eulosis and child labor have shown vivid
iy conditions in eotton mili, and cond)
Soe i hanan Tas, "haze has ao
txhibits and of making the panels, Elec:
trical devices have been used in ex:
hibits after having proved their worth,
ts advertisersin front windows of many.
a'store.-Bven the height and width of
panels, their distance from the floor in
Drder to eateh best the eye, have been
thought out, likewise the proper number
of words on a. panel,'the frequency of
Pictures, and the devices of the written
trord to hit the render fn the face,” In
‘hort, exhibitemaking has become a. pro
fession, aud therefore, when the Joint
ormiitee on Prison Reform desided to
have an exhibit, it promptly cooperated
srith the Departinent of Surveys and
hibits of the Russell Sage Foundation, su
New York City.

“What is the Joint Committes on
Pelsou Reform? A commitice of repre

‘Tus Present Day in Prison REFORM, su

of civic progress is extremely disconcerting to many con-
servative, narrow-minded, or dishonest persons. Such a
conception of the mighty functions of a prison for good becomes
even alarming to those who regarded the prison in the past
45 a chance for commercial profit or shady transactions. To
temove the prison from the realm of easy and constant patron-
age for incompetent or otherwise undesirable persons, is to

row consternation into the ranks of those who would set
financial gain far above any other motive

That the prisons in the past have been peculiarly the magnet
for such wretched transactions there is no doubt. Prisons
have been regarded as political property. Changes in party
administration have brought new wardens, chosen for party
fealty, and installed in a position regarded as a vested interest.

vored contracts have been let, supplies have been delivered
without adequate checking up,’ consumed without adequate
checking, and a-miserable atmosphere of questionable trans-
actions and of graft, as well as of brutal and callous treatment
of prisoners, has hung like a pall over our prisons for longer
shan the mind of living man can travel back

Into this sordid realin of unintelligent administration and of
questionable transactions has come in the last decade, in
many a prison of the country, a new conception of the purpose
of the prison. The doctrine of social justice, rising like a
strong seabreeze of tingling qualities, has swept the murky
pall away from over the prison life, and big-hearced wardens,
newly appointed, and touched to the quick by the wretched
animab-like life'of their charges, have courageously brushed

side hallowed and cobwebbed traditions, and have dared to

regard the prisoner not merely as a human being, but as a
potential force for good in the community — and have re-
constructed their prison administration on that basis.

The new era in prison reform, while rapid in its dawning
and growth, has not sprung full-formed from any one prison oF
warden. Here and there, in Colorado, in Oregon, Ontario,
New York, and a score of other States, bold experiments have

n attempted. Warden Tynan of Colorado has established
great possibilities of coadbuilding by convicts; Governor
West of Oregon has shown what a sympathetic and courageous
executive of the State can do for prison reform; Warden
Gilmour of Toronto has demonstrated not only the ability
of short-termed prisoners to construct a splendid prison

52 ‘Tue Prison Association or New York.

entirely by their own labor, but has also shown himself a man
of long prison experience, capable of keeping abreast of the
new movement, and becoming a guide to others just entering
the field. Warden Homer of our own Great Meadow prison
has shown this State that one of its prisons can be successfully
conducted without great enclosing walls, and has developed
a surprising loyalty under difficule conditions among his
charges. Warden Osborne has flung down the gauntlet to
those who dispute the great possibilities of self-government
among, State prisoners. Go where one will throughout the
land, State prison wardens will be found venturing, experi-
menting, and daily discovering new attributes of honor and
trustworthiness in their prisoners.

Ie is inevitable that the prison must be seen to be a great
laboratory, a great experiment station, a school for honest
training instead of a school of crime ‘and debauchery.
Similarly, the prisoner must obviously be set in his true
relation, not as a thing violently thrown out of society, but
as a member of society transferred, for the protection of society
and for his own future welfare, from norn intercourse with
his fellows in free life, into as normal intercourse as possible
with another group, all needing social discipline. In short,
society, instead of casting out the offender into darkness,
is seen to be removing the offender elsewhere, but still within
the limits of society, which therefore is responsible for the
prisoner and his proper treatment.

‘The changed conception of the prisoner and the prison has
transformed the attitude of the public toward the prison
and its functions. A wave of sympathetic interest has surged
from end to end of this country. Never before has the prison
been a topic of general conversation and discussion. The
reason is clear. Hope has entered not only the prisoner's
heart, but that of the “ man on the street. If the prisoner
can be reformed, that is splendid! If prisons can be conducted
without cruelties, splendid! If convicts are not wild beasts;
if they are still decent fellows in many ways; if they can be
mercifully and even very sympathetically treated without
escaping, or without assaulting or killing their keeper, splendid!
A deep breath of satisfaction is drawn, much as throughout
the country the American people would breathe more easily
if capital punishment could be abolished, with the assurance
that adequate substitutes could be found.

Road Work, County Penitentiacy Prisoners

Tue Present Day iw Puison Reronm. 53

‘The new day in prison reform therefore strikes a most
sympathetic chord in the heart of our so-called “average
citizen.” The very generosity so characteristic of the American
in readily conceding to the unfortunate another chance in daily
life finds expression in the remarkable approval throughout
the country of the new methods of dealing with prisoners by
the so-called “ honor systems.” For a hundred years our
people have been dully conscious that prisons have existed
among us, with their mysteries, their probable cruelties, their
horrors of oblivion, and their stigma. The recent release of our
people from this persistent consciousness of “* something
fearfully wrong but something that can’t be helped” has
been a striking psychological phenomenon, and is explained
in ies great present force only as one appreciates the dull
social ache which society has felt in connection with prisons
for over a century.

In short, the effect upon the nation has been analogous to
that following the discovery that the great white plague of
tuberculosis was curable and preventable. So long as an
evil is certain and the cure unknown, only the specialists can
casily bring themselves to its contemplation. Cancer is
today still a socially terrible fact, because its cure is not yet
discovered. The prisons have been socially terrible facts,
but society: now believes that their cure has been at least
partially discovered, and so society reacts with joy to the
suggestions and stimuli of the “new freedom.”

Such have been some of the underlying reasons why public
sanction and even approval of most venturesome methods of
prison management have been obtained. Only as one undes
stands the enormous relief felt at the possible abolition of old
and cruel methods of prison management is it easy to measure
the widespread and enthusiastic approval that followed the
event of Warden Thomas M. Osborne’s iconoclastic methods
ac Sing Sing Prison. Willingness to accept practically what=
ever Mr. Osborne might undertake marked the public mind
of New York, as a rule, throughout the greater part of
1915.

Mr. Osborne’s administration of Sing Sing has been the most
‘conspicuous event in prison reform in any period in American
history. Indeed, never in the history of any country has
such general attention been given to any effort to deal with
the problem of the criminal, It is falling far shore of the

54 ‘Tus Prison Association or New York.

truth ro repeat simply the statement of the “man on the
street,” that Mr. Osborne has “put prison reform on the
map.” He came into national attention just at the psycho-
logical moment, when the new doctrine of the possibilities o

the reformation and the rehabilitation of the average criminal
had reached the public in general

‘To the position of Warden of Sing Sing Mr. Osborne brought
besides fearlessness, public confidence that he was sincere,
and deeply sympathetic, and the belief that the time had come
when it was legitimate to give the wretched and antiquated
prison on the Hudson a new and liberal regime. Furcher-
more, it was known that Mr. Osborne’s private resources were
such ‘as to preclude the thought that he might seek financial
gain in the position of warden, _ In addition, he had voluntarily
undergone a week's incarceration at Auburn prison, and had
subsequently, for a year, been in daily touch with that prison,
and had been the chief factor in developing at Auburn an
important syscem of self-government among the inmates

‘Therefore, almost universal editorial approval by the press
of the country marked his advent as warden. Since then
year has passed, in which the activities of Sing Sing have
occupied a conspicuous place in the daily press beyond that
ever before given to any correctional institution. Sing Sing
hhas become 2 social experiment station for the rehabilitation
of criminals, and has drawn throngs of visitors, not only from
this State, bur from the entire country.

The fundamental change effected by Warden Osborne has
been in converting the old system of firm autocratic adminis:
tration by the warden, through his subordinates, into a seething
democracy, with responsibilities never before heard of, vested
in the prisoners themselves. ‘The new warden’s theories have
boldly included the principle that the citizens in this prisot
democracy must learn by their own experiences the facts
of right and wrong, and must themselves regulate their rela-
tions to each other in the light of such experiences. There-
fore, broad opportunities for control of themselves ay chem-
selves have been allowed. ‘They have been permitted co choose
their own monitors, their own leaders, their own judges for
their own court. They have been allowed to plan much of
their daily activities

Mr. Osborne believes that imprisonment of itself is a ster
and sufficient sentence for crime, and that further discipline

Taz Pxessyr Day in Prason ReForm. 55

of the usual prison type is not reformative, bue an additional
and improper punishment. He holds that as soon as the prison
valls close upon the new prisoner, the training of that prisoner
for a more honest life begins, and that so far as possible that
training shall be according to normal methods. ‘The abnormal,
the unnatural, and the repressive shall be eliminated; the
constructive, the normal, the hopeful shall prevail

An estimate of the success during rors of the “ new freedom "*
at Sing Sing is extremely difficult to make. Without question,
the spiric of the institution has been transformed, yet it is
just to the preceding warden, Thomas J. McCormick, to recall
that the freedom of the yard in the afternoon and the estab-
lishment of the Golden Rule Brotherhood occurred in. his
administration. Important details of the mutual welfare
movement, such as the establishment of inmate delegates,
the inmates’ court, the governing of the inmates by inmate
delegates at_mess and at recreation, the important par-
Scipation of the representatives of the inmates in even highly
important administrative functions of the prison, all have been
cstablished and have developed during the year of Mr.
Osborne’s ineumbency. An interesting and enthusiastic
impression has been produced upon the thousands of visitors
¢o Sing Sing prison during the year by the participation of the
inmates as guides and interpreters of the present “ system.”
In short, the chief message from the prison to the outside
world during 1915 has been the undisputed fact that inmates
at Sing Sing can be trusted with far greater responsibilities
than had been dreamed of by previous wardens,

A most unusual amount of newspaper information and
comment regarding Sing Sing prison has been published during
3915. The prison has been an almost never-ending source
of material for reporters, who only too often have produced
articles erroneous or actually distorting in nature. Both
good and bad results have followed. Nation-wide interest
has been stimulated, and nation-wide unclearness as to actual
methods and conditions has resulted. During the later
months of the year an increasing tendency to publish articles
antagonistic to the new system has led to still greater con-
fusion of the public mind.

The year at Sing Sing has closed most turbulently, not with
tiots and escapes, but with the indictment of Warden Osborne
on charges of perjury and mismanagement. One count in the

56 Tue Prisox Association or New York.

latter charge alleges most serious personal conduct. Just at
the year’s end, these indictments, flung nation-wide by the
press, have resulted in a nation-wide expression of indignation,
and ‘a splendid demonstration editorially throughout the
country of confidence in the man, who, without need to do it,
had taken in New York one of the hardest and most disagree-
able tasks and had administered it in such a way as to call
forth the following resolution of the Prison Association of
New York on December 17, 1915:

RESOLVED, That the Prison Association of New York, at its
regular monthly meeting on December 16, 1915, declares its unquali-
fied confidence in the disinterested devotion and personal honor of
Warden Thomas Mott Osborne, and its strong resentment at any
attempt to discredit his humanitarian efforts by attacks on his
personal character. The Prison Association places this resolution
‘on its minutes in view of the current rumors in the public press
assailing Mr. Osborne’s character.

‘To the year 1916 must be left the clarification of the unprece-
dented situation in prison reform in the State of New York.
Ie is claimed by enemies of the administration at Sing Sing
that the prison has been managed with damaging looseness;
it is not claimed by the friends of Mr. Osborne that he has not
made mistakes. It is conceded that the test of the “new
freedom ” involved great apparent hazards.

But over and above all other factors involved, even the
factor of the remarkable insurgent warden, is the significance
of the nation-wide enthusiasm and acceptance of broad and
liberal policies in the treatment of prisoners. For the first
time in our history, prison reform has become an issue towering
far above any person or personality connected with its working
out. The storm and stress movement in Sing Sing is but an ele-
ment of the great onward sweep of the doctrine of the “brother's
keeper,” voiced more loudly at Sing Sing than anywhere else in
our country in the last twelve months, but voiced nevertheless
in a hundred places throughout the country and accepted by
millions of our countrymen. Methods may be destroyed, honor
may be attacked, the cherished reputation of a life may be
sullied, grievous injustices may be done to honest and sincere
workers, and in the torrential surge of keen sympathy and mili-
tant support, the more conservative may be brushed aside or
suffer retirement or dismissal; these and other things may happe™s

Dormitory. Indiana State Farm,

Outside-Cell Block, Just Constructed. Michigan State Prisom Jackson.

‘Tue Present Day an Prison Reronn. 57

but greater than all remains the fact that the year has drawn
the country far nearer to a just treatment of the criminal
than ever before, and has mellowed the heart of Americans to
‘the miserable and often grossly unjust lot of their brother
behind the bars.

THE ABOLITION OF SING SING.

Sing Sing should be abolished.

A Farm Industrial Prison should be erected on wide
acreage in the country.

So far as practicable, the new prison should be built by
inmate labor.

‘The prison should be planned and built according to
the “group-unic” plan of detached buildings. The con-
construction of a huge central cellbiock should not be
sanctioned.

Sing Sing prison should be abolished— By Chapter 718 of
the Laws of 1905, a State Prison Improvement Commission
was established to inqui
conditions of che buildings az Sing Sing and Auburn prisons,

as to the structural and sanicary

nd cost of reconstructing and
‘The Commission also was <0

and as to the advisability
modernizing such buildings
consider the advisability and cost of providing two new prison
plants on new sites, in the place of Sing Sing and Auburn
respectively, and the advisability of providing one additional
new prison for 2400 prisoners, and the estimated sums that
could be realized from the sale of Auburn and Sing Sing prisons.
This Commission recommended the ultimate abandonment
of both Sing Sing and Auburn, and their sale, and the con-
struction of new prisons on new sites.

The reports of the State Prison Commission and the Prison
Association of New York have for years condemned the physic
conditions of Sing Sing prison, and to a lesser degree those
of Aubum. The Stare of New York in 1906 appointed a
Commission on New Prisons. Uleimately a location at Bear
Mountain on the Hudson was selected for the new prison to
take the place of Sing Sing. As the Commission was about
to advertise for bids, the Palisades Park project intervened.
In 1970, the Legislature accepted the park offered by Mr.
E, H. Harriman and turned over to the Palisades Park Com-
mission the proposed Bear Mountain site, and directed the
Commission on New Prisons to select a new site. A new site

8

‘Tue Anourrion oF Sino Sine. 59

near Wingdale, Dutchess county, was selected. In 1912
this site was abandoned, because of its alleged unfitness as
a site for a Seate prison.

Since then, the matter has lain relatively dormant, The fact
is, however, that at no time since 1906, when the State deter-
mined to build a new prison to take the place of Sing Sing,
has the State given up this plan. ‘The plan has been post
poned, first, by the transfer of the Bear Mountain site, and
secondly, by the abandonment of the Wingdale site.” The
State still stands committed to the building of a new State
prison to replace Sing Sing, and on a new site.

Sing Sing prison is nearly a century old, and, structurally, is
thoroughly inadequate for its purpose. Te follows that Sing
Sing muse be complerely reconstructed, or that a prison must
be constructed elsewhere. The three other prisons of the State,
Auburn, Clinton, and Great Meadow, are not equipped to
receive the inmates from Sing Sing if ‘the latter prison were
discontinued. Furthermore, the eastern section of the State
requires a prison, because from 60 per cent to 70 per cent, it
is said, of inmates of our State prisons are committed from
Greater New York.

Shall the prison be constructed at Sing Sing or elsewhere? —
‘The answer to this question depends upon a number of factors,
to be subsequently outlined. It is first necessary to under
stand that at present two types of prisons are under consider-
ation, and possible, in New York State:

(a) The Cellblock Type
(b) The Group-Unit, or Detached Building, Type.

(a) The Cellblock Type-—'This has been the traditional
type since the construction of Auburn prison a century ago.
The chief buildings consist of one or several cellblocks,
enclosed in celthouses. The cells are buile several tiers high
and back to back. The cellhouse encloses the cellblocks,
leaving a corridorbetween the cellhouse walls and the eellblocks.
The cells are of the cage type. For convenience of admin-
istration and for safety, State prison cellblocks have been
built to hold from approximately 500 to 1200 cells in one great
structure, At Sing Sing there is only one cellblock.

Besides the cellblock, there are within the four enclosing
walls of the entire prison the industrial buildings, various
administration buildings, messhall, kitchen, hospital, school,

60 ‘Tue Prisox Association or New York:

condemned cells, ete. ‘The area within the prison walls at
Sing Sing comprises approximately 11 acres. Practically the
‘entire activities of the prison are conducted within these walls

“The theory upon which such prisons have been constructed
has been that prisoners must be safely and economically housed,
with little or no approach to normal housing conditions, etc
Economy and administration have been effected by dealing
swith the prisoners in masses, managing the cellhouse so far
as possible by mechanical locking devices, moving men in
companies, and maintaining uniformity of hours of work
fand of locking-up. Safety has been secured by maintaining
the prisoners in non-working hours in cells of steel or masonry
fot a combination, with further measure of precaution in the
Steel bars of the cellhouse ‘windows, the high prison walls,
the armed guards on the walls, etc. Economy of construction
hag been aimed at in the older prisons through the omission
of lavatory facilities in che cells, and in the newer structures

called the utility corridor, ris
‘of the cells, in which corridor the necessary
pipes and wires are installed and exposed,

The greatest cost in the construction of this type of prison
is the initial cost of the cellblock. Further on, an_analysis
jg presented of the probable cost of rebuilding Sing
prison according to this type.

A NEW TYPE OF PRISON,

(b) The Group-Unit Prison — A strong movement has devel
‘oped, not only in New York buc in other States, to cause the
construction of a different type of prison, which can be described
generally as the Group-Unit Prison. Under this plan, instead
Of the celiblock, there would be built a number of small cell

the chief object being to provide much increased
opportunities for the classification of inmates, with the accom
panying grading of inmates according to duration of stay,
fonduct, privileges, ete. A sceond purpose of the new type
is to secure more economical construction, and a third purpose,
to secure greater privacy by discarding the cellblock construc-
tion with its open-barred doors and its corridors between the
cellhouse wall and the cellblocks, and substituting therefor
2 building several tiers high, with central corridors, and with
cells or rooms leading off the central corridor (the customary
onstruction at present in all other buildings housing 2 arge
number of persons, except when dormitories are used). ‘The

‘Tue Avourrion or Sixc Sixc. 6x

approximate cost of such a group-unit prison with certain
architectural plans is outlined on page 64 of this report.

The principal grounds for urging the Group-Unit System
are the following: BOE ame

So far as possible prisoners requiring like treatment should
beclassified and deatt with in reasonably small groups. Porm
erly every prisoner was deale with in practically che same way.
Teis not sufficient to say that by a proper distribution between
the four prisons already existing (Sing Sing, Auburn, Clinton
and Great Meadow) adequate classification can be produced

Prisons almost without exception separate their prisoners
into grades, such division according to conduct, industry,
scholarship, etc., being a strong inducement toward continued
good conduct. “The principle is rapidly developing of admin-
jstering prisons on the basis of rewards and deprivations
rather than of punishments and commutations.

Under the so-called outside cell or room plan, a fundamental
feature of the group system, each prisoner will have his own
room of cell. Doors will separate the rooms from the cor
ridor. (In the traditional cellblock plan the front of the cells
is composed largely or wholly of steel bars and the prisoner
never possesses privacy.) Sufficient safety ean undoubtedly
be secured with the outside cell.

‘The other buildings of the Group-Unit Plan would be rel-
atively the same as.in the Cellblock Plan, except as to their
distribution in the layout of the prison.

_ The move from a small area to a large tract of farming
land, which we urge, is a move away from congestion. Con-
gestion in tenement house districts in large cities is held to be
1 prominent cause of foul living, tuberculosis and crime.

‘ongestion in State prisons, with the resulting close contact

f first offenders and hardened degenerates, is held to be one
of the chief causes of recidivism. To select a large area of
farming land for a new prison site and then etect upon it
single huge cellblock in which a thousand or fifteen hundred
men are closely herded is clearly illogical.

The tendency in all instieutions which have moved to large
farming areas has been toward a group of detached buildings,
permitting classification and segregation of the inmates.
Ent quite recently, men with venereal diseases tuberculoi
etc,, came in close contact with other prisoners, causing the
spread of these diseases. Similarly, young men, first offenders,

6 ‘Tue Paisos Association or New York.

who through weakness, drink or circumstances had committed
fecbleminded, desperate and hardened criminals. Such inti
macy i practically not preventable where all prisoners mingle
and live in one building. ‘The logical step after moving to
S'large farm area is to split up 2 celiblock into a number
of detached buildings, including a central group in which should
be confined the most hopeless of degenerates and old offenders,
From this would spread ous, in various directions, buildings
housing not more than one hundred and fifty men each, built
wish ueside rooms or Joemitores, and with, a diminishing
uaneity of tool proof steel in doors and windows, until che
Honor buildings are reached, for men just about to be released
and others wio could be fully trusted. The separate buildings
Should inclide an educational building, a hospical, Iaundry,
dining and assembly hall, shops, heating and lighting plants, ee

Tf ebjections were made to a group of buildings on the

seore of expense, the first argument would be that the matter
of vital importance is 10 reclaim the prisoner 50 that he si

latest example of a prison designed as a group of detached
buildings is the Westchester County Penitentiary, now under
dining-hall and kitchen, school, etc., is connected by corridors,
tation by the breaking-up of the old cellblock syscem
purpose by the Prison Association. While the number of

Sex frontpiece, page 4

‘Tue Anouimion or Sino Sine. 6

separate buildings for lodging prisoners may at first thought
seem very large, an analysis of the plan makes such classifi
cation seem not only most desirable but absolutely necessary.

‘The prison is divided in general into two groups—the Cus-
todial Group_and the Cottage Group. In the photograph
the Cottage Group is labelled A, and the Custodial Group is
labelled respectively, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H

Taking up the Custodial Group first, the following buildings
are devoted to the housing of prisoners:

C. Eight cellblocks, housing approximately 100 prisoners
cach, each cellblock three tiers high with outside cells, one of
the cellblocks to be used for the reception and quarantine of
incoming prisoners. The cellblocks labelled C to be in general
used for the promotion of prisoners from the reception build-
ing. The building D will receive the venereal, fecble-minded
and tuberculous inmates. Smaller buildings H, adjoining
building D, will contain shops for their special employment.
Building E is a cellblock for those needing the strictest discipline
that the institution gives. ‘This will be the punishment grade,
and inmates will be demoted from buildings C, or if necessary
from the Cottage Group A. Shops labelled H for the dis-
Splinary building E, adjoin that building. Other buildings
in this group are the administration building B, including the
sdministrative offices on the first floor, quarters for unmarried
bificers on the second floor, and a hospital on the third floor.
Building F at the opposite end of the quadrangle, and corres-
ponding to building E in general size and structure, will
contain on the first floor a dining-room for all inmates of the
Custodial Group, schoolrooms on the second floor and an
auditorium on the third floor. Building G will contain power-
plant and laundry. Buildings H_ represent shop buildings
capable of indefinite extension and form, with the addition
of walls joining the buildings with one another, a large prison
yard separated into two larger yards and two smaller yards,
ving four different and wholly separated yards that can be
ssed for domestic exercises, military work, recreation and other
Papores

he second large group of buildings, represented by Group A,
i the sovailed Cottage Group, consisting of nine buildings
fach “housing approximately §0 inmates. These buildings
Will be used for those inmates who have progressed through

5

64. ‘Tne Prison Association or New York.

the reception building and through the other buildings labelled
C into the firse grade. Within the “A” Group there can be
farther classification. The “A” Group and the Custodial
Group can be, if necessary, separated by a considerable
distance.

¢ entire prison group, offering nineteen buildings for
housing prisoners, obviously gives to a modern, intelligent
warden an opportunity without parallel for the classification
of prisoners.

ESTIMATED COST OF THE PROPOSED NEW PRISON.

‘This new prison has been planned by Mr. Alfred Hopkins, who
is the architect for the Westchester County Penitentiary, for
which he has issued specifications and has received bids. ‘The
buildings planned for the Westchester County Penitentiary
are very similar in nature and construction problems.to those
of the State prison planned by the Association. He has made
4 careful estimate of the probable cost of the proposed Stare
prison, The face that Mr. Hopkins just now is receiving
bids for a smaller institution, but one of similar character,
should make his figures of exceptional accuracy

veateaiora sisi

= Bali
(so mes).

864500 5
Housing 1gcomen._ 87875309 Housing t200men._ fin

‘Mes, bal, school and

Mest all na tshen
etn Herc) gyn. Admit

Buggg.a00

Bypiga00

Tae Anoitmon oF SinG Stxc. 65

PROBABLE COST OF RENOVATION OF SING SING PRISON

Although the Prison Association has opposed the rebuilding
of Sing Sing as a permanent prison, the Association feels that
an estimate should be given as to the approximate cost of
rebuilding Sing Sing on its present site if legislative action should
make this necessary. ‘The Association. therefore obtained the
cooperation of Mr. Mortimer J. Fox of the firm of Buchman
& Fox, 42d Street Building, New York City. An inspection
of Sing Sing prison was made by a representative of Mr. Fox's
firm, and careful computations were made of the probable
cost. In estimating this cost, the prison should, if rebuilt for
permanent occupancy, be raised to a standard of institutional
efficiency in respect to sanitary conditions, administrative
distribution of buildings, offices, shops, etc., that would com
respond to modem standards in ‘these respects

‘The following statement does not include a plan of the

nation of buildings, but merely the estimated
cost of building operations in such re-building and re-dis-
tribution, and the reasons for the items enumerated. It is
assumed that all buildings shall be fireproof, and this has been
borne in mind throughout the estimates,

Costs are estimated for the following buildings:

1. New cellhouse to accommodate 1,500
prisoners

2. Remodeling, rebuilding, fireproofing, ete.,
‘the administrative unit, including
present warden’s buildings, general
offices, ete

- Building celihouse for condemned men,

‘capacity 30
4- New kitchen, bakery, storehouse, laundry.
Remodelling’ and completing ‘the fire-
proofing of messhall.

. Erection of warden’s residence
Fireproofing roof on blacksmith shop:
Cart and wagon shop.....

Foundry

Sash and door shop..

Jobbing shop
Prine shop.

Total...

$920,000 00

66 ‘Tue Prison Assoctation of New York.

COMPARISON OF ESTIMATED COST OF EACH PRISON.

Estimate for new prison, $1,379,300 00
Estimate for renovation of Sing Sing. 1,464,000 60

In neither case does the estimate include the machinery for
the shops or other equipment, such as furniture. The new
prison would therefore cost $44,700 less than rebuilding Sing
Sing, and each estimate is considerably below what has hereto=
fore been estimated as the probable cost of a State prison,
‘The estimate for a farm industrial prison shows clearly that
the cost of the Group-Unit Plan ought not to exceed the cost
of a prison of the cellblock type.

ESTIMATED VALUE OF LAND NOW OCCUPIED BY SING SING

‘Two estimates were obtained early in 1915 of the probable
value of the present Sing Sing site for 2 commercial purpose,

‘one from Mr. Hobby: of Nichols & Hobby, Real Estate, 42d
Sereet, New York, and the other from Mr. Martin M, McHale,
‘who has been an appraiser for the City of New York on many
occasions. Mr. Hobby estimated the probable value of the
seventy-odd acres as from $250,000 to £300,000. Mr. McHale
regarded the value from the standpoint of an owner who
has a specially valuable waterfront to sell to a buyer who needs
that water frontage (which is by far the largese frontage that
would be available between Ossining and New York) and
put an estimated value of from $600,000 to $700,000 on the
seventy acres.

Under any circumstances, the sale of the Sing Sing site
should bring several hundred thousand dollars to the State
treasury. Moreover, the State, should it choose either Wing-
dale or Beekman for'a site, would be under no extra expense,
already having the two sites.

‘TUE MODERN CONCEPTION OF A PRISON,

Experience has shown that the best environment for all
who have fallen below accepted social standards, such as the
delinquent, the inebriate, the insane, the criminal, is the
sane and tonic farming life of the country. Steady work out
of doors, with plain food, regular sleep and no opportunities

Tue Apotrtion oF Sine Sixc.

for alcohol, drugs or other dissipations, forms the best environ-
ment in.which the prison physician can cure the criminal ‘of
disease, the prison teacher can repair his lack of previous
education, and the modern warden ean diffuse moral inspira-
tion among the men to whom he is a deeply sincere friend.
‘Added to these influences should be those of a large library
of good books, chaplains of various forms of religion, visies of
families and friends, leceures,ete. This is the best that modern
knowledge offers to reform the criminal, and that it has been
enough and will be enough to make useful citizens of prisoners
no longer admits of doubt.

‘The labor of prisoners under the law of the State should be
planned, first for their improvement and, second, for profit.
‘The work of prisoners on a farm accomplishes both objects.
‘The success of the agricultural work at Great Meadow prison
during the past four years and its effect on the health and
character of the men are well known, ‘The farm training has
enabled many of these men to get work on farms after their
release, thus completing the chain of efforts necessary to
reclaim prisoners and prevent them from again. becoming a
charge upon the State. An immense market awaits the prison
production of vegetables, cereals, dairy products and meats,
first, in the State prisons themselves and, second, in other
institutions of the Stare and its political divisions. The
State is now spending millions of dollars for food for its prisons,
penitenviaries, jails, reformatories, insane asylums, feeble~
minded asylums, ete., which could be raised by the prisoners,
swere all the prisons, penitentiaries, county jails and reforma~
tories moved out upon good farming land.

Since farm work can only be carried on for about seven
months of the year, and since some prisoners are not physically
equal to farm work and others cannot be trusted at large,
various industries should be developed at all farm prisons.
‘The * Sate Use” system, preventing unfair competition with
free industries, may possibly keep prison Iabor from some
industries which would be profitable, but a larger market
than can be filled remains for supplying products of various
kinds to Seate institutions. In planning prison industries,
the first aim should be to teach the men industries in whic!
they would be likely to obtain employment upon release.
With this in view, the new shops should be equipped with the
latest machinery, which would both yield a maximum net

68 ‘Tur Prisow Association or New Youre,

profit and teach the prisoner to handle machinery that he would
find in use when free. With the antiquated machinery now
in use in most of the State’s prisons, neither object is attained
The industries might include the making of cloth and clothing,
shoes underar iron and tin wate, brushes etc. ‘Prom a farm
industrial prison’ of this type, groups of men should be sent
out to build highways, as has’ been widely and successfully
done through the West and South, and also in New York
State in 1914, when a thousand convicts worked on new roads,
Groups of men could also be sent out to clear wild land owned
by the State or its political divisions, drain large swamps,
plant trees for the Forestry Department, ete. All of this work
would be of the highest value in building up the prisoners in
physique and character, and in forming habits of hard work,
thus fitting them for similar positions when released.

DIVERSIFIED OCCUPATIONS.

The modern prison, therefore, must assume the general
character of an industrial prison farm, in which neither the

industries nor agriculeure in their widest sense should be
neglected. Ie is entirely erroneous to hold that the fact of
establishing a prison on wide aerage meant ‘hac the sole
attention must be given to agriculture. Establishing a prison
oa wide acreage dey hometer moun hat forthe one
adequate use can be made of agriculture, dairying, stock.
raising and the like in the treatment of prisoners and in the
administration of a prison. None of the industries now
existing at Sing Sing needs to be abandoned in a new prison,
whereas all the necessary agricultural industries can be added,
which cannot be the case at Sing Sing. It is not possible t0
utilize the restricted acteage at Sing Sing outside the prison
for the varied occupations possible in a farm industrial prison.
‘The State Commission of Prisons has reported that the farming
work of Sing Sing, which is now exceedingly slight, could be
but lise crested, ‘There is also an. abandoned stone
quarey at Sing Sing which was given up because unprofiable.
This tepresents the limie of outside pursuits, On the other
hand, a prison on wide acreage would admit of all-the-yea™
round outdoor work, employing more men in summer on the
land, and more men in winter at the industries. - With a Seate
market, estimated in its possibilities as between $2,000,000
and $5,000,000, a State prison having both agriculenral and

Tae Asourion or Sino SiNc. 69

industrial occupations could be kept at the maximum of ies
efficiency, beside offering a more useful training than could be
offered in a congested prison, with relatively few industries,
and those almost’ entirely industrial. Such an industrial
farm prison would also give far wider employment for prisoners,
who for various reasons could not be engaged in shops.

‘Ac present, several studies are being made of the greater
possibilities for the employment of State prisoners, It has
already been shown in a seudy! made by Mr. Paul Kennaday
for the Prison Association of New York that the State market
of commodities now manufactured in prisons, but purchased
by releases in the outside market, or without releases, is several
times greater chan that represented by supplies now purchased
from the prisons. In addition, there remains che undoubred
fact that by a reorganization of the prison industries a much
larger market could be obtained, and the further fact that a
new prison, devoting its extensive acreage to agriculture,
dairy products, and stock raising, could find a huge market
already available in State institutions now purchasing in the
‘open market such commodities as butter, exes, milk, cheese,
pork, beef and other food products, as well as blooded stock,
All these products carry with them obviously the varied
‘oceupations of prisoners.

Many of these occupations are such as relatively unskilled
persons can learn and can carry on with considerable skill.
They are tangible, producing quick results, and are highly
educational.

Furthermore, the possibilities of highway work for State
prisoners are great. Already hundreds of State prisoners are
housed in temporary camps, for road work, during the months
from early spring to late fall. ‘These camps not only train,
men in hard work, but also make it possible for them to obtain,
similar work with previous ‘contractors after leaving prison.
Indeed, the proposed new prison could not only carry on the
industrial and agricultural occupations above outlined, bue
could probably develop colonies for the reclamation of land
now the property of the State, and known in general as the
abandoned farms of the Seace. Many farms are listed with
the Stare Comptroller and located in the eastern section of
the Seate, which might be used for such experiments by the
State prisons.

Bee page 7.

7° ‘Tue Prison Association or New York.

HEALTH,

There is a consensus of opinion that the outdoor life for
prisoners, particularly in agricultural and road work pursuits,
is extremely healthful, not only in building up a sane body,
but a sane mind. Health is fundamental in the reformative
development of a prisoner. The State of New York at Great
Meadow prison furnishes the most conclusive proof of the
change under favorable conditions resulting fram the transfer
of prisoners from Sing Sing to Great Meadow.

HABITS AND THE HONOR SYSTEM,

‘The Honor Plan, based on the principle that the prisoner
shall earn his own ‘rewards, and by work and good conduct
shall progress through several stages into relative freedom
and final. discharge, is now adhered to enthusiastically by
almose all of the’ prison wardens of the country. Te is
int tay that no linelgene prion warden or bostd_of
managers would today construct a prison without due repat
to she pousbiltis of che honor eye, net one Feed
Sing Sing has for generations been notorious as a center of
unnatural vice. Confinement in cells for more than half the

During the last year the treatment of prisoners, at Sins
Sing has become more liberal. Greater faclities for exercise
have been given, the time of occupying the celly has been
areauly reduced, and many features tending t0 occupy. the
‘inds of the prisoners in varied ways have been introduced
Nevertheless, the suitable and persistent. employment of
Prisoners, possible under a well administered industrial farm
Brson, ‘hat heen impesble at Sing’ Sing. Iden el
leplorable. tie Neuse system could of course be developed
even in group of buildings as congested ss any factory plan,
Bue the possiblities of developing the individual puisonet by
finding the bese work for him to do, making hitm do an hones

‘Tue Anoiition oF Sixo Smxc. mn

day's work and placing responsibility upon him, are extremely
slight at Sing Sing.

‘In short, the honor system, for its sane and most, compre-
hensive development, requires the broad acres of a farm
industrial prison. At Great Meadow prison the inmates are
locked in their cells practically only during sleeping hours.
The keepers of that prison report a remarkable freedom from
unnatural vice. Warden Codding, of the Kansas State
Penitentiary, reported that go per cent. of this evil was elimi-
nated soon after the utilization of a prison farm for his State

More important even than the development of any one
good habit is the general development of the honor system.
No subject has been more extensively discussed at the recent
meetings of the American Prison Association than the ex-
cellent results of the honor system, whether on the roads in
Colorado, in building prison structures at Guelph, Ontatio,
or in the farm work at Great Meadow, N. Y. The honor
system is one of the greatest messages of the twentieth cencury

jon reform. ‘The honor system has developed only as
lual has had a chance to develop under conditions
approaching freedom. The honor system is the keynote of
suecess of the Great Meadow farm prison. ‘The honor system
is the best approach that the prisoner can make to normal
lie which he muse enter on release from prison. Ie is. che
necessary period preceding the parole period. ‘The objections
that te men treated under the Honor eystem at Great Meadow
fre picked men, representing the cream of the prison popu-
Tation, does not hold, because the honor system is never a
pure honor system for the whole population of the prison.
Supervision still remains, but is in the form of guards instead
of walls, and is so graduated that it progresses from a period
of strict supervision to one of practically, though not abso-
lutely, unrestricted freedom. ‘The introduction of the honor
system is not inconsistent with complete supervision where
desirable.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRIAL PRISON FARM.

‘The last ten years have been, in the matter of State prison
zeform, undoubtedly the most important years in generations.
Most striking of all has been the nation-wide development of
‘the prison farm movement. Such a movement to put State

72 Tur Prison Association or New York.

prisons on a wide acreage and to develop the so-called honor
system must, because of its nation-wide development, be
founded upon fundamental principles.

The following States, among others, have recently planned
or developed their prisons upon wide acreage or are making
extensive campaigns for prisons:

Massachusetts plans a farm prison to replace the Mass-
achusetts State Prison. Has established a State camp for
tuberculous prisoners. Has a State farm with many hundred
acres for tramps and vagrants.

New York’s latest State prison, Great Meadow, on one
thousand acres. Has purchased land for State Industrial
Farm Colony, over 800 acres.

New York City has purchased over 600 acres for City
Reformatory for Misdemeanants.

New York City has purchased some 800 acres for inebriates
committed from New York City, and has established an
institution thereon.

New Jersey has purchased approximately tooo acres for
prison farm to replace State prison (congregate structure
similar to Sing Sing) at Trenton.

Pennsylvania has purchased approximately 5,000 acres for
Central Prison of Pennsylvania, to replace the Eastern Peni-
tentiary and the Western Penitentiary, both congregate
institutions on restricted areas.

Maryland citizens are urging prison farm to replace Mary-
land State Penitentiary at Baltimore (a congregate institution).

District of Columbia. House of Correction for the District
is built on approximately 1,000 acres at Occoquan, Virginia.

Ohio. This State voted to abandon the State penitentiary
at Columbus (congregate institution) and has appointed a
commission to secure a farm site with wide acreage and to
build 2 modern farm prison.

Michigan, The State prison is operating 3,000 acres of
farm land.

Indiana. State Prison Board planning to lease’ between
500 and 1,000 acres adjoining the present State prison in
Michigan City. State reformatory probably to be abandoned
within a few years and to be supplanted by a farm reformatory-

Illinois to build a State prison on wide acreage. State
prison sending out convicts to work in a camp miles from
the prison.

ey

rm. Prisoners Working Our-of-Doors,

Excavating by Inmate Labor. New Hampton Farms.

‘Tue Anouirion oF Sixo SiN. B

Minnesota has recently buile a State prison on wide acreage.

Colorado is working hundreds of prisoners, taken from the
State penitentiary, on road camps.

Oregon, similar work to that in Colorado.

Washington, similar work to that of Colorado and Oregon.

‘The southern States in general have been working their
prisoners either on contract labor in mines, or on the roads
or on plantations. Other western States are also feeling the
prison. farm movement.

In short, wherever new prisons are being contemplated, the
first consideration is the importance of building the prisons
upon wide acreage.

BUILDING BY PRISON LABOR.

The new prison should be built by convict labor. Wherever
a huge cellblock is erected, it is obvious that there is almost
no opportunity for prison labor, since the building is only a
brick shell enclosing a mass of steel cells which have to be

manufactured in some factory. On the other hand, where
smatler buildings of brick or cement are erected, almost all
of the work can be done by the prisoners. There seems to
be but one argument in favor of not using prison labor, and
this is the profit of the contractor.
i there is a double argument in favor of using
‘economy, and the educational training for the
By using the prisoners, it is estimated that from
twenty to thirty per cent. can be saved in the erection of the
buildings. A prison population will ordinarily include, in
addition to the large supply of unskilled labor, skilled mecha
of all kinds, to whom the erection of a group of buildings
would furnish the best possible opportunity for increasing
their skill and assisting them to find similar employment
when released.

‘The modern tendency is all toward the use of prison labor,
and the latest prisons, such as the large Central Prison at
Bellefonte, Pa., the Ontario Industrial Reformatory at Guelph,
Canada, and the House of Correction at Occoquan, Va,, are
being built by the prisoners.

‘THE LOCATION OF THE NEW PRISON.

‘Two sites are chiefly considered for the new farm industrial
wgdale and Beekman. The Prison Association

74 Tur Prison Association or New Yorx.

favors the Beckman site for reasons that will appear in the
following synopsis of the relative advantages and disadvan-
tages of the two sites under consideration.

‘COMPARISON OF WINGDALE AND BEEKMAN.
Wingdale—The village of Wingdale is located on the Harlem
division of the New York Central railroad, 70 miles from New
York and 82 miles from Albany. It has connection without
change from New York, but from Albany change of car
must be made at Chatham. From New York the one way
fare is $1.70; the round trip fare, $2.85; party fare one way
(io or more), $1.58, and the mileage fare one way, $1.40.

‘The connections between New York and Wingdale are
excellent. Five trains a day each way north and south
connect New York City and Wingdale. The running time is
from 1 hour and 54 minutes to 2 hours and 49 minutes.

‘There is some dificulry in reaching Wingdale from points
in southern and central New York, From Elmica, for instance,
the route must be via Delaware, Lackawanna & Western rail-
road to Binghamton, Delaware & Hudson to Albany, Boston
& Albany to Chatham and the Harlem Division of the New
‘York Central to Wingdale, with an average running time of 10
hhours and 28 minutes. From Auburn the route is via New
‘York Central to Albany, Boston & Albany to Chatham and
New York Central to Wingdale, the average running time
hours and 20 minutes. From Dannemora via Delaware &
Hudson to Albany, Boston & Albany to Chatham and New
York Central to Wingdale, average running time 9 hours and
$1 minutes.

‘An important difficulty is presented in the railway con
nections between Sing Sing prison and Wingdale. Connec-
tions must be through New York City by train from Ossining
to T2sth Street station, or by motor transportation across
Westchester county to Pleasantville or some adjoining ste
tion. For several years during the construction and carly
‘occupation of the prison, if built at Wingdale, this would
be a considerable disadvantage as compared with Beckman,

‘The connections through Chatham from Albany are in the
main very good, causing only slight delays. From the trans-
portation standpoint, therefore, che facilities both north and
south are lieele subject to criticism. ‘The Wingdale site is
also less than one mile from the station and the railroad

‘Tus: AnoLtrion oF SING Src. 6

nuns through the western end of the property. The fact
that no change of cars will be required for prisoners transported
from New York City to Wingdale is an advantage.

Beckman.—The property owned by the State at Beckman
in Dutchess county (railroad station Green Haven) is 76 miles
fcom New York via Dutchess Junction or Beacon, and is

Teis on the
Central New E
on the west and Danbury on the east.
used by the New York, New Haven & Hartford attend te
through connections between Boston and Washington. The
fare from New York one way is $1.82; round trip fare, $3.245
party fare one way (10 or more), $1.67; mileage fare, $1.57.

“The present transportation facilities for Beekman are very
poor compared with present transportation facilities for Wing
Gale. According to a letter received from Mr. W. H. Seely,
Manager of the Industrial Bureau of the New York, New
Haven & Hartford railroad, dated September 2, 1915, addressed
to the General Secretary of the Prison Association of New York,
a tentative train schedule is submitted by the railroad between
Albany, Auburn, Binghamton, Dannemora, Elmira, New York
City and Green Haven (the station for Beekman) via Beacon.
‘This tentative schedule shows four daily connections north
from New York and five connections south, involving a change
of cars at Beacon, The running time varies from 2 hours
and 24 minutes to 4 hours, the average time being about
3 hours going north and from 2 hours and 20 minutes to
approximately 3 hours going south,

In this connection, it is of importance to note that the
transfer of prisoners from Sing Sing to Beekman can be made
much more easily than to Wingdale. Between Albany and
Green Haven the tentative schedule shows a passenger fare
of $2.06 one way; a mileage of 103 miles. ‘The tentative
schedule shows four daily train connections north and four
train connections south, the running time north ranging from
3,hours and 25 minutes to 4 hours and 30 minutes; the running
time south from 2 hours and 50 minutes to 4 hours and 30
rinuees.

‘The tentative schedule from Auburn shows one chaige of
cars and a running time of 8 hours and 15 minutes and a
sunning time north of 8 hours, Connections from Dannemora

76 Tur Prison Association or New York.

show two changes and a running time south of 10 hours and
15 minutes, and a running time north of 12 hours and 19
minutes. Between Elmira and Green Haven there is a running
time east of 10 hours and 36 minutes and a running time
west of nearly 24 hours. (Elmira was suggested to the
schedule makers only as a point in the southern tier and
not as one frequently used for the transportation of prisoners.)

Motor truck transportation from Hopewell Junction, approx-
imately four miles distant, is also an important possibility.
The Newburgh, Dutchess & Connecticut Division of the Central
of New England Railway, terminating at Beacon and running
through Hopewell Junction, has several connections, with one
change, with New York, The best connection in the winter
timetable shows departure from New York at 4:03 p. m.
and arrival at Hopewell Junction at 6:15; it also shows a depar-
ture from Hopewell Junction at 8 a. m. and arrival at Grand
Central station at 10:19. Probably, in case the State prison
should be located at Beekman, there would be the opportunity
of connecting by motor van with trains at Hopewell. Junction
for New York, in addition’ to other trains on the tentative
schedule.

Summary.— The transportation facilities between Wingdale
and points north and south are now much better than the trans-
portation facilities between Green Haven and similar points.
In case the prison should be located at Green Haven the prop-
osition of the New York, New Haven & Hartford railroad,
above mentioned, of increasing and bettering its train schedule,
would be of prime importance.

Freight— Exhaustive schedules of freight values have been
submitted by both the New York Central and the New York,
New Haven & Hudson River railroad companies. These rates
have been submitted to a general contractor in New York for
opinion. He states that a study of the rates indicates that,
with the exception of common building brick, there is litele
difference in freight rates to the two points on the heavy,
plain ‘materials required in building construction. On the
common building brick there is quite a difference in favor of
the Wingdale location, but it seems to the contractor that 2
good rate could be obtained from Hudson River points to Green
Haven, which rates are not quoted, in the data presented to
him. ‘The rates quoted on structural steel, lime, crushed

Beekman Site, Acres of Potatoes

Beekman Sire. Potatoes Growing,

‘Tar Anounton oF Sing Sine. 7

stone, building stone, cement, etc.,”are practically the same
for both points, except in individual instances, where rates
are given from points on railroads running into either Wingdale
or Beekman. As all such materials are bought delivered at
the point of destination, chere is always a competition on
price and freight rate. Unless there is a prohibitive difference,
it is usually absorbed in the quotation from points farcher
away than others. The above-mentioned contractor believes
that the difference in cost in building construction would not
be affected materially by the difference in freight rates. The
principal difference on prison products seems to be in reference
to shipments to and from New York City and the vicinity,
in which there seems to be quite a difference in favor of
Wingdale

COMPARISON FROM THE STANDPOINT OF INSTITUTIONAL MAN=

Wingdale— The Wingdale site, composed of approximately
650 acres, is made up of land very uneven in its insticutional

value. Three different types of fand are found: (a) bottom
land, of very fertile character; (b) woodland, of quite precip-
tous slope; (c) upland, broken and hilly, suitable largely
for pasturage purposes. In short, the Wingdale site is very
broken and is not subject to supervision from any one central
point.

Building site A. good building site is on the meadow
land, which, however, would remove that amount of fertile
and from cultivation. If the honor group were to be widely
separaved from the custodial group, the honor group might
be placed upon an upland a mile away. To place the entire
prison on the uplands would be to establish both a heavy
inicial cost in the delivery .of building material and in the
general cost of construction, besides removing the prison to a
relatively reméte part of the property, with a permanent
increased cost’ for the moving of commodities. Furthermore,
the location of the insticution on the hill would require a per
manenely expensive system of water supply by pumping.
A further disadvantage of the Wingdale site for the location
of the institution is that it is only a few miles distant from the
Connecticut line and the temptation for easy escape of inmates
‘would be always present

In short, the administration of a State prison requires cen-

Tue Prison Association or New York.

n of plan to the extent at least of the possibility of
supervision of the entire plant from a central point.

Beckman. The Beekman site offers an excellent location
for the entire State prison group as proposed above. The
land, while slightly rolling, is relatively flat, and the entire
tract of 821 acres could be supervised from a knoll near which
the prison buildings would undoubtedly be located. The
location lies in the Fishkill valley. To the east is a range
of high hills and to the west the land slopes gently upward.
There are no difficulties in the matter of sites for the institu-
tion’s buildings. There is an abundance of water. The
location is approximately 15 miles from the Connecticut line,
and a high ridge of hills intervenes. The country is little
settled, and there are no temptations of nearby large cities.
The same absence of nearby large communities can be stated
regarding Wingdale.
RECAPITULATION.

Sing Sing Prison is nearly a century old and is thoroughly
inadequate. Throughout the country, farm industrial prisons
are being planned. Modern prisons aim to have wide acreage
connected with them.

To rebuild Sing Sing, necessarily retaining its present
congested area, would cost approximately $1,500,000 without
any farm. To locate a new prison in the country, either at
Wingdale or Beekman, would cost approximately $1,400,000,
and would admit of absolutely modern plans and construction.
‘As between Wingdale and Beekman, exclusive of the question
of agricultural advantages, water supply, sewage disposal,
etc,, Wingdale is located more advantageously for transpor-
tation from the north and possibly from Albany. The New
Haven railroad, however, gives assurance that greatly in-
creased transportation facilities will be given in case the
Green Haven site is selected. The freight rates are practically
equal. Topographically, from the standpoint of the locating
of an institution and the activities of an institution, Beekman
is far preferable.

Between the Cellblock Type of prison construction and the
Group-Unit Type, modern penology demands the Group-
Unit Type in some form.

wi camprchepties of ial xeporte on the agricultural and sanicary features of the
fngdale and Beckman site have been inal by the State Departuence of Aguicu
ture and Healeh, reapeceively, but have not been made public.” .

Outside-Cell Building under Construction. Michigan State Prison, Jackson,

Haying by Inmates of State Hospital. Beekman Site

THE PROBLEM OF THE PRISON INDUSTRIES.

HROUGH the generous financial assistance of Mr. E.
I ‘Trowbridge Hall, a member of the Board of Mana-
gers of the Prison Association, a comprehensive
study of the prison industries was made in the summer and
fall of 1915 by Mr. Paul Kennaday, who has long been a
student of labor conditions. Mr. Kennaday’s report is
embodied in the present chapter. The problem of the prison
induseries has for years been one of the most complicated
and least solved questions in the State's administr The
subjoined report brings an especially valuable contribution.
In the fall of rors, Me. Kennaday became the Secretary of
the Prison Industries and Employment Association, a. small
group of business and professional men in New York who
desire as an independent body, though closely affliated with:
the Prison Association, to work further along the lines indi-
cated in their Association’s name.

Mr. Kennaday’s report follows:

HE PROBLEM OF THE PRISON INDUSTRIES.

The study of prison industries carried on this past summer
was begun with a personal inspection of the shops at Sing
Sing, Clinton and Auburn, Here conditions long familiar to
those acquainted with prisons at once showed the need for
some change in ‘equipment, method and management.
Whether it was a shoe shop, turning out so many styles of
shoes that the force employed could become eficient in no one
line, or a knit-goods shop employing men at an industry
which in the world outside furnishes a living almost exclusively
to women; whether it was a furniture shop still turning out
solid-top desks, although the demand is now general for built
up tops, or a cloth shop equipped with weaving machines
second-hand twenty-five years ago when installed, the failure
adequately to plan out and equip the industries carried on in
the prisons of the State was at every step conspicuous.

And badly as the prison industries often have been selected
and left to follow wasteful methods, the failure of the present
scheme of things from the point of view of useful training to
the prisoners is no less apparent even upon cursory inspection.
It was a common occurrence to find some men sitting about

G ”

80 ‘Tur Parson Association or New York.

idle in the shops at all hours of the morning and afternoon,
and by three o'clock in the afternoon the number who had
stopped work for the day in some shops was a large proportion
of the whole force.

“They have done their day’s job,” said one foreman after
another. “Who says so?” was asked. “They do,” was
the answer, and that seemed to end the matter. A prisoner
at the Sing Sing shops, pointing to a group smoking their
pipes in the comfortable shade of the yard, summed the matter
Up with, “Those idle men out there get the same grub we do,
0 why should we work any harder than we have to ?”

'Not only do the workers appear to determine for themselves
their daily stint and to rest at whatever hour their self-selected
task has been accomplished, but the stoppage of machinery,
the dismissal from the shops of squads of men for the barber
fr for the weekly bath, the holding up of a gang’s work because
fone member has a visitor, is in the hospital, is being punished
or has been transferred, seem to be matters of such frequent
‘occurrence a5 to have a considerable bearing upon the total
‘output of goods, and a very important bearing on the prisoner's
attitude of mind toward his prison work in particular and
toward all work in general.

In a word, the prison industries as now carried on in this
State in some cases have been so badly selected that men
are trained at women’s work, and generally it may be said
that the prisons on the order of Sing Sing, Auburn, Clinton,
signally fail to inculcate a spirit of industry in the prisoners,
Rather, it would appear, the men become so accustomed to
a short day’s work, often interrupted, that upon discharge
they are as little able to stand up and do their required share
in an outside factory, as is the consumptive upon discharge
from a profonged “rest cure” temperamentally equipped to
earn a living by the sweat of his brow or the persistene appli-
ation of his mind,

‘These’ conditions are matters of more or less common
Knowledge, and the opinions formed therefrom are not novel.
Having reaffirmed, from personal investigation, the patent
shortcomings of prison industries as now carried on, the subse-
quent inquiry was carried on along new lines to conclusions
of some value, it is hoped, to prisoners, prison officers, and
prison reformers.

‘The problem was to find out the possible market for prison-
miade goods in the State of New York under the present

‘Tae Prosuem or THe Prison Inpusratzs. 81

“‘State-use”” law and for the articles at present manufactured in
the prisons of the State, it being assumed that either any change
in the State-use system or any considerable introduction of
new industries under that system would reopen the whole
case of prison labor versus free labor, and would provoke such
contention that the issue of an extension of existing prison
industries to meet the present market would probably be
altogether lost.

‘The method pursued was as follows:

City of New York—For the City of New York, records
were at hand in the Bureau of Standardization of the Board
of Estimate and Apportionment, giving the quantity and
price of every article purchased by the City of New York
and its constituent counties in the year 1911. For several
weeks, a clerk was employed to go over this voluminous record
in order to put down, item by jtem, each purchase on the
open market of an article similar in kind and quality to those
articles listed. in the State prisons’ catalogue of prison-made
goods.

Buffalo and Rochester—For the other first class. cities,
Buffalo and Rochester, no such record as that made in New
York City was available, and it was impracticable to go
behind the summary of purchases as printed in the annual
reports of the various departments and boards of these two
cities.

Second Class Cities—In the case of the second class cities,
Albany, Schenectady, Syracuse, Troy, Utica and Yonkers,
original vouchers of all sales were inspected in the comptroller’s
office at Yonkers. The published reports of the other cities
were examined in detail, especially those of Albany, but ic
was concluded that the fairest estimate of purchases for all
the cities of this group could be made upon the basis of the
complete data from Yonkers, and upon the assumption that
the purchases of this city, whose population is 14 per cent.
of the total population of this class of cities, would be 14
per cent, of the purchases of the entire group.

Third Class Cities—In the case of the forty-five cities of
the third class an inspection of original vouchers for the year
1914 was made in two cities and in the case of Poughkeepsie
the comptroller’s annual report was found to be serviceable.
Dividing the third class cities imto three classes, corresponding

82 Tue Prison Association or New York.

by population with the three cities for which more or less
complete returns were at hand, an estimate was reached of
prison-purchaseable goods bought on the open market by all
third class cities during the year 1914.

Villages—In the case of first, second, third and fourth
class villages a great number of village treasurers? annual
reports were received in answer to several circular letters,
and these reports were all examined. Many of them were
made up in such manner as to furnish no information for the
purpose of this seudy. In the case of seven first class villages,
fifteen second class, thirty-four third class and twenty-two
fourth class villages, or a total of seventy-cight villages out
of the four hundred sixty-five villages of all classes in the
State, the published reports showed with great particularity
the exact nature of the expenditures accounted for by the
village treasurers. ‘These reports also showed small expen
tures put down under the general designation: “Supplies.”
Having thus for seventy-cight villages of various classes the
expenditures for prison-purchaseable goods, and adding to this
ten per cent. of “ Supplies,” upon the bold assumption that
at least ten per cent. of “ Supplies ” were prison-purchaseable,
‘an estimate was reached of the total purchases of the other
villages of each of the four classes upon the basis that villages
of like population, on the average, would make like purchases.

State Hospitals—The Hospital Commission gave us access
to their records for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1914;
a detailed examination of this mass of material was made in
manner similar to thar followed in the case of New York City

Reformatory and Charitable Institutions.—The State Fiscal
Supervisor of Charities had his own force report in like manner
upon the expenditures of the reformacory and charitable
institutions of the State.

State Depariments and Bureaus—From an examination of
the releases issued for the year 1914 by the State Commission
of Prisons, such estimate as was possible was made of open-
market purchases made by State departments and bureaus.

County Purchases—The published reports of all the county
supervisors, except the counties within the limits of New York
City (already accounted for under the returns of chat
were examined in the State Comptroller's office in Albany.

Ie was impracticable to go behind these reports; and ie

‘Tar Prostem or THe Prison INpustetes. 83,

was accordingly assumed that of expenditures for “ Furniture
and Fixtures,” 75 per cent. was on account of furniture, and
that of “Clothing and Shoes” expenditures, 25 per cent.
was for shoes and 75 per cent. for clothing, From the totals
thus reached were deducted, in order to find the “ open-
market” purchases, the sales of furniture, clothing and shoes
made to these counties by the several prisons.

Schools—In none of the above cases do the returns or estic
mates include expenditures for schools. School expenditures
were obtained from the State Department of Education, sep2-
rately for New York City, “ Other Cities,” towns and villages.

‘The appended table shows, according to the method above
explained, the market available to the State prisons of this
State for the articles now. manufactured by those prisons.
Te would thus appear that there is a market of $1,210,422
‘open to the prisons over and above that filled last year with
their net sales of $856,371.47.

TABLE 1
Sates or Manuracruninc Deranruents oF
Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 1914.

INDUSTRIES,

penal doo). go.ter | *s2.007 | rete

ike:

Bed and bedding. Creed eeeneenen BE

Pit rise | 4ésans
tool fuenice. ‘art asa | 400387

Toa Tamnots Tnsss| Pate | Bosse] Bogue

jflnsiudee baskets. "+ Women's prison. *Incudes dothing. ¢Inclader yarn
Sigel lumbee™ «Tor? elas parchases,

‘Tne Proutem of THE Prison Inpusrates.

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
‘The inspection made of the prisons of this State,

had with a large number of city, village, county and institution

officials, and the study made of the open market and prison

purchases of the State and its political subdivisions, have led

to the following conclusions:

I. That there is available to the prisons of this State, in
the industries now established, a large and profitable market
over and above that now filled amounting to at least $1,200,000.

Tl. That this market is not within 10 per cent. of that
ordinarily and without investigation said t0 exist.

IIL That in the case of a multitude of small individual
purchases, aggregating a considerable total outlay, it would
not be practicable to require purchases from the prisons
unless there were established throughout the State a number
of central distributing sources.

IV. That there is widespread dissatisfaction with prison
products, in part due to the desire to purchase from local
firms giving employment to residents and offering political
support to the purchasing officials, but in very large measure
due to undoubted inferiority in the quality of many prison
aroducss, their high cost and the delays experienced with

V. That to retain even the present market for prison goods,
i is highly desirable ro meet such objection to prison products
as upon investigation may be found to be well founded, the
Corporation Counsel of New York City having given an
opinion, which is now being followed in New York, that goods
may be purchased without release from the State Commission
of Prisons when the goods offered by the prisons are not up
to reasonable specifications. Prison products have already
heen rejected by the City of New York on the strength of
this opinion, and it is altogether likely. chat other present
purchasers, many of whom are outspoken in their opposition
to prison goods, in like manner will refuse to. accept the prison
products which heretofore they have considered they were
bound in law to accept.

VI. That any attempt to increase the manufacture and
sale of prison goods without meeting present objections will
arouse a still greater opposition to prison products.

VII. That the present relations between buyer and seller of

‘rl Br

al

Fal 96

Taal vines

Fs
Z
é
2
3

‘Bed aol ding

ie

86 ‘Tur Prison Association or New York.

prison goods are essentially faulty; the one, failing to stand-
ardize its orders even within single city departments, has
allowed 2 multitude of purchasing agents and institution heads
to set up in many lines such demands for variation in styles
and patterns as to add immensely to the difficulties of the
seller; on the other hand, the seller, falling in with those
demands and following the precedent, considers it necessary
to offer to the buyer such an extensive catalog of articles
that reasonably good standards of workmanship are almost
impossible to attain in any one line, and are out of the question
in many lines.

VIII. That while the State is not, and should not be,
primarily interested in turning out from its prisons the largest
possible quantity of marketable goods of good quality and
fair price, the amount of money to be made available for
maintenance of old prisons and construction of new ones is
closely dependent upon the successful financial operation of
the prison industries.

IX. That the State is primarily interested in turning out
from its prisons the largest possible number of men trained
to habits of industry —if not skilled in some occupation

X. That such existing industries as knitting, although
ridiculously adapted for teaching trades to men, should be
retained, at least until means are at hand for keeping every
man in prison actively occupied during working hourss first,
because they are a valuable source of revenue to the State, and
secondly, because with proper organization they may be made
4 means of teaching men a habit of industry and a general
acquaintance with shop methods of production.

I. That as with men in outside shops, the men in prison
shops need an incentive to work. The first and ever-present
desire of every convict being to get out of prison, a system
whereby diligence and skill would be rewarded with reduction
of sentence would, it is believed, change the whole attitude of
the convict toward the amount and quality of his daily work

XII. That the industries carried on in the prisons are even
now of such magnitude that they could and should be made the
medium for the building up of character, the forming of correct
habits, and the acquisition of trade skill

‘XIII. That both from the point of view of the financial
operation of the prisons and the reformation of the convict,
at is highly desirable to put the industries of the prisons under

‘Tue Prostem oF THE Prison Inpusteizs. 87

the management of a single qualified, experienced industrial
manager having under him superintendents of industries in
each of the prisons — following in this respect the practice
which experience has taught the business world to adopt.

IV. That such an industrial manager, working on the
manufacturing problem alone, along lines in harmony with the
general policy laid down by the Superintendent of State
Prisons as to discipline, farm and road labor, ete., should be
able to bring about such changes in prison products thae sales
would not be to the present extent “forced sales” to complain-
ing customers often adopting every ingenious subterfuge
possible in order to circumvent a law considered unfair and
oppressive. Such an industrial manager should be able so to
organize his producing and selling force that the present and
potential market would be thoroughly cultivated.

XV. Customers should be seen and not merely written to.
Their wants and even whims should be catered to as far as
practicable. ‘The salesmen of open-market competitors should
be met, not with a catalog, but with 2 properly equipped
representative of the prisons, on the spot, able to give assurance
of fair quality and fair price and prompt delivery.

A PAROLE AND COMMUTATION BILL FOR STATE
PRISONS.

inmates of the State prisons have earnestly urged a
change in the parole laws relating to State prisons.
‘The present law provides briefly as follows:

F’ several years both prison reform workers and the

‘Two forms of sentences are imposed upon prisoners
committed to the State prisons. ‘These are known as
the indeterminate sentence and the definite sentence.
‘The criminal who, according to the records before the
court, has never before been convicted of a felony is
sentenced to an indeterminate term of imprisonment.
‘The minimum and maximum terms are fixed by the coure.
‘The minimum shall be nor less than one year, and the
maximum limit is fixed by law. ‘The court may fix a
Tower maximum, but the minimum sentence shall not ex-
ceed half the longest period provided by law as a punish-
ment for the particular crime.

‘Under the indeterminate form of sentence (which, as
indicated above, applies only to so-called “first offenders”
in State prison) the prisoner cannot earn commutation
(which will be described below under the definite sentence)

‘er serving his minimum term, may become eligible
for parole. This eligibility for parole is determined by
the Parole Board for State Prisons, a body distinct from
‘the Prison Department, which administers the State
Pife ie otherwise provided for, in the matter of those
prisoners who have been previously convicted of a felony.
In such cases, a definite sentence is imposed, not subject
to parole. On the other hand, the prisoner so sentenced
may eam so-called “good time” sufficient to shorten
materially the period of imprisonment. A five-year term
may by good conduct be commuted to three years an
seven months. A ten-year term may be reduced, for
instance, to six years and six months.

8

Parote ano Conmuration Brix. 89

‘The purpose of the indeterminate sentence law is to stimulate
the prisoner to good conduct and to reformation through the
chance offered to him to shorten his term of imprisonment.
‘There is far greater value in the indeterminate sentence than
in the definite sentence, because the prisoner, if paroled, is
nevertheless on parole for a period discretionary with the
Parole Board, that is, under the supervision of the Board,
although living in relative freedom, and working at some
occupation, ‘The prisoner released after a definite sentence,
with reduction for ‘good time,” is absolutely discharged,
and cannot be supervised by any parole officer or in any manner
by the State.

No result was obtained from very earnest agitation for a
comprehensive parole law in the Legislatures of 1914 and 1915.
Various proposals proved unacceptable. The chief arguments
for a change in the present law rest upon the widespread belief
that sentences to prison are often very inequitable; that for

lly the same crime, committed under practically the
same circumstances, two prisoners may receive very different
sentences. This leads to much bitterness of feeling and a
more or less grounded sense of injustice.

While undoubtedly a comprehensive parole Taw must ulti:
mately be drawn for the State prisons, the Prison Association
recognizes that at present public opinion, and also the special-
ized ‘opinion of county judges and district attorneys, will
hardly accept the proposal of an indeterminate sentence for
all prisoners in State prison, exclusive of those convicted of
murder, and possibly several other particularly atrocious
crimes. Therefore the Association proposes for consideration
of the Legislature in 1916:

(a) An extension of the parole law now applying to first
offenders in State prison—on indeterminate sentences—
whereby their minimum. sentences may be reduced by a certain
number of days per month allowed for efficient work in
industry.

(b) An extension of the amount of commutation allowed
to those already having served a term in the State prison,
who have received a definite sentence. At present, commu:
tation—so-called “good time”—is allowed, to the extent of
two months on the first year’s sentence, two months on the
second year, four months on the third year, four months on
the fourth year, and five months on each successive year.

LEGISLATION DURING THE YEAR 1915.

PRISON LABOR, INDUSTRIES AND EARNINGS OF PRISONERS.

‘The continued agitation of the prison labor problem, par-
ticularly in its concrete application to specific institutions,
has resulted in some successful legislation, and some unsuc-
cessful attempts.

Chapter 306 of the Laws of rors amends Section 321 of the
Prison Law, referring to the labor of convicts in the peni
tentiaries, in reference to the Erie County Penitentiary, by
authorizing the Board of Supervisors of Erie County to employ
such convicts ““ upon any work being prosecuted by and within
such county” and “to fix a per diem compensation for such
employment at a rate not to exceed 10 cents.” A correspond-
ing amendment to the Highway Law secures this provision in
reference to road work. This law will make possible the em-
ployment of prisoners of the Erie County Penitentiary on
road building, farm work and other outdoor labor in any part
of the county. The bill was approved and supported by the
Prison Associat’on.

Chapter 288 amends Section 185 of the Prison Law by
extending the provisions allowing the payment. of prisoners
from the earnings of the institution, to include county jails
in addition to the State prisons, reformatories and peniten-
tiaries. “It also reduces the maximum amount that can be
forfeited by a prisoner for misconduct from s0 cents to 25 cents
perdiem. ‘This law was approved and supported by the Prison
Association.

Chapter 282 amends Section 177 of the Prison Law by ex-
tending the application of that law to county jails and work-
houses, in addition ro State prisons, reformatories and peni-
tentiaries, It further provides a method by which industries
that may at any time be introduced in any institutions, other
than the State prisons and reformatories. may be correlated
with the whole of the prison industries of the State in respect
to both manufacture and disposition, by arrangement between
the State Superintendent of Prisons and the managing au-

Leorstation Durino THE YEAR 1915. or

thority of any such penal institution. Contracts entered into
in this connection are to be drawn up or approved by the
State Commission of Prisons. In other respects, the law rela-
tive to the manufacture and disposition of prison-made goods
remains as before. Approved and supported by the Prison
Association.

Chapter 457 further amends the Prison Law by adding a
section, to be known as Section 184a, providing for the dis-
position of farm products of penal institutions, in excess of
the amount needed by the institution, to other Seate insti
tions in much the same way as industrial products are now
disposed of.

COURT PROCEDURE AND PENAL LAW.

Chapter 531 amends very materially the inferior criminal
courts act for the city of New York. Ie authorizes magis-
trates to sit as judges of the court of special sessions, and to
finally dispose of misdemeanors upon consent of both parties,
and of the district attorney in certain cases; provides for a
municipal term for hearing of violations of the sanitary code,
Labor Law, and offences in which city departments are com:
Plainants, the judges sitting in such municipal term to have
the powers of special sessions. court. All the inferior courts
are placed under the control of the board of city magistrates,
for the whole city, thus discontinuing the separation of magis-
trates’ courts and special sessions courts. ‘The law provides
a separate children’s court, composed of judges especially
appointed to that task from among the magistrates. It is
an extremely important lav, modifying existing law to an
extent that cannot here be fully estimated. Its value is to
be seen in practice.

Chapter 285 amends the code of criminal procedure in rela-
tion xo the definition of vagrant, by 2 most important change
in Subdivision 4 of Section 487 of the code, extending the
definition to include under the term “ prostitute,” also cadets,
procurers, and other male as well as female persons soliciting
’n public. This section will probably cover indeterminate
cases of homosexualism. Approved by the Prison Association,

Chapter 286 prohibits the placing on probation of persons
convicted of maintaining a house of prostitution, etc, in a
tenement house, or female persons who are second offenders.

92 Tue Prison Assoctatton or New York.

Chapter 1897 of the Penal Law, relating to the carrying and
use of dangerous weapons, was amended by Chapter 390 of
the Laws of 1915, by making a first offence, in general, a mis-
demeanor, and a second offence, a felony.

Chapter 327 amended the Public Health Law in relation to
the sale of habit-forming drugs, with the purpose, in general,
first, of reducing the sale of such drugs; secondly, of keeping
exact accounting of all such drugs sold or used by physicidns,
druggists and others, and thirdly, by providing for the commit-
ment of habitual drug users to charitable or correctional
institutions.

Chapter 480 amends the Penal Law by facilitating the com-
mitment of a feeble-minded child, charged with a crime or
offence, to 2 public institution for the feeble-minded

‘A most important step toward the improvement of crim-
inal procedure was effected by Chapter 284, amending the
greater New York charter by abolishing the office of coroners
in the City of New York (upon the expiration of the terms
of the present incumbents) and providing in their place a
chief medical examiner, to have practically all the powers
formerly held by coroners, but in a manner much more satise
factory, from the standpoint of administration and efficiency.

SPECIAL INSTITUTIONS AND PAROLE LEGISLATION.

‘The most important single piece of legislation affecting
the prisons of the Department of Correction of the City of
New York, and representing probably the greatest forward
step in recent penal legislation, was effected by Chapter 579
of the Laws of 1915, which is reproduced in full and commented
on elsewhere (see page 120). This bill was approved and sup-
ported by the Prison Associatio

Chapter 373 provides a woman parole officer for the State
Farm for Women at Valatie, who is to serve also as marshal
and to have the power and authority of a deputy sheriff
She is to serve, probably, as transfer agent as well. This
bill was approved and supported by the Prison Association.

Chapter rrr authorized the Westchester county authorities
to “cause to be erected, completed and furnished, ready for
use, 2 county penitentiary and workhouse building or build-
ings for the use of the county of Westchester, for the keeping
of persons legally and lawfully committed thereto.” (For
description of this institution see page 111.)

Lectstation Dunine THE Year 1915. 93

SHERIFFS AND COUNTY JAILS.

Chapter 200 added Hamilton county to the list of counties
in which the fee system for the sheriffs has been abolished:
A definite salary has been provided for the sheriff, and his
fees are declared the property of the county. Approved and
supported by the Prison Association.

Chapter 143 amends the law relating to Seneca county which
provided for the maintenance of prisoners of the Seneca
county jail, at a rate of $1.75 per week per prisoner, by pro-
viding “a rate per week for each prisoner to be fixed by the
board of supervisors.” This was to discontinue the definite
rate system, which was found by the inspectors of the Prison
Association to be working’ out badly. This Association ap-
proved and supported the bill.

BILLS INTRODUCED BUT NOT PASSED.

Among the unsuccessful ateempts at legislation during the
year, the following were the most important:

1.'The bills drawn up by the Prison Association for the
improvement of the manner of dealing with prisoners held
by the court under criminal charge, who appear to be insane,
and with prisoners serving sentence in institutions of the
city of New York, who appear to be insane. Two bills dealing
with the matter were introduced, as Senate Int. No. 1103
and 1104; and Assembly Int. No. 1504 and 1505. “The bills
were intended to improve the administrative methods of
dealing with such cases, and to reduce the unnecessary cost
and waste of time involved in the procedure. ‘The suppore of
the comptroller’s office of New York City was obtained
full. In fact, a representative of the comptroller gave consider-
able aid in pushing the bills ‘at Albany. One of the bills was,
passed by both houses, but vetoed by the Governor. The
other passed the Assembly, but failed of passage in the Senate.
As a result of the efforts’ in this direction, the attention of
the proper authorities was emphatically drawn to the situa
tion, and a considerable improvement without legislation has
taken place. Whether the introduction of the bills in future
legislation will be necessary depends upon future investiga
tions of conditions.

2. A bill making possible the transfer of inmates of the
House of Refuge on Randall’s Island, who proved to be un-
suited to the methods of that institution, and for whose treat-

4 ‘Tue Paison Association or New York.

ment the reformatory or penitentiary would be more suited,
failed of passage. The bill had considerable merit and was
approved and supported by the Prison Association.

3. A bill to give the Probation Commission supervision of
parole officers in the Seate, in addition to its present supervi-
sion of probation officers, failed of passage.

ral bill to amend the Highway Law and the Prison
Law, providing for a general arrangement between the local
highway authorities and the Prison Department for the em=
ployment of convict labor in all parts of the State, also failed
of passage. The bill was supported by the Prison Association,

5. A very important bill to amend the code of criminal
procedure by repealing Section 1220, in relation to the offence
of mental derangement, failed of passage. The bill was opposed
by the Prison Association because its own bills treating of the
same matter in a different way were considered to more fully
meet the situation,

6. A bill providing for pensions for employees of State
prisons and State reformatories was again introduced but
failed of passage.

Bills were introduced and failed of passage dealing with:

Provision for public defender;

Provision to make neglect or refusing to testify by defend-
ant, prejudicial against him;

‘The abolition of capital punishments

Changes in the board of parole for State prisons;

More liberal indeterminate sentence and parole laws for
the State prisons.

The failure to adopt the proposed new constitution makes
ie unnecessary to comment on changes in the Reld of delin-
quency provided in that document.

A CUSTODIAL ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE-MINDED
DELINQUENTS.

EEBLE-MINDEDNESS in delinquents is a very serious
F problem in this State, and one that demands adequate

treatment. Feeble-mindedness is not so conspicuous
as insanity. Insane criminals are provided for at the Mattea-
wan and Dannemora State Hospitals for the Insane, but there
is no designated institution in this State to which feeble-
minded criminals can be transferred. Moreover, the non-
criminal asylums for the feeble-minded are already filled, and
it is against the general policy of the State to house the non-
criminal and the criminal insane or feeble-minded in the
same institution, because their care requires differentiated
treatment.

Fecble-mindedness varies in degree from idiocy to a grade
of intelligence closely approaching the normal. Ie differen-
tiates itself from insanity also, in that while insanity is re-
garded as a disease, curable in many instances, feeble-minded-
ness is a defective condition ‘of the brain, that may be im-
proved, but cannot be cured: High-grade feeble-mindedness,
therefore, can be trained, and many a feeble-minded person
gets through life after a fashion, generally with the help of
friends. Yet every feeble-minded person is a potential crim-
inal, because feeblesmindednese js defined as 8/mental state

renders the one thus afflicted unable to conduct his
Gaily affairs, with ordinary prudence. And in the intense
competitive life of today, the feeble-minded must inevitably
fall behind, thus leading to crime as an alternative, or to
pauperism, unless cared for by friends able to help financially.

‘ble-mindedness, moreover, is insidious, in that ies pres
ence is not easily recognized, and therefore its victims pass
longer in the community before coming under correctional or
chatitable care. Feeble-minded women are especially prone
to sex faults, and the proportion of illegitimate births from
feeble-minded women is large. They are the easy prey of
those seeking their ruin or further demoralization.

Within any institution to which feeble-minded delinquents
are committed, they act as a serious clog on normal methods

7 %5

96 ‘Tue Prison Association or New York.

of reformation. Often of kindly disposition, and relatively
happy, they are nevertheless incapable of normal progress in
industry, physical training or school, and must, 3 properly
treated, be separated from the rest of the institutional popu-
ation, demanding thus an amount of specialized attention
that many institutions cannot and should not be called upon
10 giv
‘The natural solution of the problem is a separate institu-
tion for the mentally defective delinquent, to which the
seriously feeble-minded delinquents from other correctional
institutions may be transferred. Among many. significant
statements by authorities is a recent one by Dr. Frank
Christian, assistant superintendent of Elmira Reformat-ry,
who says that of 8,000 consecutive admissions examined by
him while senior physician at Elmira, he classified 2,993, or
374 per cent, as mentally defective, or in other words as
‘mentally not normal human beings

‘A summary of conditions prevailing in 1912 still is valid,
and is reprinted from the report of the Prison Association
of New York of that year

1. There are probably 30,000 feeble-minded in New York
State.

‘2 Im the great State of New York there is no special custodial
institution to chich the criminal fecble-minded can be commit,
fond transferred.

9 Present Jaws permit of the transfer of insane criminals
from penal institutions of the State to hospitals for the criminal
insane but not of the transfer of the criminal feebleminded to
custodial asylums of that class.

if The two State hospitals for the criminal insane are full
(Matteawan and Dannemora).

5. There are in any one year undoubtedly over 1,000 feeble
minded prisoners in correctional institutions in New York Siac

6. The assistant superineendent of Elmica Reformatory, Dr.
Christian, has stated recently chat his records — extending
lover several years — show that 2¢ least 39 per cent. of the inmates
fare mentally defective, and 70 per cent. below a, normal standard

17. The 39 per cent. of mentally defective inmates of the reform
atory are ultimately released or discharged from that institu-
tion, although, as Dr. Christian writes, the imbeciles have 10
place in a reformatory of that nature in the first place, and area
hindrance to its work for the brighter boys

Custoprar AsyLum ror Feesie-Mnpep. 7

8. OF 17 such imbeciles paroled to the Prison Association in
1904, 12 had previously been arrested and 10 had previously
been’ imprisoned. Av least 5 of the 17 have been in prison
since their release from the reformatory in 1904.

‘men reported as imbecile had been 6 times arrested and 3 times
imprisoned before his commiement to Elmira, and is now a
fugitive from justice. Of the 60 men recorded as defective mentally
in a group of 450 men paroled in 1904, 42 had been arrested prior
10 their commitment 1o Elmira, and 23, oF over 50 per cent, have
been arrested since their parole. Incidentally ie should be stated
that of the 77 men reported as mentally defective or imbecile
26 were found to be infected with venereal disease.

‘9. What is true of Elmira is probably true of other institutions.

10. De. Henry E. Goddard of Vineland, who has @ national
reputation as a student of feeble-mindedness, estimates that
25 per cent. of delinquents are mentally defective. “All mental
defectives would be delinquent,” he states, “in the very nature
of the case, did not some one exercise some care over them.
‘There is only one possible answer to the question, * What is
to be done with the fecble-minded person who is delinquent?
Hee must be cared for, but he must be eared for in a place where
we care for irresponsibles. The jail or prison or reformatory
is not for him, neither must he be turned loose on the streets
for sent back to the home and environment in which he has
already become a delinquent.”

11. The curcent report of the State Board of Charities says
The State reformatory institutions, both for men and for women,
have long had their discipline and progress injuriously affected
ye sven of Soledad its come fo sled
forms of delinguency ranging from misdemeanors of a mild type
ta felonies of serious charac. Owing vo the consamey ove
crowded condition of the State institutions for the dependent
feeble-minded, it has not been possible, except in isolated
cases, to secure the transfer to such institutions of the mentally
defective reformatory inmates, even in cases where such transfer
seemed to be most desirable

12, Amos W. Butler, formerly president of the National
Conference of Charities and Correction, has said:

Feeble-mindedness produces more pauperism, degeneracy
and crime than any other one force. Ie touches every form of
charitable activity. Ie is felt in every part of our land. It
affects in some way all our people. Tes cose is beyond our com-

‘Tae Prison Association ox New York.

prehension. It is the unappreciated burden of the unfortunate.
Te is a burden we are compelled to bear; therefore let us bear
4 intelligently to the end that the chain of evil may be lessened,
the weak cared for, and the future made brighter with hope
‘because of our efforts.”

13. Of the 300 inmates in Bedford (N. Y.) State Reformatory
for Women, 2 special study found 44 feeble-minded, 39 in need
of permanent custodial care. Of these, 18 were the mothers of
22 illegitimate children, 3 the mothers of 3 legitimate children.
‘Ail of them ate illiterate, 24 are able to read and write a litte,
3 are able to read but are unable to write, 8 had never been
jn school until they were sent co Bedford where exceedingly
‘good ingeruction is Furnished.

‘A most comprehensive and illuminating report has been
this year published by the New York State Commission to
Investigate Provision for the Mentally Deficient, appointed
by the Legislature in 114. This Commission, under the
chairmanship of Honorable Robert W. Hebberd, secretary
Of the State Board of Charities, held many hearings, and visited
& number of institutions. We publish in full the conclusions
of the Commission, not only because feeble-mindedness is
ineerwoven in our community life, and therefore a dangerous

sitive or potential cause of crime, but because in estimating
fhe need of 2 custodial asylum for the defective delinquent,
the conditions relating to feeble-mindedness in general should
bbe known and appreciated.

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS OF THE COMMISSION.

First. Generally with Regard to the Care, Custody, Treatment
and Training of the Mentally Deficient.— Because of the great
importance of this subject to the whole State, the care, custody,
treatment and training of the mentally deficient, including
epileptics, should be definitely regarded as State problems,
although, as in the cases of other classes, certain parts of
Such problems may, by law, be assigned to the localities of
the State, under improved State supervision. ‘The Commis-
sion realizes that the program it presents is an claborate one,
but it is, nevertheless, one that can be carried out step by
step 2s the means of the State will permit, and in the opinion
of the Commission the sooner it is carried out the more econom-
ical it will be for the State:

sropiaL ASYLUM FoR Feenut-MiNDED. 99

Second. Existing State Institutions Inadequate —The exist-
ing State institutions for the mentally defective make pro-
vision for the care of not more than 3,000 of this class, while
the representatives of the Commission have definitely learned
of 21,009 persons now outside of the protecting care of State
institutions, who are known to be mentally defective. The
majority of these need or are likely to need custodial care.
OF this number it is estimated that’nearly 3,000 are women
and girls between the ages of 16 and 45

‘The number of high-grade feeble-minded, as wellas the moral
imbeciles in the State, cannot be ascertained, even approxi-
mately, by any machinery that has yet been devised. The
mental status of the great majority of this class may not even
be brought into question until some acute situation in their
history arises to make the subject one of practical applica-
tion and importance. That those included in these classes
number many thousands, no one familiar with the situation
can, however, for a moment doubt.

The mentally defective man or woman at liberty constitutes
a serious menace to the State. In many cases the mental
defect is hereditary and is liable to be transmitted, with almost
uunerring accuracy, to succeeding generations. This danger is
in turn aggravated by the well known propagating tendency
of the fecble-minded, and because, owing to theit lack of mental
balance, they are in most cases potential delinquents or
criminals, peculiarly susceptible to the suggestions of evil-
minded associates.

There is, therefore, urgent need for a large extension of the
present facilities of the State institutions for the care and
custody of the dependent mentally defective. These institu-
tions are at present filled to their utmost capacity and there
are long waiting lists of applicants for admission who can
only be received as vacancies occur or the facilities of the
institutions are all too slowly extended. ‘These lists would
be much Ionger if any likelihood existed that admission would
follow within a reasonable time upon the heels of application.

This Commission considers it not only most important to
increase the capacity of the institutions for che mentally
deficient, but also regards it as highly desirable to make
these institutions for the care of the dependent fecble-minded
sufficiently inviting to cause the relatives and the friends of
feeble-minded children to wish to place their children in the

roo Tie Prison Association or New York.

institutions of this class. The earlier they are so placed, the
better for the State. For this reason largely, the Commission
believes ie will be wise to have separate institutions for the
higher grade mentally deficient children, whose relatives and
friends might reasonably object to having the children placed
with idiots and imbeciles of low grade. In part, for the same
reason, and Further because of the susceptibility of the mentally
defective to evil suggestion, the Commission believes there
should be separate institutions for the mentally defective
delinquents.

‘As Craig Colony for Epileptics at Sonyea has practically
reached the reasonable limit of its capacity, and because the
epileptics should be kept apart by themselves, the Commission
also favors the establishment of a separate institution for
epileptics in the southeastern part of the State.

Third. Institution for Mentally Defective Delinquents —
Inasmuch as the State reformatories for men and women have
large numbers of mentally defective inmates, conservatively
estimated at not less than 25 per cent. of their entire inmate
population, who because of their mental defect are not sts-
ceptible to reformation, and are out of place in the routine
of institutions intended for that purpose, the Commission is
of the opinion that separate institutions of 2 custodial nature
should be established, one for the care of each sex, for the
safe-keeping of the mentally defective delinquent class. This
arrangement should serve the double purpose of relieving the
pressure upon the reformatories for the care of a class for
which they are not equipped, and of modifying their expense
for additional construction.

Fourth. Glearing House for the Mentally Defective— The
Commission finds that, outside of the city of New York, there
are no suitable facilities for the examination before commit-
ment of those supposed to be mentally deficient. Under this
lack of system, children who are not feeble-minded but are
simply mentally retarded are being committed to institutions
for the feeble-minded, while those who are actually feeble-minded
and who should therefore be sent to custodial institutions are
being constantly committed to reformatory and other institu-
tions not at all suited to their care. The Commission there-
fore believes that the State should take the initial steps 0
establish a system for clearing houses for the examination of

Custoprat. Asyium ror Frests-Mixpep. tor

all cases of suspected mental deficiency coming under public
notice by reason of dependency or delinquency.

Fifth. The Need for Better Training and Supervision of the
High-Grade Mentally Defective in the Public School System.—
‘The Commission finds that many of the high-grade mentally
defective must be trained in the public schools and muse then
be given what has been called “ the test of liberty,” under the
best conditions possible. ‘There are too many thousands of
this class for ehem to be treated in any other way. ‘Then,
having been given this opportunity, the State can be expected
to intervene only when they become dependent or delinquent,
as very many of them in fact do. How many of them are
likely to become so no one can tell even approximately. In
the opinion of the Commission, the Facilities for the vocational
raining of the mentally defective pupils of the public schools,
as well as for che training of other pupils specially requiring
such training, should be greatly improved and extended and
there should be a better system of supervision than at present
exists, over the mentally deficient pupils.

THE STATE INDUSTRIAL FARM COLONY.

66 TT is a disgrace to the State that tramps and vagrants
I continue to be housed in idleness, and often in
debauchery, in county jails.” So read the report of

the Prison Association of 1914.

Now, a year later, the condition is absolutely unchanged.
Worse, in fact, because the winter of 1914-1915 was one of
exceptional industrial depression, and every economic crisis
of that sore produces thousands of additional homeless men,
forced into destitution from varying causes, but all potential
criminals

In January, 1913, the State took title to 824 acres of fertile
farm land, situated in the town of Beekman, Dutchess county,
for the purpose of erecting and maintaining thereon a State
Industrial Farm Colony for tramps and vagrants. This was
the most important single step yet taken by the State or a
political division of the State in combatting the problems of
intentional vagrancy.

Since then, no progress has been made toward the con-
struction of buildings. A small appropriation of $40,000,
remaining after the purchase of the property, for construction

+ only and not available for maintenance or salaries, was not
used by the Board of Managers, who believed that if the
colony were to be started, involving an ultimate expenditure
of many hundreds of thousands of dollars, the initial amount
available was too small, and might, in the light of the then
intense opposition to the continuation of the colony, be public
money wasted. ‘This decision of the managers has been
criticised, in the light of subsequent successful efforts to main-
tain a small number of prisoners experimentally upon farming
Iand owned by the State or by the City of New York.

Several causes have contributed to delay further progress.
The legislative arguments of “ economy ” have been so strong
as to reduce or actually prohibit appropriations to many already
established charitable and correctional institutions. The
State has argued that such institutions should be properly
supported before new institutions are launched.

Tae Stare Inpusraiar Faru Coxony. 103

Tramps and vagrants, moreover, have seemed a less
dangerous problem to those unacquainted with the facts, than
is the case. “Anything is good enough for the eramp”” has
been an. argument responsible for the continuance of the
abominable conditions in county jails, lockups, and tramp-
rooms in this State. The facility with which local courts ean
order the arraigned tramp out of town makes the tramp
problem one of most ephemeral nature, so far as thousands
of offenders are concerned, who nevertheless simply move on
to inflict themselves upon the next community.

Serious crimes seem only infrequencly to be committed by
tramps, who therefore, according to superficial reasoning, are
not especially dangerous members of the community. Bur ie
is overlooked or not understood that the tramp is the poten-
tially serious criminal, that many desperate criminals are at
times tramps, and that vagrancy is peculiarly a character-
istic of young men, who are thus enrolled in a highly effective
school of crime.

It is, moreover, thought by those giving the subject little
contemplation, that mere wandering over the land or mere
begging at the back door or on the strect is “no crime,” and
that at the most a few days in the local jail is ‘* punishment
enough.” Yet the wanderings are unaccompanied by honese
work, in the case of the intentional vagrant, who is thus a
constant parasite on society, living without earning his bread
by the sweat of his brow, and acquiring not only contempt for
2 society that allows him to thus prey upon ic, but also habits
of crime, degeneracy and debauchery, which, when focussed
with others in the enforced commingling and idleness of the
county jail or the lockup or the tramp room, is a center of
moral infection hard to equal anywhere in the entire country,
except in similar jails.

Then again, the argument is frequently heard that the tramp
should be “given another chance.” As though running him
out of town or forcing him into jail were such a chanes
As a nation, we have for nearly fifty years declared our belief
in the square deal for young criminals, who commit serious
crimes, by maineaining State reformatories at great expense.

‘We have since early in the nineteenth century maintained
juvenile reform schools, because the youth of the land are its
strongest assets. But not yet have we established an approach
to a square deal for the young wanderer in this State who has

104 Tus Prison Association or New York.

taken to the road and become a social parasite, needing cor-
rection before he becomes permanently a criminal or a pauper.
Not yet have we risen to our disagreeable duty to take from
their parasitic trade upon society the older tramp and beggar,
who require relatively permanent custodial care. Old and
young, the rounder and the novice, we throw heartlessly into
the commingling and idleness of the jail, with the belief,
forsooth, that we are thereby sympathetic. Which, for
wretched irony, can hardly be surpassed as a method of
treatment!

Moreover, it is pleaded that the establishment of a State
industrial farm colony would be expensive, whereas at present
the county jails and penitentiaries “care” for the tramp!
Apart from the obvious fact that present treatment is only a
shifting of the expense, and that the costs, wherever incurred,
have to be paid, it is clear that ultimately a considerable
reduction in the expense of maintaining tramps and vagrants
in correctional institutions would result were a State indus
trial farm colony established. In addition to providing a center
for such treatment, to which tramps could be committed from
all over the State, such committed offenders will be obliged
to work hard for their living in the colony, thus reducing
materially the cost of maintenance. Work’ habits will be
inculcated; the rudiments of trades will be taught. And, what
is also highly important, the deterrent effect of an institution
to which tramps and vagrants may be committed for eighteen
months or two years will be very considerable. ‘There will
be far fewer tramps in the State when it is known how long
the period of detention is likely to be.

Is such treatment unjust? Not at all! The most pro-
gressive States of Europe, like Germany, Holland, Belgium,
Switzerland, all such have labor colonies for tramps and
vagrants, which are the most effective governmental measures
for the reduction of vagrancy and begging. Moreover, the
colonies are from one-half to two-thirds self-supporting, and
frequently would be entirely so, were it not for the large number
of unemployable and aged men who are inmates.

Every judge in the State, every charitable worker who deals
with the delinquent, and thousands of parents whose sons
have listened to the call of the road, know how essential such
a tramp colony is. Pitiful beyond description are the wrecks
of men who might have been saved to honest lives had such

‘Tus Stare Inpusrarat Farm Coony, 105

colony existed in time. Victims of the backdoor “ handout,”
the nickel on the street, the free ride on the freight train, the
“flop ” of the five or ten cent lodging house, the daily mental
debauchery of the county jail, these vagrants and tramps,
many still hardly beyond the age of twenty-one, cry out
unconsciously to this State to establish for them and their
kind a disciplinary haven of rescue.

The site at Beckman, Dutchess county, is admirably
ficeed for a farm industrial colony. Tt was chosen only after
scores of possible sites had been carefully examined. The
best specialises in agriculture and farm management in the
State were consulted in the choice, and a member of the Board
of Managers, George F. Warren, Professor of Farm Manage-
ment_of Cornell University, recommended the purchase of
the site as agriculturally suitable and reasonable in price.
Favorable reports upon the site have been secured more
recently also, in connection with the present agitation for the
use of the site as_a suitable location for the farm industrial
prison to replace Sing Sing prison.

Such a farm industrial colony for tramps and vagrants will
afford a wide variety of skilled and unskilled occupations, will
regenerate the health of the inmates, develop a gradual respon-
Sibiey through che honor system, teach them noe only farming
and other outdoor occupations, and finally render them fit 0
return to society with a work-equipment that will materially
help them, if they are so inclined, to find honest work and
self-support.

Should the State adopt the Beckman site, above referred
to, as the location for the new State industrial farm prison,
which is the most pressing need among State correctional
institutions, the Wingdale site should be utilized for the
industrial farm colony for tramps and vagrants.

A STATE REFORMATORY FOR MISDEMEANANTS.

(Here is a letter that might be received by a Senator at
Albany)

Senator.
The Capitol, Albany.
Dear Senator

‘The most terrible thing has happened to Arthur, my cighteen-yeat-
‘old boy, whom you remember, I am sure, from the time when we
were neighbors in vs and Mr. Smith and you were 50
jntimate. I write to you now, with my heart overflowing with
sorrow and with bitterness, too. What in the world I can do I do
hot know! Please help me if you can. If Mr. Smith were still
alive I know he would go at ance to you.

‘Arthur is in jail, in County. My Heavens! Just
because he went with some bad boys, and was disorderly, and would
ride on freight trains! I have talked and talked with him so much
‘And several times I have even paid from my scanty income amounts
of money, not small to me, to compensate for damage that he has done
when with his ““ gang,” as he calls them. And now the judge has
sent him to jill

‘Oh, Senator cescocy What an aveful place that jail is!
Of course I went right over to the county seat and they let me talk
to Arthur in the jail, Such awful men, drunkards and thieves, and
such terrible language as I heard! And Archur to be among them
for three long months. Senator » it will ruin Arthur,
‘and will kill me. My God, why did T bring a boy into the world if
he is to act so? And why, why, why must the State put a young
oy into such a hell on earth? Isn't there some place, some farm
colony or reformatory that he could be sent to? They told me over
there that he could not go to Elmira, because he hadn't been bad
enough! I felt like sheieking, when the Sheriff, who seems to be ®

kind enough man, explained to me that Elmira was only for felons
(chat means bad criminals), and that there was to be a new kind of
reformatory for boys just like Arthur, but that the Stare hadn't
given any money.

16

A State REFORMATORY FOR MISDEMEANANTS. 107

Dear Senator isn’t ie a matter for the Legislature
to give money to have a proper place for boys like Arthur? When
T went home, I wene to Mr. Wicks, our old lawyer friend, and he
looked it all up for me. I want to cell you what he said, for I know
‘youwill ace at once when you hear what Mr, Wicks told me. Arthur's
face,and those terrible things I saw at the jail, haune me all che time.
go to sleep erying, and I wake myself up crying, Arthur is all
Thave, Oh, Senator s help Arthur and me. Vim juse
1 poor widow, and my voice can’t carry like that of the men at Albany,
but Tam a mother with only one boy, and that boy is all I have in
the world to live for. Bad as he may have been, I would die to-day
with joy, and eagerly, if I could know that Arthur is saved.

Mz, Wicks said that in 1912 the Legislature voted to establish
what was called a State Reformatory for Misdemeanants. He says
you can look the law up, for it’s Chapter 502 of the Laws of 1912.
Mr. Wicks said that there is splendid chance for boys under sixteen
in reform schools, and for those felons I spoke of at Elmira. And
Mr. Osborne at Sing Sing is doing so much for those young men that
get sent to that awful place. But there isn't any place for Arthur.

Mr. Wicks said that a boy of Arthur's age is just beginning to
prepare for his future life, and that by twenty-one he is pretty well
formed. He says that there was what I believe is called an appropria-
tion to buy a site for the new reformatory, but somehow, alehough
several years have gone by; no site has been found. Why not?
Please find out, Senator Can’t a site be found,’and a
reformatory putt on it, at lease 50 that Arthur, can get out of jail?
Oh, I know that’s absurd, whae 1 write, but forgive me. I can
hardly see the page, because my eyes are aching with the vears.
But, for the boys that come after Arthur, can’t the Sate do some-
thing?

‘Mr. Wicks told me, also, that this reformatory was to be a farm,
where boys would have to work hard, and would learn some trade.
‘Thae is what Arthur so much needs. I never could make him stick
toanything. He would disobey me, after Mr. Smith died. And how
splendid ie would be for Arthur to be out in the fields, and have his
honor developed! ‘That's what Mr. Wicks said would be the method
at the reformatory. He explained that the boys would nor all be
put in such a frightful steel prison like the jail at "
bue in separate buildings in groups of a hundred or so, and could
graduate from one building to another. That is what Arthur needs.
He is very bright, and if he had rewards enough, he would, Tam sure,
do avefully well.

108 ‘Tue Prison Association or New York.

That's all I remember of what Mr. Wicks said, except that he
said you could initiate legislation (I think that’s the phrase) for
an appropriation. He said that really just enough for the purchase
of a site, and some money to take twenty-five or thirty boys out
there, would be enough to start. He spoke about Miss Katharine
Davis doing that for some New York City boys. She sent them toa
farm the city owned in Orange county. Did you know about that?
They have done splendidly. If I had lived in New York, perhaps
‘Archur might have had that chance.

Oh, Senator , we women suffer in a way that you
can’t understand. We read about the millions that the Seate gives
for canals, and for good roads, and all that, and we know it’s good and
all right. But, for the love of our Heavenly Father, to whom I
pray unceasingly, can’t the State think of the boys like Arthur,
who are to me a million times as important as canal boats and auto-
mobiles? Can't the State this year do something to save our boys?
We mothers (I know there are many just like me) will bless the State
forevermore that will do that.

Hear my weak voice, dear Senator ...........; forgive me my
hysterical letter. When a mother sees her own son going to ruin,

‘you cannot expect her to write like other people.
Please write me what you can do.

Sincerely, _
JANE{SMITH.

Ontario County Jail. Prisoners Breaking Stone.

Period. Albany County Peniventiaey.

THE NEW ERIE COUNTY JAIL IN BUFFALO.

is now being transformed into a’ jail. embodying

most, if not all, of the modern requirements for
detention prisons. For the purpose of economy the present
jail building is being utilized, but the interior is under recon-
scruction. Tt would be more satisfactory, could an entirely
new jail be buile; but that is out of the question. In the
reconstruction, the outside-cell system has been adopted
throughout. The Prison Association has urged this eype of
building for Erie county. There is to be no remnant of the
old eellbtock plan retained. All the cells are to be practically
separate rooms, each one with its own window directly to
the outside air.’ The floor plan of a typical floor, reproduced
herewith, shows twenty-one outside cells in the jail building
proper. “The two extensions that are being built provide
for six and seven cells respectively. This makes a total of
34 cells per floor, or 204 cells on the 6 stories. The cells vary
in size from 6 feet by 10 feet, to 7 feet by 10 feet.

The central part of the main building is to be used as mess-
hall and chapel. Ie is to be lighted in part by a sky-light,
and in part by a window running the full height of the build
ing, and opening to the court which divides the two exten-
sions. Bathing facilities are provided on each floor. An
elevator for the use of officers is to be installed, s0 as to Facil-
ate supervision by the warden. There will ‘be_an exercise
space on the roof, which will extend from the main building
to the two new wings, so that classification of prisoners during
exercise will be possible. ‘The cell partitions are ro be of
concrete, with a center reinforcement of steel. The floors are
to be concrete throughout.

As in the Westchester county penitentiary, the plumbing
lines are placed in a duct or shaft, which serves two floors
each. This is to replace the utility corridor used for that
purpose. in the interior cellblock construction. Te i
to explain further in detail the construction of the building,
as the plans reproduced on another page are perfectly clear.
It is somewhat unfair to the outside-cell system, that its

109

ws was possibly the worst county jail in the State,

110 ‘Tue Prison Association or New York.

first application in a detention prison in this State must be
affected by the utilization of a still existing building. For
example, the width of the space dividing the two rows of
outside cells is entirely too great and is for that reason utilized
as messhall and chapel. There should be no such space, if
the building could be erected on plans originally prepared,
and messhall and chapel facilities could be provided else-
where.

The windows are secured by tool-proof bars on the outside,
and a light mesh on the inside. In all other respects, the con-
struction so far as possible will follow the general plans des-
cribed more in detail in reference to the Westchester county
penitentiary.

~DETAIL-OF:CELL-

THE WESTCHESTER COUNTY JAIL AND
PENITENTIARY.

JARTLY because of the overcrowded condition of the
Westchester County Jail, and partly because of the
large sums of money paid out annually by Westchester

county for prisoners committed from that county to the New
York County Penitentiary, the building of an institution in
and for the county of Westchester has become desirable. The
need for such an institution was further increased by the
impossibility of employing prisoners in the county jail in

hite Plains, where 40 to 50 short-term men spent their
days in idleness, Representations to the above effect have
been made for several years by the Prison Association,

Ic is a proof of the intelligence of the Westchester county
authorities who were responsible for the solution of the sicua-
tion, that they conceived of the county's problem of caring
for its prisoners, its paupers and its tubercular as a unit prob-
lem, from the standpoint of efficiency and economy. A farm
of over 400 acres has been purchased at Eastview, not far
from White Plains, and the three groups of inmates are to be
placed of different parts of che farm, satisfactorily segregated
by topographical features. Approximately 7o acres of the
farm have been assigned to the penitentiary, with the under-
standing, however, that the prisoners are not only to cultivate
the land directly assigned to them, but to do such other neces-
sary heavy labor as may be requited by the complete county
unit, including the hospital for the tubercular, and the poor-
house

In building the county penitentiary the following are the
main consideration:

x. The institution is to be a combined agricultural and
industrial prison.

2, Being part of a general unit designed for treatment of
the wards of the community, the attitude towards the pris-
coners is not to be one of penal severity. The architect there-
fore must minimize the prison features of the appearance of
the buildings, and must provide healthful and sanitary living
accommodations, compatible with the purpose of the institu:
tion as penal and correctional

‘ a

12 Tue Prison Association or New York.

3. Economy must be practised in the construction and
organization of the institution. A detailed description of the
general plan and intended administration of the penitentiary
brings out these features.

The Westchester County Penitentiary will consist of four
cellhouses, running parallel and separated by considerable
yard space. They are connected by a corridor at one end.
The two central cellhouses are joined to the adminiseration
building at the opposite end (see birdseye view and ground
plan, herewith). ‘The corridor connecting the cellhouses also
connects on the other side with the school, dining-room, recep-
tion room and bath-house. A considerable area in the rear
of this group of buildings, to be surrounded by wall and shop
buildings, will serve as recreation grounds. The shop build-
ings will in part take the place of the wall. Two large athletic
fields are thus provided within the wall, making possible the
segregation of at least two main groups during outdoor rec-
reation. This plan will make it possible to keep within the
walls of the institution and employed at industries in the shop
buildings those who cannot be fully trusted, while at the same
time the athletic fields will serve to supply them the neces-
sary amount of fresh air and recreation. ‘Those who can be
trusted, and who for other reasons should be employed on
the farm or elsewhere outside the buildings, will, even while
at work, be in the immediate vicinity of the institution.

‘The four cellhouses provide for a maximum population of
350, each cellhouse to contain 8r cells on three floors, or 27
cells per floor. The capacity of the dining-room is 400; of
the auditorium 350. The layout is designed to provide the
following routine: On arriving at the institution, prisoners
are to enter the bath house, there to be examined, measured
barbered and washed. From there they proceed to Cellhouse
No. 3 for observation and examination by the prison author

ies. This cellhouse immediately adjoins the administration
building, giving easy access to the officials. From this cell-
house, inmates aré to be distributed to the other cellhouses
The provision of four separate cellhouses, with three separate
floors in each, makes possible a classification into twelve
different groups, based on the general character, previous
record and correctional possibilities.

The administration building is sufficiently close to the rest
of the institution to keep in constant touch with it, yet suffic-
iently removed to make possible undisturbed work.

‘Tue Wesrenssrer County Jan ap PENITENTIARY. 113

The r4-foot corridor (347 feet long) connecting the four
cellhouses with each other, and with the school, bath house,
dining-room and auditorium, provides 2 secure and comfort
able passageway. Tt can also be used for assemblies and
recreation for large groups of prisoners at.a time. Te is some-
what unfortunate that one central bath house is to serve for
all prisoners, both because this may break down the classi-
fication, and because it may perpetuate the traditional  once-
aeweek bath” system. The administration building is co
contain, on the first floor, the warden’s office and general
business offices, and a guard’s large corridor for officers off
duty, to be used also as visiting room for prisoners’ relatives,
On the second floor of the administration building, there will
be a hospital and three rooms and bath for officers. On the
third floor there will be eleven guards’ rooms and toilet ac-
commodations. ‘The school building is eo contain four rooms.
No definite plans have as yet been made for the exact nature
of the shop buildings, as it has not yet been determined what
industries are to be undertaken at the institution.

‘The most important aspect of the architectural design,
aside from the separate cellhouses and other possibilities for
segregation, is the general introduction of the outside-cell
plan. Each cell is to have a separate window to the outside
air. All prisoners will have direct access to outside air and
light. Moreover, the utility corridor used in connection with
the inside cellblock construction plan is replaced in the present
plan by a vertical shaft of 2 by 3 fect, running between every

This shaft or duct is to contain all che plumbing
pipes, connecting with the wash basin near the door of the
cell, and the toilet. Wash basins are designed with a jet,
which can be used for drinking purposes as well as for filling
the basin, thus obviating the use of the cup. The toilets
are suspended from the walls, and are so placed so as t0 be
sereened from the doorways. | The toilets, made of vitreous
material, are supplied with the Boston vent. This consists
principally of an opening at the back just above the bowl,
connecting up with 2 three-inch galvanized iron pipe, which
in turn is connected with a fan. In this way artificial ven-
tilation will be supplied at the same time that any odor is
drawn off. The windows are pivoted top and bottom so as
to make cleaning possible. The walls are to be constructed
of tile filled with concrete, and reinforeed and lined on the

114 Tue Prison Association or New York.

outside with brick. All walls are to be painted in oil colors.
The corridor, mess hall and kitchen floors are to be in red
tile. The roofs are to be slag.

The design of the institution as a whole shows a marked
endeavor to avoid the usual appearance of prison buildings.
In furtherance of this object, the bars also are to be made
inconspicuous by placing them inside instead of outside the
windows. These bars could then be painted white, both for
the sake of adding light, and helping the general appearance.
Windows, other than cell windows, are to have mesh grills,
also placed inside. This institution will be the first prison
in the East to have the outside cell, and is being looked for-
ward to with great interest as an experiment in that direc-
tion. Considering, however, experiments with the outside
cells in Canada and the continent, its success is not at all
to be doubted. The cost of this institution, although embody-
ing all the essential features of modern penology and sanita-
tion, is calculated at slightly over $1,000 per inmate, a cost
well within the reasonable limits for such an institution,

The architect is Alfred Hopkins, 101 Park Avenue. ‘The
Penitentiary is being built under the supervision of a Com-
mission, consisting of Robert S. Brewster, Chairman, Geo. E.
Mertz, and Arthur W. Lawrence, Secretary (appointed in
accordance with a special legislative act), who are to be
warmly commended for undertaking to build a thoroughly
modern correctional institution, and for departing root and
branch from the traditional cellblock architecture.

DEPARTMENT OF ‘CORRECTION,
CITY OF NEW YORK:

made great strides toward the development of the

general program adopted by Commissioner Katharine
B, Davis ae the beginning of her administration on January
4, 1914. That general program, with such modifications as
the change of conditions naturally require, is being followed
out, regardless of the change in the commissionership. ‘The
present Commissioner, Burdette G. Lewis, formerly Depuey
Commissioner, sueceeded Dr. Katharine B. Davis, January
1, 1916, upon her resignation to accept the chairmanship
of the New Parole Commission of the City of New York.
The general plan referred to included the following principal

D™= the past year the Department of Correction

1. The building and organization of the new City Reforma-
tory for Misdemeanants at New Hampton Farms, to take
the place of the present Reformatory on Hart's Island.

2. The development of Riker’s Island into a Workhouse
Farm, with a view to the ultimate removal thereto of all
male inmates of the Workhouse on Blackwell’s Island.

3. The erection of an Industrial Penicentiary. on Hart's
Island, with a view to the removal of the Penitentiary thereto
from Blackwell's Island. .

4. The establishment of 2 Women’s Farm Colony, to take
the place of the female department of the Workhouse on
Blackwell's Island.

5. Improvement of the physical plants of the City and
District Prisons.

6. The complete reorganization of the dietary for the whole
Department.

7. Complete reorganization of the record system, statistics
and business methods of the Department.

8, Reorganization of the Industrial Department, particu-
larly of the Penitentiary.

‘9. Building of a new Women’s Prison, to take the place
of all detention prisons for women in the City of New York.

5

116 Tue Prison Association or New York.

This original program was supplemented by later additions
of which the most important were the following:

10. The reorganization of the medical service of the De-
partment.

11. Establishment of a complete system for the treatment
of drug addicts committed to institutions of the Department.

12. The obtaining of legislation for the introduction of the
principle of the indeterminate sentence for the Department
of Correction.

13. General improvements in the treatment of prisoners.

14. Improvement of the status, salaries and system of
alary increases of employees of the department.

1. The progress at New Hampton Farms has consisted chiefly
in extended farm operations, including the improvement of
the land for more extended use in the future. The buildings
for the care of the boys on the farm have been considerably
improved and new additions built. At the end of the year
there has been considerable improvement to be recorded in
this respect, as also in respect to the general sanitary condi-
tions. The number of boys housed on the farm has increased
considerably, thus largely relieving the congestion on Hart's
Island. Much work was performed in establishing temporary
sewage systems, digging wells and building temporary quarters
on the Rodman Farm for the purpose of housing inmates
employed at construction of the permanent buildings. A more
detailed statement is given in Part 2 of the Report, under
the inspection of New Hampton Farms. The important fact
is that plans for the permanent institution have been prac-
tically completed and adopted as a whole, and the plans for
the first building have been executed in detail. Work upon
the construction of this first permanent building is to begin
inthe spring of 1916. The temporary buildings are of sufficient
extent to make possible the removal of practically the whole
reformatory to New Hampton Farms next spring. The
construction of a railroad spur will also by that time have
been practically completed.

2. Toward the development of the permanent Workhouse Farm
on Riker’s Island, two great steps have been taken in the
past year. One has been the progress in construction of the
cell building for 40 inmates (constituting one-half of the

Derarrment or Connnction, Crry ox New York. 117
planned structure), and intended to be used as a semi-dis-
ciplinary division, and in part as a division of solitary con-
finement for clear cases of discipline. The other step has
been the building of several new dormitories and the extension
of the steam-heating system. The island is now practically
ready for the introduction of the necessary machinery to
improve the land and possibly to introduce a refuse disposal
plant. The present plans for this island call for a colony of
farm dormitories. This is an inexpensive system, but should
not be accepted asa permanent plan. All permanent insti-
tutions should have accommodations for separate rooms for
at least a large number of the inmates.

As a general rule, able-bodied men and those committed for
wife desertion, jostling, pocket picking, etc., have been trans-
ferred to Riker’s Island, where work is more difficult and
more plentiful than elsewhere in the Department

3. For the establishment of an industrial penitentiary on Hart's
Island to take the place of the Blackwell's Istand Penitentiary,
practically no concrete progress has been made. Plans for

a general layout of such new construction have been prepared
for the Prison Association by Buchman and Fox, architects,
and been presented as a tentative suggestion to the Department
of Correction

4. No steps at all have as yet been taken, toward the estab-
lishment of the Women’s Farm, except the general stavement
of the purpose of establishing such an institution.

5. In the City and district prisons, a number of changes have
taken place, none of them however quite radical or complete.
In some cases the progress has been very decided as compared
with the previous year.

In the City Prison of Manhactan (Tombs) the hospital as,
planned has not yet been installed. The structural changes
recommended for the first floor where the receiving desk is
located have not been undertaken. However, a visiting
department, accommodating over 50 prisoners ata time, on
the double-screen principle, has been erected. ‘This is such
a tremendous administrative improvement that although the
style of ies construction seemed unnecessarily expensive, the
style of its construction may well be overlooked. Minor
improvements at this and other prisons are discussed in the
inspections contained in Part 2 of this Report.

118 Tue Prison Association or New York.

A somewhat similar, though less elaborate visiting system,
has been introduced in the City Prison, Brooklyn, and the
construction of a visiting room in the City Prison, Queens,
is in progress. The introduction of this general method of
visiting has the additional advantage of making possible a
very much more satisfactory exclusion of habit-forming drugs.

Some much-needed improvements have also been made in
the district prisons, principally in the 2nd and 4th districts.
The plans for a much-needed prison for the 3rd District Magis-
trates’ Court, to take the place of the present most inade-
quate temporary pens, are practically at a standstill. At the
present rate, this badly needed institution will probably not be
completed for a long time, and the Department of Correction
must necessarily continue to be seriously handicapped.

6. The reorganization of the dietary for the Department,
undertaken in 1914, has been still further improved in 1915
under the general supervision of the Department dietitian.
The kitchen equipment in a number of institutions has been
or is being improved to a satisfactory extent.

7. The system of records, statistics and general business methods
was practically complete by the end of 1914, so that little
improvement in this respect was necessary in 1915. Such
improvement, however, was continued, particularly with the
cooperation of the Commissioner of Accounts’ office.

8. The industrial department of the Penitentiary has been
described in previous reports as one of the worst organized
of its kind. ‘The accounting system was practically revised
in 1914, and the introduction of the use of a capital fund of
$40,000 made further improvement possible. Nevertheless,
no real advance of any account has taken place in the indus-
tries themselves. The request of the department for a high
grade industrial superintendent for 1915 had been denied.
The budget created for the year 1916 has, however, allowed such
a general superintendent, so that considerable progress may be
looked forward to in the coming year.

9. No progress whatsoever can be recorded in the matter of
the building of the Women’s Prison on goth Street. Consid-
ering the tremendous congestion in the Department during
the past year, as well as in 1914, the delay in starting work on
this institution has been a very serious matter.

Department or Coxrection, City or New York. 119

10. Some steps have been taken in the improvement and
reorganization of the medical service. They have consisted
principally in the enlargement of the medical and nursing
staff. No thorough-going systematic organization has, how-
ever, taken place. The hopes for such a reorganization for
1916 are also very meagre, owing to the fact that the request
by the Department for a general medical superintendent
to have fall charge of such work has been denied by the
city authorities.

11, In its crusade against traffic in habiteforming drugs in
its institutions, the Department has had great success. The
use of such drugs has been increasing generally throughout
the country, and particularly in its largest cities, to an alarm-
ing extent. ‘Their use in the various prisons has been common
knowledge, and it is known that there was collusion between
prisoners and their friends on the one hand, and some officers of
institutions on the other hand, in furthering the use and sale
of such drugs in the institutions. Both from the standard
of the personal welfare of the prisoners and from that of the
administration, the concealed use of habit-forming drugs in
the penal institutions is a serious menace, and its abolition one
of the most difficult problems for executives, The Depart-
ment of Correction carried on an extensive examination into
the extent of the existence of this condition in ies institutions
and applied vigorous methods for its discontinuance. The
services of detectives of the police department, of reliable
prison officials, of specially committed inmates, of physicians,
and of executive heads of institutions were utilized. As a
result, some 34 persons were convicted of implication in the
sale of drugs to prisoners. Of these, 9 were employees of the
Department of Correction. This crusade, in addition to the
discontinuance of the old methods of sending food and clothing
to the prisons, and in addition to the reorganization of the
visiting systems mentioned above, has resulted in practical
freedom from drugs 2t most of the institutions,

12. The most important accomplishment of the year has been
the obtaining of legislation for the iniroduction of the principle
of the indeterminate sentence in the Department of Correction.
The bill effecting this change was drawn by the City authorities
and received general support. It does not provide an abso-
lutely indeterminate sentence, but, nevertheless, marks one

120 Tue Prison Association or New York.

of the greatest steps taken in the direction of scientific penology.
With certain exceptions, numerically imporcant but qualita-
tively less important, the Penitentiary on Blackwell’s Island,
‘the Workhouse, and the City Reformatory for Mi

have been made institutions for inmates commi

nite terms, with a maximum of three years for the Peniten-
diary and Reformatory, and of two years for the Workhouse.
The importance of the law justifies us in producing it in its
entirety. In form, the law applies to all cities of the first class,
but the qualifications introduced make it applicable to New
York City alone. Following is the text of the law:

CHAPTER 579

AN ACT extending and developing the reformatory and correc-
tional functions of sworkhouses, penitentiaries and reformatories
under the jurisdiction of departments of correction in cities of the
first class, providing for the sentence, commitment, parole, cond
tional discharge and reapprehension of persons commited to such
institutions and for the establishment of a parole commission in
such cities.

Became a law May 10, 1915, with the approval of the Governor
Passed, chree-fifths being present.

Submitted to the cities of New York, Buffalo and Rochester
and accepted by same.

‘The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and
Assembly, do enact as follows:

Section 1. ‘The board of estimate and apportionment or ocher
corresponding board or body in any city of the first class wherein
there is a department of correction having jurisdiction over 2 work-
house, a penitentiary and 2 reformacory, is hereby authorized and
empowered to provide by resolution for the creation of a parole
‘commission, to be constituted and appointed and to possess the
powers and be eubject ro the duties as hereinafter specified.

2, In the event of such action by the board of estimate and ap-
portionment ot other corresponding board or body as aforesaid,
‘then within sixty days thereafter the mayor of such city shall appoint
three members of the said commission who, together with the com
missioncr of correction, ex officio, and the police commissiones,
‘ex officio, of said city shall constitute the parole commission in and
for said city. Of the three appointive members first named here

DerartMent oF Correction, Crry or New York. 121

under, one shall hold office for two years, one for four years and
one for six years, as shall be designated by the mayor. Upon the
expiration of each of said terms the mayor shall appoint a successor
for the full verm of ten years. Vacancies occurring from any other
cause shall be filed by the mayor for the unexpired term only.
Any of the appointive members of said commission shall be subject
to removal by the mayor on account of official misconduct or neglect
of oficial duty, or mental or physical inability to perform his official
duties, but before such removal the member shall be entitled to
due ana timely notice in writing of the charges against him and
to 2 copy thereof, and to a public hearing on like notice before the
mayor. The board of estimate and apportionment oF other corre-
sponding board, boards or body having jurisdiction thereof, shall
determine whether oF not the appointive members of the commission
shall receive any compensation for their services and the amount
thereof. Bue neither the commissioner of correction nor the police
commissioner as ex officio members of such commission shall receive
any compensation as such. Each of the appointive members of
the commission shall before entering upon the duties of his office
take the oath of office prescribed by the constitution of the Seate.
3. The commissioner of correction of any of said cities shall be
the president of the parole commission of such city. A majority of
the members of the commission shall constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business. Ie shall be the duty of said commission
to meet at least once in each week, except during the months of
July and August. If by reason of pressure of official business of
‘otherwise, the commissioner of correction or the police commissioner
shall deem his absence from a mecting of the parole commission
necessary, he may designate 2 deputy commissioner to represent
him, and’ such deputy commissioners shall possess all the powers
and perform all the duties of said commissioners, respectively, as
members of the said parole commission. The parole commission
in and for the City of New York shall maintain a central office in
the borough of Manhattan and a eentral office in the borough of
Brooklyn. Any committing magistrate or judge of any coure who
shall make commitments under indeterminate sentences to 2 work~
house or a reformatory under the jurisdiction of 2 department of
» a8 provided in this act, shall be entitled to sit with the

Parole commission of said city during the consideration of the
cligibility for parole of any person by him committed to any such
institation under an indeterminate sentence, with authority t0 vore
on such matter. The parole commission shall give or cause to be

122 Tw Prison Association or New Yorx.

given due notice to each of such committing magistrates or judges,
stating the time and place of the meeting of the commission and
the names, offenses, dates of commitment and the recommendations
of the parole officers and officers of the department of correction
of all inmates committed by him to a workhouse or reformatory
under indeterminate sentences whose eligibiliey for parole is to be
considered at the next mecting of the commission. ‘The parole
commission shall, so far as practicable, regard the convenience of

jd magistrates snd judges in arranging its meetings for the con-
sideration of the eligibility of persons for parole and in places such
ceases upon its calendar for consideration.

4. Afeer the creation of a parole commission in any of the said
cities as hereinbefore provided, any person convicted of any offense
punishable by imprisonment in a penitentiary, workhouse, city
prison, county jail or other institution under the jurisdiction of the
department of correction of said city, who shall not be committed
jin defaule of payment of a fine imposed, or for failure to furnish
surety or sureties upon a conviction of disorderly conduet tending
toa breach of the peace, or for abandonment, or who is not insane
‘or mentally or physically incapable of being substantially benefited
by the correctional and reformatory purposes of any such insti-
tutions shall, if committed to any institution under the jurisdiction
of the department of correction in said city, be sentenced and com-
mitted to a penitentiary or a workhouse or a reformatory under
the jutisdiction of the said departmenc of correction. ‘The duration
of the commitment of any person to the penitentiary shall not be
fixed or limited by the court in imposing sentence, except that the
term of such imprisonment in the said institution shall not exceed
three years, and such imprisonment shall be terminated as pi
scribed in section five of this act. ‘The duration of the commitment
‘of any person to a workhouse shall be for a definite period not to
exceed six months, provided, however, that if it shall become known
to the court through competent evidence at any stage of the pro-
ceeding prior to the imposition of sentence that any person convicted
‘of vagrancy, disordefly conduct tending to a breach of the peace,
public prostitution, soliciting on streets or public places for the
purposes of prostitution, or frequenting disorderly houses, or a house
of prostitution, or the violation of section one hundred and fifty of
chapter ninety-nine of the laws of nineteen hundred and nine, 23
amended, bas been convicted of any or each of these offenses two
or more times during the twenty-four months just previous, or
three or more times previous to that conviction, then the court

DerantMent or Correction, Crrv or New York. 123

shall commit such offender to a workhouse, of the said department
Gf correction in said city for an indeterminate period which shall
not exceed two years. ‘The term of such imprisonment of any
person #0 convicted and sentenced to a workhouse shall be termi-
nated by che parole commission as prescribed in this act. Com-
mmitment to reformatories for male misdemeanants under the juris
diction of a department of correction in any of the said cites as
aforesaid shall be made in conformity with laws providing for such
institutions and commitments thereto. ‘The term of imprisonment
af persons so convicted and sentenced to reformatories shall be
terminated by che parole commission as prescribed in this ace.

5. ‘The parole commission shall have power co parole, conditionally
celease, discharge, retake or reimprison withoue reference to the
committing magistrate or judge, except as provided in section thee
of this act, any inmate of any workhouse or reformatory under the
jusisdiction of the department of correction in said city, committed
thereto under an indeterminate sentence; and to parole, conditionally
release, discharge, retake or reimprison any inmate of any. pené
tentiary under the jurisdiction of z department of correction in said
cities, committed thereto under an indeterminate sentence, pro-
vided the judge who made such commitment to such penitentiary
shall, upon recommendation of the parole commission created in
pursuance of this act, approve in writing such parole, conditional
felease or discharge of such inmate, The said commission shall
have power to make all necessary rules and regulations not incon-
sistent with the laws of the state, prescribing the conditions under
hich eligibility for parole may be determined and under which
inmates may be paroled, conditionally released, discharged, retaken
and reimprisoned. The said commission shall have full power to
compel the attendance of witnestes; to administer oaths; to examine
such persons as may be necessary or expedient; to investigate or
cause to be investigated the record, health, ability and character
previous ro commitment and during imprisonment of cach inmate
commited under an indeterminate sentence to any penitentiary,
workhouse or reformatory of the department of correction in said
sity. Tr shall alo be the duty of the said commission to facilitate
che establishment of a uniform system of records, reports, staintca
and memoranda treating of persons charged with or convicted
of crimes and offenses punishable by imprisonment in any of the
correctional institutions of a department of correction of said city,
and to make recommendations from time to time to-the courts having
‘criminal jurisdiction therein.

124 Tur Prison Association or New Youk

6 The appointment and qualification of the members of the parole
commission in any of the cities as aforesaid shall abolish any existing
board of parole, body or agent authorized to regulate the parole,
discharge oF reimprisonment of any person or persons committed
under an indeterminate sentence to any institution under the juris-
diction of the department of correction of said city, and any board
of parole, body or agent so abolished shall immediately deliver to
such parole commission in said city, all papers, documents, records
and other memoranda in its possession relating to inmates thereto-
fore so committed, and jurisdiction over such inmates shall there-
tupon vest in such parole commission in accordance with the pro-
visions of this act. All persons in the employ of any such board of
parole body or agent as aforesaid, on the first day of January, nine-
teen hundred and fifteen, in a position appearing in the competitive
class of the Civil Service classification of the municipal civil service
commission of said city or of the state civil service commission and
still so employed at the time of the abolishment of such board of
parole, body or agent as provided in this act, shall be transferred to
and employed at the same rate of compensation by the superseding
parole commission, and such persons shall perform such duties ax
directed by said parole commission. Upon the creation in any of
said cities of a parole commission in pursuance of this act, the parole
officers, superintendent, overseers, wardens, deputy wardens,
instructors, head keepers, keepers, foremen of stables and drivers
of the department of corrections in said city shall be and become
peace officers within the provisions of section one hundred and
fifty-four of the code of criminal procedure.

7. For the purpose of reformatory and correctional treatment of
persons committed to a department of correction in any of said
cities, the commission of correction of such city shall have power
+o transfer inmates from any institution of the department to any
other institution of the department; but nothing in this act shall be
construed as empowering the said parole commission of any of said
cities to control, manage or supervise, in any manner whatsoever
any of the institutions under the jurisdiction of the department of
correction therein. Ie shall be lawful for the several boards of
supervisors in the several counties of this state to enter into agree-
ments with the board of estimate and apportionment or other cor-
responding board or body of any of the said cities wherein there
shall be established a parole commission as provided in this act,
to reccive and keep in a workhouse or penitentiary under the juris-
diction of the department of correction of such city any person who

Derartust or Correction, Crrv or New York. 125

may be sentenced to confinement therein by any court or magistrate
in any of the said several counties of this state for any definite term
not less than sixty days nor more than one year.

8. Nothing in this act contained shall be construed to prohibie
any court of competent jurisdiction from placing on probation, or
from suspending sentence upon, any person convieted in that court,
as provided by statute.

9. Nothing in this act contained shall be deemed to affect or impair
in any manner any provision of the penal laws or of the code of
criminal procedure which relates to the sentence, commitment,
parole, discharge or reimprisonment of any person committed to
any institution other than those institutions specified in this act,
the intent of this act being to empower magistrates and courts of
or in cities of the frst class, in the circumstances hereinbefore spe
fied, to commit persons under indeterminate sentence to pel
tentiaties, reformatories and workhouses and to extend the reforma-
tory and correctional functions of each and all of such institutions,

to. This act shall take effect immediately.

On December 28, 1915, Mayor Mitchel accepted the
resignation of Commissioner Katharine B. Davis as Com-
missioner of Correction, and appointed her chairman of the
Parole Commission provided by the above law. The other
commissioners appointed were Alexander McKinney, a Brook-
yn lawyer, and Bertram De W. Cruger, formerly executive
secretary to the Mayor. Police Commissioner Arthur Woods
and Commissioner of Correction Burdette G. Lewis are mem
bers ex offcio.

13. The introduction of modern methods in the treatment of
‘oners in general, is found, of course, in all the points
discussed above, ‘The standard for the proper treatment of
prisoners after their reception in a penal institution includes:

First, the proper physical care of the inmates; secondly, their
proper classification and consequent distribution within the
institution or see of institutions; thirdly, regular employment;
fourthly, normal amount of recreation and general treatment
designed to give training in self-control and development of
self-respect and of a hopeful attitude towards the future.

In the matter of physical care, the dietary, the medical
service, the physical conditions of the institutions, and the
planning of new institutions to replace inferior and inadequate
old institutions, have received a considerable amount of
attention. Nevertheless, it has been possible, in this respect,

126 ‘Tue Prison AssocraTion or New York.

to scratch the surface only; for as long as the Workhouse, the
Penitentiary and. the Branch Workhouse on Hart’s Island
remain, and as long as congestion at the Tombs, City Prison,
Queens, and at the district prisons continues, a real solution
of this tremendous problem is out of the question. The most
pressing needs in this respect are the abolition and replacement
of the Workhouse and of the Penitentiary and the increase of
facilities at the Tombs. The latter can be best effected by
the speedy building of the Women’s Prison on 3oth Street, and
by the construction of a new annex to the Tombs, to take
the place of the present two annexes.

Improvements along the above lines would automatically
lead to the possibility of the right classification within institu-
tions, and the right distribution as to the different institutions.
It should be made possible in the not too distant future to
have a real reformatory for the reception of all male inmates,
to whose cases reformatory treatment is most adaptable.
The old and the young should be separated, also the well
and the ill, the first-timers and the repeaters, the reliable
and the incorrigibles,

‘The reorganization of industries has not progressed far
enough in the last two years to much reduce the condition of
idleness. More work than was before available has been
furnished by the operations on Riker’s Island and on New
Hampton Farms. This has, however, been counter-balanced
by the great increase in population of the institutions... There
is reason for hoping that in the coming year operations on
Riker’s Island will be sufficiently increased to employ a very
much greater number there; also that the recasting of the
industries at the Penintentiary will supply opportunity for
more employment. It is much to be regretted that inmate
labor will not be employed to quite the extent anticipated in
the construction of the permanent buildings at the New Hamp-
ton Farms.

In the general treatment of the prisoners, there has been
a great increase of the privileges extended, especially those
of visiting, and writing and receiving letters. The standards
in the Reformatory have been made less vigorous, while
the length of detention was actually increased so as to afford
greater opportunity for the reformative process. Changes
have been particularly marked at the Penitentiary on Black-
Well’s Island. Subsequent to a comprehensive inspection of

Indiana State Penal Farm. ‘The Herd.

‘New Hampton Farms, Construction Camp.

Derarrwent of Connection, Crry or New York. 127

the Penitentiary by the Prison Association, an investigation
of that institution was made by the State Prison Commission.
That was followed by the grant of leave of absence to Warden
Hayes. Under the regime of Warden Murtha, who succeeded
Warden Hayes, the whole system of treatment was revised,
much to the improvement of conditions. (For details see
Part 2.)

“The use of striped clothing has been abolished at the Peni:
tentiary and very largely diminished at the Workhouse.
Tis expected that by the first pare of 1916, there will be no more
striped clothing worn anywhere in the Department of Correc-
tion. An inmate organization at the Penitentiary was begun,
recreational facilities increased, and the discipline rationalized.

During the last year, also, a movement was inaugurated by’
the Prison Association for’ the organization and supply of
libravies in the prisons of the city. Through the cooperation
of the New York Public Library, the Queens Borough
Public Library, and of the different executives at the various
institutions, considerable progress has been made in this
respect, and the core of real prison libraries has been
established.

A faint beginning has also been made in the recognition of
the very unsatisfactory conditions under which persons are
transferred between prisons in the city. ‘The auto vans have
been an improvement in that they accommodate more prisoners
and cover the distance faster; still the conditions of transfer
are appalling. , Twenty and more prisoners are cooped into
a space hardly fit for more than six or eight, and the small
compartment in each van reserved for the use of women is
separated from the men's department by a partition only,
so that interchange of vulgarities and profanities cannot be
obviated. It is necessary in order to obrain reasonable
accommodations to increase the number of vans sufiiciently
so as not to be foreed to overcrowd the vans and so as t0 use
eatirely separate vans for the transfer of women.

14, The Bureau of Standardization of the Board of Estimate

and Apportionment had completed its work in reference to

the Department of Correction during the first year, and

introduced the new scale of salaries and salary increases for

employees of the Department, to go into effect beginning

January 1, 1916. This system has, in general, raised the
°

128 Tw Prison Association or New York.

level of salaries throughout the Department and established
new positions with considerably higher salaries than had
previously been given. This has been a much-needed improve-
ment and makes for good spirit and greater efficiency among
the employees. The number of keepers in the Deparement
hhas also been increased to take care of the increase in popu-
lation. ‘The number of keepers is nor yet as great as it should
be, bus the situation is improved
‘There-has been a definite movement for a considerable time
to obtain legislation for the purpose of centralizing the care
of all prisoners under the Department of Correction. ‘This
would mean the transfer of Bronx and Richmond County
to the jurisdiction of the Deparement of Correction
jn che same way that the Queens County Jail was eransferred
to that Department by special legislation in 1912. That
institution is now known as the City Prison of Queens
Similarly, the House of Detention for Witnesses may be so
transferred to the Department of Correction if requisite legis-
lation is secured. A careful study to ascertain the advantages
and conditions of such complete centralization of all instivu
tions for the detention of prisoners has been made during the
year by the Commissioner of Accounts for the Mayor of
New York City. The plan has the consent of the Com-
missioner of Correction, and is in complete accord with the
opinion of the Prison Association as to the general policy
involved. It is expected that bills will be introduced
in the Legislature of 1916 for effecting this complete centrali-

TREASURER'S REPORT.

‘CASH STATEMENT.

AUDIT OF TOWNSEND AND DD]

Balance, September 5h

Recetrrs
Donsdons general
Donation, seca

Incest on vestments
Ieeret on balances

Fr relormatoie.
Refnds

Fonds held rt

oral

‘Receipts and balances

Exrensrronue
Accoun special donations, et.
General secrets

Aisne secretary bureau
Howse acount.

Parole brent

Prabacion Butea

aie bores

Investments

Toul
Balance September goth

Expandiures and balances

SCHEDULE “A.

191s.
+ srs 51

ean 9

$1,130 70

Bon ©
eys30 2

Byas602 99

froys2s Be

$18,081 42
16,318 65

foe

Beg,640 26

$1096 13

Hes.640 25

Tnecesset

eerste
81,790 30

B30 08
6,233 26

$5,247 06

S07 36

‘Tue Prison Association or New York.

BALANCE SHEET.
SCHEDULE “B,

130

94
88,735 51
79.887 50

Cath on hand nd in bank
Teveetents at ett.

eal erate at cost, Bison
Rene due from reformat 00 20

Accounts receivable i
Terese accrued os
Propoidcnpenses i a

12,398 8

Total $12,268 67

135,065 50 812.797 93
Leaner

Account special donations
‘Accrued expense

$2,622 40,907 93
1051 3610335 9
gies ee

peel fa
General fond Bie atsset oe

$125,086 50 81124797 99

Tol,

SUPPLEMENTARY AUDIT OF HENRY ©. SCHENCK]
SCHEDULE “A.”
Srarewenr or Assers ax Luaniuiries ar Date oF Serremnen
30, 1915.
Cask: ASSETS.
‘Mechanics and Metals National Bank:
Special donations
Due Bank of che Metropolis (General
Secretary's Fund)

$2,608 8
101 95

$2,710 80
New York Life Insurance and Trust
Company:

Reserve Fund 1,965 50
United States Trust Company:

George L. Hall Fund.

Endowment Fund

Dudley Jardine Fund

John Innes Kane Memotial Fund

1,430 8

‘Treasurer's Revorr,

Union Trust Company:
Assistant Secretaries’ Fund
Mary H. Brush Trust Fund
Due Bankf the Metropole (General
Seeretary’s Fund).

Mechanics and Metals National Bank:
‘Treasurer's Fund
Due Mechanics and Metals National
Bank (special donations)
Samuel M. Jackson Library Income
Fund

Bank of the Metropolis:
General Secretary’s Fund
Russell Sage Foundation...

Sundry Debtors (cash items):
General Secretary's Fund
‘Treasurer's Fund.

$850 54
{500 00

16 75

$272 06
33 50
218 44

$306 59

$109 48
39 50

Paty Cash:
General Secretary’s Fund

Toral cash.

Lnsestments (at cost)
Endowmene Fund.

$1,367 29

148 98

102 81

$8,538 89

869,755 00

Dudley Jardine Fund + 10,¢21 00

John Tnnes Kane Memorial Fund
Julia Billings Fund

Samuel M. Jackson Library Fund
Mary H. Brush Trust Fund

Real Estate (at cost):
House and lot, 135 Ease rsth street.

Due from reformatories:
New York State, El
Napanoch

4,987 50
2,500 00

92,223 50

22,500 00

132 Tat Prison Association of New York.

Interest accrued:
Investments

Less amountimproperly included (see

capital account) 5625

$1,603 11

1,546 86
Bank balances,
$1,602 75
Prepaid expense:
Insurance premiums
Railroad mileage books
101 36
Total assets. $125,066 50
Special donations.
Expenses, due or accrued

$2,623 60
1,050 16

Capital:
‘Endowment Fund. $70,031
Dudley Jardine Fund
John Innes Kane Memorial Fund.

Mary H. Brush Trust Fund.

Julia Billings Fund. ane

Samuel M. Jackson Library Fund...

Reserve Fund.

George L. Hall Fund

Assistant Secretaries? Fund.

Samuel M. Jackson Library Income
Fund :

Russell Sage Foundation

Capital account, 24,201.84, less
‘amount improperly included in
losing of books (see Interest Ac-
crued), $56.25,

121,392 74

‘Total liabilities

‘Treasuner’s Report,
SCHEDULE. “B.

Recetts axp Exrenprruges ror Tue Year ENpinc Seprempen
30, 1915.
Balance, Seplember 30, 19143
‘New York Life Insurance & Trust Co.
United States Trust Co.
Mechanics & Metals National Bank,
Union Trust Co
Petty cash
Sundry debrors (cash items)
Bank of the Metropolis

General
Dudley Jardine Fund
Assiseane Secretaries’ Fund.
Special relief
General relief.
George 1. Hall Fund
38,570 38
Tnueret
Investments.
Bank balances
3,997 76
Reformatories:
jew York State, Elmira
‘Napanoch

Mary H. Brush Trust Fund:
Paid on account of Maffei morgage.
Refunds

Total receipes

Special donations
Exchange on checks,
$3,332 96

134 Tue Prison Assoctation or Naw York.

General Seercary’s Bureau:
Salaries
Postage.
Printing and stationery
Annual reports
Transportation, hotels and carfares
Telegrams and telephone
Sing Sing work
Sundries.
Office supplies.
Newspapers and periodicals
Library.
Relief
Photos and films (mainly halfcones
for appeals)
Furnieure and fixtures,
Conferences, memberships, and organi-
Prison Sunday,
Publicity
Express and cartage.

$11 405 46

Assistant Secretarie?’ Bureau:
Salaries.
Transporeation, hotels, and carfares
Sundries

Houses
Salaries
Fuel
Supplies
Repairs.
Light
Taxes.
Sundries.

Parole Bureau:
Salazies $1,200 09
‘Transportation, hotels, and carfares 168 36
Relief. 235
Sundries a : 5s

49547 16

1,053 21

‘Treasurer's Revort.

Probation Bureau:
Salaries
‘Transportation, hotels, and carfares
Sundries 50.75
Relief 13 0

$2,524 00
‘96 80

$2,684 55
Relief Bureau
Food.

Rent, board, and lodgings
‘Transportation, hotels, and catfares.
Sundries
Moving and storage,
Clothing.
Labor for and by applicants
39335 42

Insestments:
Invested during period, per Schedule
©

$10,020 co
2,509 00

Dudley Jardine Fund
Jelia Billings Fund
Balance, September 30, 1935
Mechanics & Metals National Bank
New York Life Insurance & Trust Co.
United States Trust Co.
Union Trust Co
Bank of the Metropolis.
Sundry debtors (cash items).
Petty cash

3,214 80
1,965 50
1,430 81
1,367 29
308 70
162 05
cars 8,551 96

Total expendieures 852,641 15

SCHEDULE “C.
Ixvesrwents ar DATE oF SEPTEMBER 30, 1914:

Bonds aye Int

SCR & Pe Railway..." Jan ‘© July. 84,835 75
W. Rail May & Nov. 4,943 75 83.33

4 Jan. & July. 947 5010.00

136 ‘Tue Prison Assoctation or New York.

Bonds and mortgages:
es 43 May & Nov. $42,000 20
4} May & Nev. 12,000 09
5 Apr. & Oct. 2,000 00
5. Jan. & July. 3,000 00

DUDLEY JARDINE FUND.

980 00

300 09

B00 0

375 00

5 U. PRR. Common 595 09
AT. & SFR R,

Common 930 00

1B. &O.R.R, Pid 70.00,

Bond
Texas Pacific RR 5 June Dec 959 45
1 Oregon Shore Line 4 June & Dec. Sor $6
1 Oregon Short Line 6 Feb. & Aug. 108 35,
2 Peoria Waser Works.) 4 May &Nov. 15168 44
¥ Se, Paul City Railay... $ Jan. & July. rors 33
1580, Pec. RAR 4 June & Dec "840 85

Bond: ;

1UPRR, 4 Jan & July. 487 50
Bond and mortgage:
— 5 Jan. & July. 4,500 00

Bonds and mortgages:
cea 4h June & Dec. 2,250 00
—— 5 Jan. & July. "250 00

SAMUEL M. JACKSON LIBRARY FUND.

Bond and mortgage:
— = 48 Apr. & Oct. 2,500 00

‘Treasurer's Revorr,

JULIA BILLINGS FUND.

Bond and mortgage:
= May & Nov. $2,500 00 $52 08

925223 50 $1,546 86

SCHEDULE “D.”
Conprrion oF THe Various Funos, at SerrEMmER 30, 19%

Balance at credit of fund, September 30, 1914 870,051 24
Interest received from Uniced States Trust Co. 13 51

$70,044 75
‘Transferred to treasurer's fund 13 51

Balance September 30, 1915:
On deposit in United Staves Trust Co. 316 24
Invested, per Schedule “C” G50

eT $70,031

STATEMENT OF THE DUDLEY JARDINE FUND.
Received from donor $10,123 07

Balanee, September 30, 1915:
‘On deposic in United Seates Trust Co.

Invested, per Schedule “C”

STATEMENT OF THE JOHN INNES KANE MEMORIAL FUND.
Balance to credit of fund, September 30, 1914. 5,000 00
Interest received from United States Trust Co 50

5,000 50
‘Transferred to treasurer's fund... sites 50
Balance, September 30, 1915:
On deposit in United Staves Trust Co. 412 50
Invested, per Schedule “C” 49987 50
= $5,000 00

138 Tur Prison Association or New York.

STATEMENT OF THE JULIA BILLINGS FUND.
Balance at credie of fund, September 30, 1914 2,500
Balance, September 30, 1915:
Invested, per Schedule“ C” 2,500

STATEMENT OF THE SAMUEL M. JACKSON LIBRARY FUND.
Balance at credit of fund, September 30, 1914 $2,500

Balance, September 30; 1915:
Invested, per Schedule * C”

Balance at credit of fund, September 30, 1914
Interest received from Union Trust Co.

Transferred to treasurer's fund

Balance, September 30, 1915:
‘On deposit in Union Trust Co
Invested, per Schedule “* C”

Balance at credit of fund, September 30, 1914
Interest received from New York Life Insurance and
Trust Co

83,041 31
‘Transferred to treasurer's fund. 1,075 8

Balance, September 30, 1915

‘On deposit in New York Life Insurance and Trust

Received from donor. . :

Balance, September 30, 1915:
‘On deposit in United States Trust Co.

‘Treasurer's Rerorr.

Balance at credit of fund, September 30, 1914
Received from donors

85,366 34
Interest received from Union Trust Co 31536

$5,397 79

Expenditures 45547 16
Balance, September 30, 1915;

‘On deposit in Union Trust Co. : #850 54

STATEMENT OF THE SAMUEL M. JACKSON LIBRARY INCOME FUND.
Balance at crodit of nnd, September $0, 1914. $1005 94
Interest received fom investment... . 12 50
Interest receivable October 1, 1915 : 56 25

Balance, September 30, 1915:
(On deposie in Mechanics and Metals
‘National Bank. .
Receivable,

Balance at credit of fund, September 30, 1914.

Balance, September 30, 1915:
‘On deposit in Bank of the Metropolis.

CONTRIBUTORS,

LIFE, PATRONS.

By Contibuioss of $500 or More! One Time.
Metlars, Heary K.
Phipoy Henry

Woenthoter, Mra. Anns,

HONORARY LIFE. MEMBERS

By Conribions of $100 at One Tine,

Hag Rib
HVS Net Gate

tema,
SED ee Bau
she

Shayboce Joe D.

ker Aon, Pac
Stokes, Mx. Anson Phelps

142 Tue Prison Assocration or New York.

Stone, Mine Ami

‘Warbure, Flix M-

AZ
es

Abatymoos
So'Nemory of A. H
hatch M.

Wich Sore

chit, Willa Seward
Wesuinhowe, Church, Kerr & Co
Wass ier

Weed, Wier
Yabrikte Mrs: Gees

LIFE. MEMBERS,

By Consbuinas of $50 a One Tine.
Gels alee
(Geer Mes, Walter
Hie ir A
ies

a vad Sea
Hoye Gerd L

Huntington, Henry 5,
Hveizson: jin Wiliam

kK

Pichia Some
Econ, a
Leste omer
ee Oe eat Le
‘MeLene James
Meili, Fin

Morgan Mest Mesh. BJ
Mort eaty Lewin

Conreisutors List.

Mex Wa Scher, Dedey F.
in hater impo fbn W
Shout, Tens
Stone, Me Wiliams D.

Bae Charles,
Richa Miss Eleise
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Coxrainutors’ Lisr-

Tag Mek Franck Me Benjamin, Mise A.
%e, Beghamia, "Mex Hamilion
is Ga

CONTRIBUTORS’ LIST.

Contributions preceded by name only are for the General Fund
for general purposes. Other contributions are designated as follows
G. R., General Relief (used only for relief); S. R,, Special Relief, ira
donations for specially designated instances of need); A. S., Assist! sr Stephen” Rubi
ane Secretaries’ Fund (for salaries and incidental expenses); 8. 5 ri i
Sing Sing Fund (campaign of publicity for abolition of Sing Sing
Prison.

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Godin, Mes, H.

Delandy Mise Margaret... G.R. $3 00 Dusin, Mex. Care, Fisk, Mios Mary Louis
Duane 395 Balk Misc. G.a.88 Fae Pay

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350 Tne Paisow Association or New York,

Heroog Oscar M.

Hal Mee. Dani.
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Lech, Aled $5 20. Lyon, Cries 0 5. $20.09 Mathews, Meg .R a
Teeeh, Miss Chariot Cpe Tt io ie en: 2
Lest Men Machewson, Bs, Dou. :
Ter Fedenck a Matern, hte Emma :
Tekinasel Matton, Bishop and Mie. G.R. 50
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154 Tue Prison Association or New York. Conrrrputors’ List.
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DONATIONS OF CLOTHING, READING MATTER AND OTHER
HELPFUL ARTICLES.

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Bic

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CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.

AN ACT to incorporate The Prison Association of New York, Passed
May 9, 1845, by a two-thirds vore. (As subsequently amended.)

The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and
Assembly, do enact ar follower

§ 1, All such persons as are now and hereafeer shall become
members ¢0 the said association pursuant to the constitution thereof,
shall and are hereby constituted a body corporate by the name of
The Prison Association of New York, and. by that name have the
powers that by the third title, of the eighteenth chapter, of the
first part of the Revised Seatutes, are declared to belong to every
corporation, and shall be capable of purchasing, holding and con-
veying any escate, real or personal, for the use of said corporation,
provided that such real escate shall never exceed the vearly value of
ten thousand dollars, nar be applied co any other puspose than those
h the comporation is formed,
‘The estate and concerns of said corporation hall be managed
inducted by its executive committee, in conformity to the
constitution of the said corporation; and the following articles
that now form the constitution of the association shall continue to
be che fimdaniental laws and constitution thereof, subject +o alters
tions in the mode therein prescribed

The objects of the association shall be

1. ‘The amelioration of the condition of prisoners, whether
dexained for tial, of finally convicted, of as witnesses.

2. The improvement of prison discipline and the government of
prisons, whether for cities, counties oF states.

3. The suppore and encouragement of reformed convicts after
their discharge, by affording them the means of obtaining an honest
livelihood, and sustaining them in their efforts at reform.

The officers of the society shall he @ president, vice-presidents, a
recording secretary, a corresponding secretary, and a treasurer, and

162 Tue Prison Association or New York.

there shall be the following standing committees, viz: a finance
committee, 2 committee on detentions, a committee on prison di
ipline, a committee on discharged convices and an executive com-
mittee. The number of the executive committee shall consist of
not more than thirty-five, of whom not more than ten shall be
officers of the society, and not more than twenty-five shall be persons
other than officers.

‘The officers named in the preceding article shall be excofficio
members of the executive committee, who shall choose one of their
number to be chairman thereof.

‘The executive committee shall mect once in each month, and keep
regular minutes of their proceedings. They shall have a general
superintendence and direction of the affairs of the society, and shall
annually report to the society all their proceedings, and such other
matters as shall be likely to advance che ends of the association.

‘The society shall mect annually in the city of New York, at such
time and place as the executive commiteee shall appoint, and at
such other times as the president, or in his absence, one of the vice-
presidents, shall designate,

Any person contributing annually to the funds of the association
not less than five dollars shall, owing to such contribution, be 2
member thereof. A coneribution of five hundred dollars shall
constitute a life patron; a contribution of one hundred dollars shall
constitute an honorary member of the association for life, and
contribution of fifty dollars shall consticute a member of the associa-
tion for life. Honorary and corresponding members may, from
time to time, be appointed by the executive commiteee.

‘A female department shall be formed, consisting of such females
as shall be selected by the executive committee, who shall have charge
of che interest and welfare of prisoners of their sex, under such
regulations as the executive committee shall adopt.

Constirutton ann By-Laws 163

‘The officers of the astociation shall be chosen annually at the
annual meeting, at which time such persons may be elected honorary
members as shall have rendered essential service to the cause of
prison discipline.

[Any society having the same objects in view may become auxiliary
to this association by contributing to its funds and cooperating
with ie.

‘The executive committee shall have power to add to any of the
standing committees such persons as, in their opinion, may be
likely to promote the objects of the society, and shall have power
to fill any vacancy which may occur in any of the offices of che
association, intermediate the annual meetings.

‘This constitution may be amended by a vote of the majority of
the society at any meeting thereof, provided notice of the amend-
ment has been given at the next preceding mecting.

The officers clected for the current year, under the constitution
shall continue to be the officers thereof until othere shall be duly
chosen in their places

‘And i is hereby further enacted that no manager of said society
shall receive compensation for his services.

§ 5. The said executive committee shall have power ro establish
1 workhouse in the county of New York, and in their discretion, to
receive and take into the said workhouse all such persons as shall
be taken up and commiteed as vagcants or disorderly persons in
suid city as the Court of General Sessions of the Peace, or the Court
‘of Special Sessions, or the Court of Oyer and Terminer, in said
county, or any police magistrate, or the commissioner of the alms-
hhouse may deem proper objects, and the said executive committee
shall have the same powers to keep, detain, employ and govern the
said persons as are now by law conferred on the keepers of che
bridewell or penitentiary in said city.

$4. The said executive committee may, from time to time,
make by-laws, ordinances and regulations, relative to the manage-
ment and disposition of the estate and concerns of said association
and the management, government, instruction, discipline and
‘employment, of the persons s0 as aforesaid committed to the said

16, Tae Prisox Assoctation or New York.

workhouse, not contrary to law, as they may deem proper, and may
appoint such officers, agents, and servants as they may deem neces.
sary to transact the business of the said assodation, and may desig:
nate their duties, And the said executive committee shall make
fan annual report to the Legislature and to the corporation of the
city of New York, of the number of persons received by them into
the said workhouse, the disposition which shall be made of them
by instructing or employing them therein, the receipes and expendi-
‘tures of said executive committee, and generally all such facts and
particulars as may exhibit the operations of the said association

§§. The snid executive commiseee shall have power, during
the minority of any of the persons so committed to the said work-
hhouse, to bind out the said persons so being minors, as aforesaid
as apprentices or servants, with their consent during their minority
0 such persons and at such places, ¢o learn such proper trades
employments as in their judgment will be most conducive to theit
yefortation and amendment and future benefit and advantage of
stich persons.

$6. The said executive commitre
shall from time to time appoint, shall have poses, and ic shall be
their duty t0 visit, inspect, and examine, all che prisons in the State
and annually report to the Legislature their state and condition,
dnd all such other things in regard to them as may enable the Legis:
lature to perfect their government and discipline And co enable

he duties hereby granted

ch committees as

them to execute the powers and perf
ind imposed, they shall possess all the pe
fourth section of tile fs, chapter third, part fourth
of the Revised Seatutes are invested in inspectors of county prisons

and the duties of the keepers of each prison that they may examine
shall be the same in relation to chem, as in the section aforesaid,
ave imposed on the keepers of such prisons in relation to the insp
thereof; provided, that no such examination or inspection of any
prison shall be made until an order for that puxpose to be granted
by the chancellor of this Seare, or one of the judges of the Suprem
Court or by a vice-chancellor or circuit judge, or by the first judge
of the county in which the prison to be examined shall be sieuate
shall first have been had and obtained, which order shall specify
the name of the prison to be examined, the names of the persons,
members of the said association, by whom the examination is to be
made, and the time within which the same must be concluded

BY-LAWS.

1. There shall be a stated meeting of the executive committee
‘on the third Thursday of each month, and special meetings shall
he held on the requisition of che chairman or any three members
‘of the executive committee. The call for a special meeting shall,
in all cases, state the business to be transacted at said meeting
‘The annwal meeting shall he held on the third Thursday of January
in each year at halfpast three in the aftemoon at the office of the

The number of members composing the executive committee
‘exclusive of the officers of che association, is hereby fixed at twonty-
fous, and divided into four groups ot classes as follows: At the
sleetion held at the annusl meeting of the year 1916, there shall be
elected, 10 serve from that dave, six members for the term of one year,
six for the term of ewo yeats, sb for the term of three years, and six
for the term of four years. At each annual mecting thereafter six
members shall be clected for the term of four years in place of those
whose corms of office then expire. Any vacancies in the member~
hip of che committee by death, résignation or otherwise, may’ be
filled either by the association at any annual meeting, or, in interims
between the annual meetings, by the exccutive committee:

IL, Ae every mecting of the executive committee five members
shall be necessary to constitute a quorum.

TIT. The orderof business at the annual mecting shall be as follows:

1. Election of chairman and secretary

2. The reading of the minutes of the last meeting,

3. Report of committee on nominations.

4 Election of officers

‘5. Report of corresponding secretary on the work of the

year.
6. Annual repore of the treasurer.
IV. The order of business at every other stated meeting shall
be as follows:

1. The reading and approval of the minutes of the Tast
preceding meeting.
2 Report of treasurer,
Ms

166 ‘Tur Prison Association or New York.

3. Reports from standing committees.

4. Report from the corresponding secretary.
Reports from special committecs.

6 Report from the general agent.

7. Miscellancous business,

[Ae a special meeting no other business shall be transacted than
hac for which the said meeting was called

‘Y.‘The chaeman shall appoint all seanding and special commitces
and decide al questions of order, subjest co an appeal and the rules
@f ordcr shall be those embodied in Cushing's Manval, so far as
they ate applicable

i. The secotding secretary ofthe aosiaton sal be she sere
tary of the executive committees and it shall be his duty to keep
the aminutes of the proceedings of said committee, vo reed them
jn'a book provided for that purpore, and to give due notice of all
tmeetings of the committee.

VII the corresponding secretary shall conduct che correspond-
ence of the executive committee and of each of the standing com-
thietces; and shall act as che general nancial agent ofthe association,
nd shall repore at each stated meeting ofthe committce.

‘VIIL "The treasurer shall have charge ofthe funds of the associ
tion, and shall give such tecuity a5 the executive committee may
Tis duties are more filly defined in by law X.

Shall be six standing committees, namely, on nance,
detentions, discharged convies, law, house, and bray.

SeThe commiteee om finance shall be charged with the duty of
rrisig and caring for the fands.

The funds of the association shall be divided into thro parts 10
be known a8:

1. ‘The endowment fund
2) The reserve fund.
3. The general fund.

The Endowment Fund—The endowment fund shall consist of
such contributions as shall be given with the restriction that the
income only shall be used for the purpose of the association, and all
legacies

‘The Reseroe Pund—The reserve fund shall consist of such suins
as may be set aside from the general fund from time to time by the
executive committee for investment. Whenever any part of the
reserve fund shall be appropriated by the executive committees

Coxsrrrution axp By-Laws. 167

such sum shall be immediately transferred to the general fund.
The endowment and reserve funds shall be under the immediate
direction and control of the committee on finance, and all invest-
ments of these funds shall be ordered by the commiceee. The
treasurer of the association shall be a member and act as the treasurer
of the commirtee on finance, and shall be responsible for the safe-
keeping of the sureties of the endowment and reserve funds.

‘Any uninvested balance of che endowment and reserve funds shall
be kept each in separate trust companies in the name of the associa
tion, subject to check of the treasures, and shall, whenever possible
hear interest. All income from the endowment and reserve funds
may be transferred to the general fund as soon as received.

No part of the reserve fund shall be used for any purpose except
by resolution of the executive committee, and whenever any part
shall be appropriated by che executive committee it shall immedi
ately be transferred to the general fund.

The General Fund—The term “general fund” shall cover all
receipts of the association not constituting a special fund or specified
for the endowment fund, the intention being that all the income,
except legacies, including donations for general pusposes, and income
from endowment and reserve funds, shall be credited to the general
fund to which the authorized disbursements of each activity of the
sssociation shall he charged at the close of the fiscal year.

The treasurer shall notify the corresponding secretary at once of
all transfers of income from the endowment and reserve funds ©
the general fund.

‘The treasurer shall notify the corresponding secretary, immedi-
ately on receipt by him of any sum for the account of the association
that such receipt may be entered at once to the credie of the proper
account on the books of the association,

‘The corresponding secretary shall be the general disbursing agent
of the association, the object of the provision being co keep in the
central ofices of the association all receipts for payments by him
for the association of any kind, nature or description, and to have
jn the central offices immediate record of all hie disbursements.
‘This provision shall not apply to the endowment and reserve funds.

Al donations received by the corresponding secretary shall. be
entered by him upon the proper books of the association and then
deposited in euch bank as directed by the treasurer to the credit
of the association. Whenever the executive committee shall make
an appropriation out of either the reserve or general fund, the cor-
responding secretary shall send to the treasurer a copy of the resolu

‘Tue Prison Assoctation of New Yori

tion making the appropriation, certified by the recording secretaty,
which certified copy shall be the ereasurer's authority for tran
ferring the appropriated amount to the corresponding secretary.

The treasurer shall keep an account covering the general fund
in the name of the association, subject to his check as treasurer in
such bank as may be selected by him and approved by the com
mittee on finance. Such account shall be separate and distinct from
those accounts opened for the ininvesced balance of the endowment
and reserve funds,

‘The corresponding secretary shall Keep a bank account in the
name of the association, subject to his check as corresponding
secretary for current disbursements, and shall deposit to the credit
of said bank account all moneys he may receive from the treasurer
drawn from the general fund

The commictee on finance shall audic and report upon accounts of
‘the treasurer and of the corresponding secretary,

Ac each regular meeting of the execusive committee the treasuret
shall make a detailed statement of the receipts and disbursements

ing calendar month. He shall make 2 statement
showing investments and the receipts and disbursements of the
endoviment and reserve funds; he shall make, at the annual meeting
of the association, a derailed statement of receipts and disbursement

ad 89 adopt proper
measures for procuring the discharge or providing for the defense
(of such as shall appear to be entitled thereto.

2. To visit frequently the prisons under their charge, and wo
‘endeavor to improve both the physical and moral condition of the
prisoners in all suitable and practicable ways.

XII Te shall be the duty of the commirzee on discharged convicts

1. To correspond with prison agents or superintendence relative
to the character and trades of prisoners, and to ascertain, previous
to the discharge of each prisoner, his feelings, views and capabilites,
‘wich 2 view of making the best arrangements for his future emplo}
ment

2, ‘To keep a record of all persons who will employ discharged
prisoners and of their several occupations; to procure such employ~
‘ment for prisoners and applying therefor as seems best adapted 10
the capacity of each; t0 hold correspondence with employers; t0

Constrrvtion axp By-Laws. 169

keep a record of the conduct and prospects of those for whom places
have been obtained, chat they may he sustained and encouraged
with the idea that a continued friendly interest is fee for them,

3. To secure suitable boarding places for discharged prisoners,
where they will not be expoted to corrupting influences, taking care
ot to have more than one in a place, where it can be avoided.

‘To see that the prisoners are provided with suitable clothing,
of a kind that will not accrace particular attention.

5. To consider the internal organization of the management of
prisons, and the physical and moral influences to be exerted on the
Prisoners during their confinement, to report upon their health,
‘eformation, upon convict labor, administration and internal police,
on the comparative merits of different prison systems, and on the
jsitation of prison and houses of reformation,

XIIL. Te shall be the duty of the committee on lave to examine

 repore from time to time upon the penal legislation of the State,
with their suggestions for the amendment thereto, to consider

sions relating tereto which are under discussion in the press or
the Legislature, incading pending billy and ropore their views and
conclusions upon them, also to cate for the law business of the

XIV. Te shall be the duty of the committee on house to care for
the maincenance of the real estate of che association,
XV. Ie shall be the duty of the commitcee on library to sce that
itis properly housed and catalogued and to take steps for its increase,
‘One or more agents may be appointed by the executive
committee to assisee the standing committees in their duties

XVIL ‘The president, chairman of the executive committee, and
corresponding secretary shall be members, ex-officio, of all the stand:
ing commiteees.

XVII. No alteration shall be made in these by-laws except upon
notice of the proposed amendment given at a previous mecting of
the executive committee

THE
NEW DAY IN PRISON REFORM

[1915]

SEVENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT
PRISON ASSOCIATION
OF NEW YORK

135 EAST ISTH STREET, NEW YORK

‘TABLE. OF CONTENTS.
PART 1

Auburn Sete Prion
satan or Wor

Siocon Pe
Great Meadow Prine

Si See Peon es fa he se Bay a in Rebs)
RSE Fate fr Wom

‘Wen,

ohanbis Coun Ja

Bocers Couey fa

range County
ola Coun

range County He Goi.

fait Newbusgh

174 Tue Prison Assoctation or New Yor,

‘County Penitenci

Gig’ Prison, Manhacen 3
‘New Hampton Farms (Na York hy Rekortacy)
Shouts Hare and, a

INSPECTIONS.

AUBURN PRISON FOR MEN, AUBURN.
Inspecrep Armin 24, 1915, ay E.R. Cass.

‘The warden is Charles F. Rattigan. He is assisted by principal
Keopor Martin.

Tn 1816, because ofthe inadequate accommodations in the Newgate
Prison in’ New York City, a commission was appoinced xo build
an additional prison a Auburn. ‘The commission, consisting of
three members, proceeded with such promptness and energy that
some cells were ready ae Auburn in ehe winter of 1817. Convicts
were then transferred to aid in the work of construction and
jn 1818 the main building and one wing’ were fnished. |The
cells were designed for ewo prisoners and there were twenty-cight
compartments, intended ro hold from ten to twenty prisoners each.
‘Ar first there was the same sort of discipline as at Newgate in
New York City... The convicts were employed in the workshops
during the day and kepe in groups at night, ‘The oficials at Auburn
Prison were anxious to improve the methods, because healthful
Jiscipline was impossible in buildings so arranged. From the
necessity of improvement came the changes that in their encirecy
rade the celebrated “Auburn System.” The cardinal principle of
this system is the separate cell arrangement. This was authorized
by the Legislature of this State in 1819, and it is ssid to have been
the first law for separate imprisonment, although priority is some
times claimed for another State. Tn this petiod the utilization oF
convict labor in the construction of prisons was introduced.

‘Auburn Prison is now che oldese in this Stace. The cll arrange-
ment and construction remain about che same as when Gist erected.
That is, the small, inadequately lighted and ventilated stone vaule-
like type of cells exise throughout che instiution, and they are
massed in the huge solid stone cellblocks. The ccllhouses and the
ministration building make a “U-shaped structure. The cell
houses extend east and west on the north and south sides, and are
joined by a eross-atm section on the east side, running north and
south. Aside from the decidedly antiquated and unhealthful type
of call construction, the proper classification and segregation of the
inmaees is seriously handicapped because the institution, buile on

os

176 Te Prison Assocation of New York

the congregate plan, is practically under one roof, thus making it
necessary to confine usually more than 1,200 men of all classes
and types in close proximity to each other. This condition is now
generally recognized as a serious handicap in the treatment of the
inmates in our State prisons.

The tatal population at the prison at the time of inspection num-
ered 1,484, classified as follows: Grade A, 1,347; Grade B, 126;
Grade C, 8; awaiting execution, 3

OF this number there were 36 in the hospital and 3 men in the jail
In the hospital at the time of inspection there was a total of
beds. Of this number, 36 were occupied by patients and 16 by nurses
and hospital kitchen help. Unfortunately, in our Stato prison
hospitals a very large number af beds are occupied by hospital help
and a comparatively small number by patients. It is undoubtedly
true that in this particular prison there are some men occupying
the unsanitary cells who should be accommodated in the hospical
but cannot be, first, because of the inadequate accommodations, and
secondly, because it seems necessary to provide so many beds for
hospital sttendante

A room adjacent to the execution chamber is known as the jail
In ie there are three or four cells. The interior of che cells is dark
and the room in which they are situated is 90 inadequately supplied
with natural light that it is mecessary to resort to artificial lighe
when entering it. ‘The room is ventilared by a natural draughe
from one or twa windows on one end and the cells receive air not
in a direct line, but through a small hole in the top of each and through
the closely arranged bar work of each cell door. Even with the
electric light on in the room, i€ is necessary to enter each cell in
order to get a good view of the inmate, When the inspector entered
the room the atmosphere was most vile. The prisoners in the cells
‘were conversing and expressing their thoughts with a very liberal
amount of profanity. When seen in the cells they appeared almaost
as animals. Their clothing was disarranged and torn, their bi
dishevelled, their faces besmeated with dust and dirt.” Two were
seantily clad. When the inspector entered each cell it was quite
noticeable, with the aid of an elecerie tarch, that the prisoners seemed
to be dazed and in somewhat of 2 stupor. This was undoubtedly.
due to the darkness of the room and the cells, the serious absence
of fresh air and the close confinement. ‘The odor from the buckets
‘was sufficient to cause nausea. Ie was stared the buckets are emptied
once every twenty-four hours. However, because of the inadequate
ventilation, these buckets should be emptied at least four or five

InsPections. 7

times a day if necessary. The prisoners receive no daily exercise
‘when they are confined in these cells. One of the prisoners com-
plained that he had been constipated for five days. However,
it was stated, the doctor visits the prisoners under punishment
daily. Of the three men in these cells, one had been in for two
\days and two for five days respectively.

‘The scheme of self-government organized chrough the Mutual
Welfare League is at present one of the most ateractive features of
the prison. The inspector endeavored to ascertain from the men
their incerpretation of the League. No selected group of men was
conversed with. The inspector spoke wich individuals and with
groups in various parts of the prison. It was quite surprising to
rote thae in practically every case the one thing aboue the League
thae seemed to impress the men as being the most important feature
was the recreation periods. In other words, it seemed that if it
were termed a recreation league it would mean the same to them.
At the time of this inspection it was easily to be noted that Aubam
under the self-government plan was entirely diferent from Sing
Sing under a similar one. A better system of discipline prevailed.
The officers were respected by the men and their authority was
recognized. The warden insists upon this. ‘There is no doubt
that the spirit among the prisoners has been improved, chat they
are no longer sullen and biter toward the administcation, that
many of them have taken an interest in the affairs of the prison,
and that the: atmosphere of oppression has entirely disappeared.
On the other hand, the evolution of possible evile which might
counteract all of this good should not escape notice. For instance,
the men for a petiod prior to che time of this inspection seemed to
be under the impression that they did not have to do very much
work. ‘The delegates seek privileges, factions are formed and polities
played. Men have been elected to the office of delegate who were
not proper persons for such positions. Ac the time of this inspection
the warden seemed t0 have a controlling hand of the situation and
wvas eager that ie should have a fair and proper trial

‘Once a week the warden has a hearing in the League room. Here
the men come in personal coptact with the warden and what trans
Pires at the time,of this meeting is recorded by the warden’s stenog-
rapher. The men meet the warden for che purpose of asking
privileges, such as sceing friends, writing letters, sending articles
from the prison, changing shop work, and complaining about punish-
ments. It was noted that the warden was very considerate with
the men while conversing with them, but was neverthelése stern,

178 Tae Prison Association or New York.

direct, and frank: in his talk. Some of the men who appeared before
the warden requested to go to Clinton Prison, although they knew
that the system of discipline im vogue in thae institution was the
most rigid in the Stace.

Ir was stared by the warden that men who are paroled from the

json and are returned for violation of parole eannot have the
privileges of the League restored co them for at least a period of three
months subsequent to their return, and then only at the discretion
of the warden,

‘The men haye about one hour daily in the yard. ‘They ate not
permitted the free run of the galleries and cellhalls. Moving-piceure
shows are not held at night since the men have been going in the
yard, that is, during the good weather season. ‘They are held the
‘early part of the evening and are usually over at 6:15 daily. The
‘men are then locked in their cells.

‘The cleanliness throughout all parts of the insticution was sacis-
factory.

Because of the smallness of the prison dining-room, it has been
necessary to place tables in one of the cellhalls during the meal
hours.

RECOMMENDATIONS.
1. The present cellblocks should be replaced by a more
modern type If the present type of institution is to be re-
ed. With the construction of better fiving accommo-
dations, one necessary reform will be accomplished. As
long as this institution is maintained on the congrega
plan, the system of dealing with the inmates will have a
serious defect, inasmuch as proper and necessary classifi-
cation and separation of inmates wil be almost impossible.
A farm industrial prison, on wide acreage, with cellirouses
toaccommodate between one hundred and fifty to two hun-
dred and fifty inmates, and distributed om the site in a
manner which will prevent the commingling of che prison
population as much as possible, is highly desirable.

2. The work of installing large windows in the side walls
of the cellhouses should be continued. Such large windows
provide much light and air for the celitialls and for part
of the cells.

43. The present jail quarters are entirely unsatisfactory.
Prisoners under punishment should be kept in solitary
confinement, that is, it should not be possible for them to
converse with other prisoners who are also under punish-

Insrecrioxs. 179

ment. The quarters in which they are kept should be well
supplied with light and air. ‘The absence of natural light
is not an essential feature in disciplining a prisoner.
Prisoners in the jail for more than 24 hours should be given,
an opportunity to exercise in the corridors.

STATE PRISON FOR WOMEN, AUBURN, NEW YORK.

Ixspzcrep Avait 23, 1915, By E. R. Cass,

‘The management of the prison ie under the general supervision of
Charles F. Rattigan, warden of the men’s prison. The matron,
Mrs, M. Daley, is in charge of the women’s prison and is directly
responsible to Mr. Rattigan

The total population at the time of inspection mumbered 116,
classified as follows: White, 773 colored, 39. Since October 1, 1914,
4,new inmates have been received and 20 released.

he prison, originally designed as an institution for the insane,

is an old fireproof structure, consisting of many wards, which are
divided into individual rooms, Each inmate has a room to herself.
Sometimes, in rooms which ase sufficiently large, doubling-up is
permitted, sisters, or mothers and daughters being placed jn the

‘The population is divided into three grades, based solely upon che
conduct of the inmates while in the institution. ‘The frst grade
women are those who have not been punished since their admission
to the insticution. If'a woman in the first grade is punished, she is

cduced to the second grade for a period of six months. If during
that period she conducts herself properly she can be returned, at the
iseretion of the matron, to the first grade. If she does not conduct
herself properly in the second grade she is reduced to the third.
After six months of satisfactory conduct, she can go from the third
to the second grade, and then, after a petiod of another six months,
she can be returned to the first. This system of grading is an
feccive means of discipline, and makes it possible for a gitl to
rchabilicate herself after she has passed through a period during which
her conduct has not heen satisfactory to the officials of the institu
tion, First grade inmates are permitted to write letters once a week,
also special letters during the month if they furnish the stamps.
Second grade inmates write twice monthly’ third grade inmates have
1o regular writing intervals and must await permission.

180 Tue Prison Assoctatton or New York.

An examination of the punishment book showed that the principal
form of punishment of the inmates is confinement in theie rooms,
Prisoners under punishment aze visited daily by the physician, and
are given an opportunity for daily exercise. The period of con
finement in room varies from twenty-four hours to two months
‘The two light punishment cells in the room directly off the shop were
not in use at the time of the inspection, nor were the two punishment
cells in the basement. Ie was said by the matron that the latter had
not been used since she had been in office.

On the second oor, in room 14, ward 6, 9 prisoner (colored)
swas found who had heen ia her room for exo months. She stated
that she is given an opportunity for daily exercise bat does not take
it. She receives three meals daily, the same as chose given vo the
other prisoners. This prisoner has been the source of much dis-
turbance and is probably a case for complere segregation because of
her general conduct toward other inmates,

Tn room 29, another woman was under punishment. She stared
that she had been in her cell for five weeks and further stated that
she was in her cell eleven days before an opportunity for exercise
‘was granted to her. She is now permitted to take daily exercise
and takes advantage of the same. Serious allegations were made
by this woman relative to the general morale of the institution.
In some respects it does not seem possible that her stories can be
reliable. A thorough investigation of her allegations was made by
2 representative from the State Superintendent of Prisons of
and the charges were found of no consequence. The opinion of the
matron and officers is that this prisoner is prompted by a desire to
‘make things disagreeable for those in authority, or is intentionally
‘malicious in her actions. The mental condition of a prisoner of this
kind should, however, be thoroughly examined into so as to definitely
place the responsiblity for her conduct.

Te was noted that there were both white and colored inmaves unde
punishment. The management experiences much difficulty in deat
ing with cercain types of inmates, both white and colored. The
inmates, perhaps addicted to perversion, erave the improper frier
ship and association of others of their own sex. If the facilities
‘would permic a stricter segregation of the white and colored members
fof the population, this condition might be somewhat obviated.
However, the most important segregation would be the separation
of prostitutes and perverts from the ozher members of the popula-
tion. Ie is debatable whether the color of the individual is the
important factor in such cases. That is, whether the colored inmates
have a bad influence over the whites, oF vice-versa

Inspecrions. 181

A condition of cleanliness and order prevai'ed in ward 6. There
were no patients in ch’s room at the time of the inspection, but
hey were exercising in the yard.

Tn hospital room No. 2 there was one patient under the doctor's
‘are and also under constant supervision of an inmate. The room
vas clean and orderly.

Tn wards Nos. 6 and 7 the doors of the rooms have been cue down
and made half barred, thus permitting some natural light and ait

enter the rooms,

In wards 4, 6 and 7, steam-heating equipment has been installed
as a substiture for the former hot-air heating system, which was
unsatisfactory.

In ward 4, room 14, am inmace was under punishmene. She said
she had been in her room for two months, bue does not take advantage
of the opportunity offered for daily exercise. Inmates under punish-
ment should not be permitted to neglect daily exercise, which is
tseential for the preservation of their health. Their stubbornness
and indifference should not be tolerated by the management. For
prisoners who act in this manner two or three matrons should be
assigned to force her to take exercise. Reduced rations should also
be given. ‘There are two recreation periods for the gisls each day,
fone in the moming from 7:30 to 8:30 in the yard and again in the
aftemoon from 4:99 to 4:30 in the yard.

Ta ward 1 the cleanliness and order of the rooms was satisfactory.
Jt was noticed that the walls in the rooms of this ward were not
as elaborately decorated with pictures as in the other parts of the
building. ‘The inspector was informed that there was no rule
governing this and that it really is a personal matter with the girls,

The schoolroom is located in a part of ward 2. Inmates who
jn the judgmene of the matron and school teacher have not had
sufficient schooling outside of the institution are required to attend
school for a period of one hour each day.

‘The physician of the men’s prison is also in charge of the women's
prison, This is an added responsibility and a great increase 0
the duties of this official. Te would seem more fitting, for a female
insticution of thie kind, that the services of a woman physician
be employed.

Acrangements have been made so that now the physician has
a private office in the building, and i is further planned to trans-
form a small room into a general operating room. The general
equipment and facilities heretofore have been sadly neglected.

In ward 2 the cleanliness and order was entirely. satisfactory.
In one room there was detained a colored woman afficted with

182 Tue Prison Association or New York.

tuberculosis: This woman had previously been kept in a hospital,
bus her unsatisfactory conduct there made it necessary to change
her to the room she occupied. However, a more suitable room
might have been chosen for this woman, considering the nature of her
physical condition. While there is a fair supply of light and air
for the room she nov occupies, the additional bar work on the windows
prevents much light from entering. An abundance of sunlight
and fresh air should be supplied.

"The industrial activities of the institution are divided as follows:
Domestic work, sewing, manufacturing of mattresses and pillows,
and the finishing of blankets. Ie was stated that the looms are
seldom used and will probably soon be discontinued. ‘The chief
reason for this is that the operation of the same by women has been
detrimental to theiz health,

“There are approximately four acres of ground available for farming
‘on a small scale, During the open season of the year this gives
2 litde outdoor work for 2 small number of inmates. ‘The rule
is to change inmates from their work: once every three months.

this is followed by the matron as closely as possible

“The kitchen, cooking and eating utensils were very clean.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

‘The Women’s Prison shoufd be located In a modern type
of building and on large acreage, so as to permit agricultural
activities, better segregation of inmat
of more satisfactory living quarters.
struction should be similar to that wh
State Farm for Women at Valatle, but it is not 2t all neces-
sary. that buildings should be so

expensively constructed. The construc
prison represents the period wh
insane were buift solely Tor the purpose of safely detaining

ant supply of Hi p
find in mesting the naturat requirements ef tte jamates.
Furthermore, the present institution is located behind tall
walls and practically in a small world by itself. To im-
jons temporarily in the present prison the

following recommendations are made: .
1. The prison is non-fireproof. ‘The floors and stairways
are of wood, the stairways are narrow. New locks should
be installed on the doors of the prisoners’ rooms, because

Inspections. 183

the present locks are badly worn and sometimes it is difficult
to operate them. The absence of a central lock control,
and the present condition of the locks, would undoubtedly.
make a serious situation in the event of fire.

Each night keeper should be furnished at night with a key
which will enable her to open the exit to the fire-escape
on exch floor.

2, New bathtubs and toilets are badly needed, also a new
supply of washbowls and water pitchers.

3. A female physician or a graduate trained nurse should
be assigned to the prison.

So far as the physical makeup of the prison will permit
there should be a strict segregation of the prostitutes and
the women known as moral perverts. This segregation
should apply not only to room assignment but also to
work, school and recreation, so far as possible.

Id be further developed by the
urse in domestic science.

6, Prisoners under punishment who refuse to take thelr
exercise after a period of not more than forty-eight hours
should be forced to do 80.

7. The dungeon cells in the basement should be entirely
abolished.

PROGRESS MADE.

1, The candle-power of the electric lights in all of the
rooms throughout the prison has been increased to 60 watts.

2. The matron states emphatically that the dungeon cells
in the basement are not used.

3. The steam-heating equipment in three of the wards has
been improved along modern lines.

4, In two of the wards the doors of the rooms have been
cut down and are now half solid wood and half barred.
‘This is a commendable change.

CLINTON PRISON, DANNEMORA, N. Y.
Insrrcrep Jun 16 ap 17, 1915, ay E. R. Cass,

‘The prison is under the supervision of the warden, John B.
‘Trombly, who is assisted by T. F. Coultry, principal keeper, and
a staff of officers.

18 Tue Prison Association oF New Yor.

Clincon Prison, located in a very remote section of the Seate, is
feenerally known’ as the prison to. which recidivists, incorrigibles
and tubercular prisoners ate transferred. Tt is true that the dis.
cipline of this institution has been more rigid than that of any of the
other three State prisons. There is litele doube thar with the present
type of congregate institution it will be necessary, in developing
‘the honor system, to have one of the four prisons available to receive
the men who will not respond favorably to the principles of humane
treatment. If the Stare had a prison built on the group plan,
fon wide acreage, the ineorrigible and irresponsible type of prisoner
‘could be strictly segregated from the population proper and thus
remove 2 clog from the wheels of the system. A visit to Great
Meadow Prison will quickly prove that the Clinton Prison type
of cell is not even nearly modern. If the population of the prison
‘were composed solely of recidivists, and upon examination it were
found that their incorrigibility was not due to physical and mental
defects, the system of restricted privileges and Bberty would be
more justified. The thing that scems most unfair ig that on the
day of inspection 44 per cent of the population consisted of first-
timers, 19 per cent of second-timers and 47 per cent of thivd-rimers
As an individual group, the first-timers are in excess of either of the
others. The second ond third-cimers together represent 56 per
cent of the population, at that not greatly in excess of the first
timers. The argument is ofeen reasonably advanced by the frst
timers in this institution that they should receive the privileges
accorded to the men at Comstock, Sing Sing and Auburn. Furcher-
more, the officials of the institution aze in sympathy in most cases
‘with this argument, but feel that because they have such a large
percentage of second and third-timers they cannot adopt one of
tthe other of the systems in vogue in the other prisons. In other
words, the only permanent remedy will be to segregate at
Prison the laseless second and third-timers and tubercular cases.
However, in desling even with this population i will be necessary
to determine just to what extent these men are responsible for
‘their inabilicy or unwillingness to comply with the rules of the
institutions from which they have come. If i¢ were determined
definitely that a man was physically or mentally irvesponsible,
then more consideration should be shown, ‘The tubercular patients,
from the standpoint of discipline, are not being considered, because
very soon they will be practically in a separate institution.

Discipline Forms of discipline are: Placing the offender in a
sereened cell, oF a8 they ate commonly called, “coolers,” and the

Ixspections. 185

deprivation of good time. Since May 13th of thie year the principal
keeper has kept a record of che number of men reported to him by
the guards for some breach of the roles. ‘That is, cach guard upon
reporting a man must write his complaint upon a slip which is sent
to the principal keeper's office. The same day, ot the following
morning, the principal keeper interviews in open court the officer
and the prisoner or prisoners concerned. Out of 2 total of seventy
four prisoners reported between May 13th and the time of the
inspection, forey-four were excused, twenty were sent to the cooler,”
six lost good time, three were placed under observation and one
released with a suspended sentence, Te was said that the men were
usually kept in the screened cells for from twenty-four hours to three
days, Te-was further seated by the principal keeper that to the best
of his knowledge the longest time that any man has spent in the
screened cells has been twenty’ days, and that this ease was three
years ago. Since that time the longest period has been seven days.
In che screened cells the prisoners are given two slices of bread and.
tivo gills of water daily. ‘The two gills of water a day is given on
the cheory that a man can be made to give in ” sooner if his water

ipply is limited. Te was stated that it was a common practice among.
the men to endeavor to spend the longest possible time in ehe cells
so that they will noc be termed by their companions as “quitters.”
‘The screened cell is one of the ordinary cells wich a fight wire screen
door placed directly in front of the regular iron door. The equip~
ment of the cell consists of a bucket, 4 plank and blankets. Men
held in these cells for more than twenty-four hours are not given
exercise in the corridors, Tr is important that this should be done,
because many’ prisoners suffer great physical discomfort, and perhaps
hati, by physical inactivity. For example, constipation, which is
quite prevalent among the inmates of an institution, is aggravated
by a reduced water supply and physical inactivity.

‘On the prison grounds is an isolarion building to which prisoners
are assigned because of misconduct, or manifestations of degeneracy.
The cell accommodations in this building arc much superior to those
in any one of rhe three cellhalls in the prison proper. The cells
are equipped with wire-spring hospital bede, toilet and running water
accommodations and each cel has an open-air exercise court attached.
‘The only punitive clement seems to be isolation from the prison
population and restricted liberty to the coll and open-air courtyard.
These prisoners have no wark to do, They are in a position t0 get.
plenty of fresh air and sualighe. It is a common practice for them
to remove their clathing and take daily sun-bachs in the open air

186 THe Prisox Assoctation or New York,

courtyard, There seems to be nothing especially punitive in this
form of discipline or segregation.

Chapel—The rota population of the prison on June ree war
4,501; of this number, 886, or 59 per cent, were Catholics; 492, or 32
per cent, Protestants; and 143, or 9 per cent, Hebrews. Religious
secvices are held in the chapel by the Protestant chaplain every
Sunday, excepting the first Sunday of the month ‘The Catholic
service ix held on the frst Sunday of every month and the Hebrew
service twice monthly. The chapel is decidediy inadequate in size

Litrary-—The library is under the supervision of the resident
chaplain. ‘The total number of volumes is 5,509, representing a goo!
assortment. Each prisoner is allowed two books a week. This has
always been the practice. No Jewish or Italian books are bought
for the library. However, theze are on hand 162 German, 83
Jewish, and 30 Italian books. Books in foreign languages are not
purchased because the theory’ is that the prisoners should refrain
From reading in their native tongue £0 as ro become as familiar as
possible with the English langaage. Of course, in the case of
prisoners who have several years or more time to serve in the insti=
tution, this plin is in part reasonable. In jails and institutions
where prisoners spend only short periods of time it would be wholly
unjust. Since January, 1915, the average weekly circulation of
books has been 2,200. Textbooks are supplied to men who ask for
them, providing the school ceacher certifies as to the man’s capability
and intelligence to use them.

Parole— Inmates who have been granted their parole by the
Board are usually released the month following the day that the
Board convenes. ‘That i, men who were passed upon favorably
at the May meeting are released in June,

Te Janacy,
danas,
Mi

OF this number paroled from the prison, the records show that
seven were retumed to Clinton for violation of the parole conditions.

‘Schocl.—The school accommodations are inadequate. With the
construction of a new hospital building perhaps more accommoda-
‘ions can be provided. The attendance at school is compulsory
for every man who in the judgment of the head school teacher

Inspections. 187

should attend, ‘The school sytem is graded in accordance with the
requirements of the various standards, such 28 are used in the other
prions. Inmates who have satisfied the requirements of the fourth
standard are not compelled to attend school, but it is surprising. to
see how many of these men desire co do so. The toral enrollment
ac the time of the inspection was 325. Te was estimated that during
the course of a year between six and seven hundred different inmates
cnrall. It was farther stated that with more adequate accommoda~
tions and facilities the enrollment could be considerably. increased.

For the month ending May jorh, the school population was assigned
to the various standards as Follows:

andar. gihsemd

re
te

There are also three special classes as follows:

Bskng
Mechasital aig.

‘The class in mechanical drawing is greatly handicapped because
of the lack of room and supplies for the further development of the
work. ‘The school staff consists of one registered teacher and eight
inmate assistants. The inmates have school work to do in their
cells at night, exercises in arithmetic and in English. ‘Through
the cooperation of the chaplain and the school teacher the selection
of the library:books is direceed by che school teacher to best suit the
ability and needs of each prisoner.
The school hours are divided into the following perio

‘The usual number of inmates attending one period is 75.

‘There is also a school library consisting of 300 volumes of general
teading matter and 1,500 textbooks.

In the tuberculosis hospital ward there are two school periods
daily. The free from 11 to 12 in the forenoon and the second from
5 to 6 in the afternoon. The attendance in the hospital school
classes varies from 25 to 30. The entire school paraphernalia for
‘these inmates is kept entirely separate from the regular school equip-
ment. Ft was stated that equipment and supplies brought from the
regular schoolrooms to the ward in question are not returned,

188 ‘Tne Prison Assoctation of New York.

Kitchen ond messhall— The cleanliness and order of the kitchen,
messhall and refrigerators was satisfactory. The mesthall is small
and buile along old lines, that is, a series of Tong, narrow, stationary
wooden tables. Small stogls are provided and the prisoners face
all in one direction. If this prison is to be used for the prisoners
who vill not respond to the routine of the other prisons, ie will prob-
ably be necessary to keep the same system in vogue, but for prisoners
who conduct themselves properly the plan at Great Meadow, namely,
separate tables seating eight persons is much superior.

In connection with the kitchen ie is necessary a criticise the
presence of three toilet compartments located in one corner of the
kitchen. At Sing Sing Prison there was a similar condition, and
arrangements were made whereby a separate toilet compartment
was buile outside of the Kitchen, It was said that ic is 2 strict
rule that toilets in this Kitchen must be kept clean and that men
who use them must wash thoroughly before returning to their work,
A breach of this rule warrants severe discipline. Aside from all this,
the toilets should not be in the kitchen, They should be built
directly outside of it, and in such a way that it would not be difficult
for the kitchen keeper to observe che men while in the new addivion,
for easily arrange for their supervision.

Hospital Ie is a blessing that one of the chain of prisons in the
State is especially provided with facilities to care for prisoners
afflicted with tuberculosis. ‘The present accommodations are unsatis-
factory and inadequate, but, fortunately, operations are under way
for the construction of a new tuberculosis hospital on a piece of land
some distance from the prison. Seventy-five thousand dollars has
been appropriated. ‘This will allow for the construction of 2 build-
ing two stories high and a one-story pavilion also. The new styuc-
‘re will accommodate three hundred beds, and will beso constructed
that additions can easily be made to it. Outdoor courts will be
provided; large porches to be used for sleeping and for out-door
exercise during inclement weather. It is the hope of Dr. Ransom
that ultimately prisoners found to be suffering from tuberculosis
in the jails and in ocher institutions can be sent direct to the hospieal
In many instances primary infection vakes place while in the jails.
‘The total number of tubercular patients in he prison is esti-
mated to be 500. In wards s and 6 there were 148 patients, 42 and
106 in each, respectively. ‘There were only two vacant beds in the
tuberculosis wards and one vacant bed in the general hospital ward
In other words, there were only three beds in the two hospical
emergencies, whereas there should be at least five ot six. There is

Inspections. 189

always a Tong waiting list for the tuberculosis wards, Occupying the
cells there were 147 tubercular patients who should be in the wards
if the accommodations would permit. Seventy-seven of this number
were awaiting re-examination and others were definitely decided
upon. ‘There were also 131 tubercular patients unprovided for in
special wards, These are not acute cases. They are employed
fon the highways, in che yards and in camps. Those who remain
in the prison sleep in the cells. They are assigned to labor which
is bose suited to them according to their physical condition

Since October 1, 1914, there have been seven deaths among the
tubercular patients. Upon admission ¢o the prison, men receive a
preliminary examination. A record of this examination is kept on
a card.

Comptrller’s ofice inthe prison.— Together with many records kept
relative to the finances of the prison, a record is kept in this office of
the conview’s earnings, the articles received at the time of arrival
at the prison and also a record of the money paid to the convict at
the time of his release for transportation, together with a record of
the amount paid co him for his labor at the time of his release. In
card form the articles deposiced with the clerk of the prison are
recorded and described on one side, and on the reverse side there is,
form of receipt drafted, which i signed when the articles ate
rotumed to the inmace. On 2 regular sheet form there is recorded
a ten-dollar allowance, which is fixed by law for the prisoner at the
time of release, and the cost of the railroad ticket also. No copies
of this slip are made, bue the original is sent to the State Comp-
troller. On another slip entitled Convicts’ Eamings Pay R
there appears at the top the following: “We, the undersigned, each
and severally, hereby acknowledge receipe of the amounts eet opposite
‘o our respective names, and we each and severally being duly
sworn depose and say: That the account rendered and services
specified were aetually rendered as charged; thae neither the Agent
and Warden of Clinton Prison, nor any person for him or in his
behalf, had any pecuniary or other interest in the services rendered,
or in the profits thereof; that no commissions, presents or profits
have been paid to him or to any person in his behalf, or agreed to be
paid in future to him, or co any person or persons for him; and that
wwe have actually received the full amounts in cash from the said
Agent and Warden.”

‘The portion of che page below is arranged in eight spaces, the frst
for the number of the convict, the second for his name; the third is
entitled “ Remarks”; in this space is specified whether the inmate was

190 Tue Prison Association of New York.

paroled or transferred to another institution, ete, In the next space
is recorded the amount due as earnings and in the next the signature
‘of the inmate. Opposite this, in another epace, is the date, ‘The last,
two spaces ate for the signatures of the persons who witnessed th
payments and the signing, This slip is made in duplicate and one
copy is kept on file in the prison office and the other is sent xo the
State Comperoller

Te has been intimated in the past by discharged prisoners that they
have heen compelled co sign blank receipts for their earings
According to the form of voucher used and the s stematic record
kept it does not seem apparent that this can be done. Another
record is kept of the disbursements from the Convict’s Deposit and
Miscellaneous Earnings Fund. This conseicuees mostly personal
matter, and record is kept on this shect of the inmate's number, his
name, how the money was dispensed, that is, whether fe wae sent 9
his home or friends, and the amount. For each item the inmate
must make his signature and this is wienessed usually by the clerks,

‘The following gang sheet gives the average number of inmates

distributed with respect to employment, ete., for each day of four
* FACTORY.

She and
Byeshop
Tow
cig sad pk Bade
Entiat gr indent wock
Beokpene eee
niger im (camp 6 miles rom prion)
Carding sd pinning
Beck tom:
Machine and vps hop.

fn opting ode
ers

Boleroors aod copicas,
Gest ant reat sone

pe
Oo pubic a

Bakery ae

Nese dei
i hospital

Jens el

rein elle ade dco aed © Geaheralar peiegte and

‘ypmlice Supple, 2d
‘ehapoeay Hise)

Industries — The following figures give for comparison the operating
reports of the industries of the prison for the fiscal yeare of 1913,

913 and 1914
ned Sepeer 304198

T
coe |
|

Neate |i Ne
| perttion | caringe

er

irc Year Baded September 90, 1013,
sand oi. Sytet 8 | seers
‘are eB |MSe
‘Wondeaw Sea ob | See i
Yarn amd doth shige) rd

nite 52 38 | &

Fae bt | a

[Sod be proper 1, deduct from the percentage of earings he peren
iutrat on the"ockna invesunent in the constuction of the indus balding
tnd some of dhe machinery. Thus the pexcetag Seed
Farm actvities—~ While there is considerable property in the
vicinity of the prison owned by the State, there is practically no

Tur Prison Association of New York.

prison farm. The land is mostly timber, stone and pasture. There

acres under cultivation, also 48 acres of ‘meadowland
from which hay is cut. Of the 23 acres under cultivation, 8 are
of corn and 15 of general gorden truck. There are also 25 acres
of rough pasture land. If there were farm land available, it would
not be difficult to select 2 sufficient number of inmaces to work
on the farm and no doube the products could help to reduce materially
the cost of maintenance of the prisoners.

‘The live stock consists of 32 cows, 10 yearlings, 9 calves and 400
hogs.

The needs of the Institution; ar tet forth after conference sith

‘warden.

A new laundry building and bath-house. ‘The laundry room
throm are now together. This arrangement is unsatisfactory,
ally because of its inadequacy and the general Tack of satis.

factory equipment. Thircy-five thousand dollars will be needed to
construct a building of this kind.

2. A new bake-oven to cost $25,000. While this might be a con-
siderable cost for an oven, a new one is nevertheless needed. The
resent one is in very bad condition, making it necessary to do
the baking under dificule circumstances.

3. The present refrigerators are small and of old design,

4 Jobbing shop, together with the necessary machinery, $2,008
A shop of this kind with the proper equipment can be of important
service 10 the up-keep of the institution.

5. The electric wiring system should be changed in accordance
with the requirements of the law which calls for conduits. With
the present arrangement there is much chance for erose-wiring, ete,
making a fire danger.

6. The wail in the rear of che north yard should be completed.
Its estimated this would cost about 6,000.

7. Ivis planned that by constructing an electric railway system
about the prison grounds to the State Hospital and the new tubereu-
losis hospital, the use of from eight ca ten reams could he dispensed
swith, Tz was said thae there is equipment for this railway now at
‘Wingdale and thar an expendicute of about $10,000 would be suficient
‘to put it in operation.

8. The installation of a new clectric elevator in the court of the
prison. ‘This is needed to facilieate the transferring of supplies
and also of cripples to the upper floors.

9. A large tract of farm land.

Issrecttoxs. 193

IMPROVEMENTS AND PROGRESS MADE SINCE
NOVEMBER, 1914,

1, ‘The State property near the prison has been reforested.
A total of 100,000 trees have been planted.

2, Two thousand feet of cement walk have been con-
stricted inside and outside of the prison walls.

The iron roof, the interior of the east ball, and the
celfblock have been painted. Also the interior of the
court-room, storerooms and the guard room.

4, The industrial office has been remodeled and partly
refurnished.

5. A water pump has been installed in an old mine shaft
and 800 fect of water pipe have been laid to increase
the present water supply.

6. A new roof has been built on the oil house and a con-
crete roof on the reservoir in the north end of the yard.

2. Extensive repairs have been made on the horse and
cow barn:

8, An appropriation of $3,000 has been granted to repair
and rebuild parts of the sewerage system.

9. 4 200 H. P. boiler brought from Bear Mountain site has
been installed in the boiler-room.

10, Exercise courts have been made in the back of the
prison yard for the tubercular patients.

AL. On June 17th, fifty men were set to work building
road feading to the site where the new tuberculosis hospital
is to be erected. It is further planned to use the idle men
who do not care to work in the shops, oF are not able to, at
stone work. It is planned that no men in the prison who
are physically able to work will be permitted to remain idle.
The making of the cement brick for the hospital building
will inerease the amount of work.

12. The warden, on June 17th, was arranging to increase
the staff of quards by four or five new ones so as to make
possible Sunday forenoon and afternoon recreation periods
in the yards for the prisoners.

13, Seventy-five thousand dollars have been granted for
the ‘erection of a tuberculosis hospital. ‘This need has
Jong been realized and the construction work should be
expedited.

Tue Prison Association or New York.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. The urgent needs of the prison should be provided
for.

2. So far as possible the number of first-timers should
be kept at a minimum. These men should be transferred
to the other prisons so that they will have an opportunity
to demonstrate whether they can properly adjust them-
selves to the systems in vogue in some of the other prisons.

3. More adequate chapel accommodations should be
provided.

4, The school facilities and accommodations should be
increased.

5. The reugh sections of the yard north of the east cellhall
should be permanently improved. This will add to their
value and general appearance.

: 6. Prisoners under punishment in the screened cells
should receive an increased supply of water.

7. Toilets should be removed from kitchen.

GR! MEADOW PRISON, COMSTOCK.
Insrectep June 11 To June 13, 1915, INctustve, By E. R. Cass.

The prison staff consists of the warden, William J. Homer, the
principal keeper, Major Chatficld, comptroller’s clerk, resident
chaplain, chief engineer, assistant comptroller’s clerk, kitchen
Keeper, storekeeper, hall keeper, assistant principal keeper, who
acts as captain of the night crew, the warden’s secretary, forty-four
guards, five laborers and one coachman.

‘The total population at the time of the inspection numbered 791.
Of this number, sixey per cent, were Catholics, twenty-five per cent.
Protestants and fifteen per cent. Hebrew.

No convicted persons are sent directly from the courts to this
prison. It is customary to transfer to this prison only “ first-timers ”
from the other prisons of the State, who are chosen on the basis
of their good record in the prison from which they come, the con-
dition of their health, the period of sentence yer to be served, etc.
However, while this is the usual procedure, there are men in the
prison serving 2 life-sentence, and there are also some who might
be termed dangerous and desperate characters. The system
employed in managing the prisoners is commonly rermed the “ honor

Officers’ House, Great Meadow Prison. Erected by Inmate Labor.

Beekman Site. Part of Hay Field

“ Brercioe” in a Typical County Ju.

Completed Call Block, Great Meadow Prison

Ixspzctions. 195

system.” It is not strictly an honor system, in so much as there
is light supervision by the guards. There are many instances
where individually, and in small groups, prisoners are placed solely
upon their honor (without guards) while performing their daily
work. The warden believes he can trust practically all of his charges
outside of the stockade. ‘The stockade is a large enclosed space
between the cellhouse and the dormitory building.

Celthouse and cells Halt of the north wing of the prison was
opened in February, 1911. The new south wing was put into
service on Easter Sunday, 1915. The north wing contains 624
culls and the new, or south wing, s44, 2 total of 15168. Both ell
wings, and the cells in both wings, are superior. to the equipment
in any of our other State prison buildings. The equipment of
the south wing is much better than that of the north, in so much
as the cells are langer, the sides of the galleries are better protected
and the roof is of concrete instead of being partly wood. In both
Wings the stairways leading to the different galleries are of steel,
as are the galleries, The floors of the cells and corridors are of

mncrete. The cells ate liberally furnished. There is one iron cot
hed, hospital size, with wire spring bottom. ‘The beds are painted
white. ‘There is one mattress with tick covering, one sheet and
‘one pillowcase, and two heavy blankets. ‘The martresses are changed
weekly and the blankets monthly. ‘There is also in each call one
locker, one electric light, set washbasin with running water, and
one toilet. Each man is supplied with a mirror and an aluminum
hair comb, also a collapsible drinking cup. ‘The cells are cleaned
daily by the occupants and mopped once a week. There is a liberal
supply of brooms for cleaning and the inmates are expected to keep
a high standard of cleanliness at all times. ‘The men endeavor
to full the expectations of the warden and his subordinates in
this respect. ‘The men are instructed not to drink the waver which
comes from the faucet attached to the washbasin in the cell. Water
drawn from a spring on the premises is supplied. An abundance
of air and light enters the cells and cellhall. As a type of congregate
cellblock construction ie ie excellent.

‘The guards? quarters are located in the section of the great ccll-
house between the north and south wings. These are now in use
and are far more satisfactory than the inconvenient and rough
living quarters formerly available for them in the dormitory building.

Several cottages for officers and their families are gradually being
completed. ‘These cottages are built of conerete block which is

196 Tur Prison Association or New York.

manufactured om the premises. The plumbing and carpenter work
is also done by the prisoners

Dormitory building and messhall.—The dormitory building is
now used for office rooms, barber shop, schoolraome, visiting rooms
and officers’ messtooms. The dormitory building is connected
by an enclosed above-ground passageway with the new messhall
and kitchen. Half of the messhall is completed and in use. It is
tundoubredly the best prison messhall in the Seate, and really some-
thing to be proud of. ‘The equipment and arrangement is distinctly
different. For example, the customary small stools without backs
hhave been abolished and the long narrow tables also, The hall is
spacious and an abundance of air and light ean enter. The windows
are also sereened to exclude flies. The equipment consists of small
wooden tables, seating cight men to a table. The men sit facing
each other; four on a side. Stools with hacks are constructed of
sheet iron. Crockery table utensils are used, The plates are heated
in a special piece of apparatus in the kitchen before they are placed
on the table. This makes ie possible to serve warm food to the
prisoners. The waiters wear whice aprons.

Kichen.— The kitchen is bi
mesthall, and when the messhall in the other wing is completed i¢
will be located in the center of the two. ‘The equipment is up-to
date, The room is epacious and can be well ventilated and lighted
es equipment consists of

aysashouy cones clr kiln, each mh capaci of 79 llons
isewneon tho to Begs is 1'cation seatinar copper wate hee

on to the south end of the prison

Spoor coving kan
Soper cooking ke

{flere Sihsshe.
ere potato nee
sion late wrens, hented by ses.

Ir has been made a poine to exclude equipment made of wood,
such as wooden tables, etc

The bakeshop is accessible from the north side of the kitchen
eis equipped with a moder type of oven. The unbaked bread is
placed on a sliding section, which operates on tracks and can be
moved in and out of the oven when necessary. The bread is placed
in a storeroom between the bakeshop and kitchen. Ie is cut by
fone man, placed in baskets and is served to the prisoners by means
of a fork, Ie is a strict rule that the men who serve the bread shall
not handle it

Inspections. 197

In another section of the kitchen there is an’ up-to-date storage
plant, consisting of six separate rooms. These rooms are cooled
ly apparatus on the premises. ‘The temperature in cach room
varies according to the material stored in the room, Ice is also
manufactured on the premises.

School. At this institution, school is considered an important
pact of the daily routine and is compulsory for those who in the
judgment of the officials ought to attend. The total enrallment
at the time of inspection was 208. ‘The schoal is graded in accordance
with the requirements set forth in the following standards,

‘The following brief oucline of the several standards gives a general
idea of the amount of work required in each. A standatd in the
prison school is not quite equivalent to a grade in the public school
Owing to che large percentage of foreigners in the first three standards,
‘more than half the time is spent in conversation drills which promote
correct habits of enunciation and pronunciation. Foreigners over
435 years of age seom unable to master English free from dialectic
pronunciation,

Standard 1. Lesring 10 speak, recorive a eoht, evel

Wt rite 200 word;
peanoneistion diy racine baeot wore learned Resting squivalcnt to 4 Fess

sports. Continue werk of
‘hrc

coding t include one

needing. Letter

sottaphicl feadevs orl and weet Peproducton

Epc racial grotm of oxdinasy Busines
rsh cane to, 140 wae dunia nd srogeahict
en roprodueten of fncer read; Wetter weiuogs poSlewe iat

Ting abe four fundatental proces
io, 800 woke ceading ining eeuanhr,
ESky wilco,” Busines forme.
feof peeviue standards ad al pecal work
speed to Varig ante ad noe

‘The meh attending school were assigned to the respective standards
in the following numbers
Standard

i
Bckkcering das
Stenoprea clas

Te was said chat the school work is hampered because of the lack
of room. Only two rooms are now available, slthough ie is planned
to use some additional space on the'second floor of the dormitory
building, ‘The warden plans to establish night school classes. Much

198 Ti Prison Association or New Yors.

inconvenience is experienced and much time lost during the day
because of the school hours. ‘That is, at certain hours a keeper
{goes to various parts of the premises and calle for the prisoners
‘tho are to attend school at 2 cereain hour and accompanies them
to the schoclrooms. After school hours these prisoners must again
be retumed tothe points from which they were taken. “This traveling
back and forth causes the loss of about one hour daily, and, together
with the hour of schooling, the compulsory school takes practically
‘two hours 2 day of the inmate's time away from his work.
The school hours are as follows:

Seandant 4 row item

Standacd 1.

Standacd 5 fe gam.

Sundard 2 gum

Bookkeeping cae. gto gpm

aaa ‘Stenography clas. tow,

Hospital, parole, ete—The hospital statistics are as follows for
the five months of the year 1915:

Daly avegee numberof pigs ogc.

Transferred to Dannemors, or Sing Sing, because of ill health,
‘that is, tubercular cases, or cases that require medical ateention
‘that cannot be given becauseof the lack of facilitiesat Great Meadow,
are as follows

Janus. ot fomate
Fast
March

im See

‘The records show that there have been no escapes from Great
Meadow, Wingdale or Valatio from January 1, 1915, to the date
of inspection.

‘The prisoners are disciplined by confinement in their cells, They
receive the regular rations and_are kept in their cells on an average
of from three to five days. No daily exercise in tho corridors is
given,

For the month of January, the daily average number of prisoners
under discipline was 3, February, 33 March, 33 April, 35 May, 3-

‘Transferred to Dannemora as a means of discipline: January, 25
February, 25 March, 45 April and May, none,

Ixsercrions. 199

Parole—In the respective months the following number of
prisoners were paroles
Fabra
March
Of this number there were returned to Great Meadow in the
following months

January, 2 psi
Ferusty o May,

OF the toral number paroled from Great Meadow for the first
five months, returned for violation of parole to other prisons:
Jen ay

ort Sag.
bec 5

The daily routine of the institution is as follows:

he 2325S cha cooks and ich
= Alle fe xetigclarsycote jn en

‘Three nights a week the institution band assembles in the central
section of the cellhouse and plays for the beneficof the men. During
the summer on Saturday afternoons there are ball games. During
the winter months, every Friday night there is a moving-pictuse
show.

Religious services are held at vatious hours every Sunday.

Catbolie service.

Bago

Bibi dunes nthe sana! 3350 fo oso,

More adequate chapel accommodations are very much needed.

Its intended to gradually develop the prison into a farm industrial
iastcution. The present labor activities are shown by the following
fan set giving che average number of men employed each day
fr four consecutive seeks

200 Tue Prison Association or New York.

Hal, janitors and barbers
Storehouse»; washhous, i

qeag hss.

ene (ores.

Conseeacion (ddd hoo for Sl) => ds of ovina
and “Conserstion Coe

Saate shop.
‘Grading for cansizwcsion
{Gonsiretion of oBces coucages
Scone crushing

Dic

q

rary and school wacker.
Gaile men

Specie nd ovlk
Men se Wingate,
Tne

During the spring and summer there are naturally more means
of employing the prisoners than during the fall and winter months.
But even at this season there are mote prisoners available than there
is work. Much labor is employed in grading, at quarty work,
breaking stone, and building highways on the prison grounds. All
of this is important and necessary work, and if the State had to
have it done by outside labor it would represent a considerable cost.
However, no account is kept by the officals as to the quantity of
soil removed and the number of fect of highway built, ete. in order
to record an approximate value of the labor. Tt seems that swith
all ehis labor utilized there ought to be some way of giving it a money
value in the finances of the institution. However, the fist thing
necessary will be to keep track of the work actually done. Grading
and quarry work can be carried on t6 some extent by men who ate
physically able to do it during the fall and part of the winter. With
the increasing population there will be a large number of men who
are not physically qualified for rough and hard work who must be
Provided for. Industries can be established at this prison. This
will be the only solution of the labor problem. It is a question,
because of che character and small amount of farm land, whether

Inspections. 201

the products of che farm will ever be sufficient to supply the needs
of many other institutions throughout the State.
The institution sive at Comstock is divided as follows:

Tua acreage availble fr clivaion
{Foal erenge noc avaible for culation

Tora arena :
According, 19 the above figures, which were taken from the 1914
report, submitted to the State Agricultural Departmenc, only abou
one-third of the total number of acres of this large site can be culti-
vated. From the summary embodied in the above mentioned
report, submitted in 1914, the following is taken:
Lane
‘Gorden produce. 8513
iy progasee

eben
Pour

ei ex
Incense value of frm
Toul Boag 38
span i

abu

Profi ae
‘ot fom faves

Yesty prate,

Reve of prose

[ecco on investment at § percent.
Net pose

Ac the time of the inspection it was reported that the following
number of acres had been planted in the spring of rors:

as ages of oat.
Exeot, best, patenng ting bean, radishes snd lertce
Shalt beans
etbbaee
Eide.

‘The following statement of the creamery products and the relative
value from October 1st to date is of interest, as showing the possibility
for further development, which should be a source of big financial
income for the institution. However, the question of employment
is not helped to any great extent by such a plan,

202 ‘Tuk Prison Assoctarton ov New Yorx.

Tewas not convenient to obtain the cast of production in connection
with the following statement. The value of the different items is
estimated at twenty-five per cent less than the market price.

2 ses Ocronen, 1944
Ta Be is es sical % "9
wa perieec ne Auaieed egieay ty Sas aha cerns
Sklmed milky 1,539 asllone (aire tothe men at night wih Dish

Novzsaea, 1904
Buccs 342 pounds
Whole wil Ps 9

Eimined ily gee data

Decasses, 1914
aces, 9 pounds.

Whole li,'@s92

Silomed ail ig plone (i per ent),
Creamy 48h ua

Towoners 1985

are 959 pounds
Whole gat
Miao rest tins

Femuate, 1915

Manes, 01s

Arma 1935
aree, 666 pounds 2
Hole ses i

Eterm jo assets

Vest fobpoands

Max, 91s
Bocer, 942) pounds... e
ream, 4 ac

‘Wael
Suited mils 585 lan.

Bape OP PRe
"Age oe dace ner was om and in cold tira laa x88 pounds
fate at 29 sents per pound

Inspections. 203

Much of this (principally butter) could be shipped to another
institution. Arrangements for this were being made. Ie is urgent
that further arrangements be made to increase the output, and also
to have some definite assurance that the product can be disposed
of to other institutions. In this way one of the merits of an age:
cculeural institution can probably be justified.

Conreroation work. —The conservation men work seven hours a
day. The average number of men, according to the records kept by
the Conservation Commission, is about one hundred a day. This
number does not tally with the number on principal Leeper’s gang
sheets because the time at school is deducted. The record of the
activities of the conservation work is as follows: In the spring of
1915 there were shipped 3,833,371 trees. ‘There were transplanted
45,037,890, which will be ready for shipment in the spring of 1916.
There were on hand 600,000 trees (four-year-olds) that were ready
for shipment if needed. These served as a kind of reserve stock
There were 633 (4 12) seed beds, averaging 8,000 trees to a bed.
‘These trees are one-year-olds and will be transplanted next spring
and ready for shipment in the spring of 1917. ‘There were 574 beds
that had just been set. These will be ready for transplanting in
the spring of 1916. There were 60 beds of three-year-old seedlings
8,000 to 2 bed. These will be ready for shipment in the spring
of 1916.

Live stock—‘The inventory of the livestock is 2s follows:

(tele and dai sock sr comp pubis 4 glen 2b

foots ro horsey salle
Posie 4 Ree, Be ple sont
nes "Young pigs #80 sucklingas

‘RECOMMENDATIONS,

1. Plans should be made and appropriations granted for
the establishment of industries. Something of this nature
must be done in order to furnish an adequate amount of
labor for the inmates. As the population increases, there
is gradually developing a condition of idleness or of surplus
labor which may easily prove detrimental to the system In
vogue. The warden is anxious to manufacture shoes and
mats, and also desires to do all the shoe repairing on the
Premises. There is sufficient room in the cellars of both
wings for the installation of apparatus for manufacturing.

204 Taz Prison Association or New York.

‘This should have support and cooperation. He also desires
to develop the quarry work with the hope that arrangements
can be made whereby the stone can be shipped from Great
Meadow to all parts of Washington county and perhaps
some of the adjacent counties. This seems to be a big
fied which should be encouraged and supported.
a
order to give credi ne In utilized
construct buildings and
wfacturing the brick, building of
e transferring of soil from one part of the
premises to another.
3. Appropriations should be granted for better chapel
accommodations snd more scho
4, Tamates confined in their celle under punishment
or a period of more than twenty-four hours should have
im opportunity for exercise in the corridor of about one
hour daily.
5. Arrangements should be made, to that some allowance
can be made toward the institution maintenance fund
for the labor of the prisoners who work on conservation.

SING SING PRISON.

See chapter in Part One of this Report entitled “The Present Day
in Prison Reform.”

STATE FARM FOR WOMEN, VALATIE.
Insrcren Mancx 4, 1915, BY E.R. Cass.

In accordance with Chapter 467 of the Laws of 1908, females
from all parts of the State who have becn convicted five times ae
misdemesnants within two years previous to sentence may be
‘committed to che farm. The farm was opened for women October
1, 1914.

‘The population at the time of inspection numbered forty-four
women and three male prisoners from Great Meadow. ‘The average
age of the women is about forty-cight; the youngest woman was
thirty-two and the oldest seventy-six years ol

Inspections. 205

Inmates may be paroled, 2t any time after they are received at
the institution, by the Board of Parole of the State Prisons. The
maximum sentence is for three years, Up to date, only one inmate
hhag been paroled, 2 woman affected with tuberculosis.

‘An appropriation of $15,000 has been granted to maintain the
fatm from October 1, 1914, to September 1, 1915,

‘The staff consists of the warden, J. H. Mealey, at $1,500 2 year
and maintenance; C. Mealey, clerk, at $2 per day (Sunday excluded);
‘Thomas F. Barton, farmer, 2t 82 per day (house rent only); William
‘McConnell, fireman, $2 per day and maintenance; two matrons,
Mrs. 8. Erick, $35 per month and maintenance, and Mrs. F. Palmer,
$30 per month and maintenance, The attending physician is
De. H. J. Noerling, at 825 per month.

‘The female priconers live in the two large cottages, known as
the north and south cottages, respectively. The south cottage has
foventy-eight rooms, two of which sre used for matrons, Each
inmate has a separate room, except in the case of one room on the
first floor, which is occupied by ewo inmates, Each room is equipped
with an iron cot bed; mactress, blanket, sheets and pillowcases are
provided. ‘The warden's office is algo on the first floor, and the
oom originally intended for a reception room is now used by the
fireman. “The north cottage at present is oceupied principally by
the warden and his family. When the old farmhouse is satis-
factorily repaived, the warden intends to make his headquarters
there. Nine women inmates also accupied rooms in this cottage.
In one of the rooms there are two women. When there are sufficient
beds and bedding available, ten more rooms in this cotrage can be
utilized. When the old farmhouse is repaired, the eight rooms now
cceupied by the warden and his family will also be available.
Accommodations for thisty-seven can be made when all the rooms
are urilized. In the south cotcage the water pump does not satis
factorily supply the needs on the second floor. This is not due vo
the lack of water supply but to the type of pump in use, The
toilet conditions on the second floor are sometimes made insanivary
because of lack of water and large quantities of lime must be used.
‘The rooms and corridors in both cottages were found scrupulously

The inmates use the dining-room in the south cottage. The
equipment there consists of three large tables and one small table
The plates and cups used are of crockery.

‘The meal served at the time of the inspection consisted of mashed
potatoes, fish (haddock), peas, bread and tea. ‘The bread is baked at
the cottage.

206 Tu Pruson Association of New York.

The per capita cost of food provisions for the month of November,
3914, with an average population of 23, was 17 cents per day, $5
per month. For December, 1914, 14 cents per day, or $4.53 pet
‘month, with an average of 34 inmates, including matron and fireman,
For January, 1915, with an average of 40 inmates, the average cost
er day wa 13 cent, oF $4.33 per moot, ineoding matron and

‘Vegetables raised on the farm are now being used. So far the
only purchase of vegetables has been one barrel of onions. No
pork has been purchased for a year. Likewise, no butcer, milk or
ces.

‘Beans, potatoes and apples have been shipped to Great Meadow.
In February, 1or5, 692 pounds of fresh pork were shipped to Great
Meadow.

Tnmates are permitted to talk during mealtime when matrons
are on duty.

‘The three male prisoners (from Great Meadow) do not live in
either of the coteages but in the old farmhouse, some distance from
the cottages. They take their meals in the kitchen of the south
cottage and while they are there it is said that a matron is always
present.

‘The inmates make their own garments. Each woman receives
upon admission two suits of underwear, two outside dresses, 10
undershirts, two night-dresses, two aprons, tv pairs of stockings,
and one pair of shoes. The dress material is of checkered design
‘The women assembled in the dining-room at the meal hour had their
loches and hair nicely arranged, and in every instance presented 2
reat and clean appearance. Some of the women wore 2 piece of
red ribbon. Thit is given as a reward for three months of good
conduce.

‘The inmates are employed in the following ways:

Suing of garments
Hoon
Segpoin iin rach fa Auburn Peto ito be aan nsec
“ersnen i bane mang
. Sorting pot
Rate te oe.
f Makins bute.
&, Leaing after pouty.

‘The four women who work in or near the barn are under the super
vision of the farmer. The women have also done painting and
whitewashing. In the spring it is planned to use the women exten
sively at farm work,

Inspections.

‘The daily routine is as follows:
Rising bl .

Sopa

Sioa land or use of eo
‘SiStons entertain fomates by sngng, Fading, et

B50 w 80
Jom sas

Upon admission it was said that every woman is examined by a
mation and the physician who visits Her hair is washed

swith luzkspur and she is supplied with a complete outfit of clothing.
‘The old clothing is washed and aired and then put into a bundle and
placed in the storeroom. ‘There is no fumigating apparatus available,
although it is said that only one prisoner wich vermin was brought

to the institution.

During the night the doors of the rooms are not locked and no
matron is on duty after 9:30 or 16, although boch matrons sleep on
the top floor and can he reached by any of the inmates, Neverthe-
Jess it is important that a night matron be on duty.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. Necessary beds and bedding should be supplied in
order that more inmates can bé accommodated in the two
cottages. It is unfortunate that an institution with two
splendid buildings located in the country should have such
a small population. The chief magistrate of the Court of
Special Sessions, New York City, in a letter expressed a
desire to send many inmates to the farm when the accom-
modations are sufficient,

2. An additional matron should be added to the staft
for night duty.

3. A higher power water pump should be installed in the
basement of the south cottage.

4. ‘The old farmhouse should be improved so that the
warden can use it as his residence, in order that eight rooms
in the north cottage, now occupied by him and his family,
can he made available for inmates.

208 THe Prison Associarion or New York.

DANNEMORA STATE HOSPITAL, DANNEMORA, N. Y.
Inspecrep Junz 17, 1915, By E. R. Cass

‘The institution is under the supervision of Dr. Charles H. North,
who is responsible to the Superintendene of Prisons

This institution is not a part of Clineon State Prison, which ie
located a short distance from it. ‘The hospital was established for
the purpose of confining and caring for such male prisoners ae are
declared insane while confined in a State prison, reformatory, or
penitentiary, who have been sentenced thereto for a felony.

‘The toral population at the time of inspection numbered
The certified capacity of che institution is fixed by the State

Hospital Commission at 358.
‘The population was distributed according to che mental character

of the patients

‘The inmares are employed at domestic work about the instieution,
‘grading, stone-cutting, farming, etc

‘The overcrowding in the institution in the past has been so serious
that during the last fiscal year the admissions were limited by order
of the Superintendent of Prisons to only the acute cases. The con-
gestion has been somewhat relieved, due to the activities of the
Bureau of Deportacion af the Stare Hospital Commission, resulting
in the deportation of many alien patients. ‘This change, although
helpful, has not solved the serious condition of overcrowding, because
the cases were deteriorated ones and of the inactive class and not
the type requiring assignment to individual rooms. The further
deportation of alien inmates has been checked, due to the present
conditions in Europe. Much relief wall be had when the new south
sing is completed, but even then che institution will not he equipned
to accommodate a further increase in the population. ‘The opening
‘of the new wing will simply relieve the present congestion and any
further increase ro the population will again cause an unsatisfactory
and serious condition.

‘The physical conditions are about the same as at the time of
previous inspections. The new south wing will soon be ready for
‘occupancy. The sealing of the sides of the interior walls is still a
source of much annoyance to the management

There is 2 decided difference in the scales of compensation of
prison guards and hospital actendants. This results more or less
in the hospical serving as a training school for the prison service,
thus taking from the hospital men especially qualified as attendants
by long experience. While their expetience in dealing with the insane
is of much value in the administration of the hospital, ie is of no

Inspections. 209

special importance to their work in the prison, However, the
men are tempted to leave the hospital service because of the more
liberal compensation given in the prison service. This results in
the hospital service being frequently shorthanded and in general
handicapped. The situation can only be remedied by an increase
Jn the wage scale for those who enter the service so that a better
caliber of men will be attracted. The wages should be so graded
chat a man will be justly compensated as his years of experience
and service increase,

‘A complete tour of the institution was made in company with
Dr. North and one of his assistants. ‘The inmates were observed
and conversed with. There was no evidence that they were not
Kindly and humanely supervised. They seemed as well off as poor
uunfortunates in their condition could be expected to be, ‘To be sure,
ic is quite difficule to learn much from their conversation, due to
their mental status, $0 that extended observation is the only erue
means of inspection. There was a highly satisfactory condition
of cleanliness and order in all parts of the buildings

The farm activities are limited to 26 acres. Of this number 15
are divided to hay, 3 to oats, 2 to com fodder, 1 to potatoes, 1 10
peas, 1 0 sweet com, # co beans, and 2} to garden truck. While
the institution is located in a particularly rocky section, the farm
acreage should be increased so as to furnish a satisfactory form
of employment for inmates who can be thus utilized, and to establish
a greater means of contributing toward the cost of maintenance.

RECOMMENDATIONS.
1, Necessary money for the construction, and for the
foundation iron and stecl work of the northwest wing,
should be appropriated. As was pointed out in another
part of this report, the opening of the southwest wing will
bring about a fairly normal distribution of the population,
but judging from the rate of increase (during the last 14
years) and the class of troublesome and habitual criminals,
made dangerous by persecutory insanity, furcher accom:
modations must be provided so that a serious condition of
congestion will not occur again in the near future.

2. Necessary precautions should also be taken to protect
and increase the present water supply which is obtained
from the southern slope of the Dannemora mountains for
not only the State Hospital but Clinton Prison. In this
tract of land there is also much stone that can be quarried
and used in the construction of buildings.

210 ‘Tue Prison Association or New York.

3. Necessary money for extraordinary repairs and equip-
ment should be provided. The hospital has been in opera-
tion fourteen years and the increase ia the population
hhas been so rapid that the expenditures for furniture and
for additional patients alone have taken the major part
of the limited appropriations made in the past for repairs.

4. Appropriations should be granted for the further
equipment of the power plant of the institution. Since
1900 only one additional boiler has been purchased. A new
engine and boiler and generator are needed, The present
engine and genetator are practically worn out, and the
hospital is without sufficient equipment properly to light
the building in case the large generating set now in use
should be temporarily disabled.

;. Appropriations should he granted further to develop
the stone-cutting industry which not only forms a most
excelent means of employment for the inmates but repre-
sents an important saving to the State,

6. Aside from the small compensation granted to attend-
ants, their satisfactory and adequate living quarters near
the hospital should be considered. They should be able
to get away from the unavoidable noise and commotion
about the wards through the day and sometimes at
@ condition which works particular hardship, especially
with the members of the night staff. ‘The plan to transform
a shop building into a cottage for night attendants should
be financially supported. The building would provide
needed additional accommodations for night attendants
and other employees.

7. Funds should be provided to repair the side walls in the
kitchen and those in some of the corridors.

PROGRESS AND IMPROVEMENTS.

1. Considerable grading has heen done about the insti-
tution grounds.

2. A storeroom has been provided for bread (as per previous
recommendation).

3. The new southwest wing is nearing completion.

4. Many of the beds throughout the institution have
been repainted.

3. Many weak and worn-out bed springs have been
replaced by new ones. Recommendation to that effect was
made in a previous report,

Inspections.

MATTEAWAN STATE HOSPITAL, BEACON, N. Y.
Insencren Serremnen 4, 1915, BY E.R. Cass.

‘This institution is under the supervision of the medical super
intendent, Dr. Raymond F. C. Kieb, who is directly responsible
‘0 the Superintendent of Prisons. .

The population may be divided into three distinct categories,
namely, the coure cases, those under criminal jurisdiction who
are serving terms of imprisonment, and those not under criminal
Jurisdiction, as they have served. the original sentence. These
‘oure cases, which constivute a very large percentage of the population,
have been declared insane either before or after indictment, and are
detained at the hospital until a certificate of mental restor
be made. If such a certificate is issued they are retumed to the
committing court, to be called for trial or otherwise legally dis-
charged. The inmates constituting the second class are those
except insane male felons who have been declared insane while
serving a term of imprisonment in the penal insticutions of the
State, ‘The insane male felons are sent to the Dannemora State
Hlospieal. The percentage of this group of inmates constantly
varies but is considerably less than the number constituting the
court cases. The former inmates, after they have been committed
t0 the hospital, continue to serve their original semence, and if
their recovery occurs during the term of imprisonment they are
returned to the penal institution from which they were committed
to complete the sentence. In the ease of female felons, some are
serving a life sentence, while the misdemeanant serving a sentence of
usually thirty days has been sentenced to a county jail, or pen
tentiary, for over-indulgence in alcoholic beverages. Those con-
stivuting the thied group a¢e similar to those in the scconé group,
except that their torm of imprisonment hus expired and under
the existing law they must he detained at the hospital uneil they
are reasonably safe to be at large. However, the law also provides
that the State Hospital Commission ean cause cases of this kind
that do not exbibie dangerous tendencies to be transferred to a civil
Ihospital for the insane. Tt is stated that a large percentage of this
group were originally offenders against municipal ordinances, and
it is therefore questionable whether they should ever have been
under criminal jurisdiction, because the nature of the crime in most
instances is a manifestation of mental unsoundness. In so much
as these pationcs rarely exhibit dangerous tendencies or criminal
ttaits, provision should be made elsewhere for their eare.

212 Tue Prison Assoctation or New York.

‘The hospital is buile om the congregate plan on an elevated site
of large acteage in one of the mott picturesque sections of the State
‘The building is a ewo-story brick structure, heated by steam and
lighted by electricity, and is adequately lighted and ventilated,
both from che frone and the inner court-vards, ‘The interior of the
building is arranged on the dormicary and single-room plan. ‘These
sections are divided into whar ate known as wards. On the fret
Alor of each ward there is 2 day room, a room for officers, a clothing:
room, bathroom and toilet. On the second floor are the dormitories
and single rooms for inmates.

‘At the time of the inspection the total population numbered
£849, of which number 713 were male and 136 female,

Tn the classification and assigning of the population eo the various
wards the essential factor considered is the psychotic element which
necessitates the classification of the patients according co their
degree of montal disturbance. For instance, the most vicious are

segregated in one ward, the distuched and setive in another, the
greatly deteriorated in another, the actively homicidal in anothers
etc. Because of this system of classification, minors are therefore
Kept in the same wards with adults, If the minors were to be kept

entively separate from adults it would be necessary co classify che
minors on the same basis as the adults at present are classifed
‘This would be essential in order to guard against placing an orderly
boy in the same ward with an actively homicidal boy of a vicious
degenerate. It is the opinion of the superintendent that because
of the small number of minors usually detained at the insticution,
the commingling of the minors and adults is not serious. The
superincendenc is further of the opinion that the only benefit shat
would resule from the segregation of the minors would be the peace
and quictude of the adules, because the boys usually take delighe
in annoying the older patients. ‘The law prescribes that in some
of our penal institutions minors be kept entirely separate from
adults. This applies particularly to county jails and was designed
to protect the minors from the evil influences of older persons of
questionable character. Ie is a question whether minor inmates
of a hospital for the insane, who are not hopelessly mentally deranged;
are nor similarly susceptible to the evil infuences of adule patients
of slight mental disturbances. Therefore, it would be well pechaps
to consider, providing there was sufficient accommodations for
the same, the segregation of the quiet and orderly boy from the
adult patients of similar mental characteristics, even though these
patients are in very small numbers. As a matter of fact, it seems

Inspections. 213

a pity that the boys cannot be kepe entirely free from the general
‘environment and life of an institution of this kind, because of the
likelihood of their recovery and return to outside life.

‘The congestion of the population presents a very serious problem.
‘The degree of overcrowding throughout the instivution is such
that ie is impossible for all the patients to be seated in the wards
at one time. It is possible to exercise the patients only a small
part of each day in the courts. Iris necessary to place two patients
in each of many of the small rooms. Patients have to sleep in the
corridors. The limited quarters make it very necessary to place
the homicidal and dangerous patients in the same wards, thus
preventing satisfactory and essential segregation. In other words,
the institution was designed to accommodate a certain number
of patients, and for years the population has been steadily exceeding
this number. Something muse be done to relieve this congestion
sothae the treatment of the patients will not be handicapped. Te was
hoped that with the completion of the new female quarters the
overcrowding would be somewhat relieved, bue unfortunately only
suficiene money was available to finish che buildings and not fully
equip them for use. At the time of this inspection all of che new
quareers could not be used and many women patients were still
in the main building. In the new female quarters a temporary
Kitchen and dining-room have been, provided in the basement.
These quarters are not satisfactory, particularly che kitchen. Ie is
slmost inhuman to ask persons to work in it because of the lack
of sufficient ventilation. When food is in the process of prepa~
ration the temperature in this toom goes beyond 109 degrees and
therefore provokes unecessary discomfort for those who must
do the work

Tn tho section of the main building known as the jail there were
six or eight patients, Some of these weve in the corridors, others
in separate rooms, There was nothing in the treatment of these
prisoners during the inspector's stay in this particular section to
arouse suspicion as to unkindly treatment coward them on the part
of the aetendants in charge.

‘The usual highly satisfactory condition of cleanliness and tidiness
throughoue all parts of the institution prevailed. Perfect order
was found in the various wards

An inadequate remuneration for services of employees ie quite
characteristic of this institution and also of the Dannemora State
Hospital. It is important that the wage schedule be increased
so that the best type of man and woman will be attracted to this

214 ‘Tux Prison Assoctarion of New York.

kkind of work and will find ie worth while to remain in the service
For the care of the criminal insane the problem of custody and
treatment requires more chan the ordinary type of hospital attendan,
Persons possessed of much ract, sound judgment and with much
experience are important assets to the efficient administration of
the hospital details.

‘The matter of employment for the inmates receives due con-
sideration. No patient is employed until the physician has made
a careful study of the case, and thereafter the physician mnse
judge the qualifications before any change of work is made. This
necessitates an intimate knowledge of each individual patient and
the co-operation of all employees. Employment out-of-doors is
provided in the cultivation of a 360-acre farm. This provides
a very healthful means of occupation for many of the patients,
Others are employed at construction work, on the grounds, and st
road work. Patients are alto assigned for employment to the
Gining-room, kitchen, bakery, storeroom, laundry,  tailor-shop,
shoe-shop, etc. Ac times, as high as 55 per cent of the population
is employed. If an industrial building were available, many of
the patients who cannot be satisfactorily employed under present
conditions could be put to work. Undoubtedly, work must do
ruch to improve many of the inmates mentally, physically and

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. The dangerous overcrowding of the wards, rooms and
corridors in this hospital should not be permitted to con-
tinue. Further accommodations should be provided, either
by constructing one or two new buildings or by bullding
an additional wing on to the present structure.

2. Appropriations should be granted for the equipment
and furnishing of all of the new female quarters.

3, The facilities in the bakeshop should be modernized
and a power bread-mixer be added to the equipment. Hand
mixing is decidedly insanttary.

4. New boilers should be installed in the power plant.
‘The present ones have given the State already too many
years of service.

3. Appropriations should be granted to further extend
the fire-alarm system to cover the buildings on the farm,
Fire-fighting apparatus is also needed,

Inspections.

NEW YORK STATE REFORMATORY, ELMIRA.
Insercrep Argo. 13, 1915, my E.R. Cass.

‘The superintendent of the Reformatory is Patrick J. MeDonnell.
He ie assisted by the assistant superintendent, Dr, Frank L, Christian,
and a staff.

‘The total population at the time of inspection numbered 1,391
divided with respect to grades as follows: First grade, 634; second/
grade, 752: third grade, 5.

‘The hospital census was 44

When prisoners are admitted to the institution, they are assigned
to the second grade. After six months, not necessarily consecutive,
of good conduct, and satisfactory advancement in their trade and
scholastic work, they ate promoted to the frst grade, and then
after six months of satisfactory. record in conduct and school work,
both scholastic and trade, their eligibiliey for parole is considered.
Pre-institutional record does not strictly enter into the basis for
promotion and classification,

‘A complete cour of the institution was made in the company of
the record clerk. The cleanliness and order throughout all parts
‘was highly satisfactory

“The interiors of the cells ate now painted instead of being white-
washed. There is only a slight draught in the ventilators located
at the top of the rear wall of the cell

Since the fre, the sections previously occupied by the upholstery
and printing shops have been occupied by the carpenter class. The
carpenter class building and its equipment was completely destroyed
at the time of the fire. The new section used by the carpenter cla
has been refumished with an entirely new outfit, most of which,
consisting of benches, was made on the premises by the inmates.

‘At the time of the inspection there were five prisoners in the
guardhouse. They received daily exercise from one hour to one and
‘one-half hours in the cellhall, and also once a day for about an hour
jn the yard. All of the men in this class were conversed with and
‘they had no complaints to offer relative to their treatment.

In the special class, formed for mental defectives, there were
tighteen prisoners. These prisoners are taken from any one of the
above mentioned grades. They are kept entirely separate from the
‘other inmate population. Much is done for their comfort and
‘with consideration for their welfare.

Cellblock “Fis the only one with toilet and washbasin equipment
in the cells. While the other ces are fairly large and well venti

216 Tue Prison Association or New York.

and while much light and air is admitted into the cellhall, making
them far superior to the cells in our State prisons, with the exception
of Great Meadow, they would be much improved if appropriations
could be had for the installation of toilet equipment and forced
Sraught ventilation.

‘The cell capacity of the institution is always used to its fullest
extent, Drafts are sent to the Eastern State Reformatory at
Napanoch about every sixty days, There is no doubling-up in the
cells at Elmira

"The hospital rooms were very clean and orderly. ‘The inmates
confined in these rooms spoke very highly of the treatment accorded
them, and, jndging from the smiles on their faces and theit general
actions, they were all contented and reasonably happy.

‘The kitchen and bakeshop were exceptionally clean. ‘The equip-
ment in both parts was neatly atranged and prevented a very extie
factory appearance.

In the messhall, the tables, the cleanliness of the floors and the table
‘equipment veas satisfactorily clean and neatly arranged.

The barn under construction at the time of the last inspection ie
completed and is now in use. This building was erected slong
‘modern lines and seems satisfactory.

Regular tests of the milk are made by the State Department of
Health. No tests are made on the premises. If arrangements
could be made, ie might he well to start the practice of making tests
daily so that the boys might become familiar with every detail of
upsto-date dairy work.

‘The parade ground is still in a bad condition. The military dell
being-one of the excellent features of this institution, its develop-
ment chould not be handicapped in any way

Conversation with many of the boys, individually and in groups.
did not bring to the inspector's attention any complaints relative
to their treatment, Several hoy's known to the inspector prior to
their arrival at the institution spoke very highly of their treatment.

‘The daily routine of the institution is as follows

Buckss tam out.
Breaks

$Sebiool of levies,
Scope.
In eos

On Saturday aftemoons the boys are allowed the freedom of
the yard. Occasional entertainments are held,

Insrrerions, 217

‘The above daily routine is followed very closely and systematically.
Ir should help considerably to promote promptness, obedience and
regularity,

The authorities are reluctant to establish the brick manufacturing
industey in connection with the institution. The natural facilities
in this section are said to be splendid. However, the authorities
do not feel chat the manufacruring of brick possesses sufficient
educational possibilities to justify its introduction into the daily

The part-supervision of the population
“monitors” is still in vogue. It was stated by the superintendent
that this system even in its best form is not entirely satisfactory
to him, bur because of the limited number of civilian officers and the
lack of necessary funds, ie is necessary to make it a part of the
institutional aystem, Iris natural to expect that the majority of the
sank and file of the inmate population should resent having some of

inmates known as

their number placed in a position where it is possible to exercise
some degree of authority. ‘This system, whereby inmates are desig
ated by the administration as monitors, apparently brings about
jealousy, discontent and other undesirable conditions.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. Appropriations should be made to instalf toilets in all
of the cells $0 as to eliminate the use of the bucket system,
which eveh with the greatest care is conducive to insanitary
conditions.

2. Sufficient funds should be provided so that the staff
of civilian officers can be sufficiently increased to obviate
the necessity of using inmate officers.

3. The parade ground should promptly be repaved, also
the invalids’ yard.

EASTERN NEW YORK REFORMATORY, NAPANOCH.
Insrecten Avousr 17, 1915, uy E. R. Ca

This insticution, although located in a different section of the
State, is a part of the Elmira Reformatory, and the Board of Managers
and the Superintendent of Elmira are responsible for che Eastern
New York Reformatory. They are represented at the institution
by the assistane superintendent, George Deyo.

‘The total population at the time of inspection numbered 437,
divided into the following, grades:

218 Tue Paison Association of New York.

First grade, 322; second grade, 109% third grade, 6: total, 437.

About 40 per cent of the inmate population usually consists of
prisoners returned for violation of patole. The remaining number
are older than the average age of those kept at the Reformatory at
Elmira.

‘The style of the buildings and their arrangement present a very
picturesque view to the observer from the outside. ‘They consist
of two large sings, running north and south and separated in the
center by 2 partly completed administration building. Beside the
celihalls and the administration building, there are shop buildings,
power plant, messhall, and kitchen building, also a laundry and a
bath-house. In the south wing is a divided brick cellblock with
four iets on a xty-eighe cells on each tier. In the
north wing there vided brick cellblock, with four tiers on a
side, and thirey-four cells on each tier. The dividing space of the
cellblock is exceptionally wide and gives much space wherein air may
circulate along the backs of the cells and over the top of the celiblock,
The cells are unusually large and are equipped with a cot bed and
whatever other kind of furniture the occupant may get from the
‘outside or make during his stay in the instivution. Unfortunately,
they are not equipped with a water-closet or set basin with
running water connections. ‘This necessieates the use of the iron
bucket system, whieh is antiquated and insanitary and very much
‘out of place in an institution of modem design. This serious condieion
will be somewhat relieved because of appropriations obtained co
ingeall toilet facilities in the celle of the south cellblock. Plans
for the work have been completed and inmate labor is to be utilized.
The laundry, workshop, messhall and Kitchen buildings are well
equipped and modern in every detail. One of the ateractive features
is the immense bath-house which is probably the best in any insti
tion in the State. Individual bathing compartments are available
‘These are arranged in a series on each side of a large ball. ‘Through
the center of the ball is 2 platform which is used by the officers
supervising the inmates during the bathing periods.

The following is a monthly statement of the number of inmates
paroled and the number of each returned from the respective monthly
groups:

538 one reuroed,
36 nose rerrme

InsPecrions. 219

Discipline ~The population consists not only of inmates who have
not as yee been paroled, but also, 2s pointed out above, of inmates
a large percentage of whom are parole violators, thae is, chose who
have had an opportunity to make good on the outside and have not

sunately, because of the congregate plan of construction, it
is not practicable to keep these inmates entirely segregated from the
‘others. Prisoners who do not respond favorably to the rules of
the institution are placed under discipline. Ie is within the power
of the Board of Managers co keep in custody in the institution a
person, properly committed, for the maximum period of sentence
which ‘could have been imposed for the crime for which he was
committed. For instance, a person who has never been committed
for felony and is found guilty of forgery in the first degree can
bie sentenced co a State prison for a period of not more chan twenty
eats, orto the Elmira Reformatory. If sentenced to the reformatory
ic is possible for this prisoner to obtain his release in about thirceen
months, providing his institutional record is satisfactory, and he
is then placed on parole for a period of six months or more. But if
he does not meet the requirements of the instivation the Board of
Managers could hold him for any period not exceeding twenty
years, This wide range of power invested in the Board of Managers
ets ag an incentive to the inmate and also as a deterrent

There are three atages of punishment within the institution.
The first is confinement in che guardhouse, which is a regular cell
vith the full equipmene. ‘The second is the jail. This is a regular
cell without the equipment, except thae the bed and blankets are
provided at night. ‘The third stage of punishment is the screened
orseclusion cells. The buckets in these cells are emptied as frequently.
as they are used. No opportunity for exercise is given to men under
punishment for a period of more than twenty-four hours. The
following is the number of inmates placed for the respective months
in che screened cells. When in these cells they are placed in charge
of the doctor.

one dy:
She day and ane and one-half days,

four days
three days
thee dae

220 Tue Prison Association or New York.

‘The period of confinement in the cells of the jail acction varies
from ewe to three days, and the number of prisoners confined averages
two to three 2 week. Reports against the prisoners are made in
writing to the principal keeper who acts as diseiplinarian. In the
basement, under the south wing, are some old cells of dungeon type
Te was stated that these have not been used recently, although
at the time of a previous inspection, about exo years ago, a hand=
culfed prisoner was found by the inspector in one of these cell.
‘These cells, however, should be entirely abolished and appropriae
tions should be granted for a disciplinary building to be entirely
separate from the other buildings. Prisoners under punishment
in the cells in the regular cellblocks are a source of much disturbance
and annoyance to the other prisoners and a serious detriment to the
general discipline and order in the cellhall

Horpital.—The snm of $20,000 has been appropriated for a new
hospital, the toral cose of which is noe co exceed $50,000. More
adequate hospital accommodations are needed. Special hospital
accommodations have been provided on the first floor of the adminis-
tuation building for tubercular patients. There were four cases in

the advanced stage and twenty-one incipient cases. These prisoners
are isolated as much as possible from the others and have separate
‘cooking and cating utensils, special dietary, clothes, etc. In the
general hospital there wete cight patients, Te was stated chat
this is the usual number.

Library.— About 3,000 books are circalaced weekly. Each inmate
is allowed ewo books 2 week, and to inmates who eeach in the schools
three are given. Books on teades are supplied as liberally as possible
+o inmates who, in the judgment of teachers, are able to use them to
advantage.

Alehough this is a part of the Elmira institution, the eyseem is not
the same in every detail, For instance, the military drill, which
forms so integral a pare of the Elmira system, is nor used here
Setting-up exercises have been made a patt of the daily routine

‘The monitor inmate supervision plan, which is used ae Elmira,
is not ured at this instieution. Ie is a common saying among the

1e change from
Elmira to Napanoch is ehae they are not subjected to. supervision
by inmates. While mira system, although not entirely satis=
factory to the officials of that institution, seems to be necessary, the
officials of the Napanoch insticution evidently find ie possible to get
along without ie

‘All paets of the institution were clean and orderly.

Insrecrions.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, The hospital should be completed.

2, The installation of coilets and washbasins with running
water connections in the cells should be completed.

3. Additional farm land should be rented or purchased.

4, First-timers should be treated differently from parole
violators. First of all, the parole violators should be kept
separate from the others as much as possible, Secondly,
the period of time before the violator becomes eligible for
a second parole should be increased.

5. Appropriations should be granted for a power mixer
in the bakery.

6. The concrete floors of the cellhouse should be repaired,
also the floor in the kitchen.

7. The cells and walls should be painted with oil paint
instead of whitewash,

8, The administration building, as originally intended,
should be erected and quarters provided for a limited number
of officers. A restaurant should be supplied where the
officers could be served at least their midday meal at cost
price, as is done at the Elmira Reformatory. The entire
administration building should be completed in accordance
with definite plans and made completely fireproof.

9. Appropriations should be made for the construction
of a disciplinary building which will make possible the
complete segregation and satisfactory isolation of those
inmates who must be disciplined. ‘The dungeon cells in
the basement of the south hall should be abolished.

PROGRESS MADE,

1, The auditorium bas been completed. It has a seating
capacity of 892 and is equipped with an organ and a
moving-picture machine. Pictures are shown during the
winter months once every two weeks. Illustrated lectures
are also planned as a part of the educational scheme.

2. The completion of the sewage disposal system.

3. Toilet and wash basins are being installed in the cells
of the south wing, thus making possible the discontinuance
of the insanitary bucket system.

4. ‘The establishment of a special class for the third
grade men

5. The dietary has been improved, giving a greater variety,
increased evening rations and better bread.

222 ‘THe Prison Assoctarion or New York.

NEW YORK STATE REFORMATORY FOR WOMEN,
BEDFORD HILLS, N. Y.

Iysrectup Serruusen 2, 1945, ay Pinar Kuss.

Mise Mary Rebecca Moore is superintendent.

This reformatory is in ies fifteenth year of existence and the
place that it occupies in the treatment of the criminal bas by this
time been well defined. In accordance with the law, the institution
may receive women between the ages of sixteen and thirty, convicted
of a misdemeanor or any of the so-called minor offenses, such as
habitual drunkenness, being a common prostituce, vagrancy, etc,
provided they are not insane, “or mentally or physically incapable
Of being substantially benefited by che discipline of ” the institution,
Also, all women between the ages of fifteen and thirey convicted
fof 2 felony for the first time. As there is no restriction to first
offenders in the cases of the frst group, and as the only restriction
in the cases of the second group is that they be first offenders in
respect ‘to felony, it naturally follows hae there is practically no
Timit as 10 che number of previous commitments or arrests of persons
reccived at the institution. And since the courts have very limited
facilities for investigating whether defendants before them can be
benefited by the discipline of the institution, it may be expected
chat a large number of inmates received are not proper subjects
for reformatory treatment. During the fiscal year ending September
30, 1914, 226 women were committed to the reformatory, of
whom 146, or 64.6 per cent, were committed for the so-called minor
offenses, and 46, or 22.9 per cent, for misdemeanors (of the latcer,
30 were petit larceny). ‘This is a total of 192, oF 87.5 per cent of
misdemeanors and minor offenses

That chey were actually largely repeaters of one form or another
appears from the fact that only 92, oF 40 per cent, of the 226 girls
committed claimed to have no previous record, and 95, or more
than 40 per cent, admicced actual commitments to other institutions
OF this latter group ie is enlightening to find that 45, oF more than
one-third, had among their previous commitments one or more
commitments to the Workhouse in New York City. In other words,
at least one-third of chose who had previous institutional history.
were not sent t0 the Bedford Reformatory until after they had
gone through the morally disintegrating school of a term in the
New York City Workhouse. There is no justification, of course, for
saying that chose with previous histories are not proper subjects for
reformatory treatment, But the assumption is that a previous

InsPections. 223

‘erm, especially in such an institution as the Workhouse, is certainly
not a proper preparation for Bedford, and that such girls as eventu-
ally come to this institution should certainly have arrived there
before commitment to the Workhouse,

Whether those convicted of a felony have # better chance for
making good than those convicted of misdemeanors or minor offenses,
the laeter of whom are more likely co be consistent sex offenders,
there is no standard to determine with any amount of assurance.
(OF those paroled during the fiscal year of 1914, 78 per cent main-
tained good records. More specifically, of those who had been
convicted of felonies, 86.5 per cent were maintaining themselves
well. OF those convicted of misdemeanors, including petit larceny,
81.25 per cent maintained themselves well. OF those received for
the minor offenses, 75.5 per cent maintained themselves well. In
the laceer group, those commiteed for being a common proscitute
have still a Tower percentage of 70.0 per cent. The average age
of girls upon admission ip calculated at 21 years and 2 months.

‘The conduce of the institution, hossever, is based upon he assamp-
tion that every gicl admitted would make good, the only assumption
upon which the proper system for those chat actually do make
good can be maintained,

Since the incumbency of the present superintendent, Miss Mary.
Rebecea Moore, there have been several changes in the position of
assistant to the superintendent. Neither Miss Tafe nor Miss
Townsend occupies this position at present. Miss Hannah Godwin
hhas been assistanc to the superintendent since August rst, and the
‘other position ie still vacant.

At the time of the previous inspection the institution was very
seriously overcrowded. The census ranged at about five hundred.
Due co the pressure of that overcrowding, which lasted over a
considerable period, appropriations were made for seven additional
cottages to house the fast-increasing population. Three of these
cottages and a new hospital building were erected on the upper
campus, while a group of four cottages was erected at some distance
from the present group of buildings on the other side of the rc
This group of four cottages is physically separated from the rest
of the institution to such an extent that it will probably require

separate heating plant, a separate school, and probably an officer
in charge of the group as a whole. While to some extent this may
be a hardship, ie really affords an excellent opportunity for classi-
fication, Apparently it has not yet been decided by the board of
managers whether this group shall be devoted to colored inmates

224 Tue Prison Association or New York.

for to some other specific class. One of the objections on the part
of the management to making this a separate colored group is that
the latter are, from an instieutionsl standpoint, so very desirable
that their removal would be a loss to the main group. Probably
the best use of the separation of this group of cottages would be to
devote them entirely to the bese element of the institution, s0 as
to prevent the latter coming in contact with the more hardened
members,

Since the time referred to, the census of the institution has been
gradually decreasing, s0 that the pressure for additional accommo-
dations has become less. At the time of the inapection there were
4371 gicl at the institution. Not one of the new cottages has been
‘occupied, partly because of lack of pressure of population and parely
because the nev cottages have not yet been furnished.

‘The distribution of the population at 10 a. m. of the day of
inspection was as follows;

Eliabeth Pry Hal reception deporemens)
Tater eotabe

(insulins

bi
‘Maer corrage chonor wou)

Dia batting olay aibsene
Hebe BI a eid shat eed in a ae
Hitay cpl wee Baten of Stal iy gnc Ming

This lower census is aetsibutable partly to the decrease in com
miments folowing requests vo chat effect by the inseution, and
party to some transfers to other institations, such, for example, s
Tetchworch Village

Tee inende roxy within a week oso thee mew cats
on the upper campus and the new hospital. ‘Hach of there new
cottages has > capacity of twenty-eight one isto be used for the
limites with babien, another ax the hovor cottage, and the third
into be given the gins fom the Turner Cottage, who ae the youngest,
and most hopefl. ‘The present honor cottage isto he tansformel
ino a building forthe higher oficers, such as school superintendent,
by a group of more or less mentally defective gis, now occupying
2 cottage that wil have to be given up upon the expiration of the
Tease of land upon which ie is located. The acta increase in bed

Inspections. 235

capacity for inmates of the institution will therefore be about 30,
aiving a total of 400, instead of 370 as at present. The census at
Rebecca Hall has been decreasing to its present number, but it will
be impossible t0 abandon it entirely until the four new cottages
are made available, constituting a separate group, with a total
apacity of So, Te was stated that that would not be possible until
additional appropriations are made for their furnishing and equip-
‘ment and for the construction af a road leading to them,

‘The new cottages on the campus (not yet occupied) were inspected
‘Their general arrangement is very similar to that of the newer
type cottages, buile some time ago on the upper campus. They
are arranged along a terrace and require much grading before they
are brought into satisfactory physical relations with the other
cottages on the campus. The furnishings of the cottages, 2s well
as of the new hospital, are obtained as far as possible from the
State Prison Department. ‘The beds for the hospital were purchased
fiom other sources. It was stated by che superintendent that most
of the money appropriated for the equipment of the seven new
«cottages has been expended in the equipment of the three coceanes
on this campus, to be opened soon. Among the equipment for
these, and the hospital as well, isa sewing-machine for each building.

‘The new hospital has two stories and a basement, The first floor
contains a kitchen, a purses’ dining-room, 2 wards, 2 single rooms,
bath and toilet, operating room and doctor's examination room.
‘The second floor contains a nurses’ room with batb, one room with
bath for the use of officers needing hospital treatment, 8 single
rooms for patients, linen closet, toilet and bath, and scullery. A
feparate quarantine department, which may be shut off from the
est of the building, and which has a separate stairway leading to
it, contains four rooms and a nurses’ room.

In all the new buildings, window guards, combined with an arrange-
iment by which the upper window can be lowered only nine inches,
have been installed to prevent escape. In the hospital a wide:
meshed screen is artached to each window. It is intended to attach
these wide-meshed screens to the Elizabeth Fry Hall as well, to
Prevent the rather frequent atcemprs to escape there.

The building as a whole, and particularly the stairways of the
hospital, as well as of the other new cottages, are freproof with the
exception of the roof. The four other new cottages were not visited.

In the nursery cottage which was seen the cleanliness was satis.
factory: ‘The meal for that day at that cottage consisted of bacon
and eggs, with sweet com and bread for dinner. There had been

226 Tue Prison Association of New York.

oatmeal with milk and sugar, bread, butter and coffee for the mom-
ing and there was to be bread and tea for the evening. ‘This coteage
receives approximately forey quarts of milk daily. ‘The census of
women with babies remains approximately the same, so that a
variation in the supply of milk is not necessary,

‘The Cowdin Cottage was also found in satisfactory condition
‘There were window-boxes in some of the windows of this cottage

‘The majority: af the cottages within the institution are not
sufficiently supplied wich window-boxes 2nd other similar accessories
for making the living-rooms and dining-rooms of the cottages home-
like and pleasant. Practically no rooms in any of the cottages are
painted, ‘The bare plaster as originally left by the builder con
fronts the visitor throughout the institution. Tt was stated that
there are no moneys available for painting the rooms. This condi-
tion, however, produces a cold, unfriendly impression and is, more:
‘over, unsanitary and hard to keep clean. All rooms should be painced
with oil paint. ‘The only large building in which much oil painting
has apparently been done ig Rebecca Hall

Rebecca Hall was found in much the same condition as usual,
lean, $0 far as the use of soap and water can make i. Bue che
‘cement floors are in a wretched condition; the rooms used by the
girls in the section, transformed from its original cell form to a room
plan, are still occupied by two inmates per room; there are no screens
fon the windows to keep the y pest out. Some improvements
have been made to mitigate the generally objectionable charaetee
of this building. Crockery has heen substituted for the agareware
‘eating utensils and che dining-rooms are used as recreation rooms
after meals. The girls remain in the recreation rooms between
supper and bedtime. ‘The top tier or Boor of the present wing of
Rebecea Hall is now being used as an intermediate disciplinary
department where girls may be detained a few days away from the
rest of the population. There were no girls in chis deparement
at the time of the inspection, The general inadequacy of this
building need not be commented upon; i is known co all that ae
acquainted with the institution. It is to be hoped that the new
‘cottages will be furnished and otherwise made ready for occupancy
at the earlicse possible date so as to expedite the complete aban
donment of Rebecca Hall for its present purposes.

The disciplinary building hed seven inmates; one had been in
since August 27th, another since August 26th, a third since August
21st, a fourth since September 1st, a fifth since July 28th, a sixth
since July 27th and a seventh since August 6th. The gi

Inspections. 227

solitary confinement appeared to be fairly cheerful; all but one or
co had been sewing (generally on aprons), during the moming.
‘They offered no complaints because of solitary detention or dis-
comfort. This building still suffers from inadequate ventilation and
particularly from the absence of a bathroom. The girls in this
building can only take sponge baths

In the hospital there were seven patients, three of them obstetrical
cases and one a case of observation for insanity. When the new
hospital building is occupied the present hospital quarters will be

28 a central storehouse. The storchouse facilities of the
institution at present are most inadequate. The basement of the
xdministration building is now used for storage purposes

The farm cottage was visited while most of the girls were at work
Jn the fields, Some were seen on the cabbage patch, others on an
adjoining field containing various farm products. Still others were
cutting brush, preparatory to burning. ‘The farm activities of the
inscitution are under the supervision of Miss Eleanor Miller, formerly
instructor of agriculture at the State Agricultural and Industrial
School for Boys at Industry, New York. Miss Miller has been

conducting the work since April, 1914, and states that the girls
respond very satisfactorily. ‘There are two herds of cows at the
institution, totalling forey-five cows in ally thirteen of these are
teactors to the cuberculin test. Te was stated that the presence of
these reactors is an expensive matter for the institution, since it
requires separate barns and a general segregation throughout,
including separate supervision, under an additional employee. It
js intended to dispose of the reactors aa fast as possible, and to
have eventually a complete and non-reacting herd. Practically all
the milk used at che institution is supplied by this herd, but no
butter or cheese or other dairy products are obtained, the herd
not being large enough for that purpose. Milk records are kept
for each cow but no regular qualitative vests are made or recorded.

‘The girls living in the farmhouse are practically honor irl,
and, in contrast to the giels in the rest of the institution, live in
three large dormitories. These are not far from the road, so that a
high class of girls, who can be trusted, must necessarily be assigned
10 this cottage.

Work was being carried on at the time of inspection on the new
Sewage disposal plant located along the road that rune by the farm
house, ‘This new plant will suffice for the needs of the old plant as
‘ell as of the additional buildings that have been erected or may be
‘ected in the future. Ie was deplored that some of the best farm

228 Tue Prison Associariox or New Yor.

land of the institution had to be given up to this purpose because
of the necessity of locating ic on low ground.

‘The general methods of the institution in respect to the scholastic
inseruction and industrial training are based om the principle that
the training most necessary for the inmates of this institution, in
addition to the rudiments of grammar school education, is in the
Momestic sciences. It is assumed that the majority of the gils
upon discharge from the institution would enter domestic service,
Whether that is true for a considerable period after their discharge
hhas not yet been definitely ascertained. But the figures for the
fiscal year ending September 30, 1914, shovs that of the 136 girls
paroled during that year who are maintaining correspondence in
accordance with parole instructions, 130, or more than 83 per cent,
hhave actually gone into domestic service, either as employees, or
for husband, father, mother, or relatives, Of the remaining twenty-
six only fifteen are factory operatives. ‘The concentration, therefore,
in the scheme of inseruction at the institurion upon domestic sciences
seems to be well justified.

‘The general routine provides for scholastic instruction half a day
and for industrial instruction during the other half. The schedule
fof attendance is so arranged that every girl, in addition co the
scholastic instruction, receives, 20 far as possible, instruction in
cooking and sewing. The practical work of cooking, laundering,
sewing, ete, in the cottages is coordinated with che instruction in
the same subjects given at the school.

The following was the attendance at classes during Joly, 1915
Geokin nm 2 seems Be

Meni
Motel eng ‘een soni.

ae
Inicrnedlate shoal css
“heat cne 8

During the summer the scholastic instruction is largely curtailed
by the assignment of much larger numbers to ouedoor work, Such
outdoor work during the rest of the year is done either by those
who do not need scholastic instruction or by those who have com-
pleted their school courses. Such outdoor “gangs” are recruited
from the various industrial classes and are designated as available
for outdoor work. Miss Idz J. Murphy, principal of schools, has
complete charge of both scholastic and industrial inseruction.

Insrections. 229

‘The Elizabech Fry Hall, which is used a8 a receprion department
for the institution, had forty-seven inmates on the day of inspection;
Fourteen of these were in the quarantine section, which consticutes
an enticely separate division of the building. One girl was received
st the time of the inspeetor’s visit. The method of reception has
been deseribed in detail in a previous report. In brief, a git! is
brought in at a separate entrance’ to the building and is taken
disectly to a room, where she is weighed, measured and officially
admitted. From this room she passes directly to an adjoining
toom where she is given 2 thorough bath. From this room she
immediately goes to an adjoining physician's office where a complete
physical examination is made. From the physician's office she is
taken ditectly to her room eo remain in quarantine for fourteen
days, ‘The quarantine rooms, which total fifteen, are in the same
section of the building as the reception department referred to.
Ac the end of the quatancine period, ehe girl is removed to a room
in the other section of the building, where she remains subject +0
examination by the superintendent, physician, psychologist, sociolo-
gist, and educational director of the institution. The building
Containing the laboratories of the psychologist, sociologist (and,
until recently, the neurologist) is a shore distance from Elizabed
Fry Hall. ‘The giels are taken from the reception building to the
Iahoratory building for examination. Neither the Elizabeth Pry
Hall nor the laboratory building is an integral pare of the reformatory
plane. The Elizabeth Fry Hall is leased to the reformatory by its
proprietors, the Bureau of Social Hygiene, for a period of five years,
after which, it is understood, the State is to purchase the building,
The girls are examined by the scientific staf of the Bureau of Social
Hygiene, through courtesy of the Board of Managers of the instieu-
tion, The laboratory stalf are not official members of the institution
stall

‘There is considerable misunderstanding as to the exact nature of
the work carried on by the laboratory staff in respect o the inmates
of the institution.

The purposes of the laboratory are fourfold:

1. Tosobeain data that wil adn making the inmitoion mont serviceable towards
to, employ inthe sehabltation af she in
tons nile oo paroles tnd pombe afer the ey
ea she daca Rien the nes wooed
ot Sie arn
ry aa erat to et the arvcenby of methods of payth

The examination of inmates begins during the quarantine period
and is extended as long as it is necessary. While such examinations

230 Tue Prison Association or New York.

are conducted, girls are held in Elizabeth Fry Hall. The tests
extend occasionally to several months’ duration, Four distinct felds
of study are entered upon.

sie ably of che inact ony
ora aed fermen

ie ened on penially by De Fetal and De
Seal espns ait of kame an pom 4 ae

teller pari and cent sti branch of workin bing cating

For scientific pusposes, the material obtained by the laboratories
is to be published separately a2 psychological studies on the one
hand and as sociological studies on the other han:

For insticutional purposes the data obtained in the laboratories
are presented principally at the weekly staff meetings. These are
hheld on Sundays, under the chairmanship of Dr. Katherine B. Davis,
director of the Bureau of Social Hygiene and formerly super
inrendent of the reformatory. At the staff meeting the laboratory
staff, the superintendent, the institution physician and the principal
of schools are present, in addition to Dr. Davis. ‘The results of the
Iaboratory examinations and of interviews by the physician and
superingendene are studied at the mecting. ‘The possibilities for the
girl, both inside the insticution and outside, are discussed, and che
girl in question generally appears before such staff mecting. The
minutes of the meeting are taken down in shorthand and accuracely
recorded. At these meetings it is decided what cortage the inmate
is to oceupy upon discharge from Elizabeth Fry Hall. The recom-
mendations of the laboratory staff, and of che staff meeting as a
whole, are not binding upon the superintendent, who may dispose
of the gicl as she wishes, regardless of such recommendations.

‘The original data collected by the laboratory staff are not for
warded to the institution files, either in the original or by copies.

A brief summary of the information obtained from these examina-
tions is made and sent to the institution office. This summary
contains generally the following information

I sarement, ws of alohol vision, heating, presence

in general eerms, not a8 specie reals of test,

i bref form

Inspections.

1 Recommendation 04
ete Valarie Y. State Fare for Women,
Words Purr cote

2 For isticutio, eve, fi.
b. For fire et unfavorable

This résumé is filed in the main office of the insticution, together
with other records of the girl, including disciplinary and court
records, and is available for use by the matrons. Very limived
reference, however, is made to these records.

‘As a whole, the work of the laboratories is carried on independently,
and the relation to the institution and its activities is not very
lose. Thus, the records of the examinations of the laboratory
staff are not followed out or added to during the insticutional stay,
or the parole period of the inmate. ‘The experience,of the mations
with the inmates in the cottages is not added to the data, and the
results with the girl, whether in the institution or after her discharge,
are not used in checking up the Iaboratory cests

RECOMMENDATION:

1, The work of the Bedford reformatory so far has taught
the unmistakable lesson that the courts are unable to
determine with any amount of precision the reformability
of a prisoner but that the facilities of the reformatory are
such as to fit them for such determination. The figures
quoted in the first part of this report would seem to indicate
that if the results from the studies of the scientific staff
at the institution could be made available to the judges
‘before passing sentence on the girls, commitments would be
on a more satisfactory basis. Morcover, the need for insti-
tutions for specific classes of inmates, such as feeble-minded
delinquents now received at the reformatory, would be
clearly shown if the results of the examination at the insti-
tution could be consistently referred back to the court.
Ic is therefore recommended that steps be taken to effect
legislation that would make possible the commitment of
females to this institution before final sentence, for the
Purpose of advice to the court as to the best method of
disposition. The laboratory of the institution should be
given a legal status for this purpose and the institution
proper should be retained as a general reformatory for the
most hopeful group.

2. The utilization of the group of four cottages as a
separate unit for the best element of the institution to be

242 Te Prison Assoctation or New York.

segregated from the other inmates should be planned for
at the earliest possible time.

'3. Vacant buildings are a financial and institutional loss,
Appropriations should be made for the equipment of all
new cottages and their immediate utilization.

‘4. Immediately upon the occupation of all new cottages,
Rebecea Halt should be abandoned for Its present use.

5. AM buildings should be abundantly supplied with
mosquito netting.

6. ANl buildings should be supplied with unobtrusive
wide-meshed screens to remove the temptation of easy
escape.

7. The cottages should he made more hometike by a
plentiful supply of window-boxes and other similar deco:
fons. This should not be left entirely to the initiative
of the matrons in charge cf the cottages but should be
accepted as a general policy of the institution.

8, All rooms in che cottages should receive a coat ef off
paint. The present plaster surface is very unsatisfactory.

9. A bath should be installed in the d
if necessary by the utilization of one of its cells for that
purpose.

40. Recommendations of the farm superintendent for
the abolition of the herd of " reactors” and for the establ
ment of a complete up-to-date dairy should be carried out.

it, Scientific data obtained by the laboratory should be
supplemented end verified by data gained through the
experience of matrons in the cottages and of the parole effi-
cers exercising supervision over the girls after their discharge
from the institution. {n general, the activities of the
Bureau of Social Hygiene and of the institution proper
‘should be better harmonized for the profit of both.

WESTERN HOUSE OF REFUGE, ALBION.
R. Cass.

“The Western House of Refuge is under the supervision of the
superintendent, Miss Curtin, who is direccly responsible to a Board
fof Managers. Inmates are received at this institution under che
Same law as that governing commitments to the New York Stave
Reformatory for Women at Bedford.

Insrecren APRIL 19, 1915, BY E.

Inspections, 233

‘The certified capacity is 215, The population at the time of
the inspection numbered 243. At the time of the previous inspection,
March 13, 1914, the population was 246, The institution has been
carrying a population in excess of its certified capacity. Addisional
inmares are usually accommodated in che hospital. OF the coral
population on the day of the list inspection, four were colored
firs The average age of the girls is abour eighteen years.

Reception cottage: Population 59, with accommodations for 60.
‘This cottage is used not only for new giels but also for girls under
discipline. There were nine girls under quarantine.

As pointed out in the previous report, this cottage is an old
structure and is decidedly unsafe in the event of fre. The gitls
dre kept in separate rooms, arranged in rows on each side of the
building. The floors and uprights of the building are of wood,
xs well as the staieways from floor eo floor. Ie is a question whether
in cate of a fire it would be possible for an attendant to go from
room t0 room, to speedily’ liberate the girls, in the absence of a
tentral lock-and-door control. In reality, cach girl has 2 room,
hue the presence of the iron-barred door of each room gives the
impression of a cell. Tr is vnfortunate for an institution on the
cottage plan that newcomers should be immediately thrust behind

mt loor-of the sottage, woth wings there are ene dis
ciplinary dark cells. Beside the iron-t raaaae there is also
srrooden door lined with vn. Te ie doubefl whether there i an
equate amount of ventilation in the room when this telined
doors logis There fe no doube bur chat sound proo cele are
accestary, but, nevertheless, in view of the face that air and light
ithe ight of alls supply should not be taken away, and therefor
inane shouldbe taken fo noe a beter supply of ai for hese rooms
Tn che north wing, same flsor, there aeo x dicpinary ror,
Gils onder ducipine feetve their segalar oon te
Urekfose amd supper receive reduced ration
ere were no gies under punishment in the ells in cis cottage
she ie of the ingen. "
one cell agit was not supplied witha bed and she was obliged
te deep with ber mattress on the floor. Howeven, the occupant
Gl his eal! hae the fredom ofthe corridor and recive daily exercise
nthe opence coureyard, Te was snid hat this gil fas given
considerable trouble. She cannot get along very well with the gle
imother coctages and escaped from the isticution vom time age
Her moral character and temperament are such thas the authorities

234 Tne Prison Assocation or New York.

indefnix

feel it is necessary t0 keep her in the reception cores

With the exception of this gin, all the others in the cottage expressed

‘entire satisfaction with their food and treatmene. This particular

gid had no complaint to offer relative to the food, but she did oot

Seem to understand why it was necessary to keep her in the reception

cortage.

"All parts of this cottage were in a clean and orderly condition
Cottage No. 5: Population 22, with accommodations for 22.
House cleaning, was going on at the time of the inspection. ‘There

was cvidence that every effort is made to preserve a satisfactory

Tandard of cleanliness. The girls of the cottage who were inter

viewed expressed satisfaction with the food and the treatment

corded to them . i
Covtage Nov: Population 22, with accommodations for 21
Fee Ne das povided for by a bed in one of the cordon

The youngest gels ave kept in the eoteage
"Rs leelinee and order was eniely satafactory
Contage Nov i Population 22, with accommodations for

“The eats gid had a bed in the corridor. "There are accommodations

forcne gis im the recreation room, ‘The standard of cleanings

wind order in this cotege wae abo satafacory

“Consce Nora: Population 23 gels and 13 babies. ‘The mothes
and talbes oceupy the same rooms. Small cribs are provided fr
the babies.

Tis unfortunate that the congestion dhroughout the insiaton
snakes fenecctsary to ep gil, who are not mothers inthis cottgs.

“Tha ‘omater iperviewed in this cottage had mo complai« t
offer in any respect

Gostage Now 42 Population 23, with accommodation for 2%.

‘Fase the inmaces were provided for in beds placed in a cori.

The conan of cleanness and oder was stsatory. Two ge
dn this cotiage wore not altogether satisbed. ‘Their trouble was
iacigally tae they fel ie wan an injustice for them to be he
Peer anietuton, ‘There is no doube chat giuls with this #2
ee dine carly dissssfel wich slmore anything. One gi
oe raefealay claimed. chat her stay in the institution was doi
her more harm morally than good.

Hocgal cotiage: Accommodations 20, including 2 contagious
wad te oral population at the hospital was 15 girs 3nd
Bibic, ‘Oueof hr number 1 were rely hori aes, fv
tiated by the doctor that in serious eatea of venereal disease th
: -eption cottage. Recently the Wasser

girls are segregated in the 1

Insrncrions. 235
rman test has been made fr all che inmates of the institution. Te was
tetimated that out of a total of 250 girls tested, 75 were doubsful,
75 postive, 11 suspicious and 89 negative.

‘The inmates of the hospital expressed entire satisfaction with
the treatment accorded to them.

No extensive mental tests have as yet been made.

Practically all of the girls get an opportunity for industrial and
scholastic training, Sometimes giels well advanced in school dis-
Continue their course in order to give some of those in the lower
‘lasses a chance to advance.

Giils are now charged on admission with 9,000 marks. Formerly
‘hey were charged with 10,000. ‘The reduetion in the number
of marks means that a giel can now become eligible for parole in
& shorter period of time than heretofore. The congestion in the
institution thas made it necessary to release girls sooner chan is
advisable in some ease,

Tin some instances it was found that girls were sitting in theie
rooms reading or sewing in the afternoon. Ie was stated that these
are known 28 quiet hours,” and are for the giils who do not work
oe go. t0 school. ‘The satisfactory condition of cleanliness and
cides found in all of the cottages is quite commendable.

With the exception of three girls, all of those interviewed had
no complaints to offer relative to their treatment, the quantity or
the quality of the food. Physically, none of the girls seen or inter-
viewed appeared to be in need of better food, and he matrons
charge of the cottages are apparently much devoted and interested
Jn their work,

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, The crowded condition of the institution necessitates
the erection of at least one more cottage. This congested
condition is a detriment to good discipline and prevents
an adequate classification.

2. The reception cottage presents a serious fire danger.
ireproof stairways should be installed and also some means
of central lock control. The use of the locks could perhaps
be dispensed with if an “‘annunclator system,” which
would record the opening of the doors in some central
Part of the corridor on the main floor, were substituted.
OF course, with a system of this kind in vogue, precautions
vill have to be taken to make the windows in the corridors
and the doors throughout the building proof against escape.

6

236 Tue Prison Assoctatton or New York.

3. A different style of door should be substituted for
the iron-barred doors in the reception cottage. A solid
wooden door with an opening about 4 inches by 7 inches
near the top is preferable. The opening should be filled
in with a heavy, clear glass.

'4. Adequate tests should be made to determine the
mental status of each girl. With a regular system of tests
in vogue the value of the individual case record would be
much increased.

ALBANY COUNTY PENITENTIARY.
Insrecren Avoust 13, 1915, by E.R. Cass,

‘The sheriff of the county is W. A. Peasley. He is responsible
for the supervision of the penitentiary, The penitentiary was built
in 1847 and its equipment, such as the cells and the cellblock, sre
antiquated. ‘There are 256 small-sized cells in one huge stone eell-
block. The ells are not equipped with toilet or washing accommod
tions and there is no satisfactory system of ventilation im the rear
‘of each cell, The use of the bucket system brings about a deplorable
Condition which is aggravated by the face that the cells are very
‘mall and that there are times when more than one prisoner is placed
in each cell. The large windows in the side walls of the main hall

fe the only redeeming feature of the building.

The cells are scrubbed daily and swept twice. ‘The oor of the
cellhouse is scrubbed daily. The interior walls of the cells are
Frequently whitewashed. It is stated that usually eight men are
assigned to this work daily, making 2 continual round from cell to
cell. In our previous reports it has been seated that the use of whice-
‘wash is inadvisable. ‘The whitowashing is done chiefly to reduce che
‘yermin which veritably infest the collblock and even with the greatest
amount of care seem to prevail.

Blankets are placed on the gallery rails every forenoon. Many
of the blankets were damp. On damp days the blankets should
remain on the gallery rails until the men go into their cells at night.
Te was stated that clean blankets are supplied to every new man and
that the blankets are washed about every five or six weeks. ‘The
pillows are changed monthly. No sheets or pillowcases are supplied.
With respect to sheets and pilloweases che conditions in the peni

jail. ‘That is, the prisoners
3s for receiving the prisoness

Inspections. 237

be given clean clothing before they are assigned to thei ell
Therefore shes and plloweate should be supplied
Mer is no separtn dopartment far yeimnere under che age of
swenty-one. However the management testo Keep them separate
Wy cpa he poses peecas CO soporte ae, Tha Leope
ne age inatrcted co keep thom separate from the older prisoners
while the shope
Prisoner are punished by confinement in dark ell of which cere
ate three, heated on the westside of the lower tie, These call
dreof ch rgulr sie but are made dack by avinlined door laced
fen infront of the regular oncbar door of the ce In the
female deparcment there j'a dark cal but fe was sated that it hae
tor been used in a yeas. ‘While under punishment the prisoners
eee t Dict Of Water every Uratipdeur lous xl out pls of
ead, about five inches chick, every twenty-four hows Their
Teckets are empaed once m evéay twenty four hours, No bed is
alowed inthe celland no blankets, Tewas stated tha each man is
incaviewed afer he har been in the cal for twenty-four houre Te
wis further nated. that requetts for interview with the dacton,
Ueepte the length ofthe period in the cll are not diregarded. A
tered in book form i kept of the punlshmene of each peonet,
tinced in chap cll, Tho rsa's name recorded, alo tho on of
Keeper who makes the complaint andthe part of che inetitaton
in which the prisoner wae employed che mature of hit offense, his
tentnce to te intetion, the time he ras placed in the eal and
‘Eemumber of hours he wae kepein the cll.
The following shows the numberof een placed in the cell for che
sesestive months beginning Jatuary ry 1905:
Moy
be
ihe

ba
‘agin, 7(o daze af inspection.

Of the above prisoners, the following were in the cells for the
respective number of hours

1 fae 36 hore

eee

It was said that during the period of confinement the men are
visited by the physician. However, no exercise in the corridors
allowed fer men who are confined more than twenty-four hours.

238 Tux Prison Association or Nuw York.

‘The tin-lined doore are placed in front of the cells, not expressly
for the purpose of depriving the men of light but to prevent the
prisoners on the ouside from communicating in any way with those
inside the cells.

"All the prisoners are locked in the cells at 4:50 p. m. and released
about 8:15 the following morning, This necessitates fourteen or
fifteen hours of confinement in the small, poorly ventilated, vermin
infested cells. The prisoners exercise in the yard twice daily. At
the time of the inspection a thermometer located in one part of the
‘yard registered 100 degrees. Even with this excessive heat the men
were taking their exercise, wearing their heavy, striped coats. On
‘occasions like this, judgment should be used and the men permitted
10 remove their coats.

‘On Sundays the men are released at 8:15 a. m. and returned to
their cells at 8:50 a, m. for count. Then they are released t0 go to
chapel, which lasts until about 10:30, when they again return to their
tells for count. They receive their noon meal in their cells at 11:30
fnd from that time until 8:15 Monday morning they are not per~
mitted to leave their cells. No opportunity for exercise in the
institution or in the yard is given on Sunday, because only onc-half
of the staff (five keepers) are on duty. Te was stated that the men
usually sleep on Sunday afternoons. However, this condition is
entirely unsatisfactory, and, considering the conditions under which
the men are confined, is inbumane and also conducive to vice and the
undermining of one’s health. It is not surprising that many of
these men become dissatisfied, discouraged and crushed in spite
This long period of confinement is the climax, in this particular
institution and others of its character, of a week of practically com-
plete idleness, That is, during the week-days, considering the larger
number of prisoners, there is practically no work of any consequence
for them to perform, and as a result they spend their time sicting in
the large shop buildings which were at one time busy centers during
the days when the contract system utilized the energy of the inmates,

‘On the afternoon of the inspection the prisoners were bathing.
‘The inspector observed that some of the prisoners were drying them-
selves with their dirty night-shirts. Several of the prisoners were
asked if they were regularly supplied with towels during the bathing
periods and they replied in the negative. However, the keeper in
charge of the main hall said that ie was the custom to supply towels
regularly during the bathing period and he was much surprised to
find that no supply had been given to the men who were in the
bath-house at the time of the inspection. He informed the inspector

Inspecrions. 239

that the absence of owels was due to the negligence of the
keeper in charge of the bathroom. Before the inspector left the
bathroom a bundle of rowels was brought to the keeper in charge
and distributed to the men.

Te has been the custom for the past forty years to remove all
the hair from the heads of the prisoners at the time of cheir admission
to the penitentisry. From a sanitary standpoint, this practice
no doubt has its particular value in some cases, but by no means
in all, and therefore its continuance as a general order is unnecessary.
The practice is a relic of the old days when the chief element of
incarceration was piinishment and humiliation. The use of striped
uniforms is also another practice which has characterized this insti-
tution for about the same period of time. ‘There is no doubt that
the use of striped uniforms entails an unnecessary amount of
humiliation, and a¢ the same time has no particular value, except
as a means of distinguishing prisoners from persons on the outside
in the event of their desire to escape. However this important
point ean be just as well taken care of if the prisoners are supplied
with khaki, or solid gray suite, stamped on the inside with the name
of the institution,

The men receive three meals a day, all of which are served to
them in theit celle in the absence of a messhall. In view of the
fact thae the large rooms in the shop-buildings serve only 28 lounging
rooms, one of them mighe be transformed into 2 messhall.

The small farm maintained by the penitentiary fumishes work
for a few of the inmates during the summer months. Employment
oma larger scale ie very necessary if the institution is to be continued.

‘The management endeavors to keep the institution clean and
orderly.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. The county authorities are urged to obviate the ob-
jectionable physical defects of the penitentiary, either by
discontinuing the use of the present institution, or by
installing a new celiblock and making other changes in
accordance with modern standards of construction.

2. Plain gray suits should be substituted for the striped
ones now worn by the prisoners. The fact that this style
of material is exhibited in the prison catalogue does not
mean that the heads of institutions must select it. Men
in plain gray suits, or khaki suits, can be kept track of

Just as well as men in striped suits and the former method
is more befitting a human

240 Tux Prison Association or New York.

3. The tin-lined doors on the punishment cells should
be done away with and doors of heavy steel wire mesh sub-
stituted. This is the type used in the State prison and
it is found that they prevent satisfactory communication
from the outside with the prisoner within the cell, What
bothers the prisoner most is the solitary confinement, and
therefore he should not be deprived of natural light which
is the property of every man, irrespective of his predicament.

4. Prisoners under punishment for more than 24 hours
should receive an opportunity for exercise in the corridors.

5. Prisoners under punishment should receive as much
water as they desire and should have their buckets emptied
frequently.

6. The hair of prisoners should not be clipped, except for
sanitary reasons solely.

7. The rule for supplying prisoners during bathing periods
with clean towels should be strictly followed. Keepers
neglecting to carry this rule out should be disciplined.

8. All of the prisoners should be exercised in the yard at
least once on Sundays. If there are not a sufficient number
of keepers available to conduct the exercising as it is done
on week-days, then the prisoners should be exercised in
smaller groups.

9. The interior of the cells should be painted with oil
paint instead of being whitewashed. The latter method has
been condemned by competent authorities.

10. It has been pointed out that a majority of the inmates
have little work to perform and spend most of their time in
complete idleness. This situation is wasteful economically,
destructive morally, and non-reformative. To some men
it is perhaps inviting, especially during the late fall and
winter seasons. ‘The chances are in every case that a person
under such circumstances will become a menace to the
community, not only because of bis subsequent conduct
outside of the institution but also because of his injured
physical condition. Every effort should be made by the
Board of Supervisors to provide employment.

ERIE COUNTY PENITENTIARY, BUFFALO.

Ansrscrep Arun 16, 1915, ny E.R. C

‘The penitentiary is under the supervision of the Commissioner
of Charities and Correction, William Hunt. The superintendent of

Insrections, 2a

the penicentiary is H. M. Kaiser. ‘The penitentiary staff consists
of a deputy keeper, a head keeper, 23 keepers, § matrons, 3 engineers,
4 firemen, 1 cook, 1 teamster, 1 baker, 1 Bertillon clerk, 1 chief
tlerk, 1 deputy clerk and 2 chaplains.

“fhe total population at the time of inspection numbered 892
86s of these were males and 27 females. Thirty-seven of the total
number of males were under 21 years of age.

‘The population was distributed as follows

In the pnitamtany
Gn the pester a
Seeks done home mar)

768 males, 27 females,
at ar

Te was estimated that the majority of the inmates are between
19 and 29 years of age, and that the average period of sentence is
about 31 days.

The old prison, or souch wing, contains 227 cells. At the time
of inapection there were 367 prisoners assigned to this wing, making
it necessary to double-up in some of the cells, This wing is used
‘when the penitentiary population is very large. The cells are of
the old stone vaule-like type. The bucket system is in use. There
are no toilet or bathing accommodations in the cells.

(On the southwest comer of the cellblock there is a dark or hunger
cell, At the time of a previous inspection three men were found
in this cell, It ia the same size as the others, noe sufficiencly large
for one man, with respect to the required amount of air space, not
mentioning the absence of equipment. The to men found at
the time of the inspection were in this dark, poorly ventilated hole.
‘The odor of the atmosphere was nauseating and the stench of urine
unbearable, ‘The one bucket in the cell was half full. Pieces of
an ol blanket were the only equipment, aside from the bucket in
the-cell.  Tewas stated by the officals thar the keeper in charge of this
wing had been strictly ordered not to place more than one man
in one punishment cell at 2 time. However, no heed seems to have
heen given to thie order and the conditions found at the time of
the inspection were revolting.

‘On the same side, bue at the other end of the celiblock, there is
another eell similar in design which is used as a storeroom. If these
punishment cells are necessary, there should be a cell to every man
under punishment. Te was said that the men are kept in the punish-
ment cells for forty-eight hours at the most. ‘The two men in
this one dark cell were so dazed when the door was opened, and
a tele light allowed to enter, that they could not get control of
themselves sufficiently to engage in conversation and move about.

242 Tue Prison Assoctarton o New York.

‘A later inspection of this cell showed that one man had been
released and the deputy keeper gave orders for the other man to
be removed

Prisoners under punishment get bread and water twice daily.

In cell No. 39 of this wing, a nineteen-year-old boy was doubled-up
swith a man thirty-five years old. They were both Poles, and the
‘man in particular was not at all prepossessing. Every precaution
should be taken, irrespective of a young lad"s past, to save him from
farther contamination.

‘The cleanliness of this section presents a difficule problem, due
to the fact that all the incoming prisoners are received here and
that the population usually exceeds the cell capacity (one in a cell
At the time of the inspection the cleanliness of the cells was fair

‘The boys’ department has eighty cells, and at the time of the
inspection seventy-nine prisoners were assigned to it. Not all the
inmates were under twenty-one, but it was evident that precautions
‘were taken to make assignments to this section with respect to age.
These cells are quite large. The celthall is well-lighted and the
Circulation of air good. ‘The boys exercise in the yard twice daily,
and indoors during inclement weather. ‘The beds are provided with
sheets and pillowcases. The cells and the cosridors and the gallery
floors were clean, also the utility corridor. ‘The toilets in the cells
seemed to be working satisfactorily. At the time of the inspection
the boys were taking their afternoon exercise indoors. Ae the end
of the cotridor a tall, heavy-set, well built keeper stood watching the
boys, with an implement in his hand, made up in pare of rubber hose
and wood. It was said by some of the boys, although no proof of
this was obsained, chat occasionally the implement is used on them,
Surely i¢ could not be looked upon as a club for self-protection
A big, strapping man ought to be able to get along indoors without
an improvised implement of this kind, Ie was stated by one of the
officials that the practice of carrying and using the rubber-hose
club is contrary to the rules.

‘The main section, or west wing, has 298 cells, There were assigned
to this part 292 prisoners. The cells in this section are arranged on
a larger plan, the fronts facing one large pit, over which there is a
satisfactory skylight arrangement, giving plenty of light and air.
On the whole, the arrangement is satisfactory so far as this type of
construction is concerned. Adults only are kept in this part and
their sentences range from thirey days to a year.

‘The cells were clean and also the beds and bedding, toilets, and
washbasins, The beds are provided with sheces and pillowcases.

Iysrecrions. 243

The prisoners also have slippers which they use while in che cellhall,
‘Thoy receive outdoor exercise twice daily about an hour each time,

In one part of this section the men complained about the quality of
the food, some saying it was coarse, and not properly and cleanly
prepared. Others complained that it was served cold. In other
parts of the west wing the prisoners spoke favorably of the food.
‘These complaines were taken up with the officials, who declared that
they honescly felt that the prisoners were receiving clean, whole
some food.

‘The two kitchen rooms and che stationary cooking utensils were

The refrigerators in part were not satisfactorily clean, So far
as could be determined there is no system of ventilation, automatic
or otherwise, for these large refrigerators. It is important that there
should be some better means of permitting fresh air to enter. The
shower-bath room was clean. Recently the side walls of the room
and the shower-bath partitions have been painted. ‘The reception
room was clean and orderly. The clothes were nicely arranged in
bags after being sprayed with disinfectant. ‘The clothing is kept
in this room until the men are released.

The Bertillon room was also clean and orderly. A measuring
stand and some filing cabinets have been added. The women’s
department contains eighty cells and there were twenty-seven
prisoners. The interiors of the cells and cellblock have recently.
been painted. ‘The receiving room for women was also clean. Te
is planned fo use che female hospical room and the clothes room for
female penitentiary prisoners, to the number of sixteen only. This
temporary change is to be made while a part of the Erie county
jail is under construction. The female section of the penitentiary
will be used for the detention of those male prisoners, minors and
adults who ate now detained in the north wing of the county jail.

In cell No. 6 of gallery “D” of che female section 2 colored girl
was under discipline. She had been locked in a cell three days,

ving no daily exercise. Her rations consisted of water and three
slices of bread, three times daily. She was charged with being
impudent, and indifferent toward her work in the laundry. She
vas being held until she expressed a desire to apologize to the matron.
She complained of being cold and asked that her hand be touched
in order to prove this, Her hands were very cold. When prisoners
are under discipline it is important to remember that the authorities
imposing a form of discipline which will jeopardize
the health of prisoners. Opporunity for daily exercise should be
aiven vo these prisoners.

244 Tue Prison Association of New York.

Calls Nos. 7 and 8 on the same gallery have been transformed at
sometime into dungeons. ‘The iron bars of the cell doors have beet
covered with solid sheets of steel, thus making the ineetior of the cell
dark, Te was said thae these cells are not frequently used, because
they are more of a nuisance than a help, due to the fact that the
‘occupants usually take their shoes and pound on the sheets of steel
attached to the bar work, thus creating much disturbance. The
ventilation in these cells when the doors are closed is not adequate.

‘Ac the time of the inspection of the female wing the evening meal
was being served. It consisted of hash, with slices of buteered
bread. Both the hash and the bread were quite satisfactory to the
taste of the inspector. ‘The bakeshop was clean and orderly. It
was said that the bread served to the prisoners is twenty-four hours
old. The most commendable improvement in the equipment of this
ppart of the prison has been the installation of an electric-power
breadmixer. The hospital was clean and orderly. It is equipped
with twenty beds. Fourveen beds were occupied by patients.

‘The following table shows the distribution of the population wich
respect to the employment of the prisoners:

Namber empleged
Berton galley
Barbershop.

Baker sho’

Chipenie sop

Hocpital stendants
Ht

Ba

Ee county home |

‘The total population a¢ the time of inspection was 892 prisoners
and the table above shows the total number employed as 3
4X per cent of the whole number. In other words, there is not
sufficient means of employment to utilize half che inmate population.
‘This is a serious condition, beeause a state of idleness is the very
thing that makes the rehabilitation of the prisoner far more difficult

Inspections. 245

Recently Erie county has been able to obtain legislation which
will permit the employment of the inmates of the Penitentiary on
the highways. Of course, most of this work will be done when the
population of the Penitentiary is almose at a minimum. In con-
junction with the highway work, arrangements should be made to
‘mploy the prisoners during the fall and wineer months at preparing
stone t0 be tsed on the highways,

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, Water-closets should be installed in the cellblock,
which is now without them, The bucket system isa menace
to the health of the prisoners, beside being generally

2. The bathing-room for the male prisoners should be
rearranged but by no means is it advisable to abolish the
partitions which separate the different bath compartments.
Partitions should exist in order that the prisoners may have
privacy when bathing. With the present arrangement,
proper supervision with a limited number of keepers
difficult, and itis therefore recommended that in rearranging
the bathroom, the shower-bath and the partitions be placed
along the side walls of the room and that an elevated plat-
form be constructed in the conter of the room, which will
make it possible for one or two guards properly to supervise
a large number of prisoners.

3. Tn every prison population there are men who must
be punished sometimes. Nevertheless, there are ways
of punishing a man effectually, while at the same time
recognizing the fact that he isa human being. The practice
of confining two men at one time in a small, screened dark
cell, without proper toilet facilities, is most improper,
Dark cells do not conform to modern methods of dealing
with prisoners. Solitary confinement in light cells, with
restricted rations, can be made an effectual and yet humane
form of discipline. Prisoners under discipline should be
Aiven an opportunity for daily exercise. Irrespective of a
man’s character, there is no excuse for jeopardizing his
health. Keepers who persist in placing under discipline
more than one man in a cell at a time should themselves
be disciplined.

4. The sheets of steel on the doors of the punishment
cells of the female department should be removed.

246 Tur Puison Association or New York.

5. A higher standard of cleanliness should be observed
in the refrigerators adjacent to the kitchen. There should
be a better system of ventilation for these refrigerator

6. Section 92 of the County Law, which expressly provides
that adults shall be separated from minors, should be
strictly observed.

7. Thekeeper in charge of the juvenile section should keep
ood discipline without the aid of a rubber hose. The very
sight of a big, strong man standing in one corner ofa celfhall
with a rubber hose in his hand and keenly watching a group
of young lads taking exercise is repulsive to the visitor.
Discipline which is kept constantly to the tune of the whip
is not the best thing for the prisoner or the keeper and
ultimately results unsatisfactorily for all concerned. The
Keoper's personality ought to be a large factor. A kind
word now and then, with a genuine manifestation of p
sonal interest in the prisoners, does much to arouse appre
tion on the part of the prisoners and promote their respect.

8. The activities at the Penitentiary farm should be
increased so that the congestion in the Penitentiary can be
relieved.

PROGRESS MADE SINCE LAST INSPECTION.

1, The cellblock in the female department has been
painted. The need for this was pointed out in the recom-
mendations of our previous report.

2. The staff of Keepers has been increased, also some
of the salaries. ‘The need of a more adequate staff was
also pointed out in the recommendations of our previous
report.

3. The side walls and partitions in the bath-house have
been painted,

4. An clectric-power breadmixer has been installed in the
bakery.

5. The number of shaving brushes, cups and razors has
been increased. The need for this was mentioned in the
recommendations of our previous report.

ERIE COUNTY PENITENTIARY FARM, WENDE, N. Y.
Insrecte Auaust ro, 1913, ny E. R. Cass.

‘The farm site consists of 429 actes in the town of Wende, 18
miles southeast of che city of Buffalo. The development of the

InsPections. 247

farm is 2 decided step toward moving tke Penitentiary from its
pretene unsatisfactory Iocation in the city. In March, 1014, the
first group of prisoners was brought from the Penitentiary and
the work on the farm started.

Inmates from the Penitentiary are selected for their good con-
duce record in the Penitentiary, the length of their sentence and their
previous occupation. Prisoners who do not respond to the numerous
advantages of life on che farm are returned to the Penitentiary for
the remainder oftheir sentence. ‘The average daily inmate population
since the first of January, 1915, to August 1, 1915, has been 108.
OF this number, eighe men escaped, but five were later apprehended.
Te was stated that not one prisoner has been returned to the Peniten-
tlary by the superintendent because of failure to favorably respond
to the spirit of the new institution. The usual congestion in the
old penitentiary has been relieved since the establishment of the
farm colony.

The original farm buildings were two very old barns and two
small cottages. These were repaired and equipped with second
hand material broughe from the Penitentiary. The cottages are
used as a temporary means of housing the inmates, and in the warm
weather a [arge tent is also used. In developing the new institution
ir is planned to use inmate Izbor as much as possible in the construc-
tion of buildings, the sewerage system and manufacturing of building
material. The following is a brief statement of work performed
subsequent to our inspection of December, 1914:

1. The side walls of the first floor of the dormitory build-
ing are completed. The second story of the same building
has been erected and the iron frame for the roof set in
place.

2. A new barn has been constructed on the foundation
of the old one which was destroyed by fire.

3. A new piggery (110 by 30) will soon be ready for use.

4. The coment foundation for a large chicken house is
about ready for the top structure.

5. Much preliminary work has been done in the con-
struction of a modern sewage disposal plant. This will
consist of a series of septic tanks, built in accordance with
plans said to have been submitted by the State health
authorities.

6, During the winter scason, when the severe weather
made it impossible to work out-of-doors, the inmates were
assigned to making cement blocks. Small sheds were built

248 Tur Parson Assoctaion or New York.

for this work. There were manufactured 25,000 drain tiles
for underground irrigation. Cement blocks for lining the
dormitory building have also been manufactured. There
will be need for 27,000 of this design but only 3,000 have
as yet been finished. For the sowage disposal plant, 1,900
of special design are ready for installation.

Te was stated that the dormitory building would be ready for
‘occupancy some time in Decomber, 1915. Discounting time lost
because of bad weather, it will have taken about one year to erect
this building, and ie is estimated by the Commissioner of Correction
that about £40,000 will be saved by the utilization of inmate labor
under the supervision of keepers trained in construction work. Aside
From the erection of buildings there is much need far inmate labor
‘on the farm. Up to August 1, 1915, the sum of $25,612.55 has been
‘expended for material on the dormitory building, barns, chicken
houses, sewage disposal plant, messhall, pipe lines, etc.

‘The bunk houses, messhall and the tent in use were clean and the
equipment arranged in good order. The cleanliness of the grounds

is also noticeable. The messhall and kitchen form 2 one-story
“T" seructure. The side walls are well flled with large windows,
permitting an abundance of light and air to enter. Window sereens
are also provided so as to keep out insects. During mealtime the
‘men sit on small benches at long tubles and face each other. Crockery
dishes and plates are used in the messhall and agateware and tin
cooking utensils in the Kitchen. At the time of inspection the meal
consisted of lamb stew, boiled potatoes, bread and buttery and vet
with sugar. There was an adequate supply of meat in the stew
‘Eggs are provided about twice a week, and coffee, tex or mill allowed
ateach meal. The records showed that about 100 to 120 pounds
of milk are used daily; also about 50 pounds of sugar. All the food
stuff is weighed when received by the cook and a record is kept of
ie as used. ‘The men praised very highly the quantity and quality
fof the food. The per capita per diem cost of maintenance from
January 1 to the time of inspection has heen 42 cents at the farm
‘and 284 cents at the Penitentiary. . The increased cost at the farm
is due very largely to the necessary expenditure for material used in
the construction of buildings, etc.

At the time of inspection there were 300 acres under cultivati
This land was divided as follows:

tapas fy.

7 agg of enden truck

a3 ft beans
* sabbage

InsPEcrions. 249

‘The farm superintendent felt confident that there would be a
satisfactory yield from the land under cultivation. Because there
are two gas vells on the premises, the inspector has heretofore been
fof the opinion that they might contribute 2 very large percentage
of acid to the soil, which would probably be detrimental to good
farming, However, the opinion of the Deputy Commissioner of the
Seate Department of Agriculture is that there is no serious harm to
the soil from these wells. The farm is gradually becoming a valuable
asset to the county, in so much as milk, vegetables, poultry, etc.,
are supplied to the various county institutions, such as the County
Home, the County Lodging House, the Penitentiary and the County
Hospital. From January 1, 1915) to date the following foodseuffs
‘were supplied to the various institutions above mentioned:

‘The proposal to discontinue the present Penitentiary in the city
of Buffalo and to arrange for the construction of a new one on wide
acreage outside of the city is highly commendable. This change
should be made without delay. However, the County Board of
Supervisors are strongly urged to definicely decide just whae is to be
done with the present size at Wende before much more money is
expended. If the County Home and Hospital are to be located at
Wende, the plans for the arrangemenc of the Penitentiary buildings,
the Home and Hospital should be worked our so that it will be pos-
sible to prevent the Penitentiary population from coming in contact
with the inmates of the other institutions. ‘The Penitentiary should
be treated as a separate colony. The railroad running through the
property would make a satisfactory natural dividing line berween
the two institutions on the one side and the Penitentiary on the other.

‘The Commissioner of Correction should be highly commended for
his progressive efforts toward the development of a new institution to
take the place of the old type of Penitentiary in the city. The Com-
missioner and his staff at the farm deserve much praise for the
splendid spirit which prevails among the prisoners who have been sent
from the Penitentiary.

250 Tae Prison Assoctarion of New York.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, The County Board of Supervisors should authorize the
removal of the penitentiary, now located in the city, to a
arm site. If the part of the Wende site now being used
by the penitentiary prisoners is to be the nucleus of the
new penitentiary, definite plans should be made determining
just how the land is to be used, with respect to the location
of buildings and what type of buildings are to be erected.

2. It is important that the matter of employment of
the prisoners for the future should be definitely planned
now. After the construction work is completed, with the
present plan, farm work will be the only means of employ-
ment and this will only be seasonal work. Industries must
be installed and further developed than they are in the
present penitentiary so as to make available work for the
population which is usually at its highest during the winter
months.

MONROE COUNTY PENITENTIARY, ROCHESTER.
Ixsrrcrep Apri 20 axp Avousr 11, 1915, By E. R. Cass.

‘The penitentiary is under the supervision of the superintendent,
William H. Craig, who is responsible to the Board of Supervisors
of Monroe county. He is assisted by a deputy superintendent,
eight keepers, one farm overseer, one chief maeron and ebree assistants,
fone domestic for the superintendent’s quarters and one clerk.

The total population at the time of inspection numbered 350.
Of this number, 334 were males and 16 females, During the winter,
and up to April ast, the average daily population has been 450.

‘The penitentiary was erected in 1355 and consisted of two wings,
\uile on each side of the administration building. About 1875 an
additional cellhall was built onto the male wing, and a more modern
type of cellblock. These cells are somewhat of an improvement
over the old stone vaule-like cells in the original cellblocks. The
chief difference ig that the fronts of the cells are enclosed with bar
work, so arranged that ir is possible for more natural light and air
to enter these cells than into those in the old wings.

(On the west side, bottom tier, of the old section there were three
‘men under punishment. There are two kinds of punishment cells
namely, the light and the dark cells. The dark cells are the same
size as the others, the only difference being that the bar work in

InsPections. 251

the front of them is covered with heavy pieces of board. At the
top there ate three holes, about one inch or so in diameter. The
equipment of the cells consists of a short, heavy plank and blankets.
“The men receive bread and water. Each man is allowed one loaf
of bread a day and all the water he desires. Prisoners under punish-
ment do not reccive daily exercise. Tt was stated that men are
not kept in these cells for more than one or two days. The buckets
tised by the men in the dark cells are emptied as frequently as
necessary, but at least once 2 day. It was further stated that these
dark cells are resorted to after men have been punished by confine-
iment in the light cells for a previous offense.

In the basement of the new wing on the west side, there are six
steel dungeon cells. ‘These steel cells are equipped with double iron
doors. There is also a wooden bench, under which there is an air
pipe for ventilation. There is no forced air draught. The cells
are totally dark when both doors are closed. ‘There is no doubt
but that the atmosphere is cold.. Te was stated that these cells
have not been used during the past two years. Prisoners under
punishment in them receive bread and water but no opportunity
for exercise. However, dark cells in any form should not be used.
I is fale that the total absence of natural light is not an effective
clement in administering this kind of discipline, Many prisoners
do not mind darkness, but they do dislike, as is perfectly natural
for any human being, to be kept entirely alone for 2 long period
withowt any opportunity to eee or converse with others. Te is
2 fact, that when prisoners under punishment have companions
with whom they can converse, they do not mind very much being
segregated in dark celle. Effective discipline can be administered
by solitary confinement in cells well supplied with natural light and
air. These cells should be so constructed that the complete isolation,
of the prisoner is possible, thus preventing him from secing ot
hearing other prisoners who might be under discipline. These
tells should be located in 2 part of the institution, or in a separate
building, so that prisoners under discipline cannot annoy the other

receive an opportunity for daily exercise. They should be visited
at least once a day by the physician.

‘The two light punishment cells, located
equipped with a bench and a blanket. Prisoners under punishment
jn these cells receive bread and water but are not allowed daily
exercise. Te was stated that they are usually kept in these celle

the old wing, are

”

wer i!

252 Tue Prison Association or New York.

for about twenty-four hours, Their buckets are emptied when
necessary, at least once daily. One of these light cells was occupied
at the time of the inspection by an eighteen-year-old boy.

All of the prisoners under discipline were interviewed and none
‘of them had any complaints to offer relative to the manner in which
they are handled by the keepers and did not seem to be suffering
any noticeable degree of discomfort. The occupants of the punish-
‘ment eclls were being disciplined for some disorder in che cellhouse
‘on Sunday night, April 18th, The prisoners are locked in the
cellhouse at 5:30 in the afternoon and after that they are not sup-
posed to engage in conversation.

Sundays they spend all day in the cells, except when they march
from the messhall to attend chapel. The chief reason for keeping
‘them in such close confinement on Sundays seems to be due to the
face that only half of the staff of officers are on duty. ‘The average
population of this institution ehe year around is between 375 and

‘The staff consists of nine male keepers and three matrons,
making 2 total staff of 12. Of this number, there are nine on duty
during the day, making the ratio of keepers to prisoners about
‘one to forty-one and on Sundays one to approximately eighty-one
Both of these are in excess of the ratio of keepers to prisoners in our
Seate prisons. It is strongly felt that the long hours of confinement
in the cells between Sunday and Monday morning are responsible
for much of the unrest and disorder which takes place at this time.
The condition is unjust, unhealthful, and in general very serious

‘The prisoners are not allowed free conversation in the reading
halls during the day. In the absence of sufficient labor for even a
reasonable part of the day, and especially during the fall and winter
months, the prisoners spend most of their time during the day
sitting in the halls of the shop buildings. ‘They are permitted (o
read bur if they desire to converse with another prisoner in vhe room
they must first get the attention and permission of the keeper in
charge by snapping their fingers. ‘To enter one of these halls ani
sce a large group of men, many of them able-bodied, and others very
young, sitting in complete idleness and gazing aimlessly about,
pitiable and sufficient to convince one that che system in vorue
is all wrong and stupid. ‘The involuntary silent system in this
penitentiary, coupled wich the deadly enforced idleness, due to the
lack of provision by the officials of this county for employment,

presents one of the most unnatural and deplorable conditions to be
found in any prison or jail in this State, and is a grievous injustice,
not only co the prisoner, but to the community. A great duty lies
‘with the officals of che county to obviate this abnormal condition

Insrections. 253

completely by establishing some form of employment forthe prisoners
Dating the suinmer months and when the popelation is vrealy low,
some prisoners, usually heeween Afty and seveney-fve, are employed
on che farm land in connection with the penitentitye
‘Another serious factor in connection ‘with the idleness
lack of fee conversation (even for certain pe
juveniles with adults in the same room. Fire of all out penis
tentiaries, with theie present system, are not fe paces for the deren.
tion of youthful offenders. There is nothing in the penitentiary
life which isi the least conducive to the proper and needed traning
of these young inmates under twenty-one years of age. In thie
rantcular penitentiary the young prisoners ate kepe eogether in the
samme rooms during the day with the older prisoners, who are charged
with petty thieving, drunkenness, ece. “These are, indeed splendid
companions for youths whom we should endeavor to protect and
reform if possible so that they may become respectable law-abiding
Gitizens! "Tei sometimes sad that some young prisoners are more
‘experienced in crime than the older ones, but while ie may be tue
tae chere is promiseuous association beeween aduls of questonsble
character and minors on the outside, this fs usually unavoidable,
principally because ofthe lack of opportunity for supervision, Te a
institution, however, this close association is one ofthe greatest
handicaps to possible reformation and should not he tolerated in
An inmate in one of che rooms hada ball and chain festened to his
leg." Te was said that this man had beca made a trusty in the barn
and made his escape. For the past five monchs he has been wearing
the ball and chain, largely as an example forthe others, snd ar 6
constant reminder of his breach of good faith. Ile is permitted to
remove this at nighe and there was no evidence chat he was eulfeing
physical discomfort. ‘The chain is not heavy and there fa small
handle ateached to the ball so that he can conveniently carey ie
Even though the ball and chain i o arranged and of such charectes
that it will noe cause physical injury or discomfore, the system sea
means of discipline and as a deterrent must be severely criticised ag
an antiquated. and particularly humiliating form of punishment
Tis use has beem entirely abandoned in all the more moder ineiea,
tions. Teis not used in our State prisons; other more humane, as
well as more effective forme of discipline, have superseded it. Such
Punishmene as confinement in light cell, reduced rations, deprive.
tion of privileges, visits, and assignment to disagrecable’and hacd
work should be substituted, The men receive two substantial!
seals and one light meal daly. ‘Those who work aboue the latter}!

254 Tas Prisow Assoctarion or New York.

tion and on the farm get three meals daily in the messhall. The
Sher prisoners receive their third meal in the cell. Breakfast every
moming consists of bread and coffee, For the men who work
Syrup is given. ‘The noonday meal consists of:
onda: Bean nap, meat and cole

Hordes, PegadbiPinues mess and oe

Wien: + lend ce.

hates

Be

ity, ak Sa bread aod cae
SEIU’ HERLASY otStws Cage ala, cote and bead

“The supper consists of bread, with ice or com meal. For
Then mo work, the same food fe given as that se the noonday mech
reopen t difecene four, Ie was stated that the prisoners ase
Sliwea's second helping of effec (excope for dinner), and whatever
the meal consss of, and thae the quantity of bread is unlimited for
ach man. For diner, only one cup of calfce i allowed

‘The vegetable soup in the procest of cooking 2 the time of the
inapeston was very satisfactory to the inspector's taste. Te som-
tained large quaneiy of cabbage, carrots, potatoes, and onions
Teeould not by tmy means be texmed a rxety or thy and ie we
Xnvexample of one ofthe ustal rations the inspector does not fel
‘hae some ofthe prisoners mere justified in complaining

“The kitchen and mest were satisfactory clean

Becton purchased of the Armone Beef Company. A supply wat
received at the time of the inspection. All of the meat bore the
Federal Government. inspection arp. "Tho. wefigerator wat
Tcrupufoualy deans The women ace employed inthe female hcchen
ss"in the sewingroom. ‘Theres usually enough 0 keep chem
Buy. They ave tor restrained from fee conversation.

There seem to be evo posible ways which will enable che author
ities to supply a sufiiene amoune of employment for the inmates
of th pententany all the year round.

The revival ofthe industien, provided satisfactory arrange
rncnca ean be made with the State Prison Deparement so that the
product of these industries can be disposed of, through the Pion
Department, eo the various institutions of the State. Recent
Tegilaton makes this posible. County and State ofcials shou

ee together on this

oe Glowing, che example of Onondags and chat of Erie with
reapett 10 dhe employment of prisoners on the highways. Employ-
Inoue on che ightaye meane that during the winter months she
Priboners can be engaged in she preparation of material for che
Fade, Unforunately, thee is no quarry land available in Monroe

Inspections. 255

county, though in some of the districts not far from the penitentiary
there are stonewall fences which could be removed and the stone
used to advantage on the roads.

Despite the deplorable idleness and some of the other undesirable
features of this instieution, the excellent condition of cleanliness
existing in all parts of the same is deserving of much praise, ‘The
superintendent and his subordinates are to be commended for this,
condition

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, The further development of the farming industry is
highly desirable. However, the county authorities should
not be satisfied with the idleness during the winter month:
It is suggested that a committee be appointed to get in
touch with the Prison Commission and the Prison Depart-
‘ment in order to determine the advisability of reviving the
industries in some branches. It is further suggested that
the committee confer with the Superintendent of Highways.

2. Prisoners assembled in the reading-rooms during the
day should be allowed at feast one hour of free conversation,

3. Prisoners under the age of twenty-one should be kept
entirely separate from adult prisoners.

4. Dark cells in any form should not be used.

5. Prisoners should be allowed exercise in the yard twice
daily for about an hour each time. They should also be

lowed to exercise in the yard on Sundays. Even though
but half of the staff is on duty, it ean no doubt be arranged
so that the men can be taken out in small numbers. The
services of trusties can be used in this respect. The long
hours spent in the cells on Sunday are conducive to many
things which are detrimental ¢o the prisoner morally and
physically and tend to make the problem of discipline dif-
ficult

6, ‘The use of paint instead of whitewash for the interior
of the cells has been pronounced by authorities as being
more desirable. ‘The objection to whitewash is that it soon
becomes scaly and then easily harbors dirt, vermin and
germ:

7. Arrangements should be made to comply with the law
relative to the taking of finger prints and photographs of
prisoners to be forwarded to the Bureau of Identification
in Albany. Monroe County Penitentiary is the only peni-
tentiary In this State not complying with this law.

256 Tue Prison Association or New York.

PROGRESS MADE.

1. The beds throughout the institution have been sup-
« plied with sheets and pillowcases. ‘This was advocated in
one of our previous reports.

2. Striped suits have been discontinued and plain gray
suits substieuted.

3. Considerable painting and whitewashing has been
done. This improves the appearance of the celfhalls and the
cells very much.

4. Additional farm land is now owned.

5. A special cement platform has been built in the pen
itentiary yard so that the buckets can be aired in the open
and come in contact with the sunlight. The undesirable
practice of permitting the buckets to remain in the cell
during the day after they were emptied in the morning was
criticised in one of our reports.

6, Prisoners now exercise in the yard once daily. In our
reports we have asked that the prisoners be exercised twice
daily. Although they now receive only one hour a day
the condition is much relieved.

7. The number of shower-baths have been increased and
the arrangement of the same has been changed and im-
proved. Instead of having them arranged in a row in the
center of the room, there are now separate booths enclosed
by heavy pieces of slate thus prisoners ean be properly
supervised and bathe with some degree of privacy. This
was asked for in recommendation of one of our previous
reports.

8. A new and highly satisfactory hospital room is now
available for use.

9. Newireception quarters have been provided.

10, A new and modernly equipped kitchen is now in use.

ONONDAGA COUNTY PENITENTIARY, JAMESVILLE.
Inspacrep Arai 26, 1915, uy E. R, Cass.

‘The superintendent of the penitentiary is J. S. Markell. He is
appointed by, and is responsible to, the County Board of Super-
vvisors of Onondaga county.

Insrections. 257

‘The population on the day of inspection was as follows:
Penientiaty prisoners 34g aul ales
+ Remade

1 al aes
female

Jal prisoner.

‘The part of the penitentiary used for the detention of the male
couney jail prisoners is located in the east wing, south side. This
section is divided into two parts, one for the detention of civil
prisoners and witnesses and the other for the detention of those
awaiting trial or the action of the grand jury. The latter section
is large ue ie is not subdivided so as to permit the satisfactory.
ceparation of adults and minors in accordance with Section 92 of
the County Law. This law was framed especially for the protection
of minors. Practically no efort is made in this part of the institution
to observe the law. The assumption, according to the keeper
in charge, is, that if a minor commits an offense of sulficient degree
to warrant ‘the attention of the grand jury he is practically
beyond hope and therefore promiscuous commingling with adult
prisoners cannot be of injury to him. Reasoning of this kind is
In practically every county jail of the State some provisions

|| makeup of the jail for the separate detention,

js made eo bring about such separation unless the physical makeup
of the jal or an excese of population makes such impossible.

This section of the penitentiary is under the supervision of a
keeper. ‘The superintendent of the penitentiary is governed to
some extent with respect to the prisoners in this section by direetions
fiom the sheriff or the district attorney.

‘At the time of the inspection there were twenty-six prisoners in
the pare above mentioned, twelve of whom were under twenty-one
years of age. ‘The condition found was as follows:

In one cell on the lower tier 2 seventcen-year-old colored boy
was doubled with an eighteen-yearold white boy. Both of these
boys were being held on the same case. In another cell there was
8 nineteen-yearold boy placed with a seventeen-year-old boy.
In another instance there were two boys confined in the same cell
and both on the same case. There was absolutely no reason for the
doubling-up of the prisoners because on the tier directly above
there were fourteen unoccupied cells. No discretion was shown
in che ease of boys held for the same offense and no judgment. used

258 Tue Prison Assocation or New York.

‘as to the difference in age of the boys. During the day the entire
population in this section, both minor and adult, zoams about freely
fn the inside or in the outside corridor. The boys are permitted
to double-up in’ their cells after obtaining permission. The keeper
in charge said that the problem of discipline is somewhat reduced
when some requests of the boys are granted. ‘The welfare of the
boy should not be jeopardized in order to make the work of the
Keeper less difficult. ‘There were plenty of available cells and
some attempt could have been made to separate the prisoners by
assigning the minor males to the upper tier, one in a cell. In previous
reports this condition, with the total disregard of the law, was
need out.

PeThe condition of cleanliness in this section was somewhat improved
as compared with that found at the time of the last inspection,
especially with respect to bedding. The iron work and the side
walls have been reprinted. Some of the prisoners complained
that water rats came up from the toilet bowls at night. Te was
Gifficule to determine whether this was so or not. Several of the
prisoners complained, but the keeper in charge, who seemed to fee!
‘especially qualified to speak on the matter, said that it would be a
physical impossibility for rats to get through the pipe lines. In
the female section the condition of cleanliness and order was highly
satisfactory. The cleanliness of the cells and corridors and floors of
the west wing, used for the detention of sentenced prisoners, was
satisfactory. ‘The iron work in this section is in need of painting,
and the base of the toilet niches are badly worn and rusted.

‘One gallery in this large cellhall is reserved especially for prisoners
under twenty-one years of age, and so far as possible doubling-up in
thecellsis not permitted, The walls of some of the cells are decorated
swith pictures of questionable character. Stricter censorship should
be exercised.

‘Some of the gallery men complained of 2 lack of outdoor daily
exercise. Te was stated that the men assigned as gallery men are
‘usually those over whom close and strict supervision is desirable.
However, in view of the fact that some of them are detained for six
months or more, there should be some regular system of permitting
thein to exercise in the yard, under supervision, once daily, or at
least several times weekly. ‘The men in this group who abuse the
privilege should be disciplined.

“The dungeon room, which contains eight dark cells, is located be-
low the ground level. Each cell in this room is equipped with +
toilet, a bed, and washbasin with running water. Prisoners receive

Insrecrions. 259

ane slice of bread (about 2} inches thick) daily; the amount of
wster is unlimited because thete isa faucet in each cell. No bedding
is provided except in very cold weather. The prisoners are kept in
these cells from five to eight days. They do not get dail

cise. The room is totally dark, cold and inadequately ventilated,
expecially when the iron door leading into itis closed. ‘The record
punishments indicates that 1 men were placed in these cells

in January 9 men in February, 3 in March and 7 in April. A
ecotd Kept of these punishments indicates the vime of day that
the men are assigned 20 the cells and also the vime of day when
they are released. IF punishment cells are necessary in the daily
routine, provision should be made vo supply plenty of fresh aie and
light which isthe indisputable right of every man, irrespective of his
circumstances. ‘The temperature of the room should be the same
25 that in celhalls of the institution.

‘There were four patients in the hospital. ‘The hospital room
proper was satisfaccorly clean and ordedly. The hospital wilet
room vas not sufficiently ventilated.

“The large room used during the days when ehe willow-stripping
industry existed has now been transformed into a large dormitory.
[ks arrangement and equipment is highly satisfactory and the change
is quite commendable. The room receives an abundance of air
and lighe. Men assigned to this section are usually some of the
Ol men and the better type of prisoner

The messhall was found clean. At the time of the inspection the
tubles were being prepared for the noonday meal. The rations for
this meal consisted ofa large bowl of rice soup and a piece of meat.
The prisoners are given as much bread as they desize. No tea of
coffe is served ae the noonday meal, only at breakfase and supper.
For men who are doing heavy work it docs not seem that the cost
of something to drink with the noonday meal would overburden
the county treasury, nor is it more than one would naturally expect.
Convicted or unconviceed men who do a hard day's work should
be desle with in a manner which will enable them to continue at
hard work.

The refrigerators were clean and ododess. The pork raised on
the farm is not used in the institution but is sold to packers. Ie
was seated that on special occasions feesh pork dinners were given
& the prisoners.

The kivchen and the scorercoms were clean in every detail, as
was the bakeshop. The bread seemed satisfactory in quality. Te
‘vas quite evident that the potatoes being prepared for supper had

260 Tur Prison Association or New York.

not bean carefully sorted before they were washed, There were
tmany decayed ones among them after chey bad been washed. The
exper in charg, afte dhe matter had been brought to hie attention
directed that the potatoes be sorted again
das the main method of employ

ing scotenced inmates of the penitentiary. Additonal quarry land
i being worked and ie was seated. that approximaesy $1,500 i
to be expended for equipment, tes in developing this

Prisoners employed in the quarry who have attempted to escape
have an iron chan arcached to, one log, The chain in attached
f0'2 ding tivted to the leg, which means that che prisoner
wear it while in his cell and also while in bed, ‘The use of
Chain is 2 survival of medieval practices and the
Fivered to-the man’s leg, making it almost a part of him, embodies
this pracice in a crude and inhumane form. Prisoners who do not
how themselves worthy of the opporcinity to work outside ofthe
ineitution should be disciplined by being made to work at the most
disagreeable work inside of the institution, or placed in ight punish
mene ells on reduced rations.

‘The population on the day of inspection was
respect to labor, as follows:
brat Onis Ft Ge was expacted_ to open, aoree

oo Sa ea

listributed, with

arg work men
[Aaggocl Swed id Wasa pie ot
Guiet ene

35 men (most of these are cxipples and it
So men or eigtad. that stout st
Seas eal meek

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. The cellblock in the west wing should be repainted a
brighter color.

2. The dungeon room, with its stifling, choking atmos
phere, is a relic of the past and perhaps is unparalleled in
any of our large institutions in this State. In dealing with
Iarge numbers of men there is need to discipline. This con-
dition is found also outside of institutions. However, there
are other ways of disciplining those who will not observe the
rules of the penitentiary. Ic is an indisputable fact that
light and fresh air are the property of every man, irrespective
of his predicament. Therefore it seems that no man has
the right to take these away. Prisoners can be punished

Insrecrions. 261

effectively in light cells with reduced rations consisting of
bread and water. The system of the iron chain is a sur-
vival of medieval practices which makes men hate those
who are expected to help them. For men who violate the
confidence placed in them by the management, while doing
outdoor work, indoor work of the most laborious and dis-
agreeable type should be assigned as a means of first punish-
ment. If this does not prove satisfactory, confinement in
light punishment cells with restricted rations should be
employed. The use of the iron chain should be abolished.

3. The law (Section 92 of the County Law) should be
observed so far as the physical makeup of the jail section
of the penitentiary is concerned. If there is any possible
chance of reformation it must be with our young offenders,
and therefore every effort should be made to deal with them.
intelligently. In order to make the situation entirely
satisfactory some special quarters should be constructed
for the minors,

4. Stricter censorship should be exercised over pictures
placed on the walls by the prisoners.

5. The system of grading the salaries of the keepers should
be modified so that it will not depend solely upon the number
of years of service but upon a man’s particular qualifications,
and duties.

6 A school of letters for young inmates should be estab-
lished.

7. The striped uniform for prisoners should be discon-
tinued and a plain gray suit substituted.

ALBANY COUNTY JAIL, ALBANY.
Ixseactep Aucusr 6, 1915, ny E. R. Cass.

‘The sheriff of the county is W. A. Peasley. He is assisted in the
jail by a jailer and three keepers who work on cight hour shifts,
Not more than two men are on duty at any time during the day.
Average population, about fifty.

The county jail and the penitentiary are located in practically
thesame building. The section reserved for the jail prisoners is
' the south end wing. Accommodations for prisoners are very
Small vault-like stone cells, inadequately ventilated and equipped.
This jail compares most unfavorably with many other jails in this

262 Tue Prison Association or New York.

State. The old cellblock is filled with vermin despite the frequent
use of disinfectants and whitewashing. It is a question whether
the jail can be kept free from vermin. Much vermin is brought
in by tramps and traincriders who are assigned to cells before they
are thoroughly bathed and their clothes fumigated. In the case of
many of the City Court prisoners it would be difficult to employ
a system of bathing and fumigating clothing. However, in dealing
‘with large groups of persons of such character, a aystem of th
should be utilized and special sections provided for Cit
prisoners.

Prisoners wear their own clothing which often is particulatly
tunelean and thereby the above-named conditions are aggravated.
Despite the efforts of the jailer and his staff co keep the vermin st
a minimum ie will be impossible until a different system of reeciving,
assigning and clothing prisoners is adopted. The floors of ehe
corridors and of the cells in all parts, excepting the rear section of
‘the south side occupied by Chinese prisoners and the juyemle
deparement, were clean, ‘The beds are iron frame cots with =
canvas bottom and the bedding consists only of blankets. Under
‘existing conditions the introduction of sheets and pillowcases is
not advisable.

‘The prisoners in the grand jury section complained about the
quality and the preparation of the food, also of the uncleanliness
of the pans in which the food is served. ‘The prisoners receive three
meals a day, cooked in the kitchen of the penitentiary. The noon
meal served at the time of the inspection consisted of pea soup,
with a portion of meat and bread. ‘The pea soup deserved no
criticism, but the meat was not evenly distributed in each portion.
‘The pans containing the food are put into the sections through 21
opening in the bar work. Those prisoners who ate leaders in general
of the activites see to it chat they get the good portions and the
others must take what is left. The prisoners also complained of
the bread as being soggy and heavy. ‘The humidity at the sime of
the inspection no doubt had some effect upon the bread, but, never
theless, the inspector believed the bread was reasonably good. Some
prisoners in other sections of the jail also complained about the
food; ie was later proved that one prisoner had placed a mouse in
one of the pans so as eo give an unfavorable and unfair impression

‘The prisoners are given the freedom of the-small, poorly lighted
corridors during the day and are locked in their cells at five o'clock
in the evening until some time between seven and nine the following
moming. ‘These cells are particularly small, poorly ventilated, and,

Insrecrions, 263

with the presence of much vermin, make very uncomfortable places
in which to spend at least fourteen hours. ‘The men have no oppor-
tunity for outdoor exercise during the day and do not rective fresh
cold water while they are in their cells. They also have to resort
to the use of toilet buckets. Such abnormal and unhealthful condi-
rons produce great dissatisfaction, xestlessness and much disturbance,
making the problem of discipline difficult. ‘The prisoners are also
much troubled with constipation, often seriously. All. prisoners
commingle in the corridors during the day, first offenders, hardened
criminals, young and old, clean and unclean. Nothing in the daily
routine or environment of the jail would even suggest an intelligent

m for the reformation of some of the inmates. The sheriff
Should use the penitentiary exercise yard for the autdoor exercising
of the jail inmates daily, or at least three times a week. This has
been suggested in our previous reports, Although the jail staf is
insufficient to supervise the prisoners alone out-of-doors, satisfactory
arcangements could be made by using one or two of the penitentiary
keepers each day. ‘The penitentiary prisoners are exercised in the
yards the same ean be done with the jail prisoners.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, The county authorities should obviate the present
unsatisfactory and shameful jail conditions. A new jail,
built along modern lines, to provide healthful living quarters,
better means for the classification and separation of pris
oners, especially minors, should be built on the outskirts
of the city of Albany. Farm land should also be available
for the employment of prisoners.

2. ‘The inmates of the jail should be exercised in the jail
yard. ‘The doorway on the north side of the jail will greatly
facilitate the safe transferring of the prisoners from the
to the yard.

3. The county authorities should purchase from the
Prison Department the necessary clothing, such as shoes,
underwear and socks, which should be distributed among
the prisoners with discretion, especially at the time of their
release,

4. If it is possible, a part of the present jail structure
should be reserved as reception quarters. Here the prisoners
should be made to thoroughly bathe, and their clothes
should be fumigated and stored away until the time of
their release. While serving sentence the prisoners should

264 Tus Prison Association or New York.

be provided with overalls and jumpers. Something should
bbe done along these lines to exterminate the vermin.

5. The use of whitewash for the cells should be discontin-
ued and oil paint used instead.

6. Aluminum or crockery eating utensils should be used
instead of tin, Tinware will rust and thus become unsat-
isfactory.

7. The officer in charge of the penitentiary kitchen
should have the pleces of meat more proportionately dis-
tributed to the jail prisoners.

PROGRESS MADE.

1, The county authorities have come to feel the need
of a new jail, and the general impression is that when the
new county Court house is completed and more money is
available a new jail will be provided.

2. Due perhaps to recommendations made in our pre-
vious reports, the general attitude of the management has
much improved, also the general cleanliness in the different
parts of the jail.

ALLEGANY COUNTY JAIL, BELMONT.
Insprcrep Avnrt 14, 1915, BY E.R. Cass.

‘The jail is under che supervision of the sheriff, John Tunstead-
He is assisted in che jail by 2 jailer and a matron. ‘The daily average
number of prisoners serving sentence is approximately five, and of
those awaiting the action of the grand jury, two.

The cleanliness and order throughout all parts of the jail was
highly satisfactory. ‘The prisoners had no complaints to offer about
the quantity of the quality of the food, or with respect to the treat
ment accorded them by the sheriff and his assistant.

There was confined in one section an old, feeble Italian, unable
+ speak English, so ie was dificule co learn of his troubles. The
jail physician was arranging for the transfer of this man to a proper
inseitution

There is no regular form of employment. The average number
of prisoners serving sentence hardly justifies che establishment of
any permanent kind of employment, such as highway-or quart
work. There is a small garden of about one acre adjacent to the
jail. Prisoners work in this garden under the supervision of the

Insrecrions. 265

jailer. Te was stated that the results from the garden, both in sup-
plying fresh vegetables for the prisoners and providing some work,
have been satisfactory.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

‘The further development of the jail vegetable garden is
strongly urged. In St. Lawrence county, within two years,
the cost of a small county jail farm was practically repaid
to the county by the value of the farm products and the
value of improvement and construction work on the farm.
Furthermore, the per capita cost of maintenance was con-
siderably reduced and the population somewhat decreased.

PROGRESS MADE.

The side walls, cells and bar work of the rear section of
both the upper and lower doors have been repainted a bright
color. The front part, second floor, has been repainted.

BROOME COUNTY JAIL, BINGHAMTON.
Insrecrep Apri. 10, 1915, By E. R. Cass.

The jail is under che supervision of the newly elected sheriff, Jes
Hover, aspsted by a jailer, wo guards and a matron. There is an
sverage of about twenty prisoners serving sentence.

“The cleanliness of all parts of the jail was entirely satisfactory
The jail had just been thoroughly scrubbed and mopped throughout,
and the atmosphere was clear and refreshing.

Since che first of the year, women city police prisoners, who for-
neily were brought to the jail, have been Kept in detention rooms
locsted in the Municipal Building. Young lads under sixteen are
ao Kepe separately in the same building. ‘The female detention
rooms are under the supervision of the probation officer, Miss A.
Hooton

Some of the undesirable physical features of the county jail still
remain, Fieet is che arrangement of the cells, This type of con-
struction is not used in building modem jails. ‘The most undesirable
feacure i that the fronts ofthe cells open into 2 dark central corridor,
hich is insufficendly lighted and cannot be properly ventilated.
Furthermore, the corridor is small and represents the only space
2vailable for the exercising of the prisoners. Tt is an unjust hard-
‘hp for men to be forced to spend much time under these conditions,

266 Tur Prison Association or New York.

The ceilings, side walls, bar work and the interior of the cells through
oue the entire jail, with the exception of the female departien,
have been painted, and the latter alzo will soon be painted.

‘The existing practice of using the ball and chain on a prisoner was
discussed with the authorities. Ie was stated by the turnkey that
this is noc the regular practice and is done only to prisoners who have
shown themselves unworthy, by attempeed eacape, to be placed on
their honor while ar work outside of the jail. ‘The use of the ball
and chain is not a recognized humane treatment of prisoners. Pris
ners who betray confidence placed in chem should, however, he

«to escape while working outside

should be made té work inside the jal at the hardest and

most disagreeable kind of work. If this does not prove satisfactory,

they should be placed in solitary confinement in light eels, be given

epporcunity at lease once a day for exercise in the cortidors, and

should be given rations of bread and water under the general advice

‘of che jail physician. Writing privilege, visits, ete, should not be
granted

In a previous report ofthis Association the plan in vogue of employ~
ing the sentenced prisoners was analyzed. While no system of record
is kepe to show how many men ate employed in the jail, on the
the county grounds and at stone-breaking, there are usually thice
sen employed in the jail and on an average ten or twelve men are
employed at stone-breaking. ‘The activities of the stoneshed have
increased somewhat since the frst of the year. There is no difficulty
in disposing of the broken stone. Stone-breaking, although monoto-
nous and unedueative, is betcer than no form of employment at all
Scone-breaking as the sole means of employment is a nancial loss to
the county. ‘The question for Brooine county £0 consider fs whether
it is not possible to utilize more advantageously che labor of the
prisoners serving sentence.  Pechaps che sum paid annually to Onon-
daga county for the board of prisoners sent to the penitentiary ia
that county can be used to enable Broome county to get some
direce benef from the labor and the money expended forthe prisoners
ow sent from the county. ‘The authorities should consider employ-
ing some of the jail inmates on the Broome County poorhouse farm
which is approximately two and one-half miles from he jail. The
farm consists of 175 acres, 110 of which are usually under cultivation.
Many improvements could he made on the farm ifthe labor of the
prisoners were available, and no doubr the vegetable output inereased+
‘Tioga county should be an incentive in this respect. ‘The Board
of Supervisors have power, under Section 93 of the County Lav,
and also under Section 70 of the Stave Highway Law.

Insrecrions. 267

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, The jail officials should keep a daily record showing

the daily distribution of the inmate population with respect
to Iabor.

Male persons, officials or otherwi
permitted to enter the female sex
the matron, ‘The present system exposes the jailer and
other male employees of the jail to the danger of embarrass-
ing allegations. le does not assure the safe protection of
the female prisoners.

‘The basis for compensating the matron for her services
should be changed. She now receives 25 cents per day
when females are detained in jail. This amount does not
change according to the number of females detained. It

unfair for any county board to expect any woman to
properly supervise, care for, and take the abuse and slander
often given by the type of woman who frequently gets into
jail, for the paltry sum of 25 cents per day. The matron
Should be put on a regular monthly salary or the daily rate
should be increased. A per capita, allowance per day is
inadvisable,

4. Definite and speedy action should be taken to carry
out the recommendations of the Board of Supervisors
relative to a padded cell and new washbowls,

PROGRESS MADE.

1. Suitable arrangements have been made for the deten-
tion of city police court female prisoners and juvenile pris-
cners, The unsatisfactory arrangement which previously
existed, before special quarters were obtained for female
prisoners and juveniles, was pointed out in previous reports
of this Association.

2. The interior side walls and the steel work of the jail
have been painted. The need for this was pointed out in
our previous reports.

3. The number of prisoners usually employed in the
stoneshed has been increased. This is due partly to the
interest which the sheriff has taken in that particular
Getail and also to the recommendations with respect to labor
made in our previous report.

4. A better system of records of the population has been
established as a result of suggestions made at the time of
Previous inspection,

8

268 Tue Prison Assoctarion or New York.

5. The unsatisfactory toilets and the toilet-flushing
apparatus have been repaired, also additional electric lights
have been installed on each floor. Recommendations to
this effect were made in our previous reports and subsequent
action taken by the Board of Supervisors.

BRONX COUNTY JAIL, NEW YORK CITY,
Ixseeeten Avoust 26, 1915, by E. R. Cass ano Pxnuir Kunis,

‘The sheriff is James F. O'Brien, assisted by a warden who supec-
vises keepers and matsons.

Previous reports of this Association and other public bodies have
shown that the accommodations at this jail are so far inferior to the
requirements that proper classification and segregation of prisoners
Ihas been impossible. Since the jail has been in use the population
has been far in excess of the number of cells. The prison vas
planned, not for its present purpose, bue as a district detention
prison for magistrate’s court prisoners, co be transferred immediate

their disposition by the magistrate ro other institutions, such
ts the Tombs, or those on Blackwell's Tsland, ete. ‘The conditions
with respect to classification are therefore not attributable to. the
present administration. A satisfactory solution of the difficultiss
P impossible if no addition is to be made co the present
accomntodations.

Tin most cases at the time of inspection there was doubling.
in thé cells. In some instances there was an injudicious assignme
fof minors with adults. For instance, one eighteen-year-old boy was
Gssigned to Cell No, 37 on the Sth tier with a prisoner tweney-thr
years of age. But even when assignment to the same cell of
with adules does not take place, their commingling during exe
Periods in the corridors is almost as dangerous, and yet the present
Tack of facilities makes this condition unavoidable. Prisoners of 3
tender age (and at the time of inspection there were two boys in
particular just past sixteen) are thrown in with 2 group of questionable
characters consisting of alleged murderers, hold-up men, dope fiends,
Grunkards, white slavers, etc. More moral harm is done to the

boy at such an age during the period of confinement prior to trial
thin can be overcome pethaps in 2 lifetime. Iv is conditions of
this kind that justify the appellation of a school of erime for the
"The general living conditions constitute a further

county jail
deveriorating influence

Inspections. 269

Hedding.—Sheets and pillowcases should be supplied. Prisoners
row must sleep on the blankets, This is unsanitary and not in
accord with the usual practice in other jails. There were not sufficient
Mankets supplied. There are no matcresses, s0 that the only thing
between the prisoner and the wire-spring bottom of the hed is the
Blanket. ‘There ought co be a heavy, double blanket to lie on and
atleast one similar blanket for a cover. In many cells the blankets
for both purposes did not amount to as much as one double blanket
of the type supplied by the State Prison Department. ‘They were
thin and threadbare and in some cases badly tom. Many prisoners
complained that they are not comforcable and ute often cold at
night. The supply of blankers given to prisoners should be more
than doubled. To alleviate conditions, prisoners pad their beds
with newspapers. This makes for unsighly cells and brings vermin.

Cleanliness of the Cells—On the whole, the floors of the cells and

the corridors were swept clean. However, in some cells, burned
match sticks, cigarette ends and pieces of paper had been swept
ino the comers and not placed in the refuse can provided for that
purpose in each cell

‘The partitions of many of the cells were marked with writing and
pencil drawings, and in one cell two improper pictures were in the

ack of the cell.

The outside windows were very dirty. The bar work enclosing

‘ndow-casing makes ie difficult to gain access ra the windows,

‘especially on the outside. Same of che inmates had been expec:
rorating from the galleries on the window-pancs. ‘The bar work
srtsngement, if placed on hinges, can be moved when necessary
s0 that the windows can be cleaned.

The kitchen and laundry in the basement were satisfactorily
clean and in good order.

Food.—The prisoners receive three meals a day. Ir was stated
that breakfast and supper include prunes, or apple sauce, bread and
toffee or tea. Without exception it was emphatically denied by
the prisoners that they receive any fruit in the morning or evening
Honeyer, the inspectors were present when the evening meal was
seeved and the prisoners were each given an apple. The bread is
purchased from the Ward Baking Company and is one day old at
the time it is served. Iz consists of the bread which is picked up
ws leftovers, by an agent of the baking company, from the various
‘ocery stores in that vicinity. Each loaf is cut in nine slices and
thee slices are given to each prisoner per meal. The prisoners

‘Tue Parson Association or New York.

offered no complaint at ro the amount of bread. ‘The moon meal
consists of one dish and bread. This one dish was said to be as,
follows: Monday, spaghetti; Tuesday, beans; Wednesday; pea soup;
‘Thursday, meat stew; Friday, chowder: Saturday, pea soup; Sunday,
corned beef hash. The stew and soup are combinations of meat
and vegetables, cooked together and served together. The meat
and vegeiables are never served separately. On being: questioned
the prisoners offered no complaint as to the quality af the food,
Some complained as to the quantity and most complained about
the lack of variecy, inasmuch as the food is presented almost every
day as one dish of stew, Ment and vegetables should be served
separately occasionally during the week for the sake of variety
The inspectors tasted the chowder and bread and found both cam.
pletely satisfactory ax to quality. Some prisoners complained of
the quality of this same chowder, but the inspectors found no ground
for their complaint.

Medical Seroice-—There was considerable difference of opinion
among the prisoners as to the visits of the jail physician, In the
five-tier section, the men on four of the tiers claimed that the
physician does not make regular visits to each tier and cell. Ie
was further stated that this had heen done by the former physician,
but chat the present physician sends a runner ro each tier inquiring
whether anyone wants to see the doctor, or wants medicine, instead
fof making personal rounds. It was stated chat a prisoner who
recently had been operated upon for gall-stones suffered greatly at
night and kept other prisoners awake. This prisoner said that
hhe had only seen the doctar once daring the time he had been in
the jail. Other prisoners in the three-tier section complained of
not receiving proper attention for toothache. There was also a
difference of opinion among the prisoners as to the visits of the
physician, Ir is recommended that the physician make it a part
of his daily business while visiting the jail to record the name and
cell number of each prisoner visited and the treatment prescribed
in each case. And i is further suggested thar the jail physician
make 2 complete tour of all parts of the jail at least once a week
and make a report, to be kept a8 a part of the jail records, relative
to the cleanliness and general sanitary conditions, and also regarding
the food with respect to quality and mode of preparation.

Commissary — It was stated by the prisoners, and corroborated
by the officials, chat in order to obtain tobacco, newspapers, writing
paper, stamps, ete., grand jury prisoners and prisoners awaiting trial

Inspections, on

give money to the trusties co obrain the required articles for them
fromoutside, The prices charged for such service were for example:

Wwo cents per newspaper, or three for five cents; ten cents for
fve-cent package of tobacco; eight cents for three post-cards; four
cents for two boxes of marches (the size that sels ordinarily on the
outside, six for five cents)

Ir is unforcunace enough for a man to be in prison while he has
not been proven guilty of any crime, but to exploit his predicament
ty charging him extortionate races for ordinary personal necessities
orneeds is adding unnecessary and wholly improper hardship. More-
cover, prisoners serving sentence who are used as runners in this jail
should have no access to money. No well-egulaced instieution for
orisoners serving sentence allows its inmates such access to money.
Imay lead vo many abuses. We suggest that some person be given
the privilege of supplying prisoners with such articles at regular

uside rates and that those rates be priated and posted in con-
spicuous places and that the officials see that chose rates be not
exceeded,

Prisoners are released from their cells for exercise in the corti=
dots from about 8:00 in the morning until 11, and again in the after-
noon from 2 ¢o 4, when they are locked in for the night. Thus, the
prisoners are required to remain in their cells from seventeen to nine
teen hours out of every twenty-four, and in many cases two in 3 cell.
‘This inhuman condivion is further aggravated by the fact that there
are no facilities available to provide for outdoor exercise. It was,
stated that in the past prisoners were allowed in the corridors during
the evening after supper, but that chey eaused so much disturbanceand
annoyed persons on the outside to such an extent that this privilege

iswithdrawn. Many of the prisoners complained of being troubled
with constipation which is due in some degree to the lack of sufficient
exercise, especially after meals. ‘The plan of permitting the prisoners
co have more hours of exercice in the corridors should be tried again
Those who do not respond favorably 40 this form of humane treat
mene should he segregared in the upper tier of the three-tier section.

Prisoners bathe in the washtubs in the basement. The bat!
facilisies are entirely inadequate. It was stated by some of the pris
ners tha proper precautions are not taken during the bathing
etiod to reserve one or more tubs for prisoners who are affected

ith venereal disease. This was brought to the attention of the
vearden who stated thar each tub is thoroughly scrubbed and steamed
after each inmate bathes. The use of small washtubs to bathe in
is primiive, and, especially for an institution, decidedly unsanitary

272 Tue Prison Assoctation of New York.

and unsatisfactory. ‘The blankets and cowels are washed in the same
tubs in which the prisoners bathe. The blankets are washed weekly

‘A coat of paint is needed in many parts of the jail So far, it has
been applied only ia the office.

Civil prisoners are detained in the large pens on the ground floor,
originally designed for the temporary detention of prisoners avvaiting
appearance in court. It is practically a dormitory and was occupied
at the time of the inspection by eight civil prisoners. OF course,
with the window arrangement the supply of air is very inadequate
‘The atmosphere was quite oppressive ae the time of the inspec-
tion, despite che fact chat the windows were opened as far as they
could be, The space in che building originally designed for the
entrance of the prison van from the street is now used as an exercise
space for the civil prisoners. The majority’ of the civil prisoners
get their own meals from the outside. In such cases they sign
2 statement to that effect upon their admission. [F they do not
sign this they receive the regelar prison foo

One of the women prisoners was a civil prisoner. Because of il
health she was out for a walk in the custody of the county detective,
with the sanction of the districe attorney

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. That the work on the proposed new jail be expedited
80 as to relieve the wholly unsatisfactory and disgraceful
conditions existing at the present jail, due principally to
congestion.

2. Sheets and pillowcases should be supplied for all
prisoners.

3. The grill work protecting the outside windows should
be reconstructed so as to allow access to the windows which
are now almost impossible to clean on the outside.

4. The food served at noon should be more varied, a8
well as better prepared and served.

5. Bread and tea for supper, or bread and coffee for break-
fast, are not sufficient. Fruit or cereal should be added.
We recommend that the bill of fare worked out for the
Department of Correction for its prisoners be adopted s0
far as practicable.

6. The jail physician should make a record of every case
treated on his visits and should sign such record, which
should be permanently available. He should also make

Inspections,

at Jeast weekly inspection of the general sanitary con
of the whole jail and make written report thereon; such
report also to be on permanent record.

7. The facilities for supplying prisoners with such things
as newspapers, tobacco, etc., should be organized in proper
form, instead of permitting the present exorbitant rates.

8, Prisoners serving sentence should not have access to
money.

9.

A study should be made of the possibilities of establish-

ing outdoor exercising facilities on the roof of the jail,

PROGRESS MADE.

1. The prisoners are now given free access to the corridors
during the whole day with the exception of the three meal
hours. The warden has informed the inspector that the
problem of discipline has been less difficult since the men
have more opportunity to move about. At the time of
the inspection of August 26, 1915, it was urged that the
inmates be pernaitted freer and longer use of the corridors
during the day.

2. It is reported by the warden that 100 new blankets
have been purchased. At the time of our inspection of
August 26, 1915, a scarcity of blankets was found and it was
recommended that the supply of blankets be increased.

‘A recent report from the warden is to the effect that
the new jail, to be located at 177th Street and Arthur Avenue,
will be ready for occupancy February 1, 1916. In our re-
perts we have repeatedly emphasized the seriousness of
the congestion in the present jail and have urged that the
condition be remedied,

CATTARAUGUS COUNTY JAIL, LITTLE VALLEY.
IysrecreD Apnin 15, 1915, ay E. R. Cass.

The sheriff of the county is J.C. Dempsey. He is assisted in che
jail by an under-sheriff and a matron,

Although there are more than forty cells, each equipped with two
beds, the population in this jai is usually so large that it is necessary,
in order to comply to some degree with the laws relative to the claas”

274 Tue Prison Association or New York.

ification of prisoners, to assign two prisoners to a cell, This prec
tice leads to numerous serious evils.

“The two sections on the east side of the first floor and the whole
west side of the first floor were satisfactorily clean with respect to
cells, bedding and floors of the corridors. The iron work is very
much in need of paint and the toler seats in the niches are in a
wretched condition. New mattresses have been distributed, in som
instances two on a bed. The need for the doubling of martresses
is questionable. On the second floor the general cleanliness was
satisfactory. Some of che toilets in the juvenile section were clogged
with wasce mateer which created a vile odor. This condition is
serious. On the east side of the second floor some of the toilet
fixtures were broken, All parts of the thied floor were satisfactorily
clean. A very vile odor was present in the utility corridor on this
floor and was caused undoubtedly by the clogged toilets in the cells
below. Necessary ventilation of this corridor is evidently not ade-
quately provided for through the two openings at the top. The un-
satisfactory toilet conditions are now largely due to the plumbing
equipment. Heretofore, the lack of suficient water supply was
responsible but vhis has been remedied. This toilet condition is
pethaps the most serious of its kind found by the inspector in an;
jail for some time. The cleanliness of the kitchen and other parts
of the basement was satisfactory.

Deplorable idleness exists among the prisoners serving sentence.

Ts idleness the best ching economically for the county? Is it the
bese thing for the prisoner, mentally, morally and physically? Is
it fair to the taxpayers of the county that men who bresk the laws
should be boarded at the jail ac the county’s expense, without being
made to work? Does not the abnormal life of the jail, with ies lack
of exercise and other activity, tend to produce inmates for the couney
poorhouse, or otherwise make them a burden and a menace to the
county? Much hardship and injustice are worked upon the families
‘of those who are sent to the jails. In many instances, mothers
already overburdened with household duties find it necessary to
undertake some form of employment to provide for their families
In the meantime, as 3 rule, the guiley person is provided with chree
‘meals daily and assured of a place to sleep at night, All sense of sel
respect and responsibilty are soon lost.

Under Section 93 of the County Law, the Board of Supervisors
are authorized to utilize the jail labor. Section 70 of the State High-
way Law can be used to advantage. Jail farms are being satistac-
torily operated in this State.

Inspections. 275

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, The wretched tollet conditions should be remedied
without delay. ‘The atmosphere of the jail is contaminated
by vile odors and the condition is most dangerous.

2. ‘The entire interior of the jail, especially the iron work,
should be repainted a bright and serviceable color. This
will not only improve the appearance but also safeguard
against rust.

‘3. A fumigating apparatus should be installed for the
purpose of fumigating the clothes of the prisoners when
they are admitted to the jail. Under the present system
it is very difficult, if not impossible, to keep the jail free
from vermin, because the men are not assigned toa reception
room upon their admission to have their clothes cleansed
of vermin and dirt. It is necessary to have a room equipped
with a fumigating apparatus and bathing facilities so
that the men can thorougiily bathe and then be supplied
with overalls and jurapers, to be worn during the time that
they are in the jail. Their clothes after being fumigated
should be stored away until their release,

4. Prisoners awaiting the action of the grand jury should
receive some outdoor exercise. For those who doubt the
need of this, it is suggested that they imagine what it must
mean for a man to be penned up in a corridor approximately
four feet by twenty-five feet for weeks and months at a

5. The authorities are strongly urged to consider the
state of idleness in the jail. A good live committee should
be appointed to take the matter up with the sheriff and
the county superintendent of highways and other interested
parties. A thorough study should be made of the possi-
bilities of labor and an early and detailed report submitted
to the Board. The matter should not be permitted to die
in a committee.

PROGRESS MADE.

1. New mattresses have been supplied.

2. The general cleanliness was much improved as com-
pared with the condition found at the time of the previous
inspection.

3. The unsatisfactory type of toilet niche in each cell
has been abolished, and to take its place a heavy porcelain
toilet bowl has been installed. In our report to the Board

276 Tur Prison Association of New York.

of Supervisors subsequent to the inspection of April 15,
1915, the wretched toilet conditions were emphasized and
ic was urged that improvements be made.

4. At the time of inspection made, subsequent to the
ending of our fiscal year, it was found ‘that clothes lockers
were being installed in a part of the basement —that
uniforms are being provided for prisoners, and that the
sheriff is arranging for the installation of a fumigating
apparatus. Improvements of this kind were recommended
in our previous reports.

5, Also, at the time of inspection mentioned in preceding
number, the iron work was being painted a bright color.
‘A recommendation to this effect was also made In our
Jast report.

CAYUGA COUNTY JAIL, AUBURN,
Inspecrep Aprit. 23, 1915, ay E.R. Cass.

‘The sheriff of the county’ is S. L. Depew. He is assisted in the
jail by two jailers and a matron.

‘The unsatisfactory physical makeup of this jail has been repess
edly and strongly criticized in previous reports. The jail is a fre-
trap and does not permie of the proper classification of prisoners
and their safe detention, The pit section, which is practically the
jail proper, is the only jail structure in this State without windows
in the side walls. The cells in this section, especially those on the
lower tier, have practically no natural light. There is insufficient
fresh air.” The equipment of the cells, especially the toilets, is
unsatisfactory. The various parts of the jail are scattered snd
many of them are accessible only by an old wooden stairway. Th

rating the fre &:

is no central lack-or-door control, thus
The cells on the upper floors are so arranged that air and light

insufficient, ‘The floor space in every section of the jail is so scanty
that there is not even a satisfactory chance for exercise within the
jail. Many toilets in the pit section gave forth an obnoxious odor
‘The general condition of the corridors, floors of cells, beds ond
bedding in all parts of the jail was satisfactory

‘When the present jail is compared with jails such as che new one
in Waterloo, Seneca county, the one at Penn Yan, Yates counts;
the one in the city: of Syracuse, and the jail at Oswego, together
with many others, it is in a clase by icself and really a disgrace co
the county. Cayuga county should construct a new jail which will

INsrecrioxs a7

be a credit and thus remove the present blemish. ‘The new jail
should be located at some distance from the city so chat a farm
‘on be maintained in conjunction with it. The success of Tioga
sounty and St. Lawrence county in farm work is a good example
of what can be done. 3 of the County Law authorizes
the Board of Supervisors to provide labor for the inmates of jail
serving sentence. Section 70 of the State Highway Law opens the
way t0 the execution of this authority. In Cayuga county there
js an abundance of quarry land, and if the site could be selected
for 2 new jail where it would be possible co carry on quarry work
and farming, an ideal situation could be had. ‘The experience of
ther counties in highway, quarry, farming and repair work has
hoon so successful chat Cayuga county should not fear to m:
the experiment.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, The County Board of Supervisors should appoint a
committee to locate a new site for a new jail. The site
should be such that it will afford either farm or quarry
work for the employment of the prisoners.

2. An additional nteeting of the grand jury should be
hold during the year in order to reduce the hardship and
injustice wrought upon those unfortunate enough to be
detained long in the jail.

CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY JAIL, MAYVILLE.
Insects Apait 15, 1915, BY E. R. Cass

‘The sheriff of the county is G. A. Anderson. He is assisted in
the jail by an under-sheriff and a matron.

The average number of prisoners serving sentence last year was
approximately 40. Since January 1st of this year the average has
varied from 25 t0 30.

The four separate sections of the jail proper were in a clean and
swderly condition. The prisoners were segregated in accordance
with lave

The room on the lower Moor, which was the sheriff's own private
kitchen, is now used as a dormitory, in which there were seven beds,
well equipped with mattresses and blankets. Satisfactory toilet and
bathing facilities have been provided. Three extra beds can be
Placed in thie room. Trusties are usually assigned to this room and

278 Tite Prison Association or New York.

the windows are screened with wire mesh to prevent the passing of
contraband géods into the jail. On Sundays che dormitory is also
used as a chapel. A doorway on one side of the room opens into
another room in which there is a padded cell

The kitchen and its equipment were clean. The men receive
three meals a day, No complaints were offered by them relative
to their treatment or the quality or quantity of food served.

‘The number of prisoners usually serving sentence is quite large
and the state of idleness zmong the prisoners is serious. With an
average population of from 25 to 30
about 25 per cent of this number are employed da
‘county buildings, on the county grounds, in the barns. ete
the basis of 30, this would mean about 7 men employed
from 20 to 23 idle. The prisoners should be made to work hy
Section 93 of the County Lav gives the County Board of
Visors power to do this, and Section 70 of the State Highway
permits the utilization of jail labor on the highways. Prisoners,
‘who will not work ean be disciplined by depriving them of priv
reducing rations or placing them in solitary confinement in a light
cell and with a very liberal supply of fresh air. With men who are
big-hearted, optimistic, broad-minded, unselfish, to supervise a plan
of employment for the prisoners, the results can be made satisfactory
to the county and Tor the welfare of the prisoners. Highway work
hhas been dome extensively and satisfactorily by prisoners of Onon-
daga, Franklin and Tioga counties. It is the consensus of opinion
of the various highveay officials that the opportunities for free labor
will not he impaired by the introduction of jail labor at highwa
work,

Another form of employment is the county jail farm. St. Lawrence
county furnishes pechaps the hest example in this State. During
the first two yeass this farm was operated, the value of the products
the money saved in the construction of buildings, the improvement
of the soil, etc., have practically repaid to the county the original
cost of the farm, and the per capita weekly cost of maintenance of
the prisoners 2s reduced from 31-46 to $1.27. The work in this
county, on the farm and in the jail, is conducted by a poorly paid
sheriff, an under-sheriff and a jailer

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. The county authorities should thoroughly inyestigate
the possibilities for the employment of the inmates of the
jail. Everything possible should be done to have the jail

Inspections. 279

sentence known as one of hard work instead of a period
during which meals are regularly served, a place to sleep is
assured and no responsibilities are carried.

PROGRESS MADE.

1. A padded cell has been installed.

2,_A matron has heen engaged on a regular salary basis
at $300 per year. A recommendation to this effect was
made in one of our previous reports.

CHEMUNG COUNTY JAIL, ELMIRA.

Inseecrep Apait 13, 1915, ¥ E.R. Cass.

‘The sheriff of the county is Christopher Biggs. He is assisted in
the jail hy a jailer, a matron and a keeper for the stoneshed. The
jailer, practically on dury day and night, receives $30 per month
and board; this is paid by the sheriff

The present jail has given che county many years of service.
Its physical makeup is a peculiar mixture of an antiquated and a
partly modern type of conseruction. The pit section, which is the
iain and central part of the jail, represents an antiquated type
of construction, and the grand jury and juvenile sections a more
modern cype. ‘The juvenile section is not satisfactory because an
adequate tirculation and a direct supply of light cannot be had in
the cells.

In the pit section the interiors of the cells are dark. ‘The cells
are inadequate in number and ic is necessary co doubleup prac-
Fieally at all times, an evil practice. The cleanliness of the pit
section was satisfaccory. ‘There were three prisoners under disci
pline, two of these in the same cell. The men deserved discipline
and were aot being inhumanely treated.

Tin the grand jury section there was one prisoner detained under
lose supervision, held as a suspected murderer. The cells in this
section were clean and the equipment arranged in an orderly manner.

The female section was unoceupied and clean,

The tramp-coom was being cleaned. ‘The overcrowding in this
oom and its inadequate equipment still continue. On the previous
night nineteen lodgers were received. Recently five new iron cot
beds have heen added to the equipment, making in all about ten
beds. Even this number does not satisfy the needs and the usual

280 Tu Prison Assoctarion or New York.

number of nightly lodgers in the room is greater than a reasonable
provision of cubic feet of air space of the room would allow, At
Teast 4oo cubic fect of air space per person is necessary.
conditions existing in this room practically every night are shameful
and a disgrace to the city of Elmirs and vo the county. The
lodgers sleep on the floor and somerimes eo and three in a bed,
seldom removing their clothing. If the county is unable to furnish
‘more than one room, there should ar any rate be a sufficient number
of beds ro allow each man a bed.

The jail kitchen was satisfactorily clean, also the cooking utensils
and cating pans, refrigerators and storerooms. The laundry and
equipment was also satisfactorily’ clean.

‘The padded cell was unoccupied. It wae extremely warm in this
call. It was stated that wich the temperature in chis room greater
than that on the outside, prisoners placed in this cell are quickly
subdued. Just how high this temperature usually is was not deter-
mined. Nevertheless, the question is raised as to the advisabiley
of using a padded cell as a kind of sweat-box when dealing wih
prisoners who are on the verge of insanity or are suffering from
delicium tremens. ‘The jail physician was consulted and stated
‘hat he did not know of che usually high temperature in the padded
cell, Tt could not be determined at the time whether the reaction
was harmful, or otherwise, to the person confined in the cell. The
rearrangement of the heating pipes would remedy this condition

‘The hospital room, near the erusties’ room, was satisfactorily
lean, and the exercise room off the grand jury section was being
used by two prisoners. This room, while a fairly good substitute,
is not to be compared with outdoor exercise

‘The prisoners who do not work receive two meals a day. Grand

Jury prisoners receive three. Prisoners termed “remanded prisoness”
(chat is, police court cases), receive only two meals a day. Some-

times these prisoners are held two, three or five days and then
discharged. Because they are not convicted of any crime, and are
therefore presumably innocent, there seems to be no reason why
they should not receive three meals a day as is the case with grand
jury prisoners.

In one of the cells in the pie section a prisoner was isolated because
of a venereal disease, It was stated that precautions are being
taken in the way of separate razor, separate towel, soap, eating
pans, etc

‘Ae the time of the inspection six men were employed on the stone:
pile, four in the kiechen, two on the county grounds and county

Insrecrions, 281

buildings, and two were assigned to the janitor work of the pit,
section, Four men were pronounced by the doctor as being physically
tunable to engage in any kind of work.

Nuch of the cracked stone was being removed, ‘The question
for the authorities of Chemung county to consider is whether it is
not possible to further develop a plan of employment. Idleness
docs not rehabilitate or reform a prisoner. It works injustice to
both the taxpayer and the laboring man of the county. A person
who breaks the laws of the community should not be permitted
to become a free lodger in the jal. For some of the inmates, idleness
is a loxury and in many instances persons dependent upon them
for support are made co suffer unjustly and severely. Section 93
of the County Law authorizes the County Board of Supervisors
to establish a form of employment for the inmates, The attention
of the Board is again called in brief to the recommendations for
employment made in the last report of this Association,

Pian “A" outlined the possibility of employing some of the jail
inmates on the county poorhouse farm.

Plan “B™ suggested the employment of the prisoners on the town

ighways. ‘There is sufficient work of this kind not only on some
of che side streets in the city of Elmira but also in some of the
nearby suburban districts. In connection with the road work, the
stone-breaking industry should be done on a larger scale, either at
the jail or in a quarry

Iv is strongly urged that the Committee of the Board of Super
visors now considering various plans of employment, submitted in
2 previous report, make a careful and searching inquiry into every
possibility of further developing the existing form of employmen

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, Officers of the jail should be paid from a separate
fund and not from the salary of the sheriff. There should
be an Increase in the number so that one man will not be
expected to work practically 24 hours a day. Efficiency
cannot be obtained under these conditions.

2. Individual towels should be supplied to the prisoners.

3. The tramp-room should be more adequately equipped
with beds and bedding. This can be done at a relatively
small cost.

4. The padded cell should be regularly aired and the
temperature should not exceed that of the outside by any
large degree. This can be done possibly by the rearrange-
ment of heating pipe lines.

Tue Prisos Association of New York.

5. Three meals per day should be given to police court
prisoners.

6. Upon the employment of an additional guard or
keeper, there should be a reception room designated from
which prisoners would be assigned to their regular places
in the jail after they bathe thoroughly and are examined.
‘A fumigating apparatus should be installed so that the
clothes can be thoroughly cleaned, if the jail is to be kept
entirely free from vermin.

7. The cage of the juvenile department should be re-
arranged so that air and light can enter directly into the
cells.

8. More fire extinguishers should be installed. The
numerous parts of this jail are so peculiarly scattered that
in the event of fire serious results might occur.

PROGRESS MADE.

1, Pictures of questionable character have been removed
from the walls of the cells in the pit section. ‘This was
advised on a previous inspection.

2. Shower-bath equipment has been installed in one
of the cells of the upper tier of the pit section and an old
bathtub has been brought up from the trusties’ room and
installed in this section. A new bathtub has been installed
in the trusties’ section.

3. Each prisoner is now supplied with an individual
towel at the time of his admission to the jail. These are
changed when necessary. Each prisoner is held responsible
for the cleanliness of his towel. The need for a better supply
of towels has been pointed out in our reports.

4, All the prisoners are now furnished three meals a day.
‘This was asked for in our previous report.

5. More fire extinguishers have been ordered. The need

fire has been emphasized in

nfected. In our
previous reports it was suggested that part of the jail be
reserved as reception quarters in which the prisoners could
be made to thoroughly bathe and their clothes be cleansed
before they are assigned to a cell and are permitted to
commingle with the other prisoners.

Inspections.

CHENANGO COUNTY JAIL, NORWICH.
Insrecren Apri 9, 1915, BY E. R. Cass,

‘The jail is under the supervision of the sheriff, Charles S, Holcomb,
Heis assisted by a tumkey and a matron,

‘The inspector was accompanied through all parts of the jail by
the cuznkey. On the second floor, south side, 2 serious breach of
Section 92 of the County Law was found. A’sixteen-year-old boy
had been confined the previous night in the same section with two
sdule male prisoners. Te was explained that a troublesome prisoner
fon the opposite side of the cellblock made it advisable to tran:
the boy into the section with the older prisoners. However, the
jailer readily admitted that the situation was not proper and. had
the boy transferred co the female section on the same floor, which
‘was unoccupied.

The eramp-room on the second oor, north side, was found in an
unclean condition. The floor was littered with an abundance of

rete ends, matches, pieces of rags, bread and paper. It was
explained that the troublesome, intoxicated prisoner had occupied
this room the night before. This section should have been cleaned
up some time during the da

The interior of the cells and the cortidor of the section occupied
by the grand jury prisoners on the south side of the second floor
were faiely clean,

The women’s section was entirely éatisfactory in every detail.

The cleanliness of the first floor was also entirely satisfactory

‘The prisoners spoke very highly of their treatment by the sherif®

dis assistant. ‘They were satisfied with the quality and quantity
of the food. The supper served at the time of inspection consisted
of a large portion of bread and a large tin bowl of milk. This,

ther with che appearance of the kitchen, che cleanliness of che
soreroom, the eating utensils, and the cooking utensils, convinced
the inspector that things in this respect were satisfactory.

Unfortunately, both floors on the south side are deprived of much
light because the side walls of the county clerk's office are very
close to this side of the jail, with a small alleyway between,

‘The average number of prisoners serving sentence is about six.
The sheriff in the past has been anxious to employ the inmates in
every possible way, and during the past year has done much worl.
in the courthouse, on the county grounds, and about the jail, with
inmate labor. While the small population serving sentence in this
‘couney hardly justifies the establishment of some permanent form

28, Tue Prison Association of New Your.

‘of employment, such as a county farm, highway work, or quarry
work, the County Board of Supervisors should make use of their
power, in accordance with Section 93 of the County Law, in cooper-
Sting with che sheriff to employ inmate jail labor at every possible
opportunity

RECOMMENDATIONS.

Every jail should have a padded cell. A cell of this kind
is necessary in dealing with violent and intoxicated prisoners,
Ie protects the prisoners from their own violence and also
insures the officials of the jail against unwarranted sus-

jons of brutality

PROGRESS MADE.

Since the last inspection the jail has been repainted.
‘The interior side walls have been repainted as well as the
iron work, the interior of the cells, and the ceilings. The
color for the side walls is practically white. Aluminum
thas been used for the bar work and black paint for trimming.
‘The work was done by the prisoners and is apparently

factory.

COLUMBIA COUNTY JAIL, HUDSON.
Insprere Manet 4, 1915, AND Aucusr 16, 1915, ay E. R, Cass

The jal ix under the supervision of he newly elected shen,
Wh, Kline sossted by 2 deputy shen, 2 jailer, and a night
he the time of the first inspection of this year the matsrsss in
the tals on the Bese lors ease sie, ete very itty, and in mat
Ifucances showed evidence of mech wear: Both padded call and

saosesom mere unoccupied but were fairly cleans Wkewise she
{exertion room on the

“The wile room forthe calle on the second floor was not sat
factry ene The ote corr ithe same section Wat
eee ey en chs ecto oes ls i bad condivon, The
serif seated thac he didnot decm ie advisable to disrbute nes
iNieses unel define plane had been made forthe reconstruction
of che present ja

Insprerions. 285

The female section was occupied by one woman awaiting transfer.

There was no matron on duty.

The boys’ section was unoccupied. One hospital room on the
second floor was occupied by a man suffering from delirium tremens.
Two prisoners were assigned ro watch him and the jail physician
was said to visit him frequently

‘The kitchen and equipment sere clean. Despite the unclesnliness
of the corridor on the second floor, and the toilet compartment,
the general cleanliness throughout the entire jail was much improved
as compared with the condition found on the previous inspection

The jail is svll used as 2 police lockup for the city of Hudson.
‘This is noe at all desirable.

‘Ac the time of the inspection of August 16th, the renovating of
the jail was in progress. The plans call for an additional floor to
the jail and a new section, twenty-six feet in length, to be built on
the south end of the present structure. ‘The new jai will consist
of three floors. On the frst floor will be the sherifl’s office rooms,
2 block of 23 cells, and 1 padded cell, the dimensions of each cell
ta be 5 feet by 9 feet § inches by 8 feet. Each cell will have a toilet
in the niche and also one iron hinged bed. The second floor will be
similarly equipped, and will have 24 cells, 12 on each side of the
utility corridor. On this foor there will also be two separate rooms,
one for a matron and one for a turkey. On the thied floor there
will be two hospital rooms, and the female quarters, consisting of
three cells, with a total of seven beds, There will also be one cell
reserved for female juveniles, with three beds. On the other side
of the same floor there will be a witness room, with five beds, and a
juvenile male section, with four beds. In the basement chere is
to be a tramp-room, the kitchen, the laundry, a special room for the
reception of prisoners, and the sterilizing room. There is no
cation that a jail yard is to be provided for, although there will be
plenty of available ground.

There will be seven large windows on che east side and seven on
the west side.

Te ig planned to have the new structure ready for occupancy in
about three months from the date of this inspection, and ie is es
mated that the cost will be about $51,000. This will not be an
entirely new jail; part of the present structure is to be retained.
‘The struceure when completed will offer modern facilities for dealing.
with the usual large population withoue making necessary the
confining of large numbers in smal sections.

286 "Tue Prison Association of New York.

Even with che new jail, the deplorable idleness among the prisoners
will still be a problem for the attention of the Board of Supervisors,
Plans were submitted by us in previous reports, showing the possi-
bility for uilizing the jail labor on the town highways throughout
the county, Section 93 of the County Law and Section 70 of the
Scate Highway Law give the Board of Supervisors power to plan
employment. ‘The sentenced prisoners can be employed during the
spring, summer and early fall at highway work. ‘The fact that
Albany County Penitentiary may be discontinued will make avail-
able a greater number of men for some kind of employment.
During the winter, when work on che highways is impossible, the
prisoners can be employed in crushing stone for the highways. “The
location of a quarry in some convenient place will be necessary

‘The activities in Broome, Erie, Franklin, Monroe, Nassau, New
York, Onondaga, Se. Lawrence, Suffolk, Tioga, and other counties,
clearly demonstrace that the Boards of Supervisors of these counties
are no longer willing to tolerate the unintelligent and uneconomical
system of dealing with ies prisoners, and further demonstrate that
ic is possible ro successfully employ prisoners on the highways, in
quarries and ar fare work,

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. All prisoners should receive three meals a day.

2. The services of a matron should be engaged.

3. Mattress slips, sheets and pillowcases should be
added to the bedding equipment.

4. A jail yard should be provided.

5. The County Board of Supervisors should follow the
example of other counties and provide means for employ-
ing the sentenced jail prisoners.

PROGRESS MADE.

1. By the renovation and enlargement of the present
jail the undesirable physical features of che old jail will be
obviated, which were emphasized repeatedly in our previous
reports and their improvement recommended.

2. ‘The standard of cleanliness has greatly improved. In
our previous reports the uncleanliness of the bedding,
corridors, etc., was criticised.

3. New bedding has been ordered and will be distributed
when the remodeled jail is ready for use.

Inspections.

CORTLAND COUNTY JAIL, CORTLAND.
Insrecte Apri. 11, 1915, BY E, R. Cass.

The jail x under the supervision of she sherif, R. E. Weight,
seedy a jaler and a mation, The serif le ses as oe
2nd ht se openssl by the sam
ere have been no changes for the mmprovenent of the physieal
conditions ofthe fal since cur ae inspecton, This ee oan
and serous, Because of it many physical defects, thie al one
OF the wore i the State. Iris not Beepot, Te oe non yeas
healthfal living quarters Ie does nor mond the prover epeeetng
of ules from minors and males om feotlen Mare oe her
the authorities cannot comply with the nequsenen of Sarton
of the County Lave which provides the prsgee serving ceeeres
‘hall be acparsted (rom pritoners awaicing acon of treed een
Even the aber as no' privacy ov cahoots eine ne
‘At the ime of the inspection an the lower foot tae el shere
jury, together with thowe tering sentence, This soe et sens
breach of the County Law which was finmed forthe ses at
minors from the influence of older and hardened eaigets The
tetion is very small and prisoner, unless locked inches ce moe
comming in one covrdon. There is nothing fot thers odo ey
Fae ed pay
cells are she old stone vaultike eype, with no provisions for
The sheif realized that the situation tn thi wclog was not in
complisnce with the law but he was ding the eat he ould with ke
Sinneen ied
‘On the opposite side of this lor the entire section yas occupied
by one male prisoner. ‘This man wae wal nettonel Se eae
was being held for jail breaking. Te was quite pececayy bees
him igolsted in a. secure place, Uniorsunataly, the avanoenery
ofthe cells in the section in wich he way confined made ie apeeesry
thae four of five all whith were mealed, he sseifocd tt eee
to mfely hold ne prisooe,
he rom om the second floor, which are unsatisfactory accom
tmodatons for juvenile and female prisoners, were occupied see
men. ‘The sherif war oubled colnow what todou lene acnees
vere brought tothe jal Te would be imponuble to keep chen
any of the rooms of this floor, because the Root ata ie eny eal

288 Tp Prison Association of New York.

and because the partitions between the rooms would not satisfactorily
Separate prisoners of different sexes and ages. To place a woman
jn this section would be practically reverting £0 the days when
no attention was given (0 the safekeeping of female prisoners,
‘A county institution in which there are no satisfactory quarcers
for the safe and proper keeping of adult and minor prisoners of
both sexes is nor a credit to the county.

‘During the summer and winter of 1914 the population of the
jail was unusually high. ‘The average during the winter was about
fifeeen and ac times was_as high as ewenty-six. Usually one-half
fof the number were serving sentence and the other half awaiting
rand jury. With the inadequate equipment at his disposal, che
Sheriff could not have been expected to house a large population
Mecencly and segregate them as the law requires. There is no doubt
that during most of the time the conditions were wretched. ft has
even been necessary for the sheriff to give up some of his private
living quarters to protect young female prisoners. ‘The Prison
Commission and the Prison Association have frequently condemned
the jail

“There has been some agitation among the county officials +
locate a site for the new jail. No definite action has been taken,
although such action is important to preserve the dignity of the
‘county and bring its jal to the point where ic can be favorably com:
pared with jails in other counties. ‘The county usually expends
Berween $3,000 and $4,000 a year for the board of Cortland county
prisoners at Onondaga County Penitentiary. This is an absoluce
Bnancial load upon the taxpayers without the smallest return from
the prisoners. OF course, the congestion in the jail, as well as the
trouble and care of the prisoners, are relieved. However, Cortland
county should not be content with relieving itself of some of its
responsibilities by simply paying to another county a large sum of

‘The condition of cleanliness on both sides of the lower floor was
satisfactory. The floors of the cells, the beds and bedding, and
the sheets and pillowcases were clean

The cleanliness of the rooms on the second floor was fairly

satisfactory.
"The prisoners expressed satisfaction with the food and also with
the treatment accorded to them by the jail officials,

RECOMMENDATIONS.
1. The County Board of Supervisors should appoint a
committee to visit some of the jails in the adjacent counties

Insrections. 289

that are of modern construction so that they may see how
antiquated and inadequate their jail is. The jails at Nor-
wich, Chenango county; Wampsville, Madison county;
Syracuse, Onondaga county; Owego, Tioga county, and
Waterloo, Seneca county, will serve as good examples for
comparison.

2. The county authorities should no longer delay the jail
question. Something should be done this year. The jail
should be located somewhere in the outskirts of the’ city
so that a jail farm can be connected with it, to furnish some
necessary means of employment for the inmates of the

after due consideration, the authorities

to locate the jail in the city, a farm two
miles or s0 out in the country should be purchased or rented
so that the prisoners can work it. ‘The experience of St. Law-
rence county serves as a splendid precedent for the recom-
mending of a jail farm. In that county during the course
of two years the value of the farm products and the value
of improvement and construction work on the farm practl-
cally repaid to the county the cost of the farm. The work in
the jail and on the farm is carried on by a poorly paid sheriff,
an under-sheriff and a turnkey.

PROGRESS MADE.
The ceiling directly above the boiler in the basement has

been lined with tin, The grave fire danger at this point
was emphasized in previous reports of this Association.

CLINTON COUNTY JAIL, PLATTSBURG,
Insrrereo Jone 15, 1915, BY E.R. Cass,

‘The sheriff of the county is J. M. Moore, He is assisted in the
jail by a jailer and a matron.

From the physical standpoints this jail is one of the worse in che
State, In previous reports, not only of the Prison Commission
but also of the Prison Associacion, che inadequacy of the cell capacity,
the unsanitary conditions, che inability of the sheriff to properly
observe the laws relative to the classification and separation of
frisoners, have been emphasized. However, no definite action
seems to have been taken by the Board of Supervisors to obviate

290 Tur Prisox Association or New York.

a condition that is a blemish to the dignity of the county. In the
past, a commitree of the Board members was appointed to visit
The jails ja some of the adjacene counties. ‘The inspector has not been
ble to learn the resule of the committee's work, ‘The wretched
jail still remains. ‘The authorities of Clinton county should proceed
to construct 2 thoroughly modern jail. ‘The present one is really
t oneloor structure, The second Moor is not satisfactory for the
tafe detention of prisoners and the «wo rooms in the courthouse

‘ction ate wholly unsatisfactory, principally because of their size
tnd their non-fireproot construction,

‘A fait condition of cleanliness and order prevailed in most parts
of the firse Noor. The iron floor of the cage on the first floor had
recently been mopped and the usual practice of applying. kerosene
Sil to prevent rust made the oor slippery and slimy and produced
anything but sn agreeable odor. The wretched condition of che
follets in the cells was evident. Of eleven toilet bowls, five were
Clogged wich feces and paper which could not be washed off because
Of the clogged condition of the pipes and the unsatisfactory flushing
Cquipmene.. In some instances these toilet bowls were overflowing
land the contents were falling upon the Hoor of the cells.

‘On the second floor, north side, two prisoners were assign
cone cell. Another cell was equipped with three beds and anocher
with one bed. The latter cell was occupied by a fifteen-year-old
bor, The cell doors are not locked at night, In this particular
ease, the placing of such young minor with adults was not only
f violation of Section 92 of the County Law, but also of Section 486
of the Penal Law. During the day this young tad had the free
fun of both floors of the jsil. When the inspector entered che
Fest floor he found this young boy standing outside of a cel in whic
aman very tuch under the infiuence of liquor had just been placed.
‘The very sight of this man was repulsive, even to an adult, and
the character of his language most vile. However, the young lad
twas 4 most ardent listener and observer of the words and revolting
etions of the man in question. A-situation of this kind is a veri
table disgrace and the tuthorities should not regard such condicions
lightly.

‘A county jail, which should be, so far as possible, of a reformator
character in the treatment of a delinquent, in this case is actuall
2 demoralizing agent and a detsiment to the welfare of the com:
munity. In one of the rooms in the courthouse section of che jail
fon the south side, a twenty-four-year-old prisoner was held awaiting
the action of the grand jury. Strange to say, this lange room was

Inspections. 291

Gi usta 's wieeteguet amen Ie pained be
Tee shar atthe Legimning dhe young lod was paced thi tore
ess pees clive, ta Young a bla ciel rope
Aer 1 conftrnce with the shes the lone proeer aa placed
inthe cain the all proper and the yung bay taser othe
canbe permanently rvlded only when Cinco county compelled
fo each enisacony fal quarem. IF the cay ef Paburg
had own police lockups the lll poplaton cold chen be ere
Sealy reldcod and thechy coins sgh rive

The prunes had no complains to olfersltve co the quantity
ie quay of the food povided for tem ot shar woncwent
ty the shen and tie a The kitchen, which ie the shen
utensils also. * a sand cooking

‘Thetweimportnt problem forthe Road of Supervise f Citon

jail accommodations. “ alain
2. The abolition of the prevailing idleness among sentenced

The county authorities should determine whether it is best to
inseall in the present jail a eell structure of modern design, and also
build an addition to one side of che jail, or whether it would be betce
to discontinue the use of the present jail and build a new one some-
‘where on the outskiets of Plattsburg. By the latter arrangement,
the jail accommodations can be made satisfactory and the problem
OF idleness eolved to a large extent. On the outskirts of Platesbu
there are farms on which are also quarries. Naturally, this would
accessitate a considerable expenditure at the beginning but the
jail problem would be permanently solved.

TThe successful operation of the county jail farm in Se. Lawrence
‘county should not escape thenotice af the authorities. The activities
in Tioga, Nassau, Monroe, Erie, Suffolk, New York, Franklin and
‘other counties, show thar the various Boards of Supervisors are no
longer willing to tolerate the totally unsatisfactory condition of
idleness among the prisoners and are using their authority, under

ion 93 of the County Law, to establish a system which will be

292 Tue Prison Association or New York.

of invaluable aid in promoting the welfare of not only the prisoners
but of che community at large

RECOMMENDATIONS.
L The city of Plattsburg should have a Toekup of is
wT ctinton county is one of the very few counties in the

Suacein which there are only two sesions of the grand Jury

Sen years At. present much hardship and. injustice is

orked upon the prisoners, who, unable to get bail, mus

pend long pe ysecsions in the

Ross and unheateny confines, of the jail. Wiemestes in

Canes are also mage to suller similarly.

Secuion 99 of he Gatinty Law relative 49 the classi
cation and segregation of prisoners and the separation
sninors rom adults should be observed, also Section 486 of
The Penal Law. ‘The sepregution of minors, especially very
Soong ‘ones, of paramount smportance. "If Uhere 18 any
ieutiliy for reform ie must begin with the younger element
Before they get ino the clutches of the law, bu in such
ta event, very consideration should be given to ther.

ain order to permanency. solve. the Jai) and_ labor
question the county guchetities should purchase a ood
farm, If possible one with quarry om if, and construct
few jail on the mew ete. By having the jal on the far
the necessity of transporting the prisoners, whieh Is some
that of a problem, would be obviated and thereby make
the whole plan more feasible

DELAWARE COUNTY JAIL, DELHI

Isspectep Arnit 9, 19) R. Cass.

Phe jail is under the supervision of the sheriff, J. F. Parra
assisted by the under-sherif, a matron and a female cook.

‘At the time of the previous inspection, July 30, 1914, we repoteed
‘on the unsatisfactory’ cleanliness in some parts of the jail, and ale
fon the unsatisfactory separation and classification of the inmate
population. However, in a part of that report it was explained chat
the daily routine was somewhat interrupted because che shell
and his assistant had to be-away from the jail

Ixspecrions. 293

While the condition of cleanliness throughout all parts of the
sil, at the time of this inspection, was muck improved as com-
pared with the conditions found on July 30, 1914, the jail was not
satisfactorily clean in every part. The floors of the corridors, the
tells, the beds and bedding were satisfactorily clean. The bottom
of the window sashes on the first and second Roors were very dirty.
Practically al ofthe window-panes were unclean. The space between
the shower-bach compartments and the windows in the side walls
contained paper and dirt. At the time of the previous inspection,
dire was also found on the window-sash and in the vicinity of the
showersbath compartments. If at two different inspections, nine
months apart, dirt is found in the very same place, i seems only
fair to assume that the cleanliness of the small places is neglected
Furthermore, the heating pipes throughout the jail were covered
with mueb dase
With proper supervision, dust and diet could be easily removed,
thereby furnishing some means of employment for the prisoners who

sisting about, idling their time away. If the jsiler exercised
closer supervision this condition would not exist. The average
man who goes into jail will not undertake upon his ovn initiative to
do more than he is actually asked to do.
‘The laws celative to classification and separation of prisoners
e observed
The iron work in the toilet niches is still in bad condition as
pointed out in previous report.
In the absence of a jail yaed, no satisfactory means exist for daily

‘outdoor exercise for all the prisoners.

Cooking utensils, eating pans and kitchen in general, were clean

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. More attention should be given to cleanlines

2. The iron work of the jail should be repainted a brighter
color.

3. The iron work, directly on top of the toilet bowls in
the niche, should be filled in with a layer of cement. The
composition should be one and one-half parts of moulding
sand and one part of Atlas or Portland cement. ‘The cement
should be sloped toward the opening in the bow! so that
proper drainage can he had. Paint will not satisfactorily
Solve the rust problem in the niche and its application
is a waste of time and money.

94 ‘Ti Patsox Assoctation or New York.

4. A partition in the east and west end corridors on the
first floor will furnish proper separation of grand jury
prisoners from prisoners serving sentence and at the same
time permit the prisoners to have the use of the inside and
outside corridors.

5. A jail yard should be acquired which will permit
outdoor exercise for the prisoners, and some kind of work.

PROGRESS MADE.
1. Stricter attention has been paid to the classification
of prisoners, as per Sectien 92 of the County Law.
2. The cleanliness of the jail is somewhat improved
although it is not yet considered satisfactory.

DUTCHESS COUNTY JAIL, POUGHKEEPSIE,

Ixsrecrup Manes 3, 1915, ty E R. Cass.

The shesiff of the county is Fred Hornbeck, assisted in che jail
by to male jailers and one matron.

‘The corridors and the cells on both tiers of the east side of the
cedllblock in the main section of the jail were satisfactorily clean.
‘The cement work surrounding the top of the toilet in one of the eels
‘on the top tier of this side of the cellblock is badly cracked and broken.
(On the west side of the cellblock, especially on the lower tier, there is
insufficient light. Directly above the outside corridor is a skylight
opening from the rook. This admits a small amount of light but not
Sufficient to light the interior of the cells and inside corridors.

The boys’ department, forcunacely, was occupied by only one boy
and was clean and orderly. In a corridor in the boys’ section there
is a bed used by an adule male, who acts as porter and overseer
in this department. This arrangement is necessary because wher
2 number of young boys are in this section there is usually muck
disorder and noise.

‘The female section was not occupied, was clean and in order:
The padded cell, which had been used the night before, was clea.
‘The Kitchen and pantry, including the equipmene in each, we

The hospital rooms were uneccupied bue the beds were neatly
made up and ready for use.

Te has been pleasing to nove the
and order on the last two inspections,

proved condition of cleanliness

Inspections. 295

Unfortunately, the location of the jail in the heart of the city,
and at the top of the courthouse, prohibits outdoor exercise. The
present system confines the inmates under conditions tending to
jeopardize their health, and, also, because of the deplorable idleness,
to promote crime.

The idleness in the jail warrants the most serious consideration
of the officials of Duschest county. Men cannot be expected to
reform sthen there is no incentive or means for them to better their
condition. ‘The inmates are now a heavy Bnancial burden to the
taxpayers of the county. The only return the taxpayers receive
s protection during the short period of time the prisoner spends
in jail, Dutchess county should fall in line with many’ of che other
counties that are trying to employ the jail inmates.

[Before any feasible plan can be put in operation in Dutchess county,
the county authorities must impress upon the courts the folly. of
continuing to send numbers of men to jail for two, thrce and five
‘lays. ‘These short sentences are convenient for the drunkard
ind tramp, but are inno way of real benefit of help to chem. The
idleness is inviting, Some plan of labor must be adopted to dis-
soucage the drunkard and tramp, and pethaps arouse a spirit of
industriousness in them. ‘The County Board of Supervisors are
ruthorized by Section 93 of the County Law to provide employment
for the inmates of the jail. This would permir the establishment
of a county jail farm, somewhere in the outskires of Poughkecpeic,
‘on which, prisoners serving sentence could be employed during the
farming seasons at farm work, and during the wineer months a¢
srone-breaking. Ie would be best co purchase or rent a farm having
a quarry. The quarry work could be correlated with highway
work. There is plenty of work throughout the county on the town
highways. This work ean be carried on by che cooperation of the
town superintendent of highwavs, which is authorized by Section 70
ofthe State Highway Law. If the work is at some distance from the
;ail che men can be kept in camps as is done in Onondaga councy,
6, if nearby, they ean be transported to and from the jail. The

of this work should be shared by the town and the county.
Arrangements might be made to transport prisoners to and from the
Inil farm, or from places where highway work is being condueced,
by means of the police patrol auco in the city of Poughkeepsie.

RECOMMENDATIONS.
1, There are two plans open for the consideration of the
county authorities; one is the establishment of a county

296 Tu Prisox Association or New York.

jail farm and the other the employment of the inmates
of the jail on the town highways throughout the county.
‘These plans cannot be made practicable unless the practice
of giving two, three and five day sentences to the prisoners
Is discontinued, not solely for the purpose of making a
plan of employment feasible but because it is folly to
expect men to develop industrially and otherwise during
such a short time. The present system is non-reformative
and absurd.

2. There should be an additional fire-escape, in the form
of a bridge, which would span the alleyway between the
courthouse building and the Dale Company building.

3. The floor cf the shower-hath compartment on the
second tier In the main section should be pitched toward
the center to permit proper drainage.

4. Fumigating apparatus should be installed for the
clothing of inmates,

PROGRESS
1. The interior iron work of the jail has been repainted
and the opening directly beneath the skylight in the main
section also. ‘The latter was recommended in our previous
report.
2. The iron stairway leading from the kitchen to the
street has been painted. In our previous reports a recom-
mendation to this effect has been made.

ERIE COUNTY JAIL, BUFFALO.

Insrectep Avousr 9, 1915, ny E. R, Cass,

The nevly elected sheriff of the county is Edward Stengel. He is
assisted in the jail work by a jailer, one turnkey, one record el
eleven guards and three matron,

The county jail prisoners, because of the renovation of che ok
jail, are now kept in two separaee buildings. All female prisoners,
and the male civil prisoners and witnesses, are held in the south
wing of the old jail. The other prisoners are detained in the sectioa
of the penitentiary building formerly reserved for female pené
‘entiaty prisoners

‘The general cleanliness of the female quarters located in the old
jail was satisfactory. Because of the arrangement of these quarters

Inspections. 2971

ified, Teh unjtt and inburga to ke peo hee
be removed. * ne Hel aed Ahold

298 Tite Prisow Association or New York.

and minimize the problem of discipline. Ik would also. se
the minors from adules of questionable character.

Ina regular cell on gallery “D,” a Polish prisoner was under
Aigcipline. Te was stared that this prisoner was responsible for much
Giseurbance and plotting with other prisoners. He was therefore
Kepe isolated in a cell. He receives the regular rations and also
all the water he desires. However, he ought to receive daily exercise,

‘a cell on the west side of gallery “E” there was a prisoner,
apparently mentally deranged. He caused much disturbance
Some of his actions were repulsive, his utterances were vile, and in
many ways he endeavored to do himself bodily harm. A few day
prior to the time of the inspection he slashed his wrist. During the
inspection he attempted to burn bis bedelothing and frequent!
struck the back of his head against he hard, brick wall of the cell
This man was undoubtedly a fit subject for a padded cell as 2 tem
porary means of detention and should have been transferred to 2
proper institution without any unnecessary delay

‘On gallery *"D the solid sheets of iron formerly fastened to the
baring of the doors of cells Nos. 7 and 8 have been removed, thus
abolishing the dazk punishment cells.

Tt was stated that visits to the prisoners are now restricted to

latives or close fiends, The promiscuous visiting which was
permicted in the old jail has been discontinued. The period for
Visiting is also restricted to Ave minutes per prisoner. Visits are
made at the penitentiary office under the supervision of a guard.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. The renovation work now going on in the old jail
should be expedited

2. The cells in the dungeon rooms in the old jail should
be rearranged and the dungeon cell in each room should
be abolished.

3. More light «and air for the witness section in the old
jail, especially in the sleeping rooms, should be provided.

4. Persons apparently mentally deranged and violent
should be assigned to 2 padded cell in the penitentiary,
or, better yet, sent to an Institution for the insane without
delay.

5. The penitentiary yard should be used for the exercising
of the jail prisoners.

Inspections. 299

PROGRESS MADE.

1, The renovation of the old jail, with the installation of
outside cells, is in progress. ‘The need for better jail
‘accommodations and the adoption of the outside cell plan
have been strongly advocated in our previous reports.

The totally dark punishment cells in the wing of the
penitentiary now used for jail prisoners have been dis-
continued. Recommendation to this effect was made in
our previous penitentiary report.

3. The system of visiting has been completely changed
so that now visits are regulated not only as to time but
also in accordance with relationship of the visitor to the
prisoner. Thus, the old system which permitted young
lads to make visiting to the jail a sort of lark and diversion
has been discontinued. ‘The wasatisfactory previous visiting,
system was pointed out in our reports and its discontin-
uance recommended.

4. New mattresses have been purchased. The need for
this was pointed out in our previous report.

COUNTY JAIL, ELIZABETHTOWN.
Inspects JUNE 14, 1915, By E.R Cass

‘The sheriff of the county is J. W. Knowlton. He is assisted in
the jail by a jailer and a salaried matron,

‘All parts of the jail were clean and in order. The prisoners had
ho complaints to offer relative to the food which is served to them
or to their treatment, At the time of the inspection, supper was
being served, consisting of vea and milk, bread and buster, cookies
and wast. | The quantity of each was liberal, well served and
apparently. well prepared,

il in general is buile along modern lines. However, the
original section reserved for the female prisoners had not been
found practicable for use, so that now women prisoners must be
imprisoned in one of the large sections of the jail. In 1914 there
were eight female prisoners. In 1915, up to the date of inspection,
there have been five. Ie was necessary to keep these women in close
proximity to the male prisoners, that is, on one side of the cell-
block on one of the floors. While the commingling of prisoners of
both sexes can be prevented, i is impossible to prevent conversation

300 THE Prison Association or New York.

back and forh between the male and female prisoners, Section gp
of che County Law requires tha female and male prisoners Be sricly
separated

scx county is one ofthe very few counties cemaining in
there are only co seions of the grand jury each. ye
pritoner who iy unable co aban bail something should be done
Often persone ae held for months svaiting disposition, and whet
the grind jury convenes they are dicharged. During this poried,
prior to the grand jury hearing, not only the prisoner sets but
eshaps his family even more
Doemployment ell resin a serious handicap in the diy routine
af the jal The present system which permite the prisoners so ile
foray thei cme ince jail is bad economically and takes for mora
and physical deterioration, Its known that some ofthe prisoners
Prete alifcinthe jail wo Wie on the ouside, Are the county author
Ties willing that this should continue? Bach year prisoners ar sent
from Ese ont ete Aon Cony Pani the Yo
that apprenimatey $1,600 was pad Tor board and abeue 8500 for
transporcation. Were a proper means of employment once tare
this annual sum of more than $3;000 could be used to the direct
dvancage ofthe caxpayer of Eee county. The covey authors
Bre again reminded thae under Section 99 of
within their thority to solve the problem of idleness in the ja
ind that also under Seccon 70 of the Seae Highway La ches
an ure the prisoner! labor onthe town highnays, "Thetis pen
Gf available highway. work for several years within a rads of
or eight miles of the jal in she cown of Lewis and also in Elizabeth
tom Arrangemenie should be made to rent or purchase, ot obtain
the privilege ef working. a large limescone quarry a shove distance
from the jal and to use the stone waken ftom the quatry on the
Nigheays

“The activities of other counties should be an incentive «0 the
authorities of this count

1e County

RECOMMENDATIONS.

part of the jail is practically unused except for drying
clothes.

Inspections. gor

2, There should be, when the population of the jail
warrants it, an additional session of the grand jury, ‘The
plan adopted in Tompkins county should be considered.
In that county an additional session of the grand jury is
held during the month of June if the population of the
jail justifies ie.

3. When it is practicable, there should be regular days
for using the jail yard to give the prisoners outdoor exercise.

4. A committee should make a careful inquiry into the
possibility of utilizing the labor of the prisoners serving
sentencein the jail. The prospects of work on the highways,
ina quarry, or on a county jail farm, should be thoroughly
analyzed.

PROGRESS MAD!

1. The October grand jury inspected the jail and con-
sidered the need for better accommodations for the female
Prisoners, as pointed out in our inspection report. ‘The
grand jury has recommended that the top floor of the jail
be equipped to provide quarters for female prisoners.

2. Late information subsequent to the ending of our
fiscal year, September 30, 1915, is to the effect that the
Board of Supervisors of Essex county have appointed a com-
mittee to investigate the possibilities of employing the
inmates of the jail serving sentence and have also author
ized the committee to establish some form of employment
if practicable. Im our inspection reports to the Board of
Supervisors of this county we have strongly urged that the
members of the Board utilize their authority under the law
te abolish the deplorable idleness among the sentenced
prisoners.

FRANKLIN COUNTY JAIL, MALONE.
Ansrncrep June 18, 1915, by E.R. Cass,

‘The newly elected sheriff is F. S. Sreenberge. He is assisted in
the jail by the under-sherif, 2 turkey, a matron and a cook. The
turkey, who is the sheriff's son, is under twenty-one years of age
ind is therefore ineligible under the public office act. Since the
‘ime of inspection his position has been filled by another,

hhe jail is too small and not modern. ‘There are ten cells and
the rooms, four of which are for females. Ie is usually necessary

Prisox Association or New York.

to place two and three prisoners in cell. ‘The sheriff cannot sare
Hi ‘the prisoners according to the law, and in many

gate and classify
5 Since the first of the year

instances minors are placed with adults.
there have been eighteen prisoners under the age of twenty-one.
[At the time of the previous inspection there were seven minors
together with the adult inmates. ‘The stories told by some of the
minor inmates, although denied by the sherif, showed the greit
injustice of keeping minors and adults together. County jails are
commonly termed “schools of crime.” ‘This term is justified in

Jails where no special accommodations are provided for juvenile
Offenders. Moreover, the placing of two prisoners in one cell is
universally condemned,

‘At the time of the previous inspection the congested condition

Insrzcrions. 303

helpful ae an incentive 10 other counties, Therefore, Franklin
teunty Snot only retarding ite own progres but also ata a had
Sample 19 other countcs.-‘The present labor of the jal inmater
i confined tothe upkeep of the lawns about the couney buildings,
fenovation and construction work om county Buildings, and work
One village highways. ‘The reword a the numberof men employed

road work ina follows:

Porhiah, 3 dive res me copied iy ;

The work is done within the corporation limit

Vision is exercised by any member of the jal staf.

No super

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. Immediate steps should be taken to relieve the unsatis-
factory conditions existing in the physical makeup of the
jail. The unsanitary toilet conditions, especially on the
first and second floors, are a detriment to the health of the
jail inmates. ‘The commingling of the various classes of
prisoners, and especially prisoners of tender ages with
adults, i8 contrary to law and should not be tolerated.
The jail at Watertown will serve to demonstrate how anti-
quated and small Franklin county jail actually is. ‘The
present jail should be enlarged so as to provide a cell for
each prisoner and satisfactory quarters for juveniles and
for women.

2. Provision should be made for a jail yard. It is unjust
and cruel to keep prisoners, especially those held for the
grand jury, within the confines of such a small jail for long
Periods of time.

3. The present wretched plumbing conditions should be

nmediately remedied.

New mattresses and blankets should be purchased
and distributed without further delay.

5. The present unsatisfactory supervision of the jail
farm should not be allowed to continue. ‘The deadlock,
due principally to a difference of opinion and probably a
general misunderstanding, has made the jail farm practi-
cally useless this season.

PROGRESS MADE.

1, The jail has been thoroughly cleaned and repainted,
The uncleanliness and need of paint were pointed out in
the recommendations of a previous report.

304 Te Prison Assoctatios or New York.

2, ‘The purchase of a jail farm shows satisfactory progress
in obviating the usual condition of idleness among prisoners
serving sentence. ‘The utilization of the inmates of the
jail on the county grounds and on the village highways is
also commendable. The idleness of the prisoners has been
a subject for criticism in our previous reports.

3. New blankets and mattresses have been purchased
and distributed in the jail. The great need of these was
emphasized in our previous reports.

FULTON COUNTY JATL, JOHNSTOWN.
Insrectep Arnis. 28, 1915, ay E.R. Cass.
‘The sherif of the county is William J. Shepard. He is assiseed in
the jail by an under-sherif, a janitor, a cook, and a matron.
All parts of the jail were clean and in order at the time of the
inspection.
‘The prisoners were satisfied with their treatment and food

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. Some of the available ground on one side of the jail
should be enclosed as a jail yard. Outdoor exercise is
essential.

2, With some additional construction above the kitchen,
hospital rooms and reception quarters can be provided.

PROGRESS MADE.

1, A padded cell has been installed in the jail. ‘The need
for this was pointed out in the recommendations of one of
our previous reports.

2. ‘The Board of Supervisors haye a jail hospital and a
jail yard under consideration and it is expected that they
Will take some definite action this coming spring. The
need for these two improvements has been emphasized in
the recommendations of our previous reports.

GENESEE COUNTY JAIL, BATAVIA.

Ixsrectep Aran. 17, 1915, By E. R. Cass,

‘The jail is under the supervision of the newly elected sherif
Freeman Edgerton. He is assisted in the jail by a jailer, H. L-
Ward, a matron and a female cook.

Inspections. 305

On the first floor of the jail the cells and the corridors on both
sides were clean. In many instances there were two and three
rnactresses in fair condition on each bed. No sheets or pillowcases
dre provided. It was said that each new man gets fresh blankets,
fand that men who ate serving long sentences have fresh blankers
ery two weeks.

‘On each side of the first loor a man was locked in a cell, apparently
somewhat mentally deranged, under the care of the doctor, until
fuitable arrangements could be made to have him transferred to
another institution,

The uelity corridor on the First floor was very damp. ‘The water
oues into some of the cells through the comers and seams of the
steel Mloor.

The toilet seats in the niches are still in bad condition. The
destructive work of the rust is hastened by the dampness in che
ucility corrider.

‘One side of the second floor was used for the detention of minors,
of whom three were detained at the time of the inspection, Tr was,
said by the boys and che jailer that each occupies a separate cell
Atnighe, Two of the cells are locked and the other is not.

On the east side of the second floor one adult male was detained.
He had the entire use of the inside corridor. The boys were given
the free run of the outside corridors on both sides of this loos. With
the large mamber of adult males confined on the second floor the
young prisoner should not be given such freedom. Their strice

"The kitchen is the sheriff's own private one and was clean and
orderly. The various parts of the basement and laundry were
also clean, The shower-baths are in good working order.

There are only three grand jury sessions during the year. Much
hardship and injustice is often done by such infrequenc sessions.

(On the second floor of the jail, satisfactory segregation of female
prisoners is vot always possible. The hospital rooms are usually
feserved for them, Nevertheless, with a large population of male
prisoners of various classes, necessitating the use of the second
floor, it would be necessary to keep male and female prisoners in
close proximity

RECOMMENDATION:

1. The dampness in the utility corridor, especially on the
first floor, should be obviated. This can be done by improving.
the ventilation of this section or by installing a system of

ches, also the
¥y corridor, should be painted to pre~
Serve them against rust.

2. A padded cell should be installed. A cell of this kind
protects an insane person, or one suffering from delirium
tremens, from his own violence.

3. There should be an additional session of the grand
jury during the year, if, at a fixed time between the regular
‘grand jury sessions, the jail population justifies it.

4. Provision should be made either by enlarging the
jail or installing extra partitions on the second floor, to
‘separate satisfactorily the male and female prisoners,

5. The idleness existing among the prisoners serving
sentence is bad, and is unjust to the taxpayers of the county.

‘The Board of Supervisors, under Section 93 of the County
Law, cap establish employment for the sentenced inmates
of the jail. They should consider the advisability of operac-
ing a county jail farm. ‘The activities in St. Lawrence
county serve as a splendid precedent.

With a plan of this kind the taxpayers of the county
hye the satisfaction of knowing that men sentenced to
jail are not complete burdens to them and that they are,
through work, made to realize some of the responsibilities
of life. Where idleness is the chief factor, the inmates
of the jail have no responsibilities, and in many instances
their families are the real sufferers. During the period of
imprisonment the prisoner is sure of regular meals and
a place to sleep. This is not always the case with those
dependent upon him outside of the jail.

‘The plan of employing prisoners on a farm is also carried
out in Tioga and Oswego counties. Erie county is developing
alarge farm. Onondaga county has a large farm. Monroe
county has purchased farm land during the past. year.
Nassau county has arranged for a large acreage for its
farm and Suffolk county Is arranging for the purchase
of a 400-acre farm,

PROGRESS MADE.

1. The paint formerly placed on the window-panes to
prevent inmates from communicating with people on the
outside has been removed. ‘The paint prevented much
light from entering the jail. It was stated that discipline

Insrecrions. 307

has not beon difficult since the paint was removed. This
change was recommended in one of our previous reports.

2. The dampness in the utility corridor on the first floor
has been obviated. This, no doubt, will improve the sanitary
condition in this section and preserve the iron work of the
cells, A recommendation to this effect was made in one
of our reports.

rhe tollet seats have been repaired with concrete,
reinforced with wire mesh. In the recommendations of one
of our reports we called attention to the need of safe-
guarding the base of the toilet niches from future deteriora-
tion, and the use of concrete was suggested.

4. "The supervisors of this county, on October 19th,
unanimously adopted a resolution providing for the em-
ployment of prisoners on the County Home Farm in Bethany.

1e work is to be under the supervision of the sheriff, and
he is to have the services of a guard. None of the prisoners
are to be kept out of the jail over night, and they are to be
transported from the jail to the farm, a distance of seven
miles, by means of an automobile truck provided by the

county. In our reports, the County Board of Supervisors
have been urged to obviate the idleness among the prisoners
serving sentence in the jail, Farm work and highway
work were suggested as a means of doing this. The authori-
ties are to be commended for the action they have taken.

GREENE COUNTY JAIL, CATSKILL,
Insrecrep Manew 7, 1915, ny E. R. Cass.

‘The sheriff of the county is Elmore Mackey. He is assisted in
the jail by a jailer. The sheriff receives $2.80 per capita per week
for the board of the prisoners.

‘With the exception of the utility corridors on the first and second
floors, the jail was clean. In cach of the utility corridors there
was an accumulation of paper and sweepings.

‘The kitchen, which js the sheriff's own private one, was very clean.

The agateware dishes used to serve food to the prisoners were
badly chipped.

The tramp-room in the basement was clean and orderly. There
were no tramps on the night of March 6th. On the previous night
there had been five. During the year of 1914 there were 300 night

308 Tu Prison Association or New York.

lodgers. The sheriff is allowed forey cents per diem for each lodger.
Te was said chat the lodgers are given supper and breakfast
‘The jail prisoners were satished with their food and treatment,
‘The jail is also used as a town lockup. This arrangement is
ot satisfactory.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. To prevent rust and uncleanliness of the toilet seats,
a layer of cement should be placed over the iron work sur-
rounding the top of the toilet bow; it should be
ends and pitched toward the center to permit proper drain-
age. The iron sliding doors in front of the niche should
be removed permanently.

2. A better water supply should be provided to give
sufficient pressure for the upper floors of the jail.

3. The utility corridors should be kept clean.

4. Crockery, or aluminum eating utensils, should be
selected when a mew outfit is purchased to replace the
Present agateware equipment. Agateware eating plates and
pans are desirable until the enamelled coating begins to
chip. After that, itis impossible to keep the rough-surfaced
metal, exposed by the absence of enamel, free from rust
‘and dirt.

5. Astrict censorship should be exercised over the pictures
that the prisoners place in their celts.

6. There should be an additional grand jury meeting
during the year.

7. The system of paying the sheriff $2.80 per capita per
week for the board of prisoners and 40 cents per Iodger

counties. The fee system is a wrong basis on which to
defray the cost of maintaining prisoners and opens the
way to injustice to both the prisoners and the management,
‘The plan in vogue in all of the counties, with the exception
of the three where the fee system is still continued, is to
have the sheriff, or a committee appointed by the Board,
Purchase the necessary supplies and submit the bills co
the county for payment. There are 30 counties boarding
their prisoners for less than §2 a week. A charge of 40
cents per night for lodging is extraordinary.

Inspections. 309

PROGRESS MADE.

1. The bases of the toilet seats have been scrubbed and
repainted. It has been suggested in our previous reports
that the iron work of the toilet niches be preserved from
further deterioration.

2. ‘The sheriff has decided to experiment with aluminum
or crockery eating utensils when the present supply of
agatoware cups and plates is exhausted. This is in accord-
ance with suggestions made in recommendations of our
previous reports.

3. The system whereby the sheriff receives 40 cents per
capita per night for tramps is to be considered by the Board
of Supervisors at their next session in December. In the
recommendations of our previous report it was pointed
out that this is a survival of the old fee system and that
therefore it should be discontinued and the members of
the Board have been urged to do this.

HERKIMER COUNTY JAIL, HERKIMER,
Isrectep Arai. 27, 191s, ny E. R. Cass,

‘The sheriff of the county is William Stitts, He is assisted in
the jail by» jailer and a matron,

Ac the time of the inspection all of the prisoners with the exception

‘wo, who were said to be working in the courthouse, were assembled
in the corridor on the street side of the frst floor. To permit the
various classes of prisoners to assemble in one group is a violation

the County Law. ‘The jailer’s explanation was that the number
of prisoners in each class was so small that when they are kept
Separate they complain of being lonesome. It is necessary to
‘comply stricely ae all cimes wieh the classification law,

The jail was fairly clean. In some of the cells loose pieces of
Paper were scattered about. Closer attention should be given
'o the cleanliness of the bucket holders in the cele

The toilet equipment is inadequate. The toilets now in use
ite located in one cell on the first and second floors, and are of the
old iron type, badly worn and unsanitary. ‘The use of the bucket
system ie had, even with the best of precautions.

In many of the unused cells che bedding was not carefullly arcanged.
The bedding in unused cells should be clean and fresh and should

310 Tu Prison Association or New York.

be atranged so that the sir can easily come in contact with all pans
of it. The doors of unused celle should always be kept locked,

The prisoners had no complaint as ro treatment or foot.

‘The jail is stil used a8 2 town lockup for the towns of Herkimer

\d Mohawk. This is an unsatisfactory arrangement. ‘The proper
discipline in the jail is made difcule when lockup cases are detained
There are no special quarters in which these prisoners, who are
usually very unclean, can be kept. The lockup prisoners are
usually brought in large numbers and are held for very shore
periods. ‘They are usually the young lads and men taken from the
freight teains

RECOMMENDATIONS.
1. A porcelain toilet bow! should be installed in each
ll.

2. Section 92 of the County Law, relative to the classi
fication and separation of prisoners, should be strictly
observed.

Shades, or iron shutters, should be provided for the
windows on the street side of the first floor. People passing
on the outside can easily observe what is going on in the
first floor of the jail.

‘4. The condition of cleantiness in every detail of the

should be restored to the satisfactory standard found

Iockups of their own. Police court prisoners should not be
held in the county jail prior to their arraignment before
a magistrate.

6. Minors should be kept separate in their respective
cells at night when there are sufficient cells available.
Doubling-up under any circumstances is bad.

JEFFERSON COUNTY JAIL, WATERTOWN,
Issrectap June 20, 1915, BY E. R. Cass.

The jail is under the supervision of the newly elected sherify
Charles C. Hosmer. He is assisted by an undersherif, two turnkey
and a matron. ‘The present sheriff works on a salary basis

Since January, 1915, the maximum population has been fifty-tv0
and the minimum twelve. The average population throughout
the year is about thirty, of which number twenty are usually serving

Inspections. au

Ac the time of che inspection a highly satisfactory condition of
cleanliness and order prevailed in all parts of the jail

‘The prisoners were satished with their treatment and their food.
Some of the prisoners who had been in the jail when the fee system
was in vogue said that the food now given to the prisoners ie far
superior in quality and quantiey

‘The County Law relative to the classification and separation of
prisoners was stricly observed. One woman was segregated in

room because she was affected sith an infectious disease. One
‘man was locked in his cell under discipline. This prisoner had been

‘signed to work on the lawns about the jail and had violated
the confidence of the sheriff by leaving his work, getting intoxicated
snd attending a ball game. The diseipline consisted of confinement
in his cell. He was provided with the same rations given to the
other prisoners.

The attention of the Board of Supervisors is called to the close
proximity of the female section to the second floor of the jail
‘Teusties, and other prisoners who might have the run of che outside
torridors, can easily. gain access to the third floor. Generally the
vvomen are Kept in the small rooms, causing too close confinement.
They should have aecess during part of the day to the central
corridor on the third floor. “To prevent male prisoners from going
from the second to the third floot, there should be a light steel d
and cage at the foot of the stairway leading to the thitd floor. ‘This
ton be provided at small cose.

There is a very limited opportunity for outdoor exercise for
grand jury prisoners. The high fence around the jail does not
permit the safe using of the jail yard,

The idleness among the prisoners serving sentence still exists,
In December, 1914, 2 resolution was passed by the Board of Super-
Visors, authorizing the sheriff to employ the prisoners at farming

the county tuberculosis hospital. This farm land is not very good
‘nd will require much labor in clearing he stone and brush, repairing
fences, ete. Ir was reported that there are now about three acres
inder cultivation and that the officials are apparently timid about
‘expending much money to purchase a jail farm or further experiment
vith the presene land, In previous reports the activities in other
‘counties for the employment of the prisoners have been pointed
ut, Ie is again strongly urged that the Board of Supervisors
use their authority, under Section 93 of the County Law, and pur-
chase or rent land for a county jail farm, or establish a county
uatry on the county poothouse property and correlate the quarry

512 Tue Prison Association or New York.

work with the highway work in some of the nearby towns. The
Inrter can be done in accordance with Section 70 of the State Highway

Law. F
RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. The authorities of Jefferson county should keep
apreast af the progress of other counties and arrange for
thevamployment of the sentenced inmates of the jall, A
The committee shoukl be instructed to confer with the
Tine tuperintendent of the poorhouse, the county
faways, and other interested persons,

inimaking 0 c :

aX electric rotary sashing machine should We added
to the laundry equipment.

ainfieany nite sercens should be placed on che windows in
tne basement ofthe jall o prevent the passing of contraband
foods into the jail

"spermancnt arrangements should be made to prevent
cany aecens by means of the stairway from the second
the third floor.

kere should be installed in some part of the base:
iment oF thied floor. fumigating apparatus so that the
Toles of mew prisoners can be thoroughly cleansed and
ceeee in the numerous lockers which are now available
onthe "third oor, Without a” formigutiag apparatus
«scar well that these lockers be-not pue in use, because,
Kany Gttrucred of wood, ins shore time they would
peaae ialted with vermin, ‘The fumigating apparatus need
een expensive alae, For example, a hirge-size packing
woke saan e'lined with tin and-a door placed on it. For
earfaenode torches ean be set into the case ae the fun
saagg agent. Suiphne should not be used as itis det
Hoe Este clothing. Prisoners should be supplied with
saiforms (not striped). Brown or blue overalls and jumpers
waetticient. Wich an arrangement of this kind the tsk
afi doping the jail free from dire and vermin will be areas
facilitated.

PROGRESS MADE.

1. Since the abolition of the fee aystem in this county
tne management of the jail in every detail has apparently
reatiy improved: The prisoners are better cared. (0
arty deceive etter food, the county laws, with respect (©
Thelanesiention ofthe prisoners, arebbetcr observed, certain

Inspections. 383

prisoners are segregated and the standard of cleanliness of
the jail is much improved. ‘The need for these improve-
ments has heen noted at the time of previous inspections
and recommendations were made in previous reports.

2, A matron is now engaged at a regular monthly salary,
thus making a female attendant directly responsible to the
county for the supervision of the female prisoners. Under
the fee system, although the sheriff's wife was perhaps
expected to act as matron, there was no definite obligation
on her part to the county. The services of a matron have
been urged in our previous reports.

3. Arrangements are being made to repair the door-
locking device for the cells on the first floor.

4. A county jail committee of the Prison Association is
to be established. This committee is to undertake, with
the various county officials and members of the Board
of Supervisors, the solution of the problem of idleness among,
jail prisoners, and, in general, use their efforts to assist
prisoners and cooperate with the sheriff in the further
betterment of the jail conditions. A chairman has been
elected, and part of the committee organized,

5. A committee of the Board of Supervisors from Jefferson
county has visited St. Lawrence county in order to study
the jail farm activities in that county. ‘The farm activities
in St. Lawrence county have been constantly mentioned
in our reports and also by our inspectors when in conference
With various officials and official bodies. In our previous
Jefferson county report the employment of the prisoners
was strongly urged and farm and quarry work recommended.

‘The present farm activities are due undoubtedly to this
agitation and the satisfactory findings of the committee
subsequent to their visit to St. Lawrence county.

6. Agateware eating and cooking utensils have been
displaced by a new supply of aluminum utensils.

KINGS COUNTY JAIL
(Por Civil Prisoners.)

Insenctep Serresmmn 29, 1915, ny Prue Kunin,

‘The sheriff is Lewis M. Swasey.

There were seven men and three women at the county jail on the
day of inspection. One additional woman prisoner was in a hospital

314 Tas Prison Association or New York,

‘outside the jail. Four of the men were detained in alimony proceed.
ings, one was a material witness and two on technical charges 0}
contempt of court in civil proceedings.

‘The general average population of he jail during the past year
hhas been 14.2. On August 1, 1915, a new warden, William J
Maxwell, was appointed. Otherwise there has been no change in
the personnel.

All parts of the jail were visiced, and, in general, good order and
cleanliness were found. There was, however, some accumulation
of dire behind the radiators on the frst tier. Some of the cots were
found to have a layer of nevspapers under the blankets. There
was no toilet paper in the toilet on the first tier, and newspaper
wwas being used instead. The aetention of the warden was called to
these matters and he said he would immediately rectify them.

‘The stucco finish of che walls, co which attention was called
the time of the last inspection, was still in che condition previously
reported. The walls had not been covered with a coat of plaster.
‘The walls in general are in great need of a new coat of paint

‘There are no screens, either of the widemeshed kind, or of
‘mosquito netting, on the windows facing the streets, shrough which
contraband goods might possibly be introduced into the jail. The
necessity for such screens in jails is generally acknowledged. They
should be installed at this institution without delay.

There is not a single fire extinguisher in the whole building.

The prisoners were questioned a5 co the qualiey of food served,
and the standard of treatment, and they offered no complaints.
They fureher stared that they had found no vermin in the beds,
corroborating in this che statement of the keepers

‘One cell on che first tier was accupied by to prisoners, although
the census did not exeeed the total number of celle available. It was
stated that the two had occupied che.same cell 2¢ a time when the
census did exceed such number and that the prisoners were simpl
allowed to remain together. On the suggestion by the inspector
that chey be separated, the warden stated that he would give orders to
that effect.

There ate no facilities for outdoor exercise; efforts on the part
of the administration to obrain such have heen unsuccessful.

The employees complained of the sour odor of vegetables arising
from the cellar beneath the building which is used by the City
Prison, Brooklyn, for the storage of vegetables.

‘When the census is considerably larger than that found at this
inspection, the conditions are probably less satisfactory, because of

Inspecrions. 315

the insufficient amount of direct light into the cells, due to the
small number of windows per corridor. The following table gives
a summary of the population throughout the year:
Average
unter
risoeePeianpere
Jail davs, ‘Gerda

Setembon 1918

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. Stricter supervision should be exercised, in order to
avoid the accumulation of dirt in corners’ and behind
radiators; to make sure that toilet paper is always available;
to prevent the use of newspaper on the beds, and to avoid
the occupation of one cell by two inmates unless absolutely
necessary.

2. The stucco finished walls should all be covered with
a coat of plaster and paint; this, principally, for sanitary
reasons, also to make it easier to keep the walls clean and
more presentable. It is impossible to wash off stucco
finished walls satisfactorily.

3. A new coat of paint should be applied throughout the
interior of the jail.

4. Wide-mesited screens should be applied to all windows
of the jail facing the street.

5. Mosquito netting should be placed on the windows of
the kitchen and pantry to keep away files and dust. The
fiy pest may become serious.

©. Concerted efforts should be made to obtain for the
prisoners of the civil jail the privilege of the use of the
Yard of the City Prison, Brooklyn, for the purpose of outdoor
‘exercise for civil prisoners, if lecessary by breaking through
‘door between the civil jail and a room adjoining it occupied
by the City Prison of Brooklyn as a storage room.

7. A fire extinguisher should be placed at some central
Point in the building.

316 Tue Prison Association oF New Yors.

LEWIS COUNTY JAIL, LOWVILLE.
Inspucrep June 25, 1915, BY E. R. Cass

The jail is under the supervision of a newly elected sheriff, George
©, Jeffers, receiving $1,800 2 year, house rent and maintenance,
‘There is no matron or jailer

“This jail is a very small structure, unsatisfactory in many respects,
and should be replaced by a new one. Te is practically one solid
stone cellblock with the stone vaule-like type of cells. These ate
Gccidedly dark, inadequacely ventilated and some of them are
always damp, —e —

The proper separation of prisoners, male and female, juvenile an:
adults, in accordance with the requirements of the County Lay,
is impossible, even with the very small population

The equipment throughout the jail, such as baching and toilet
accommodations, is inadequate. ‘The only bathing facilities are vin
tubs on the second floor, one in the so-called female deparement
nd one in the juvenile department.

"The prisoners complained about the quantity of food served to
them. ‘The complaints, on investigation, seemed not justified.

The sheriff gave the following samples of the menu:

Brooks: Some

Lance,
Stape

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. A new jail should be buile outside of the town on
sufficient nereage so that a fairly large farm can be main-
tained.

2X more liberal supply of bedding should be provided
in the prevent jail. ;

athe interior of the colls showld be fumigated and
then painted, alvo the celfblock and the side walls.

‘Chere shoul be an additional session of the geand
ty during the year, At the fime of the Inspection there
We two men who were held for the grand jury at the
Beginning of June and. who must wate until September
Pefhaps ac that time evidence would not be had or they
trould be found innocent The question arises as to what
Becomes of their families in the meantime, and also as ‘0
Gheir opportunities for employment, and’ how they are

Insrecrions. 317

provided for because of possible mental and physical
deterioration. In cases where prisoners are able to obtain
bail this situation is not serious but something should
be done for those who are less fortunate.

In Tompkins county, for example, where only two
sessions of the grand jury are regularly held, a special meet-
ing is held in the month of June of each year if the popula-
tion of the jail justifies i

PROGRESS MADE.

1. The fee system has been discontinued and now the
sheriff is employed on a salary basis. The necessary
foodstuffs are purchased by the sheriff, and the bills for the
same are submitted direct to the County Board of Super-
visors for payment.

2. New blankets and mattresses, although insufficient
in number, have been supplied, thus relieving to some
degree the wholly unsatisfactory shortage of clean and
proper bedding pointed out in our previous report.

LIVINGSTON COUNTY JAIL, GENESEO.
Ixsrscrap Avmit 20, 1915, ny E. R. Cass.

The sheriff of the county is George H. Root. He is assisted in the
ail by a jailer and a matron. Since the first of the year, cighty
prisoners have been committed to the jail. Twenty of this number
were sentenced for periods varying from five to fifteen days.

The jail is a small structure, buile along modern lines. The first
floor cells and corridors were clean, also the beds and bedding.
Sheets and pillowcases are used. All of the population, wich the
exception of 2 young. girl, were detained on the first floor. The
law relating to the classification and separation of prisoners was
complied with satisfactorily.

The cleanliness and order of all parts of the second floor merited

The young gisl mentioned above was being held as a witness and
was kept in che sherff’s residence, under che supervision of his wife.

The jail is still used as a town lockup. On general principles
this practice is bad. It increases'the problem of keoping the jail
clean and is a serious handicap to good discipline

318 Taz Prisox Association or New York,

‘The prisoners seemed thoroughly satisfied with the treatment

accorded co them by the sheriff

‘The meal served ar the time af the inspection consisted of meat,
potatocs, fresh beets and bread. The appearance and taste of the
food were satisfactory.

RECOMMENDATION.
‘The village of Geneseo should have a lockup of its own.

MADISON COUNTY JAIL, WAMPSVILLE.
Insezcreo Apri 26, 1915, BY E.R. Cass.

The jal is onder the supervision of the ney eleced ses
CG "Taylor, who is asitel by a jailer and a matron

Devine the winter months the population was unusually high,
the sverige being about 40, most Of whom were serving sentence.
‘The maximom population W557

Ailpares of he jal were clean and erdely

the pons nade no complains at fo eamene or ode
in the bam and on the consteuction of a small piece of road in the
ee Spake int The privonere ate sso employed at janitor work
Bethe county buildings. There is no regular form of employ~
iat coe sentenced. prconers, Additional land for a large jal
funden has been rentels making the total land now available about
seed onehall acres. "The Board of Supervisors have taken
hs Seton inead of negoasing fr the porate of renal
iikcaurplece of land near the jal co be used permanently 26 a jal
faa ‘The county poorhouse farm has entailed much expenditure
Date che pase yeae and the authorities are reluctant, forthe present

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. ‘The County Board of Supervisors are urged to appoint
a live committee to plan the establishment of satisfactory
employment for the inmates of the jail.

Part of the jail, preferably the basement, should be
used as a place where new prisoners can be received. Here
the prisoners should be made to thoroughly bathe, their
clothing should be taken from them and they should be

Inspections. 9

given a jail uniform. Overalls and jumper are satisfactory.
Stripes should under no circumstances be used. ‘There
should be a fumigating apparatus installed at a very small
cost, or made on the premises, for clothing. A system of
this kind will enable the management to keep the jail
entirely free from vermin and dirt.

3. ‘The wooden stairway from floor to floor of the jail is
a serious fire danger.

4, Sheets and pillowcases should be supplied for the
prisoners.

PROGRESS MADE,

1, The interior and the iron work of the jail have finally
been painted. The appearance of the jail has been much
improved thereby. In previous reports made by this Associa~
tion the noed of painting the iron work of the jail has been
shown.

2. The jail garden has been enlarged. It indicates to
some extent that the Board of Supervisors have the employ-
ment of the prisoners in mind. In our previous reports
we have shown the need for employment of the jail inmates.

3. The icehouse, which heretofore occupied much space
in the jail yard and therefore decreased the area for out-
door exercise, has been removed and a new one built outside
of the jail yard. In the recommendations of our previous
report this has be .

4. While the sheriff has not obtained appropriations to
purchase uniforms for the inmates of the jail, he has a
supply of overalls and jumpers to be used by the prisoners
while they are in the jail. In previous recommendations
we showed the need of uniforms, or overalls and jumpers
for the prisoners so that their own personal clothing
could be fumigated and preserved for them until the time
of their release. The additional supply of clothing will
also assist in keeping the vermin in the jail at a minimum.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY JAIL, FONDA,
Ixsrrcrep Apnin 28, 1915, By E. R. Cass,

‘This jail is under the supervision of the newly elected sheriff
E. Folmsbee. He is assisted in the jail by a jailer and a cook.
There is no regularly appointed matron.

320 Tue Prison Association or New Yonex.

erie numba of men serving setence daring che wineer
vais fou eoeney eo try aed fe hs fone ah ss Aye

ing the sume cis aveigsdetfeer so beat teh and Sfown
2 The supervision of this lange jail has been in the hands of practt
cally'one san for tha part bath, becaue the eho bas beet
Confined to hs bed. "Te gencral condivon of eanliness wat no
up to-a eatalacory standard at the time of inspcton. Te was
sted thar the unuual condition during the pant month wan tomes
arhat responsible fri

On theft oor the toilet bowls in the niches were not satisfactorily
siete The rein ue dl oe ole os aed 0
arty of pictures, This practice i wrong. ‘The bar work vas at
{lean and showed thy nees of paint From the ualcy cider on

the first floor came 2 strong, disagreeable odor of urine, perhaps due
to the leaking of some of the coilet equipment in the cells.

The floors of the shower-bath compartments, a8 was pointed
out in previous reports, are not properly pitched; when the baths
are used the corridors are flooded with water.

‘The locks of the grand jury section on the first floor are not secure

aguinse picking, "Not s0 very long ago 4 nineteenveat-old boy, it
tan eal eucceeded in operating the locks on one of the doors ofthe
Cortidors with the ald of an ordinary spew handle. Te has been
iecersty forthe serif to have pices of sted sheeting placed around

“The floors of the corridors on the fst oor are ot satisfactory
pitched so that proper drainage can be had when the fore aze
Hushed wich water. ‘The vindow-panes on the east and west sides
of the rt Boor were in need of washing. ‘The automatic central
Tock-coatral atone ea ofthe ellblock on che fs loot was notin
proper working order. It was stated thatthe inmates ofthe cells

iit very eaty to prevent the doots from locking by placing pieces
af eardboard snd paper between one side of the ell and the door of
the cll

‘On the sscond floor the condition of cleanliness was somewhat
beter. In the shower-bach section on the westside the arrange
ment of the floor was not satisfactory. When this bath is owed the
tater leaks through co he call directly beneath and into the uty
conor.

The third floor was mach cleaner chan the first, but more care
should be taken to ge the dive out of che crevices around the bottom
ofthe sliding door.

‘The windows inthe basement are not screened. fe would be eay
o-pat things in and out. Inthe absence of fence around the jl

Inspections. 321

or proper screening of the windows it is not only possible to pass
things in ¢o the prisoners in the basement but also to the grand
juty prisoners on the first foor.

‘The kitchen was clean and orderly. ‘The prisoners receive thee
meals daily, excepting Sunday, when only two meals are served
One or two of the prisoners complained that they did not get suficient
bread. Ie was stared that the men received at the first helping
‘oro Tange slices of bread and are allowed move if they desire. Te
has been found necessary to reduce the quantity of bread at the first
helping because the men wasted a considerable amount.

A fumigating apparatus has not been installed and no reception
‘quarters for new prisoners have been provided, A room on the east
sie, near the end of the basement, could at a small cost be trans
formed into a reception room. ‘The doors should be reinforced
anda shower-bath installed. Te is pity that with the present system
itis necessary to place drunks, whose clothes are in a dirty and shame-
fal condition, in the jail proper.

‘The jail yard is not used.

The attention of the authorities is again called to the text of a
Previous report submieted by ehis Association with respect to employ
‘ment of prisoners. Under Section 93 of the County Law, the County
Board of Supervisors are authorized to establish some form of
cmmploymene and ic is strongly urged that the resolution of the Board
of Supervisors giving permission to the Mohawk Town Superin-
tendene of Highways to use jail labor be taken advantage of.

RECOMMENDATIONS,

1. A better condition of cleanliness should prevail
throughout the jail at all times.

2. One additional guard should be employed and both
his and the jailer's salaries should be paid independently
ty the county and not by the sheriff.

3. The iron work of the jail should be repainted.

4. A room in the basement should be fitted up as a

on room. Cot beds furnished with blankets only
should be installed as well as bathing equipment and a
fomigating apparatus. After the prisoners bathe
thoroughly they should be given a jail uniform, consisting
of overalls and jumper, and should be then assigned to
‘cell in the jail proper. "Their clothes should be funigated
fad ‘not returned to them until they are ready to be
released,

322 Tae Prison Assoctation of New York.

5. The floors of the yarious shower-bath compartments
should be improved.
te A section ofthe basement should Be used as a messhal
will not be necessary £0 feed the prisoners in their
Collapstbte tables, such. as are used In the Troy
Jail should be installed
7H A'fence should be built around one side of the jal
or the windows securcly screened with a fine steel mesh
a. A anlaicd matron should bo provided. Tis untate co
expect any Woorim to deal with the type of woman who
Grually gets into all without being duly compensated for
her services,
9. The jail yard should be mi
and then used to exercie prisoners.

je proof against escape

PROGRESS MADE.
1. Overalls and jumpers have been provided for the
prisoners serving sentence. This is partly in accordance

with recommendation made in one of our reports.

‘The leaky condition in the utility corridor on the
first floor has been remedied. This is also in accordance
with recommendation made in our report.

MONROE COUNTY JAIL, ROCHESTER.
py E.R. Cass.

‘The newly elected sheriff, Chatles S. Owen, is responsible for the
“ He is assisted by an under-sherif, a head
woman jailer, 2

Isrecrep Apri. 20 aND Aucust tr, 191

supervision of the jail
jailer, an assistant jailer, 2 porters, 1 keeper,
engineers, 1 night warchman and 1 male cook.

‘The jail is used only for the detention of prisoners awaiting tril
and those awaiting the action of the grand jury. It is a mixture of
an old and a modern type of construction. The large population #t
times makes it necessary to use both the old and the new sections
‘The use of the old or pit section is undesirable because of the
arrangement of the cells and the impossibility of properly classifying
the prisoners detained therein.

“The toilet equipment in these cells is old and badly worn.

The central corridor is used as a messhall for the whole

[Ac the time of the inspection of April 20th the tidiness and clean
ness of some of the cells on the upper tiers of the pit section was not

Inspections. #8

cntirely savisfactory. The fact thae the noonday meal had been
tompleted shorely before the inspection was nor wholly responsible
for the uncleanliness of the upper tier of cells and the galleries.
All parts of the new wing were clean and orderly. The bar work is
veay much in need of painting, also the partitions of the cells.

“The bedding equipment, in the absence of mactresses, cannot be
favorably compared with that found in practically all of the other
‘county jails. There is no reason why Monroe county should fall
behind completely in this derail

Part of the pit section should be used as reception quarters. Here
she prisoners can thoroughly bathe, and, while their clothing is being
umigated, can be supplied with overalls and jumpers. This is done
in other jails in the State and itis the only method which will prevent

‘and vermin from spreading in the jail. It will also render less
difieule the problem of keeping the bedding clean,

The women’s section was very clean on both inspections of chis
year. Both sections located on the floor below the women’s seetion
were satisfactory.

‘The inspector was favorably impressed with the food and treatment
of the prisoners.

Ac the time of the inspection of August 11th, 2 very high condition
of cleanliness and order existed in both parts of he jail Ie was the
ftse time within the past two years that the inspector has found all,
parts of the pit section satisfactorily clean. ‘The iron work of this
section has been thoroughly: scrubbed and is to be painted.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. The beds in most of the cells should be supplied with
mattress, sheets and pillowcases. Five or ten cells in the
pit section can be reserved for newcomers and these need
ww be supplied only with blankets.

2, Aluminum eating utensils, or crockery, should replace
the agateware type now in use. Agateware is good until it
begins to chip; then it is practically impossible to keep
ic clean and free from rust.

PROGRESS MADE.

The following improvements have been made since
January 1, 1915:

1. The women's quarters have been painted.

2. The iron work in both sections on the floor below the
female department has been painted and new toilets are
being installed.

Tue Parson Assoctation of New York,

A stoam-chest is now available for the sterilization of
blankets The blankets are now washed every ten days
‘The average number Is ahout fifty per weck, as compared
{o eight to tem per-week in previous times. This natural
takes available a cleaner supply of bedding, making i
ovaible to give fresh. bedding, as recommended. in our
Previous reports, to each new prisoner.

igtpecial part of the main floor of Che new wing has
heen set ale as a consultation foom for attormeys and
their clients: ‘The former are not permitted to have free
fun of the jail, "The need for providing spectal quarters
for this purpose and the discontinuance of the practice
of permitving lawyers to have Sree accest to all parts of the
fail was recommended In one of our previous reports.

5: In the office the jalla screened arrangement has heen
instaffed so that the prisoners are now on one side and
tiaitors on the other. Recently « railing has been placed
bn the visitor se so as to Keep them from coming che
to the sereen, Inthe recommendations of one Of Our
previous reports fe was requested that a etter system of
eating with and supervising visitors to the Jail be esta:
ished

i Bieetsie ight control for the new section of the jal
haw Deen rearranged. so that now the prisoners cannot
tamper with the light drown into the cell

7.08 cabinet form of roster has been placed in che nes
wing of the fal Ths mates te anny 0 take the COU
Of the prisoners and to Tocate them.

New tollews have. been installed nthe eolls in the
pit section. ‘The wretched condition of the old Iron tolls
tras pointed out in our previous reports and heavy poreeaia
Toilets recommended.  Unfortunacely, in installing the ne¥
Cole, row enaanelledtllet bowls were sslcted. Nev
toilet bowls were aiso installed in the cells located in the
Sections on the lloor below the women's quarters.

9 "The tron work in the pit section bias been scrubbed
and repainted. ‘This was recommended in our previous

“fo. ‘The intertor side walls of the cells and the ceilings
have been repainted, also the base ofthe tolletnfehes..‘Thi
Improvement is. highly satisfactory, and. obviates. the
lneightly appearance of the interior of the calls, points!
tout in the previous reports.

Inspections. 325

11, Food is no longer carolessly stored in one of the cells
inthe pit section. ‘The unsatisfactory nature of this practice
was pointed out in a previous report.

12. A new cnamelled sink has been installed in the pit
section to facilitate dish-washing.

13. The shower-bath room, off from the pit section, has
been furnished with a curtain. The floor of the section
has been painted and a rubber mat installed, The whole
equipment is now quite satisfactory.

14. Prisoners are not permitted to place obscene pictures
or unnecessary decorations in their cells. The need for
curbing this practice was pointed out in our previous recom-
mendations.

15. Arrangements have been made with the Superin-
tendent of the Penitentiary whereby one or two prisoners
serving sentence are kept at the jail to work as janitors. A.
plan of this kind was suggested in one of our previous
reports.

16, ‘The jail yard is now secure against escape. In the
latter part of last year, iron cage work was constructed
over the yard but it soon proved unsafe. ‘There was some
delay, and finally alterations were satisfactorily made.
In our previous reports the use of the jail yard has been
urged and the equipping of same against escape also. Hand-
ball courts have been marked out, thus providing suitable
means for exercise and recreation.

17. The following changes have been made in the kitchen:
The ordinary wash-b«

installed to take th
summer, thus maki
for the staff to take their meals in the kitchen.

18. Wire screens have been placed on the inside of the
windows in the new wing of the jail so as to prevent the
smuggling in of contraband articles.

18 The aectenl cleanliness Steighont ll mocia of He
jail was much improved and highly satisfactory at the
of the last inspection, also the general administration of
the various details of the jail routine. This clearly proved
that the sheriff had profited by the suggestions made at the

1e of a previous inspection and was trying to discharge
his duties well.

326 Tar Prison Assoctation of New York.

20. The sheriff has decided to experiment with aluminum,
and crockery eating utensils when the present supply of
agateware cups and plates is exhausted. In our previous
reports this has been suggested.

2A. The sheriff has purchased mattresses. This is the
first time within the knowledge of the inspector that they
have been used in the male quarters of the jail. The sheriff
is supplying the beds of the cells in the new section with
mattresses. In our reports we have urged that the ma
tresses be purchased and added to che bed equipment in
each cell

NASSAU COUNTY JAIL, MINEOL
Insrecten Serrewner 8, 1915, ny Prurp Ke.

‘The sheriff is Stephen P. Pettit, the warden W. E, Holts,

On the day of inspection the usual difference in the standards of
cleanliness between the miale and female departments existed, ‘The
latter was entizely satisfactory, whereas the former lefe much to be
desired. ‘The cans in the corridors of the male department were
not covered. The toilet seats were covered with newspapers, upon
which che personal effects of the prisoners were spread because of
the lack of necessary shelf or rable accommodations. Roaches were
seen and complaints of the prisoners were that they exist ac times in
reat numbers. The faucets at the washstands in a number of cells
‘were leaking and one of the washstands was plugged up. Blankets
were found in some of the vacant cells, which should have been
entirely free of bedding. The inside and outside corridors were not
swept clean and small piles of sweepings were found at the entrance
to the utility corridor. None of these conditions existed in the female
deparement, It yas stated that the sheets and pillowcases are
laundered weekly. ‘The personal effects of the prisoners are laure
dered by them in the cells or corridors and hung on lines in the
corcidors, There is no good reason why all the clothes of the pris-
ners as well as the sheets and pillowcases should not be laundered
in the jail laundry, which is adequately equipped with apparatus of
modern design.

Since the last inspection 2 wooden partition has been constructed
at about the center of one side of the frst tier to keep minors await-
ing court action separate from other prisoners. ‘The improvement
‘would be very commendable had it not been found that on the day
‘of inspection the door in this partition giving aecess to the section

InsPeerions. 37

{or minors was open and that therefore commingling was not pre-
vented. A vemporary wooden partition is a fair makeshift but of
no permanent value. Even ies temporary value is entirely lost
bay leaving the door open,

‘One prisoner was in his cell, suffering apparently with plear
An ordinary cell is not the proper place for a case of this kind, which
should go to a hospital, in the absence of hospital facilities in the
sail,

Of the forty-six prisoners serving sentence, thirty-two, or almost
two-thirds, were being housed in the tramp-room in the basement.
The appellation“ tramp-room "is only justified by its location, not
by the purpose for which it is weed. Ordinarily, che tramp-room
implies a pare of the jail where tramps, passing through the town,
specially in the winter, ace allowed to remain over night of theit
own free will and not by commitment, However, the “ tramp-
room" at the Nassau county jail is nothing mare than a dormitory
where prisoners serving sentences of from five two thirty days are
held in the most unsanitary, undignified and improper conditions
The occupants of this room sleep, huddled together in groups, om
boards, or on unclean blankets. During the day many of the men
0 out to work on the jail farm. In the winter this work is not
available, s0 thae some of them are employed at stone-breaking in
the yard. But by far the larger pare of the twenty-four hours of the
day is spent by the men, crowded together in this one room, which
is located below the ground level. The floors were dirty, littered
with paper, ete. and spat upon, To aggravate the general unde
sirable situation, a padded cell on wheels oceupies part of the very
limited fee space in the room. This is not a proper location for a
cell of this kind, in so much if ie were occupied by a proper case,
for instance, delirium tremens, the annoyance to the usual large
number of men in the room would be not only a greae discomfore
but also an injustice. Furthermore, the cell js sometimes used by
‘one of the prisoners who becomes tired of the hard beds and prefers
to leo on the padded fon. There is no good reason, except chat

jail is too small, why these men should not be decently housed
in nelle as the prisoners of a similar grade are provided for in practi-
all of the jails throughout the Seate.

Epameled iron seats have recently been installed in all che cells
‘of the male department to replace the rusted stecl seats that were
previously condemned by inspectors of the Prison Association.
So far, the seats are undoubcedly a big improvement and have given
satisfactory service. Enameled ware of any kind is not immune

328 Tue Prison Assoctation or New York.

from chipping and no doube sometime inthe near future the previous
"The jail yard consists of two. parts, entirely separate from each
other, one on ther side of the central or administrative part of
the building. One yard is used at 4 garage for the shedif and fo
Storage purpose, The other contains a stoneshed and general repai
Shop. There was no work going on in the shed at the time of che
inspection. There was also in this yard. a garbage incinerao
which was in very bad condition, and an oldfaehioned privy, use
by the prisoners while working in the yard. The incinerator should
be repaired and che privy immediately removed. The whole eqip-
mene does not conform to che general oder construction of che
Even with two faiazed yards and a staff of si keepers, mone of
the grand jury prisonecs, or, in fact, any of the prisoners excep
those actually employed around she house or on the snall farm,
recaive outdoor exercise. The only explanation given for this war
that it has never been done. “The prisoners im this jail
‘rotived because the sale nfcienly large anda yard is availble
nd no doubr the working hours of the staff can be arranged sit
the needs. -
“There were six women in the jail atthe time of inspection. ‘The
warden stated that at no time within his memoty has the jal been
Without some female prisoner, and yet there it only one ofl
TRecrom and che i the wife of the shelf, who ie noc » resident of
the jail but resides some distance from ie. ‘The matron’s. work
is therefore performed by the wife of the warden who resides at
the jail, but who is not ofcially appointed 2s matron, An offically
Eppointed person should be resident atthe jal as mation.

The food is served to the prisoners in agateware dishes, "On the
day of inspection the dinner consived of soup with crackers, meat
Shd potatoes served in the soup, though cooked separately, and
bread. The food was satisfactory t0 the inspectors taste, excepting
that i lacked sale.” Sugar i not given, eicher in tea or offen, The
reason given for this is that it has never been done

“The farm upon which some of the prisoners work comprises now
about five acrer of land, belonging 1 the Garden Ciey Estates
and its cultivation for the benefit of the jal is allowed by couresy
af the owners, This cle farm is quite an asset to the jal, both

Tecause of the fair amount of vegetables that can be raised on i,
tnd because it gives certain amount of employment to some of che
pakoners

Inspections, 329

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, The disgraceful conditions in the tramp-room described
in the above report are due to the system of housing prisoners
with short terms, which is entirely at variance with modern
principles and is chiefly attributable in the present case
to the lack of sufficient amount of cell accommodations.
Furthermore, there is no room that may be used asa hospital
room. It is strongly urged that the county jail be enlarged
so as to provide sufficient cell accommodations to dis-
continue the present tramp-room system and to supply
a much needed hospital room.

2. The spacious yard of the jail should be utilized in order
to give all prisonérs outdoor exercise. The time of the
prison staff can be so reorganized as to provide the necessary
force for adequate supervision of prisoners while exercising
in the yard.

3. Small tables should be supplied in every cell. This
can be done at comparatively small expense and will make
for very much better conditions of order and cleanliness.

4. No bedding should be kept in unoccupied cells. Each
incoming prisoner should be given clean bedding at the time
of his admission and he should take such bedding co the
cell himself. Upon his discharge he should return the
bedding and such bedding should not again be used before
ithas been completely disinfected and laundered.

8. All prisoners’ clothing requiring laundering should be
laundered and dried in the institution laundry. The cells
and corridors should not be marred by the hanging of clothes-
lines and half-laundered clothing.

6, ‘The standards of cleanliness of the male department
still leave much to be desired. Sweepings should be
immediately removed, not feft on the floors, and tin cans
in the corridors should be always covered,

7. ‘The old-fashioned, unsanitary privy in the yard should
be immediately removed.

8. The garbage incinerator should be repaired.

9. ‘The custom of appointing the sheriff's wife matron
should be discontinued, unless the sheriff resides at the
jail, If another officer resides at the jail, that officer's
Wife should be appointed matron. If there is no resident
Woman at the jail, then at least two non-resident matrons
should be appointed, on equal shifts.

330 THE Prison Assocration of New York.
10. The food should be properly seasoned; particularly
salt should be supplied to prisoners so that they can season
the food to their own taste. Tea and coffee should contain
sugar.
PROGRESS MAD!

1. The unsatisfactory toilet conditions in the cells have
‘been improved by the installation of enameled iron toilet
seats. The need for such an improvement was pointed
out in our previous reports.

2. The construction of # vegetable cellar by jail labor
ing the garage.

'3. ‘The construction of a partition on the first tier of
the jail to provide for the separation of juveniles. While
this makeshift is not entirely satisfactory, it is evident
that the suggestions made at the time of our previous

spections and in our recommendations have impressed
upon the authorities the need of taking some means of
segregating the juveniles.

‘4. The acreage for the jail farm has been increased,
thus providing for the employment of more prisoners and
for an increased amount of product. In our previous
reports we have advocated the further development of the
jail farm and have mentioned the activities in this county
as an example for other counties to follow.

the yard cont

NIAGARA COUNTY JAIL, LOCKPORT

Issercren ApRit 19, 1915, BY E.R. Cass,

‘The jail is under the supervision of the newly elected shes

William Shaw. He is assisted in the jail by 2 head jailer, two nig
jailers, one janitor, one commissary, two day guards, and one mation

‘Since January 1, 1913, the average number of prisoners serving
sentence each day for the folloxsing months is as follows:

Peet "3 ee Boa
“The usual number of prisoners found inthis jail exceeds the
capacity, and more than one prisoner must be placed in each el
practically all the time. "Ths practices thoroughly bad =
depriving
The jis to beenlarged, ‘There ae wo plans under considers
(One isto build an adiional story to te present structure, and

Insrecrions. 33H

other plan is to build an addition to the jail, using che piece of land
row reserved as a jail yard. If the new addition utilizes all of
the land now intended as a jail yard, the opportunity for exercise

court prisoners will be abandoned. Men awaiting the action

f the grand jury, or awaiting teal, are presumably innocent until
proven guilty. Iris serious question whether the county authorities
lave the moral right to place men, in such circumstances, under
conditions which no doubt tend to jeopardize their health

Ar time of the inspection there was one man in the court section
who had been held for six months in the small confines of the central
‘ortidar on the first foor, court section, Te was stated that a man
Jad recently been released who had spent one year under similar
reumseances. This corridor is not very long and is poorly lighted
and ventilaved,

The cleanliness of the court section was f

‘The pictures on the side walls of the cells should be removed.

The toilets and bar work need to be scrubbed and painted.

Some of the prisoners in this section complained about the quality
snd uncleantiness of the food, also about the uncleanliness of the
cating pans

In the section directly above the court section on the second
for the cells were clean. Pictures were pasted on the walls of
the cells and there were also pencil drawings. ‘The toilets need
to be scrubbed and painted. The men in this section had no com=
plaints to'offer about the f

Tho solitary cell on the second floor was unoccupied and was
Jean and orderly. The floor of this cell needs to be painted. How-
ver, a cement floor will be necessary to remedy the condition per
rmanenely,

‘The trusties' section on the second floor was clean, also the beds
and bedding.

‘The hospital room on the same floor wae occupied by two men,
one serving sentence and another awaiting trial. Both these
men expressed satisfaction with the treatment accorded to them,
and borh said that they felt that their physical condition was satis
factorily improved. The toilets in the small compartment off
this room need to be painted.

‘The juvenile department was clean, The boy's awaiting the action
of the grand jury and those serving sentence are kept together.

ation of Section 92 of the County Law, but cannot
be avoided unless more adequate facilities are provided. Divided
‘opinions were expressed hy the boys aboue the food.

This is a v

332 ‘Tae Prison Association or New York.

‘The female section was very clean. The beds were nicely made
up and clean sheets and pillowcases were very much in evidence

All pares of the top floor, court section, were clean. ‘The bar
work and the partitions need painting. The washbasins and toilets
need to be scrubbed and painted to preserve them from deterioration
and to improve their appearance.

On the frse floor, the Wo small east wing sections were occupied
by trusties and were clean and orderly

The kitchen, the cooking utensils, and the eating pans were clean.

‘The refrigerator, located in a room next to the kitchen, is an
old, home-made, wooden-type affair and is worthless for an insti-
tution of this size. A new refrigerator is needed.

The cooking is done by the prisoners under the supervision of
a commissary. The head cook at the time of the inspection sud
that he had been a solder and worked at stone-cutting on the outside,
but had noe followed cooking as a means of making his living. Hic
assistant was an ironworker. The head cook seemed to feel thar
hhe was well qualified to act as such and that the men in the court
section were not justified in complaining about the food. The
food in process of preparation at the time of the inspection was
quite satisfactory to the taste and if it is always the same, the fes
prisoners who did complain were not justified in doing so. However,
it is important, as a general principle, that a competent salaried coo,
be employed.

‘The following information was given by the commissary:

All prisoners receive three meals daily. ‘The morning mea is
as follows: Bread, potatoes, a small piece of meat for the worke,
and coffee. For dinner: “Meat, potatoes, bread, occasional!
fonions, Sometimes bean soup and pork are substicured for mest
and potatoes. On Friday, for dinner, vegetable soup and
of the following: Chipped beef, bologna frankfurters, or pork
Supper usually consists of bread, potatoes, and coffee

Stone-breaking is the form of employment used in this counts
for sentenced prisoners. Since the first of the year the averase
number of prisoners working daily outside of the jail has been ewent

‘On the ist of April, work was started on the city crusher
since then an average of about tstelve men daily have been emplore
No work was going on in the quarry on the day of inspection. ‘The
number of men working at the city crusher, it was said, could nor
now be increased advantageously. There is good possibility of
anew plan of employment. If a large permanent county stone
crushing plant were to be set up adjacent to the canal on the west

Inspections. 333

side of Lockport, much stone could be broken and shipped on barges
along the canal to other towns in the county

Some plan must be devised to employ a larger number of men
so as to reduce to a minimum the number of idle men in the jail,
‘The experience of many of the counties in farming, particularly
St. Lawrence, should not escape the notice of the authorities, in
view of the fact that they now have on their hands an old county

:m which can perhaps be made useful, Niagara county must
rot be content with the method of employing. prisoners on the
city erusher if the labor of only ewelve prisoners can be advantage
ously used. This number represents, on the average, about one-
seventh of the population usually available for employment. ‘The
prisoners must be employed at good hard labor, labor that will be of.
benefic to the community, financially and otherwise, and of morel,
physical and perhaps educational benefie vo the prisoners.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. The county authorities aro strongly urged to have an
addition built onto the jail to afford adequate accommoda-
tions for the inmate population. ‘The addition should be
sufficiently Iarge to prevent doubling-up in the cells, The
plan of cell arrangement now in the jail, that is, with the
fronts of the cells facing a dark, central corridor, or a blank
wall, should no be repeated. That type of cell arrangement
is no longer used in jail construction in this State.

2, If the addition to the jail occupies the land now used
as a jail yard, provisions for a jail yard should be made.
Opportunity for outdoor daily exercise is an absolute
necessity. Even with the present jail yard, it seems that
at least once a week, for example, on Saturday afternoon,
arrangements could probably be made to use the two guards,
employed to watch the prisoners while they are at work,
in supervising small numbers of prisoners while they are
exercising in the jail yard.

3. It is strongiy urged that the present system of em-
ploying the sentenced prisoners be more satisfactorily
developed. The establishment of a county crusher along
the banks of the canal, or the utilization of the old
county farm, offers good opportunities.

4. The old iron type of toilet in the cells should be re-
placed by heavy porcelain toilet bowls, so designed that
they can be used without wooden seats. Despite frequent

334 Tus Prison Association or New York.

painting, the present iron bowls can never be made sati
factory from a sanitary standpoint or from that of general
‘appearance.

PROGRESS MADE.

1. There is now a daily record kept of the number of
prisoners employed and an itemized account of the poputa-
tion with respect to the nature of detention of the prisoners.

2, New blankets have been distributed, also new eating
pans.

3. Recent information from the sheriff is to the effect
thathe uses the jail yard for United States prisoners, women.
and boys, but as yet does not use it for the adult mate grand
jury prisoners and some of the prisoners serving sentence.
In our inspection reports we have urged the use of the jail
yard for the outdoor exercising of the inmates of the jal

‘4. The bar work and partitions and cells throughout the
jail have all been repainted, excepting the top floor in the
north wing, which was in very good condition. ‘The need
of painting for the iron work was pointed out in our inspec-
tion reports.

ONEIDA COUNTY JAIL, ROME.
Inspecren Apert 26, 1915, By E.R, Cass.

‘These ate two jails in this county. ‘The sheriff of the county
makes his headquarters at the Utica jnil, The Rome jail is in
charge of the undershesiff, W. B. Williams, assisted by a jailer,
‘2 matron and a paid male cook.

Tn previous reports the physical plan of ths jail has been criticised.
‘he Rome jail is antiquated, hecause of its stone celiblock wih ics
vaulelike type of cell, devoid of reasonable light and adequate
Ventilation. The lack of coilet accommodations in the cells and the
Inadequate number of cells make it necessary frequently to place
two or three prisoners in each cell, and also make it impossible at
times to satisfactorily comply with Section 92 of the County
relative to the separation and classification of the prisoners. The
Serious condition that might present itself in the event of fire because
Of the frail, wooden stairway, which is the only means of exit from
the upper parts of the jail, has also been pointed out in our previous
reports.

‘The condition of cleanliness and order at the time of this inspection
was satisfactory. The prisoners were not properly classified with

IxsPReTios. 335

respect to age, as the law required, due rather to the fact that the
tunder-sherif in charge was not aware of such requirements than
to any indifference.

‘The prisoners were satisfied with che food and with the treatment
they received. However, they receive only two meals a day. Three
meals should be given; that is, one substantial meal each day and
‘vo Tighe ones.

Te was stated thae the jail yard is now used practically every day
for one-hour exercise periods. This is commendable.

RECOMMENDATION

1. Oneida county should construct a jail sufficiently
large to care for the population sent to both Rome and
Utica jails. The new jail should be built midway between
Rome and Utica on or near the Stace road. In conjunction
with a new jail, there should be a jail farm which will pro-
vide a means of employment for the prisoners.

To improve the conditions in the present jail until more
satisfactory jail accommodations are afforded, the following,
recommendations are made:

2. The toilets on the first and second floors should be
repaired.

3. Bathing facilities similar to those in the Utica jail
should be installed.

4, New mattresses should be distributed,

5. The cell buckets should be aired daily in the jail yard.

6. Section 92 of the County Law should be observed so
far as the physical equipment of the jail will permit.

PROGRESS MADE.

‘The jail yard is now used to give the prisoners outdoor
exercise. This does much to relieve the unnecessary amount
of hardship imposed upon prisoners, especially those await-
ing the action of the grand jury.

ONEIDA COUNTY JAIL, UTICA.
Isrecrep Apri 27 ano Aucust 7, 1915, sy E. R. Cass.

‘The sheriff of the county is Harry J. Moss, assisted by jailer,
an assistant jailer, a matron and a cook.

336 Tak Prisox Association or New York.

In reports submitted to the Board of Supervisors subsequent to
previous inspections made by this Association, the objectionable
Features of this jail have been repeatedly criticised. The following
is a summary of the criticisms:

fit numba of ll, making neem oraccly l he mec plce

Ser lack of euisiene natural igh, ict
t

issom and lack of ee fader tm exch sel neseoneatng the

"The igaucrene murber of ela the diferen sections makes i dificult nd
fevers rhe mangement fo spy stacey ich the Fhe
ote stm ning co the fete son, pring » ver

the even off

toe was een ia an envelope beating
“The pret thei rho went sat

Co ae an

Ce rom as

Emer

See ee ato mttning

2 mee tee aera

The aboje denis tee wats aad

ee ee EE a muead
inetd cite, Of count it tants ae neseemeal
pettig se civncsuan asta ese parse soveg oaoee
ee oh ov suatiacy casas’ ft Seana sok sae ee
ey aire ance crc tee te eset of
Tee SY de cgiee Saw tak ag) ae aoe
oes ee oe ee es ee
Sec tiaet Seal one ae cee ees
ote Laem aati io toe Og tier Oe ie ot
See eee Ae ea ae
rah dic Gaars cok etal beedl muse dem
oe

Inspections. 337

On che first inspection of this year, che law relative to the clasifi-
cation and separation of the prisoners was not well complied with.
This was due principally to the inadequate facilities and in part
also £0 the jailer’s lack of knowledge as to the law.

(On the first inspection the prisoners were receiving two meals
2 day. Prisoners serving sentence asked to have coffee served to
them, especially in the morning, and some substicute for oatmeal
Breakfast at 7 a.m, consisted, on Monday morning, of bread, oatmeal,
nik and tea, on Tuesday morning, of meat stew and one-half loaf
of bread. Oceasionally, in the moming, beans were given instead
of meat stew. ‘The noonday meal should consist of 2 stew, or some
vegetable, potatoes with meat balls, or some beef and vegetables,
or tea and coffee and bread. The evening meal should consist of
bread and syrup, tea or coffee, or milk and bread, or hominy and
symp, tea or coffee

On ‘the second inspection of August 7eh, one of the prisoners in
the tramp section emphatically complained about the food served in
the prisons. ‘The inspector, together with the sherif, made this a
poine of special investigation. All the prisoners in the tramp section
were assembled in a group and questioned individually and col-
lectiyely about the food. It was found that the men should have
received coffee at breakfast-time on Tuesday, at the evening meal
on Thursday and at breakfast Friday, but did not. The sherif®
expressed surprise at this, and emphatically and strenuously ordered
the cook to serve coffee to the prisoners at each meal. With the
exception of about six men in this section, all the prisoners
‘vpressed satisfaction with the treatment and food,

RECOMMENDATIONS.
1. Oneida county should discontinue the use of ewo
inadequate non-fireproof type of jails in the county and
construct, midway between Rome and Utica, a large jail
which will provide healthful living quarters and adequate
accommodations for the large number of prisoners.

2. When a site for a new jail is selected, the methods
of employment for the prisoners should be settled. Farm
land is highly desirable and it has been shown in other
counties that prisoners can be successfully employed.

3. All prisoners should receive three meals a day. This
is the practice in practically every county of the State.

338 Tae Prison Assoctation or New York.

PROGRESS MADE.

1. In accordance with recommendations made in our
previous report the close proximity of the male and female
Quarters in one part of the jail has been changed. In
previous reports, and in a special Jetter to the clerk of the
Board of Supervisors, the unsatisfactory supervision and the
possibility for commingling of male and female prisoners
was pointed out. At the time of the last two inspections
there was every evidence that close and satisfactory super-
vision was exercised

2. Also, in accordance with recommendations made in
our previous reports, changes haye been made in the dietary,

'3., The sheriff has removed all of the male officers of the
jail as a result of a presentment handed down by the county
grand jury, alleging misconduct on the part of those sub-
sequently discharged.

BRANCH OF THE ONONDAGA COUNTY JAIL AT
SYRACI

Insrrctap June 23, 1915, ay F. R. Cass.

“This pare of the county jail is within a lock of the county court:
hhouse and is used only a8 a temporary place of detention for prisoners
awaiting the immediate action of the grand jury, or awaiting sentence
fr further investigation of their cases. Prisoners serving sentence
are not confined in this jail but at Jamesville.

‘The jail is under the supervision of a jailer, John Sleet, living in
the jail building and directly responsible to the sheriff of the county

‘AIT parts of the jail were clean and orderly

The prisoners spoke well of their food and treatment.

‘The law relating to classification and separation of prisoners was
observed.

‘The general plan of the jail is very satisfactory for brief detention
bug, nevertheless, particularly during the summer months, because
the cells are directly above the engine-room, the heat makes ie very
‘uncomfortable for the prisoners

"There is only one bathtub available in the front part of the lower
floor for both male and female prisoners, causing much inconvenience

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. Sheets and pillowcases should be provided not only
for prisoners in the grand jury section but also for those
serving sentence.

Insprcrions. 339

2. More adequate bathing facilities should be provided.

. There should be an additional grand jury session. In
‘Tompkins county, for instance, where there are only two
sessions of the grand jury a year, a third session is held in
June if the population of the jail justifies it.

ONTARIO COUNTY JAIL, CANANDAIGUA.
Insprcrep Arnie 22, 1915; ny E. R. Cass

‘The sheriff of the couney is R. M. Lee, assisted by a jailer and a
‘The cells and corridors on the first and second floors were clean.
The female department was also clean and orderly and the supply

of clean sheets and pilloweases on the beds was satisfactory.

A small section on the top floor is now being transformed into
a small dormitory for trusties. The similar section on the lower
floor now used for trusties will be used for boys serving sentence.
‘This will relieve the congestion in the jail and afford a better oppor-
tunity for observing Section 92 of the County Law:

A serious defect of the type of construction on the frst and second
floors of the jail proper is che eage plan, making a dark central
corridor. For grand jury prisoners especially, it is a hardship to
spend much time in this corridor without outdoor exercise

The kiechen and ite equipment were clean.

‘The prisoners had no complaints to offer about their food or their

Scone-breaking as the means of employing the prisoners continues.
In the previous report of this Association it was shown that this
industry represents a big financial loss to the county cach year.
Ac the time of the inspection, sixteen men were working in the stone-
shed, one man wheeling coal, four men ascigned co work in the jail,
fone man in the bam and one man caring for the garden. Ie is not
advisable to discontinue the stone-breaking work until another form
of employment is established. The question for Ontario county is
whether ie is not possible, with proper supervision and cooperation,
to employ the prisoners to greater advantage vo the county
financially, and in general to the prisoners. In the previous repore
it was shown that a considerable amount of highway work is avail
able, The success of other counties, for instance, Onondaga, Frank-
lin, and Tioga, in this line of work, should serve as an example.

340 Tue Parison Association or New York.

The county authorities should consider again the plan of highssay
work submitted in our previous report. ‘The experience of Tioga
and St. Lawrence counties with jail farms is well worthy of notice,

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. The supervisors should appoint a committee to develop
the present form of employment. A situation in which
a deficit representing thousands of dollars is involved surely
should receive serious consideration,

2. The interior of the jail should be painted a light color.

3. The presont laundry facilities should be increased

4. A fumigating apparatus should be installed for dis-
infecting the prisoners’ clothing which they lay aside on
their admission,

PROGRESS MADE.

1. The transformation of a section of the third floor
into a trusties’ section will now make it possible to observe
more satisfactorily the Jaws relative to the classification of
the prisoners. An improvement of this kind has been
suggested in previous reports of this Association.

2. Shower-baths have been installed to take the place
of the old iron tubs, The need for this improvement has
been brought to the attention of the authorities in previous
reports.

ORANGE COUNTY JAIL, GOSHEN.

Insrecrep Apait 7, 1915, By E. R, Cass.

‘There are two jails in this county, at Goshen and Newburgh.
‘The sheriff, William F. Sayer, makes his headquarters at Goshen.
‘The staff consises of an under-cheriff, two jailers and a matron.

The corridors, the cells, the beds, and the toilets on the first and
second floors of the jail were clean.

‘The classification and segregation of the prisoners was in accord
ance with law with one exception. In one of the sections on the
fast side, second floor, there were three prisoners confined, one a
civil prisoner, one awaiting erial and the thied serving sentence.
Te was explained that the prisoner serving sentence as on the verge
of “delirium tremens” and that the managemenc considered it
advisable to place wxo other prisoners wich him to prevent him
from doing himself bodily harm.

Ixsrecrions. 34

(The cellar of the jail was noc clean, ‘The rubbish from the barrels
should he emptied more frequently and the floor and stairway
should be more carefully swept

‘As pointed out in previous reports, the iron bar work of the jail,
including the interior of the cells, badly needs repainting. In the
absence of paint, the steel structure deteriorates and the general
appearance is entirely unsatisfactory.

The fans installed in the attic above the utility corridors co draw
‘out the foul air should be operated.

In our previous repores the need of adequate laundry equipment
was brought to the attention of the authorities. Nothing has been
done to improve the unsatisfactory condition. The laundry work
is still done with much dificuley.

‘The kitchen was clean. Recently, new eating pans were purchased.
Nevertheless, the pans were badly denced and chipped. While
agateware eating utensils are satisfactory until they begin to chip,
after that, even with the greatest of cate, itis dificult to keep them
free from’ dirt and cust.

= were satisfied with the food and the treatment

-ang of employment provided for the prisoners is stone-
breaking, under the supervision of a superintendent, who is not
responsible to the sheriff but to the committee appointed by the
Board of Supervisors. In other wards, the stoneshed is conducted
entirely independently of the sheriff's office. In the supervisor
report it is treated as a separate institution. The superintendent
receives a salary. of $900 2 year. He is also village clerk, but he
stated that the duties of that office do not conflict with his duties
at the “ workhouse ” (i €, stoneshed). No informacion from others
could be gathered to confirm this opinion, Financially, the stone
shed is a burden to the county because no satisfactory disposition
of the cracked stone can be arranged for. Te seas stated that the
cracked stone is no longer in demand in the construction of highways
in the vicinity of the jail. Aside from being a financial loss, tis
form of employment does not Fulfill its purpose. Out of an average
population of ewenty men serving sentence, usually only eight or
ten are employed

‘The statements embodied in the County Supervisors! report for
the following years show the deficit charged against che workhouse
For ee yes 1

* ioe

342 Tue Prison Association of New York.

From the superintendent's repors, the following figures were taken
for the fiscal year 19143 from January to December inclusive:
une expended fg sope a fp oud
‘Aenge exept ot Ca libero ei
Salary of superintendent

Yale of ested se cn x om and Janna 9h
ne sid durin che year usual ae Soe pr abe Fa
For the labor ofthe pubonets on the county atm

By the method indicated above, if used to determine the cost
of operating the stoneshed, there is x slight difference in the amount
of deficit. Although the operation of the stoneshed is a financial
loss to the county, its discontinuance, until something berter is
arranged for, is highly undesirable. While stane-breaking is a crude,
lunediteative and monotonous kind of work, it is berter than the
demoralizing idleness which exists in the daily routine of the counts
jail in the absence of any kind of employment. The county
authorities should make use of theie power, under Section 93 of the
County Law, to establish a more desirable and mare profitable form
of employment for the prisoners. The county superintendent and
the town superintendent of highways should cooperate with the
Board of Supervisors in formulating a plan of employment vo utilize
the labor of the prisoners on the highways. Section 93 of the
County Law authorizes the Board of Supervisors to employ the
sentenced inmates of the jail “‘in building and repairing penal
institutions of the county and in building and repairing the highway’,
in their respective counties, or in preparing the material for such
highways for sale and for the use of such counties, or towns, villages
and cities therein.”

Section 70 of the State Highway Law permits the Board of Super
visors co obtain the cooperation of the cown superintendents of
highways in organizing a system to employ the jail inmates on che
highways. Satisfactory results were obtained in Franklin councr
and also in’Onondaga county by the utilization of the labor of the
Pritoners on the highways. The employment of inmates of the
State prisons on the highways represents he utilization of convict
Tabor under different circumstances; scill ie shows that work of
this nacuce can be made a success. ‘The consensus of opinion of
‘the highway commissioners and the county superintendents of high:
ways is that che employment of the inmate labor of the jails wil

Insrecrioxs. 43

not deprive free labor of the opportunity for work. The highway
needs in the counties are so extensive that i¢ will take considerable
snoney and much time to make any satisfactory impression, Tt
is possible for highway work to be carried on with the use of free
and inmate labor without any disadvantage to the free men. Te
is not fair to the hard-working man who conducts himself in such
2 way as not to get into the clutches of the law, and also to the
taxpayer who acts likewise, ta find ie necessary to support individuals,
who, because of various reasons, get into jail. Furthermore, idleness
is a detriment to persons confined in the jails and ultimately reacts
in many eases seriously on che people of the community.

Another suggestion for the further employment of the inmates of
the jail is the use of their labor on the county poorhouse farm, Much
can be done by prisoners on the farm and in repair and construction
work. This plan is successfully carried out in Tioga county.
Azrangements can possibly he made for the detention of the prisoners
fon the county farm, This can be done, especially with men who have
families, or who are natives of the county, so that if they escape
it will not be difficule to apprehend them. Prisoners, if they are
to be detained at the county farm, should be kept in separate quarters,
some distance from the buildings in which the poorhouse population
is lodged. ‘This separation should also be strictly maintained
‘when the prisoners are at work. The free commingling of the poor
house population and the prisoners should under no circumstances
be permiteed. If arrangements cannot be made to Keep some of the
prisoners on the farm, transportation by wagon, or auto bus, can
probably be arranged. Considering the amount of money invested
annually by the county for the operation of the stoneyard, with
8 large deficit each year, it seems that this money should be used
for a period in experimenting with jail-labor on the county farm,
without incurring a deficie greater than that which has heen incurred
annually during the past years.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. The county should appoint a special committee to
take up the matter of establishing a more profitable form.
of employment of the jail prisoners.

2. A more adequate outfit of laundry machinery should
be installed.

3. The bar work of the jail should be repainted with
color similar to the one now in use.

4. The electric fans in the attic should be operated at
east once each day for about one-half hour.

344 Ta Prison Assoctation or New Yort.

5. Aluminum or crockery eating pans should be sub-
stituted for agate, enamel or tinware when the next pur-
chase is made.

ORANGE COUNTY JAIL, NEWBURG
Insrecrep Maxcat 8, 1915, ny E. R. Cass,

“There ae two jails in this county, the principal one being ae
Goshen, where the sherif’ of the county makes his headquarters.
‘The deputy sheriff in charge of che Newburgh jail is J. B. Lozier

In one of the cells on the top tier, south wing, a very offensive
odor came from the toilet. The floor of the second tier, north
wing was being swept ducing the time of the inspection. The
rubbish can on the first tier, south side, had not been emptied on
the day of inspection. Thete was no firehose in the rack on the
top tier, north side, ‘The iron work is very much in need of paint,
fz matter brought to the attention of the Board in previous reports.
Painting not only improves the appearance but also preserves the
iron and thereby ultimately saves money for the county. It was
said that the iron work had not been painted for four years

Khaki suits are gradually being substituted for che striped suits
formerly worn by all the prisoners, New cups and eating pans
are in use, For dinner on the day of inspection the prisoners had
bean soupy bread and coffee. They receive three meals 2 day.
Bach prisoner is allowed one-thied of a loaf of bread daily. Bread is
stored in a tin can in the basement.

The general cleanliness of all parts of the jail was satisfactory
and showed an improvement over the condition found at the time
of previous inspections

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. The county authorities should authorize the purchase
of paint. So far as possible the labor of the inmates of
the jail should be utilized in doing the painting. This
saves money.

2. Afence at least 8 ft. high should be built at a distance
of at least 10 ft, from the west outside wall of the jail to
Prevent communication between the prisoners and their
friends on the outside.

3. A laundry apparatus should be installed so that washing
can be carried on in the jail, and inmate Iabor utilized.

Insprctioxs. 345

This will in the beginning necessitate an outlay of money
which will perhaps seem too large, but ultimately that
amount of money will be saved by not paying a laundry
bill every week.

PROGRESS MADE.

1. A decided improvement was noted in the general
cleanliness of all parts of the jail.

ORLEANS COUNTY JAIL, ALBION,
Insencrep Aprit 19, 1915, By E, R. Cass.

‘The sheriff of the county is C. M. Bartlets, He is assisted in the
jail by an under-sherif and a jailer

All parts of the jail were clean. The unsanitary toilet conditions
have been removed by readjusting the sewer pipe lines, installing
additional pipe lines, and by placing an enamel covering in the base
of the roilee niches, There is also a separate draught pipe for the
ventilation of each niche leading to the top of the utility corridor,
and an clecttie fan has been installed, which, when in operation,
draws the foul air out of the corridor. This fan also keeps the cor
Fidar free from dampness

The wooden stairway leading to the three floors of the jail has
heen painted. ¢ foot of the stairway in the basement, a door
has been constructed. The air shaft, around which the stairway
leading to the different floors is constructed, still remains unchanged.
The wooden stairway and this airshafe arrangement present a
serious combination,

The walls of the tramp-room and the corridors of the basement
have been repaineed.

RECOMMENDATION.

It is strongly urged that steps be taken so as to render
more fireproof the stairway leading to the different floors
of the jail. Unfortunately, serious conditions of this kind
are usually realized and appreciated only after some disaster.

PROGRESS MADE.
In previous reports of this Association, it was urged that

the unsatisfactory condition of the plumbing and toilet

equipment be speedily remedied. This has been done.

‘Tue Prison Association or New Yore.

OSWEGO COUNTY JAIL, OSWEGO.
Insrecrep June 21, 1915, BY E. R. Cass.

‘The jail is under the supervision of the newly elected sherif,
WL. Buck, He is assisted in the jail by a turnkey and a utility
man, The jail farm superintendent is also included in the sheriffs
stall,

Because of ies location and the general physical plan and equip-
iment, this jail is perhaps the best in the State. At the time of the
ingpection the cleanliness and order was highly satisfactory. The
prisoners were satisfied with the treatment.

‘The idleness among the prisoners serving sentence is still 2 serious
matter. The jail farm is now under the direct supervision of the
sheriff and ie is apparently being operated to better advantage than
previously. It was reported that out of ninery-four acres about
ighty are suitable for cultivation. The portion of the farm under
cultivation was divided as follows

a sces of oats
5 Oe has

“ Garots ad beces
‘The remaining thirty-six acres are used for pasture land.

"The live stock on the farm consists of the following:
SG bs (Coady for Blin)
30 ag
ib cin ll of which are ging il
‘The products of the farm are sold to the sheriff and others.
Te Marcy zg ee rill anouge eo
iaald amouneed

faye tol i

1a AE SUE Sa Piper ou i asad

‘The farm work was further advanced at the time of inspection
than at a similar date lase year, “There are about ten more acres
under culdvation. Anew milk howe is being constructed by
Inmate labor. A pipe lnc has been lad chrough the pasture land
for'a watering place for the cattle. ‘The average number of men

Inspections. 347

employed daily varies from 6 to 8. Ie is planned to increase this
umber to 10 as the season advances. There should be more men
employed, by decreasing the number of acres of pasture land and
planting more vegetables. ‘The farm should be made self-supporting.
‘This has been demonstrated in St. Lawrence county

‘There should be an increase in the amount of work for thore
serving sentence. The Board of Supervisors will have to establish
tome means of employment besides the jail farm, particularly for
the Inte fall and winter months. The plan of opening a quarry
someschere near the jail should be considered—a form of employment
in Niagara county. Quarry work can be correlated with highway
work. This is done in Onondaga county on a large scale, The
experiments in Franklin and Warren counties of working. prisoners
on the highways should be of interest to the authorities of Oswego
county. Erie county recently had special legislation enacted ro
enable the employment of inmates of Erie County Penitentiary on
the highways.

vis argued that the utilization of inmate labor is detrimental to
free labor. Tt has been stated by a representative of the American
Federation of Labor that labor organizations do not abject to the
use of convict labor on the highways, and that they further believe
that the conviceed men should work, but under favorable circum
stances. They should be treated humanely and not solely as money
snaking units, and the product of their labor should not be broughe
in direct and unfair competition with the product of free labor.
The county authorieies should consider the appropriation of a certain
amount each year for convict labor on highways, and at the same
time provide freely for the utilization of free labor at similar work.
However, convict labor and free labor should not be worked together.
‘The prisoners could be used t0 do the rough work, such as preparing
the stone and laying the sub-bases on roads near the jail. There is
much work of this kind in che towns of Oswego, Seriba and Richland.
Ie is within the jurisdiction of the Board of Supervisors, under Section
93 of the County Law, and Section 70 of the State Highway Law, to
do this. The obligations of the Board of Supervisors do not cexse
after a satisfactory jail has been built. Ic is imporcane for them to
consider always the welfare of the community. While the prisoner
sin jail the community is protecced but the reaction of jail under
abnormal conditions—that is, idleness, promiscuous associations,
etc —ie many times more harmful to the community. In other words
in dealing with the inmates of correctional institutions, the chief
element in the treatment should be reformation, if ic is possible.

348 Tur Prusow Association or New York.

A man will not reform if the chief Factor of his daily routine while
in jail is idleness, Idleness leads to mental and physical deterior-

, and therefore the interests of the community and of the
prisoners are nor best served. From an economic standpoi
Uinfaie that the free taxpayer and law-abiding citizen should be com-
pelled to support chose who have broken the laws of the community.
‘The jail system should not encovrage an unprincipled man to seek
commitment to the jail for some minor offense and thereby become
1 public expense.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, A committee should confer with the county and town
highway superintendents in order to utilize the jail labor
on che village highways and to establish a county quarry.
Idleness in the jail should be abolished.

2. The present plan of allowing $2 per capita per week
for board should be abolished and the system used in
practically all of che other counties established. The
necessary food supplies should be purchased by a committee
appointed by the Board or by the sheriff, and the bills should
be submitted to the County Board of Supervisors at fre-
quent intervals for payment.

‘The jail farm activities should he further developed
0 that the umber of prisoners employed can be increased.

‘4. Heavy wire-steel mesh screens should be placed on
the bar work of the basement windows to make it im-
possible to pass contraband articies into the jail.

5, There is a jail yard in the rear of the jail. ‘This was
built for exercising the prisoners in the open. The prisoners,

In our State prisons, where men are committed
for serious crimes, they are given opportunity for outdoor
exercise.

PROGRESS MADE.

1, The farm is now under the direct management of the
sheriff, In our previous report the plan to lease the farm
to the sheriff for a per annum consideration was pointed
out as unconstitutional and the plan of direct management
by the sheriff recommended. During the past year the
average number of prisoners employed on the farm daily
hhas been approximately 12. This is in excess of the average
number employed daily last year.

Insrecrioxs. 349

2, The iron work of the jail is being repainted with
aluminum paint.

Heavy wire screen mesh has been placed on the base-
meat windows. prevents to some extent communi-
cation between prisoners and persons on the outside.
A recommendation to this effect was made in our inspection
reports.

OSWEGO COUNTY JAIL, PULASKI.
Insercren Jone 21, 1915, ay BE. R. Cass.

‘The sheriff of the county is W. L. Buck who makes his head-
quarters at the councy jail in Oswego, ehere being two jails in th
county. The Pulaski jail is under the supervision of the under-
sherif, S. W. Holmes, who is dircerly responsible to the shetiff of
the county. ‘The jail in Oswego is, pechaps, from a physical stand-
point, the best in the State, and the one 2¢ Pulaski is physic:

‘ong the worst in the Stare. There is no apparent reason for
naintaining two jails in this county

Ae the time of inspection he total population numbered ewenty-
to, all secving sentence. The Pulaski jail ie 2 small, dark, non-
fireproof, poorly ventilated, one-floor affzi, located in the court
house building. ‘There are a series of rooms, three on one side
and one on the other, separated by 2 central corridor.

At the time of the inspection, in one room on the west side, almost
totally dark, there were three men asleep in hammocks. The floor
was Ketered with paper and the air was vile-smelling. In the center
room, on the same side, there were three hammocks and ia the south
fend room four hammocks. In the room known as the washroom
and sitting-room on che southeast end there are no beds, but four
‘men sleep at night on the floor, and on the floor of the central corridor
five men sleep. A trusty occupies the room reserved for females,
and one man sleeps in the barn and another in the basement. The
hammocks in the rooms are provided with blankets, the general
appearance of which was not satisfactory.

‘The population of ewenty-two is something unusual; to keep so
‘many men in such a poorly equipped and unsanitary jail is exception-
ally unsanitary and improper.

The population in the jail was divided, with respect to the length
of sentence, as follows:

afor 5 days
5 for 10 days
3 for 12 days
8 for 15 days

2 for 3o days
1 for 45 days
1 for ge days

350 Tue Prisow Assoctatton or New York.

To compel a man to live for ten days in sich an atmosphere,
not considering for the present the fifteen, thirty, forty-five and
ninety day men, is grossly unjust. There is no satisfactory oppor
unity for sunlight, fresh air, and there is 2 decidedly inadequate
amount of floor space for even indoor exercise. This jail should
be abolished, but, until then, prisoners who are to be detained for
more than five days should be sent ro the excellent jail at Osveego,

‘The prisoners were a sad-looking group. Some very scantily
clad, nearly all of them in their bare feet; there was no attempt
fon their part to comb their hair or make themselves in any way
presentable. Prisoners should be compelled to conduce and carry
themselves within the bounds of decency as long as they are under
the jutisdiction of the law. They complained of an inadequate
supply of towels. There were only two towels available for all
‘of these men. This was brought to the artention of the under
sheriff who said that he would see that the supply vas increased.
Te was also explained by him that due to a recent illness he has
not been able to give as much attention to his duties 2s he usually
does:

One of the prisoners made a statement that the under-sherff
permitted a prisoner to go outside and work on buildings while
fetving sentence, and by the same prisoner it was also stated that
another prisoner drove a coal wagon belonging to the under-sherif.
Other prisoners were questioned but only one was willing to ral.
The prisoner who made che complaint and the other prisoner were
taken into the sherif"s office and closely questioned. The man,
who, it was stated, was doing work outside of the jail, was also
summoned. After careful study of the jail records and a thorough
‘questioning of chose concerned, the inspector decided that the
prisoner was not accurately informed as to the circumstances.
However, the undersheriff acted injudiciously in two ways; first
in permicting a discharged prisoner to occupy a bed in the cellar
‘of the jail for pechaps too long a period of cime. However, his
intentions were decidedly good. Secondly, he permitted this man
‘to carry a key to the door of the jail on the south end while going
into the jail proper to bathe. ‘These were nor serious actions but
should be guarded against in the future,

Tt was stated that some of the membere of the Board of Super
visors are planning to enlarge the jail so as to put additional windows
onthe east side, ‘They further plan to rearrange the cell construction.

‘The plan of paying $2 per week per capita for the board of the
prisoners is also in operation in this jail. This is, in part, a survival

Inspections. 351

of the old fee system which cartied with it many abuses, The
system is bad and opens the way for possible abuse. Que of over
siety counties, thirty-three in the year 1913 boarded their prisoners
for less chan 82 pet week. The system in operation in other counties
is as follows: ‘The sheriff, or a committee, purchases the necessary
food supplies and submits the bills co the Board of Supervisors
for payment. This system does not atouse suspicion and satisfies

the public mind,

RECOMMENDATION.

It is most urgently recommended that the Pulaski ja
be discontinued.

PROGRESS MADE.

1, Since the ending of our fiscal year, information obtained
through the press is to the effect that the Board of Super-
visors of Oswego county, on December 7, 1915, unanimously
voted to abandon the Pulaski jail. Since the first inspection
of the Pulaski jail made by the Prison Association, we
have strongly recommended its discontinuance.

OTSEGO COUNTY JAIL, COOPERSTOWN.
Isrecrep Avait 27, 1915, ay E. R. Cass.

The jail is under the supervision of che newly elected sheriff,
0. J. Brown, assisted by a jailer and a matron. The sherif of this
county is compensated by fees. He receives 43 cents per day for the
board of each prisoner, and 75 cents for each arrest which he makes,
together with ro cents for each mile eraveled in bringing the prisoner
tw the jal

Alt parts of the jail were clean,

‘The prisoners had no complaints regarding food or treatment,

The major part of che population was confined in the section on
the west side of the lower floor. This necessitated doubling-up in
some of the cells, which is bad. Te was explained that the unoccupied
sections had just received a choraugh cleaning and that it was intended
shorely to transfer some of the prisoners into these parts.

Tn some of the cells the prisoners have pasted various kinds of
pictures on the walls. This practice is undesirable and should be
restricted. In any event, a stricter censorship should be exercised.

While the usual number of prisoners serving sentence hardly jus
‘fies the establishment of some permanent form of employment,

352 Taz Prison Association of New York.

such as highway work, or a county farm, the Board of Supervisors
should exercise their powers, under Section 93 of the County Law,
to abolish the idleness which exists even among the small number
of prisoners in the jail,

The experience of Tioga county should be considered. ‘There is
2 three-fold plan of employment in Tioga county, on the cown high-
‘ways, at stone-breaking and on the county poothouse farm. This
pplan has been in operation for some years. On the county poor-
house farm the men do good work, and also at various times during
the year at construction and repair work

“The Otsego county farm is about four miles from the jail. Arrange
iments might be made whereby: the labor of the prisoners could be
utilized to advantage on chis farm.

RECOMMENDATIONS.
1. Otsego county is now one of two counties in the State
‘which the sheriff is compensated for his duties on the
fee basis, The very fact that sixty counties have deemed
it advisable to discontinue the system of defraying the
cost of the board of the prisoners by a per capita allowance
shows that the system has many and serious features.
It is not intended in any way to make insinuations relative
to the methods of the present incumbent of the sheriff's
office in Otsego county, but the system opens the way
to much abuse. The system in operation in practically
all the other counties should be adopted. It is as follows:
‘The sheriff, or a committee appointed by the Board of
Supervisors, is authorized to purchase the necessary food
supplies, and the bills are then submitted to a sherifi's
‘committee or to the president of the Board for examination
and approval, and are then paid by the county treasurer.
2. A padded cell is a necessity in every jail. A cell of
this kind protects the inmate against his own violence
and releases the management from unwarranted suspicions
of brutality.
3. Doubling-up in cells, together with the lack of an
opportunity for outdoor exercise, leads to vice and depravity.

PROGRESS MADE.
‘The interior of the jail has been repainted.

Inspections.

PUTNAM COUNTY JAIL, CARMEL,
Inerecrap SerTeMBeR 3, 1915, By Prnuar Kunin.

“The sheiff is H. R. Winship. He lives at some distance from the
"The immediate supervision is exercised by the under sec
Charles B. Nichol
All information atthe time of the inspection wat supplied cither
ty Willa’. Corbin, janits, or by the prisoners. “The janitor
who practically acts as jailer, i not deputiaed. He did not have
teeus to any ofthe jail records and could give no define inform
Shou many matters because he had no access to the secocds
Asociation has previously pointed out that ic is unwise to leave a
di in charge of a man not propely deputsed and who does not
le record
he jal consists of two foors. The first floor contains leven calls
one padded cell, and one lage cel, accommodating four prisoner
On the second floor there are four room, accommodating 4.5 2 and
2 patoners respectively. One of these rooms on the second oor is
tsed ae the female department when a woman prisoner is detained.
Since the as inapoction, heavy wire screens have been placed on ts
outside of the windows of the jails thus preventing the smuggling in
‘of contrabrand goods. en
The jail was clean. ‘The laundry faclcies are fay adequate
fora lo cents, bu when the population increase the room on
the second floor which i wed ae Taundry, is occupied by prisoners,
dnd facilites moat chea be Inadequate. A laandey should be located
independency of the detention quarters proper. It was stated that
blankets are washed once every year bur hey are disinfected with
an antiseptic solution afterdischarge of the prisoner who used them.
he maintenance of prisoner i conducted on the per capita pet
week yarem,_ Thee dallas and fifty consis paid the seni for
tach prisone?’s maintenance per weck. Ie has often. been pointed
out that this eyetom ie faulty and open to abuses. On the day of
Snmpection the prisoners stated chat they had had. the following bil
of fare: Bread and coffee in the morning, The coffe contained milk
but no sugar. For dinner, potatoes, beef stew, bread and coffee
Supper, they said consist of bread and ca, with milk in the tea,
but no sugar. The janitor corroborated ther statement. There
were no serious complaints as to she quality and quanticy of the
food, excepe that there was no sugar in the coffe or tea and. that
‘ere was not a suficient variey in the food from day today.
“There are four grand jury sessions every year, and four courte
eld during the same monthe, "Two of these courts are. county

354 Tae Prison Association or New York,

coures and two supreme courts. I was stated that men indicted
by the grand juries called by one court could not be tried by another
court. Consequently, men aze often kept at the prison for many
months before the final disposition of their cases. OF the four
prisoners ar the jail on the day of inspection one had been admitted
‘on May 29th and had not yet been indicted, or otherwise disposed
fof, after three months in jail. This means that a possibly innocent
man is imprisoned for thee months before his case may at all be
considered. Another man had been in the jail for cwo months
A third had been admitted February 4th, was indieved by the March
grand jury, and, according to his statement, since he refused to
plead guiley to the court sieting in that month, had eo wait Jor the
next session of the sume court, that is, six months more, before
his case could be tried. IF the man is innocent of the erime he is
charged with, that is certainly an unjust haedship.

‘All four prisoners in the jail were partly under discipline at the
time of the inspection. According to orders of the sheriff, they.
are all locked in their cells at 12 o'clock noon and remain there
until che next morning. While working in the room on the second
floor of the jail used as a laundry, one of all of the prisoners had
sawed through a har in che window and would, if not discovered,
have escaped. The pritoners refused to tell who was responsible
for the sawing. One of them, therefore, whose time of confinement
expired at the end of August, was being further detained, charged
sith an attempe to break jal

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, There should always be at the jail a resident deputized
officer who would have access to the records.

2. Prisoners stated that letters addressed to them are
opened by the sheriff before they reach the prisoners. This
is a violation of the postal law. It is recommended that if
the sheriff is suspicious of the smuggling in of “dope”
or of improper information in fetters addressed to the
prisoners, he require the opening of such letters by the
prisoners in his presence, but he has ao right to open them
himself unless authorized by the prisoner to do so.

3. Laundry facilities have not yet been improved. A

laundry should be installed in some convenient part of the
jail but not in the detention quarters proper.

4. The system of paying the under-sheriff $3.50 per
prisoner for board for a week is still maintained. It should

Inspections. 355

be discontinued. This survival of the old fee system is
still open to much abuse. ‘The system adopted by almost
all counties of the State provides for the purchase by the
sheriff of all materials necessary for the maintenance of
the jail, and his presentation of bills incurred to the proper
auditing authorities of the county for payment by the
county treasurer. This is the only system that has been
found satisfactory.
PROGRESS MADE.

Wire screens have been placed on the outside windows
of the jail to prevent the smuggling in of contraband goods
by the prisoners. Recommendation to this effect was made
in one of our previous reports.

RENSSELAER COUNTY JAIL, TROY.
Insrecrep Marci 6 axp June 9, 1915, BY E.R. Cass.

The jail is under the supervision of the newly elected sheriff,
W. P. Powers. The jail staff, now fixed hy statute, consiets of the
following:

2 eco Gobo act as keepers).

Prema ta ewe

During the day there are on duty two janitor, two jailer, 2
matron, one Seeman and one cook, and both process serve At
highs a watchman, one fireman and one jailer. Te was sated that
che matron ison duty until the final lockup ofthe female rssonere
2B nighe, about nine o'clock. Daring the night the watchman mse
csch floor by means of key and ox arrangement om the side
wall, The houe and minute of the vise s recorded om lage panes
set in = ck jn the she's main ofle An examin
of the dias showed that the rounds are mae regulaty and thar
the sherif evidently: makes personal inspection of them every
ee

Although the female prisoners are locked in thie cells and there
is curtain in rone ofeach cll it in ncessary fo the igh watchman

356 Tue Prisos Association or New York.

to enter the female section and pass along the corridors in front
of the cells. Because there is no matron on duty this man must
work under conditions which might at some time make it necessary
for him to answer to embarrassing allegations. ‘The character of
the night watchman is not hereby questioned jn the least but he
is open to unnecessary dangers which should be obviated.

Both wings of each floor of che jail were clean

‘The cellblock in both wings of the first Sor has been painted a
eveam color with gray trimmings, presenting an appearance far
Superior to that of the second and third floors. Unforeunately, the
sheriff is without finds to continue this necessary work.

Basement, kitchen equipment, laundry, messhall and storeroom
were clean, ‘The opening of a messhall in the basement, in which
All the prisoners excepting the women take their meals, is a highly
Satisfactory addition to the jail equipmene. Ir was said that the
plan is working well and that the ask of keeping the interior of
the jail clean is thereby much easier.

'A number of prisoners had been victims of the use of narcotics.
‘These prisoners were segregated on one side of the cellblock. Te
was stated by a guard and by the prisoners that when they frst
came to the jail they were immediately placed under the observation
land care of a physician and were also given a special die.

"There were no complaints as to the food or treatment.

The following number of prisoners were assigned to some kind
‘of swork about the jal:

4 soerdor ma,

4 Jaton forthe workshop,
ate oe offers cable

$f the echo,
Jin the mesa
mh ere und. 4 ovking 0 the looms

The number serving sentence was considerably below the usual
number. Even with this small population the number of prisoners
assigned to work is very small. Deplorable idleness still exists in
this jail, as ie has for some time.

The looms were a failure under the previous administeation and
the present sherif is inclined to have the same opinion. In previous
reports of this Association it has been shown that cen looms will
not supply a suitable amount of employment for the number of
prisoners serving sentence. ‘The industry has been a financial load
to the county and in many ways 2 farce. At the time of the
Inspection one man vas engaged in supervising two men at work:
This has been practically the same situation at the time of previous
inspections, Not all the looms were then in operation because

Insrecrions. 357

rome parts were at Clinton Prison for adjustment. At the time
Of thie inspection ie wat stared that here was an inadequate supp
or dyed yam available, ‘Under Section 93 of the County Law the
Board of Supervisors has jurisdiction over the employment of che
ail prisoners. Preset condivions require heir attention. The
toncinuance of the looms, unlees yome new arrangements can be
tne, will inrease the nancial busden which that industry places
Oo the couney

There are several ways open for the tolution of the abaormal
and unjuee character of the dally coutine.

1. Employmene of the prisoners on the county. pooshouse farm.

2 Ingallation of an industry that can be made profitable

Highweay work.

Employment of the prisoners om the county poorkouse farm.—This
plan is successfully operated in Tioga county practically all the
year round. During the spring, summer and early part of the
Lal, che prisoners are engaged in farm work and during the winter
in general repair and improvement work. Care, however, must be
taken to Keep the prisoners separated from the inmaces of che
poorhouse.

The installaion of an industry that can be made proftable-—Because
of recene legislation, arrangements can be made for the manufac
turing of articles in the jails which can be distributed to other
institutions throughout the State. In other words, there is a
possibiliey of setting up in the jails industries which can be made
to help the industries of the State Prison Department. A plan of
this kied would have to be worked out with the Prison Department
nd the Prison Commission.

ihoay work—There are many’ miles of highway in. Rensselaer
county badly in need of repair and improvement. ‘The natural
faites for undertaking this work are good. In che towns of Sand
lake, Nassau, Stephentown, Petersburgh and Brunswick chere is
roach fildestone, a8 well as old stone. walls and many quar

AM ofthese sources, one ot more of which are available in any ofthe
shove mensioned towns, will sunply suficene stone 10 carry on
the work. The town of Bedin is. practically without improved
sade. Te would not be well xo establish a central quarry because
allof the towns are juatifed in expecting some use of the ail labor
A central quarry would add to the cost of transportation and in
some instances make the work 100 expensive. Te will be necereary

358 THe Prison Assoctarton or New York.

in conducting this work to establish camps outside of various towns
in which the work is going on. This is being successfully done in
Onondaga county. ‘The opinion of officials of the State Highsvay
Commission and various county superintendents of highways is that
the criticism that jal labor injures free labor is taken too setiou
A recent conference with the representative of a labor organization
affliated with the American Federation of Labor showed that labor
organizations are not hostile to the utilization of convict labor at
highway work

A committee of che Board should be appointed to confer with
officials of the Prison Commission, the Prison Department, and
the county superintendent of highways, the superintendent of the
poorhouse, and the sheriff, ro get definite action

RECOMMENDATIO!

1. A special appropriation should be allowed to the
sheriff so that he can continue the work of painting the
steel work of the second and third floors. Members of the
Board should visit the jail and see what a great difference
there is between the parts of the first floor that have been
painted and those on the second and third floors that have
not.

2. There should be a regular system for exercise in the
jail_yard. There is sufficient help attached to the jail
Staff to make it possible to allow certain days for the differ-
ent members of the population, Some of the prisoners
are now granted permission to exercise in the yard. The
yard was built for this purpose and should be used for all.

3. Heavy steel-wire screens should be placed on the
windows in the basement to prevent the passing of con-
traband articles into the jail.

4. The night watchman should not have to enter the
female department. The present matron's hours should
be changed or a night matron engaged.

PROGRESS MADE.

1. The jail staff is now fixed by statute.

2. The cement flooring on the second and third floors
has been repaired. The need for this was pointed out in a
previous report.

3. ‘The attic sections in the north and south wings have
been cleaned. This was also recommended in a previous
report.

Inspections.

4. The messhall in the basement is completed.

5, The bedding, after being sufficiently aired, is now
folded and placed at one end of the bed. Suggestions to
this effect were made in 2 previous report.

6, Prisoners now receive three meals a day.
urged in previous reports.

7. Both sections of the first floor have been painted.

8. Heavy steel-wire mesh screens have been placed on the
bar work of the windows in the basement, thus preventing
the passing of contraband articles in to the prisoners. A.
recommendation to this effect was made in one of our
reports.

RICHMOND COUNTY JAIL, RICHMOND,
» 1915, ay E.R. Cas.

Alehough in the city of New York, this jail i not included with
the insticutions under the jurisdiction of the New York City Depare-
ment of Correction

The sheriff of the county is Joseph F. O'Grady. He is assisted
in che jail by a staff, consisting of a warden, assistant warden, two
watrons, and a male cook,

The daily population since the first of the year has been forty-five,
of which number aboue seventy-five per cent are usually serving
‘Not infrequently prisoners must serve a sentence of from

proper facilities,

Ivsprcrep Juuy

su to twelve months, Because of the lack
these prisoners must be kept constantly within the close confines
of the jail and in practically complete idleness. It would be better
to transfer these prisoners to. the Workhouse or the Penitentiary
on Blackwell's Island.
A highly satisfactory condition of cleanliness in every detail
ed in all sections occupied by male prisoners, and similarly
Avweek prior to the inspection the scrubbing

inthe Female quarters mipedinn th

of the iron work of the jail was completed
a vear and greatly improves the general appearance. Clean sheets
much in evidence,

ind pillowcases were vet
The law relative to the separation and classification of prisoners
was stricely observed and the prisoners expressed satisfaction with

the food and che treatment accorded to them by the warden and
his assisanes
In previous reports the unsatisfactory condition of the iron work

surrounding the top of the toilet bowls has been pointed ous, also

360 THE Prison Association or New York.

of the enameled ovabshaped tops of the bowls in the niches of the
ca “The ond fhe oe ly ony be ane
tidy unite. To portpom the newt) Gade? ef er
Improve the ion work ie false economy. The rast i gradually
derroying the base of the rich and also the ion partons
rounding the niche. Unless checked very soon, much money yl
be needed co install a new toilet ovtie and ano new pare ef the
call parton. Other counties have experienced the fll of hele
ing what ac fest seemed very small deal
“The need of sj wal to encore the yard epace sumronnding the
hasbeen srongly pointed ovt in previous reports. Te is whol
far to compel meat awaiting the scion of che Grand jury. o
serving sentcnct to spend long periods of te within the Yery sal
corridors ofthe jail, Such confinement jeopardizes the health of
the prismers and. i conducive 10 metaly physical and. mol
detedoration. Making ie tandatory for prisoners to spend tush
tine under such aboonmal creumstanter very often develope erimina
Giver in che minds of the young. and inexperienced. "Thus the
reaction of nich a period of incarceration fare othe comity
im general The lack of opporemity for exercise and the alos
Complore sate of ileness ae the emo chieF abnormal factory in
the daly routine of al lie. In the past money has been appre
ted to Gngurust a walled jail yard fa which ch prisoner could be
regulaly exercised, "However the wall has not been bule andthe
Siar Me win the jal conse” There ro prove
oper and neccseary facts fo deal wich prisoners human
Ind incaligenly, money ahould again be appropited could he
tral "The abor of the inmates shouldbe utlized as mach a poste
“The sate of idleness existing in the jal is not only 4 seemendos
tandicay co the panible reformation of many ofthe pesos cone
ia che Jl year afer your but itis alu unfair wo he lnw-abiag
Girne of the community. Under the present system, drunkat
sad pea offers are entenced wo the jal and becom pubs
Ghavges without having to make the slghtese efoe toward mat
Section 99 ofthe County Law authorizes te
ih employmene fr the inmates of che
In Richmond couney the employment of the prisoners on the his
trays, or co a farm adjacent co the jay somne most practicable

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. The necessary funds should be provided for the com
struction of a wall around the jail.

Insrections. 4361

2. If the jail is to be used as a place for the detention of
prisoners serving sentence of more than fifteen or thirty
days, the activities pursued in many other counties with
respect to labor should be followed in Richmond county,

3. Funds should be provided to repair the base of the
toilet niches in the cells.

4. Screens should be provided for the windows in the
basement to prevent the smuggling in of contraband goods
to the jail.

5. When the jail population justifies it, a grand jury
session should be held between the months of June ‘and
October to break up the long intervening periods of time.
It is inhuman to hold prisoners in such close confinement
who have been convicted, but the situation is aggravated
in the case of persons whose guilt or innocence is undecided,

6. Appropriations should be made to purchase material
80 that the iron work of the jail can be painted, This has
not been done for many years.

PROGRESS MADE,

In a communication from the Borough President, subse-
quent to the sending of a copy of our report and emphasizing
the needs pointed out in the different recommendations,
the following information was received:

1, “The need for a wall around the jail was not disputed,
buc it was pointed out that the financial conditions were
such as would make it an unfavorable time to propose
such an improvement.”*

2. ‘The work of repairing the base of the toilet niches is
under way.

3. The furnishing of screens for the basement windows
will probably be provided for out of appropriations made
for the year 1915,

4. Requisition has been issued for material for painting
the iron work of the jail.

3. The matter of infrequent grand jury sessions was
taken up with the county judge, and in a communication
from him he has consented to hold an extra session of the
Stand jury during the year when the grand jury population
in the jail justifies the same.

362 | Tar Parson Association of New York.

ROCKLAND COUNTY JAIL, NEW CITY.
5, 9t5, uy Punusr Krew.

The jail is under the general supervision of che sheriff, L. W.
His son, C, F. Servin, is jailer. ‘The sheri’s wife is matron

The shri performs all faneins of the serif, most of which
sake him away’ from th lis wife, who acts as matron, spends
practically ull ber Hine cooking’ foe the jail iueaeeg aupertiing
the cleaning and attending co her own housekeeping. The jail
staf really consists, therefore, of one man, who is on duty day and
night. Even if the census were very much lower than that found
at the time of the inspection a staff of one would be inadequate,
No man should be requited to be on duty day and night. If he
{does his duty rightly ie will exhaust him. [Fhe does not, the sup.
vision of che jail 3s bound ro de inadequate. In the Westchester
County Jail, for example, with an average census of about three
times that found ae the Rockland County Jail at the time of inspece
tion, there is a staf? of eight men and three women, in addition «0
the cook and the sheriff. In other words, a staff eleven times as
great for 2 population three times as great; and the hours of the
Officers are cight per day instead of twenty-four

The Rockland County Jail consists practically of three depart
ments, the main male hall, containing twenty cells, a small room,
‘containing four cells, and the female department, consisting of two
toms. ‘The lone jailer is required to supervise these chree depa
ments, in addition to attending to the business of admission, dis-
charge, discipline, visitors, ete

‘The proper separation of different classes required by the county
law is not exercised in this jail because of lack of proper facilities,
Dut ie would have been possible to place the four minors in the smaller
room, containing four eels, and to have placed al adules in the large
main hall, Instead, it was found that the sinall room with four
cells was given to the trusties, while adults and minors were com
mingling

‘The cleanliness ofthe jail asa whole was satisfactory, but the sheets
and pillowcases were not in place at the time of inspection. It
was stated they were being laundered and that there was not a
sufficient number of them in stock to supply » change. This con-
dition should be remedied. Sufliciene supply of toilet paper and
soap was found in each cell

In the men’s deparement one prisoner was found in a cell on the
lower tier, suffering with tuberculosis. He had been in jail for six

Tusrections, 363

rnonths and despite his sad lor he was not allowed to take any out
door exercise, Ie is co be severely criticised that outdoor exercise
is not made possible for all prisoners, whether serving sentence,
ayaiting the action of the grand jury, or trial. Every jail ought
tw have a sufficient staff and proper facilities for such ourdoor exercise
Bu it is parcicularly cruel to require aman in an acute stage of
tuberculosis to spend month after month ja a cell without access 20
fresh air. Moreover, the diet for this prisoner was the same as for
the rest. He veas not receiving eges or other special nourishment
ecessary im such cases. ‘There is no jail physician employed at
present. The former jail physician resigned and his successor has
rot yet Been appointed.

Te was seated by the jailer chat the water supply for the jail is very
unsstisfactorys thae when the water is tapped ouside the jail for
any considerable period the water at the jail proper becomes black
and is filed with bugs. A proper and satisfactory water supply
system should be installed

‘Access ro the female department is gained by means of a wooden
taisway. The keys to the female department are properly kept
separately from the other keys in the jailer’s room. The female
department consists af two rooms, with two and five beds respectively,
Aso cleanliness, the condition of this department was satisfactory
Buc there are no bathing facilites for the women. There is a bath-
room close to the female department, with 2 window to the male
department, but this is the sherif's own private bathroom, not
used by prisoners. ‘The sheriffs bathroom should be a pare of his
private residence and not be so located as to be accessible from the
female department and open right out to the men’s hall

In face, the sherif’s aparements as a whole were unsatisfactory
Moreover, the walls were cracked and the wallpaper tom in
places

The kitchen, pantey and cellar, in general, were found clean and
well kept. A small dining-room adjoining the kitchen is used as the
‘wusties dining-room, where three male trusties, and three women
serving sentence and helping the maeron in her kitchen and cleaning
work, eat together at one table. Male and female prisoners should
ot be allowed to be together at meals. This practice should be
immediately discontinued.

The food on the day of inspection consisted of cored beef, cab
buige and bread. The food was not ready to be served but appeared
w be satisfactory.

364 Tue Priso Assoctavion oF New York.

‘The laundry facilities are as poor as ever. The county should
purchase 2¢ least 2 hand washing-machine and install proper
stationary. washtubs

A fexe minor improvements have taken place since thelast inspection
The electric wiring has been enclosed in metal piping. A coat of
paint has been applied to the male prison bue the jail Tost a great
‘opportunity to improve the insticucion in the matter of painting by
applying a very dark gray-blue color which gives the rooms a gloomy
land depressing characrer. Ie would have cost no more +0 apply
a light cream-colored coat of paint.

‘The sewage disposal plant for the jail and the group of coumy
buildings, of which the jail is a part, is being reconstructed and
improved. This undoubtedly is 2 great boon bur there is no reason
why prisoners should not have been employed at this work. Most of
it is unskilled labor which any prisoner could have performed
but the county failed to avail itecif of even this small opportunity
‘to remedy the deplorable idleness,

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, It is absolutely necessary for the proper conduct of
the jail to have at feast one additional member on the
stall besides the jailer. The importance of this improve-
ment cannot he exaggerated.

A suificient supply of bedding should be obtained to
enable the jailer to give the beds a change of sheets and
pillowenses, instead of requiring the inmates to do without
them while the bedding is being laundered.

3. Idleness among prisoners serving sentence 4s as great
asever. The county failed to make use of its opportunities
for employing the prisoners on the sewage disposal plant
and on the town highways. The resident officers of the
county should appreciate that they could do nothing more
effective to increase the criminality in the county than 0
allow their jail prisoners to go idle during their whole period
of incarceration.

4. Facilities should be supplied for making outdoot
exercise possible for all prisoners. The first requirement
for this purpose isan additional number on the staff, another
is an enclosed jail yard, but the matter is too important
to be persistently disregarded year after year. Especially
in cases of tubercular prisoners, the lack of outdoor exer
cise is downright cruelty.

Inspscrioxs, 365

5. A jail physician should be appointed at the carliest
possible date.

6. The water supply should be looked into. Nothing is
more dangerous to the health of the community than
‘a polluted water supply.

7. Washtubs and a washing-machine should be supplied.

8. The small section of the male department, containing
four cells, should be used for the detention of mi

9, ‘The practice of allowing male and female prisoners to
cat together in the basement should be

ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY, CANTON.
Insprcrep June 19, 1915, nv E. R. Cass.

The sheriff of the county is Thaddeus B. Day. He is assisted in
the jail by an under-sherif, a jailer, a salaried matron, and 2 cook.

‘The population of ehis jail is usually in excess of the cell accom
modations. On the firse oor, south side, in the front section, there
were ten prisoners, ro of whom were under twenty-one years of
age. All of these prisoness were held for the grand jury. There
‘were two prisoners to a cell. In the rear section, south side, there are
‘wo cells; one was occupied. The floor space for both these sections
in which the grand jury prisoners are kept ie very stall, and co keep
prisoners daily in such emall confines, with even an opportunity
for satifactory indoor exercise, isa cruelty. The necessity of aesign-
ing two prisoners «0 2 cell and the keeping of minors wieh adules
is also serious and unsatisfactory. The physical arrangement rel-
ative to minors is a violation of the Coumy Law. If the number
of the cells and the arrangement of them do not allow proper sepa-
ration and segregation of prisoners, che responsibility rests with the
county authorities and not with the sherif. The County Board
of Supervisors should have the condition remedied,

On the north side of the first floor there were also two prisoners
to‘cell, On che south side, second floor, there were twelve prisoners,
one of whom wasa minor. Here, also, two prisoners were assigned to
‘cell. On thenorth side, there were cleven prisoners and only seven
cells available

In the female section, consisting of four rooms, there were two
prisoners. These rooms, while noc fireproof, are far superior wo the
accommedations for che male prisoners

‘The condicion of cleanliness and order in all parts of the jail was
satisfactory.

366 "Te Prison Association oF New York

A revised form of the sherif’s 1913 annual report to the Board
of Supervisors is herewich submieeed. In making an analysis of the
report, items pertaining co the operation of the farm were kept
entirely separate from those items pertaining dizectly to the mai
taining of the jail. This was done chiefly for the purpose of gecting
a conerete statement of the farm work, and because there were some
inems charged to the board of che prisoners which should have
been charged to the farm, and vice versa. Tn other words, igems
were so charged that ix was impossible co get a clear idea of the cost
‘of maintaining the form and its value to the county.

Analysis of sheriff's report for the year 1915, Se. Lawrence county,
with arrangement of charges, and treatment of the farm manage-
iment a8 a separate account

following items have been charged ogainst the board of prisoners
Bock 145i pods Sas 8

Bee ond Song 87! pound
Siher lak mete

“Amount stems exceaive

Drawing fe

Toca con of bose

The following ivems are considered proper to be charged only to
the management of the farm. For reasons to be stated later, the
farm items are held distinctly separate

Duar:
4,cous (cares only $of os come til worth othe counts)
feet

Souci

Heaps od iad ing
eld oni

ceakeis ci

Usher of mom rsa ic
Valu of Pact

Eee

Hora 6 wee carnions

368 Tue Prison Assoctation oF New York.

{Ga oan (ods spl, repair and idea), 4,802 Go

‘Total cost of maintaining jail Bout ot

Board paid for U. 3 pesoners th &

8 8

157585.18dvided by 53 (erage week poplin. samara
oye

Via if abel by 8 emery eek

The shove per annum and pr weekly per cepita were compte, excluding he
pros ced ow the far ig scaling
Sngts.18 the etl ott oF mintenanc ofthe jul hes $1072.63 the net proceeds

iss he Bvt sedate tan of fsicnncs ofthe fa sage
7805 divided by 49 — 827.9 per annum pee oie

monty aang fea the Sete and Federal Government forthe

fone owl included
‘and telephone expen

‘pclaing the amount
emokiog emi ederbenoa and Well ote

Represents 3 Dalance of exnsprtation mane

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. The present jail should be enlarged and renovated
along modern Jines. There should be provided a cell for
each prisoner and separate quarters for juveniles.

2. The cell cage in the room in the basement, formerly
used as a village lockup, should be removed.

'3. The farm project should be steadily developed. By
80 doing the activities of St. Lawrence county will be of
frcater value a5 an incentive to the other counties ‘That
‘other counties are anxious to observe progress in this respect
has been proven by the recent visits of committees from.
Jefferson and Franklin counties.

4. Provision should be made in the bar work of the grand
Jury section on the first floor so that food can be passed
in without opening the door of the section.

5, More adequate toilet accommodations should be
placed in each section on the two floors of the jail.

Inspections, 365

PROGRESS MADE.

1. A chapel has been constructed on the third floor.
services are held every other Sunday by the clergymen of
the different churches in Canton.

2. A county probation officer was appointed February
14, 1915. Te was reported that he now has 36 cases under
his supervision and it has only been necessary to return only
fone person for violation of the rules of probation. Sines
the probation officer has been at work there has been a
notable decrease in the population of the jail.

'3. ‘The conducting of the jail farm has been of value
to the county for many reasons. ‘The taxpayers of the
county have had the satisfaction of knowing that men
Serving sentence in. the jail are not idling away their time,
and that they are being dealt with ina way that the law
makes possible, The chances of reformation are much
better for each individual prisoner when he is made to
occupy himself mentally and physically during the long,
hours of the day, instead of remaining in idleness. ‘The
proceeds from the farm reduced the per weekly cost of
hoard 38 cents per capita.

SARATOGA COUNTY JAIL, BALLSTON SPA,
Insecta June 10, 1915, By E: R. Cass.

The shevff of the eoumty is C. L. Grippen. The under-shesi
and jailer is Pred Rhubeck, Mes. Rhubeck is paid $20 per month
for her services as matron and for supervising the preparation of the
food for the prisoners, It wens stated that this money is divided
chiefly among the prisoners who do the work in the kitchen, There
isalso a janieor attached to the jal stall. He receives $75 per month,

“The average daily population of those serving sentence for the year
1914 and 1915, up €0 date, has been approximately 30

‘The jail was built in 1962 and opened for use in 1993. ‘The generat
plan is comparatively modern. ‘The chief objection is that the
placing of ewo prisoners in a cell, especially on the east side of
the frst floor, is necessary practically all of che time, At the cime
of the inspection there were thirteen prisoners in this section, with a
total of only eight cells available. This is not at all unusual. The
absence of adequate light in the corridors on this side of the jal,
land also in che cells on the same side, warranted severe criticism.

370 Tue Prison Association or New York.

During the last twelve years the evil of placing two men in a eel
has been strongly realized in this State, and as 2 result of this the
cells of new jails are equipped wich only one iron bed. In the ease
of this jail the condition is aggravated because of the darkness
of the cells and the smallness of the poorly lighted corridor directiy
outside of the cells on the first floor of the east side, It is often
said that vagrants and drunks and those guilty of minor offenses,
who have passed many years of their lives in an unsatisfactory w
‘of living, deserve lieele consideration. It has been said that they
‘even forfeit che right ro have fresh air and light. But irrespective
‘of a man’s character we must not lose sight of the fact that he is
will a human being and that it behooves those in authority, who
perhaps have heen more fortunately blessed in many ways during
their lives, to give them humane consideration, For instance, no
fone has the vighe to curtail from any man the supply of sunlight
and fresh air. Statistics will show that che demand for better living
quarters for prisoners held in close confinement is not a fad but a
matter which is of the greatest importance not only to the welfare
of the convicted man but to the health of the community in general

At the time of the inspection, in a large cell on the westside, rear
section, of the second floor, a sixteen-year-old boy was confined, held
fon the charge of sodomy.” Because of his age and his mencal and
physical characteristics, he should be segregated from the rest of
the population as striely ay possible. ‘The inspection of the wing of
the jail containing the female section shoved no female prisoners,
and it was then suggested to the jailer that this young boy
by himself in one of the cells of the female quarters.
xestion was quickly earried ou. A prisoner of this kind
{0 contaminate the general morale of the jail population

Tr was stated thar the second floor of the wing, containing the ells
for females, is not used. In previous reports the fie danger of this
section has been pointed out. ‘There is no doubt chat the jail proper
and this particular wing is fireproof, but the serious face is tht
if the courthouse building, which is absolutely nom-freproof, sere
to take fire and ie were not possible to speedily release the prisoners
from this wing; or from the jail proper, the prisoners might be in
veritable oven. This demands immediate attention.

All parts of the jail were clean and orderly. The jailer desices
to fulfil all his duties thoroughly.

‘Two of the important elements of rational prison reform are
healthy living quarters for the inmates of our correctional insti-
tutions and real work by the prisoner during the period of his

Inspections, a7

sentence. It ig very easy for men to shirk the responsibilities of
life by committing some minor offense warranting their commiement
to the county jail. This would apply to many of the recidivises
wwho patronize the jail, especially during the fall and winter months.
It is sometimes said that these men ate not cates for the county.
fail and chae they oughe to be sent to the penitentiary. Some of
them are sent to the penitentiaty and hecome State charges during,
the period of their incarceration and spend their time there in com-
plete idleness at the expense of the eaxpayer and the law-abiding
citizen. While prisoner is confined in the jail, the community is
temporarily protected. ‘There is no element in jail life which eende
to bring about reformation, and as a matter of fact it wndoubsedly
tends co bring about mental and physical deterioration. ‘The county.
jails are termed “ schools of crime” and justly so because of the
llleness and the promiscuous commingling of the prisoners which
‘make it possible for crime to breed.

nder Section 93 of the County Lave, the Boatd of Supervisors
of each county is authorized to deal with the problem of idleness
in che county jails. In working ont this problem the Board of
Supervisors should request the cooperation of the Prison Commission
ond the Prison Association. So far as can be determined, the only
activity in Saratoga county has been the passing of resolutions
suthorizing the employment of the prisoners. At the meeting of
the County Board on August 4, 1914, Resolution No, 2 empowered
the sheriff to permit the employment of prisoners upon town hhigh-
ways under such arrangements as said sheriff may make with any
town for the employment of such prisoners, provided, however, that
such town, of towns, shall furnish the necessary funds to take such
Prisoners to and from the jail. ‘There was passed ar the mecting
of August roth of the town board of Milton a resolution authorizing
the cown hightway superintendent to use the convier labor feom the
pail on the highways.

Section 70 of the State Highway Law makes this possible. How-
ever, no action has been taken. In November, 1914, it was planned
that arrangements could be made to employ the State prison inmazes
tom che highways. However, in the absence of che necessary appro-
priations, this plan cannot’be carried out from State funds. In
Uther words, now that che various boards have pasted resolutions,
something should be done, whether in che form of employment
on the highways, or on a county jail farm, ot an a county poorhouse

The plan of employing the prisoners on the county poorhouse
farm is successful in Tioga county and perhaps the same can be

372 Tue Paisow Assoctation or New York.

done in Saratoga couney. However, the prisoners must be kept
separate from the poorkouse population. It might be possible to
increase the vegetable output on the county farm by using some oF
the inmate tabor of che jail. The Board of Supervisors should
‘consult with the Prison Commission and che Prison Department
shou establishing some industry. Arrangements may be made for
the disposition of the produce of such industry ehyough the Prison
Department
RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, ‘The windows in the east side wall should be enlarged
to admit a better supply of light and air into the corridors
and cells on the first and second floors of the jail proper.
Enlarging the windows would not necessarily weaken the
side walls, because that could be remedied by 2 steel frame.
‘The windows could be guarded with tool-proof barrin
and to prevent people from coming into the alleyway, which
Separates this side of the building from the courthouse,
fa gate could be pliced at one end. Something must be
done to make this side of the jail sanitary and heatehful.

2. We have several mes called the attention of the
Board of Supervisors to the fie danger which exists when
prisoners, cither female, or juveniles, are detained in the
wing located ro the right of the entrance to the jail proper
To slightly minimize this danger, prisoners are no longer
detained in the upper floor of this section. This means
that for a small outlay the county is entirely sacrificing
the use of the upper floor for p Asa matter of fact
the danger is not only to this wing, but to the whole jai
proper, because a serious fire in the courthouse would
probably prevent escape. The danger of a :
will be desperately realized by the county officials if they
are sometime called upon to answer for the harm or loss
of life which has come to some of the inmates as a result
of afire. Ie is urgently recommended that an iron sheeting
be erected on the bars directly in front of the entrance
to the jail on the first floor and in the corridor of the second
floor. The object of the sheeting will be to retard the
progress of fire so as to give more time for the opening of
the doors and for the exit of the prisoners. Of course, if
a fire destroys the stairway in the courthouse there will
be practically no chance of getting the prisoners out of
the upper story of this wing, situated to the right of the

Inserctions. 313

jail proper. It is therefore necessary to provide an entrance
to the alleyway from the second floor and a portable stairway
or ladder so as to give exit from the second floor into the
alley. A stationary stairway, which will naturally reduce
the already insufficient amount of light for the first floor
section on the cast side, is not the proper way to relieve
the fire danger.

3. A committee should be appointed by the Board of
Supervisors to investigate the idleness which exists in the
jail, It is not fair to the taxpayer and the law-abiding
citizens that a convicted man should live in idleness com-
pletely at their expense.

SCHENECTADY COUNTY JAIL, SCHENECTADY.
Inapncrep Avoust 6, 1915, ny E.R. Cass

‘The sheriff of the county is L. A. Welch. He is assisted in the
jail by to jilers, a ucility man and a matron.

All parts of the jail were clean

‘The officals were somewhat disearbed because of the detection

plan which might have led to x jail delivery, especially of the
prisoners confined in the grand jury section. ‘The prisoner who
had confessed to sawing the bars and tampering with a lock was
confined in a cell; ikewise on the foureh floor was another prisoner
who ie was thought was the leader in the group that had planned
to escape. This prisoner accused the officials of the jail of having
resorted to inhuman methods to obtain a confession from him.
He alleged that a stream of cold water had been played upon his
body for a period of about three-quarters of an hour, In a statement
signed by one of the jail staff ie was admicted that water had heen
used on this prisoner, but not for a period exceeding five minutes.
Although the alleged act is noc denied, chere is a difference of opinion
8s wo the period of time to which the prisoner was subjected to
the cold-water treatment. However, this method of dealing with
prisoners under any circumstances is inhuman,

Alchough this is 2 new jail, the niche form of toilet in the cells
has already proved a failure. Before the jail was opened, it was
noted by our inspectors that the rust was attacking the iron work
surrounding the top of the tollet bowl. ‘The niches are now being
renovated. An iron enamelled plate is being set in the base 0
cach niche. tis safe to say that this change, which must represen,

374 Tite Parson Association ox New York.

2 considerable ouslay of money’, will only temporarily comedy the
‘unsatisfactory design of the toilets. Tron enamel chips easily and
the iron thus exposed becomes rusted and destroyed. Meanwhile
the base of the niche is unsightly and unsanitary. The only per-
‘manent remedy for the arrangement is to have a toler bowl of heavy
porcelain placed in one comer of the cell in such a position that it
can be Kept clean on all sides. The toilet bowls should be without
2 seat. Moder designs of this type ate bighly satisfactory.

eis pleasing to state that in one administrative detail Schenectady
‘county’ is a criterion for the other counties of the State, In one
part of the basement a fumigating apparatus has been installed
New prisoners are admitted ro this section, made to thoroughly
bathe, and are then given overalls and shirts, ‘Their screct clothes
are fumigated and placed in bundles on shelves in a large closet
especially provided. Thus the problem of cleanliness in the jail is
{greatly minimized and the clothes of the inmates are preserved in
2 safe and orderly. manner,

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. The top of the wall surrounding the jail yard should
be fitted with iron barring so that the prisoners cannot
get over it easily. This will make daily outdoor exercise
possible, which is absolutely essential if prisoners are to be
treated ‘humanely. Close confinement and the lack of
exercise are abnormal and depressing factors of the daily
routine and have evil consequences.

Rensselaer county has already taken the lead by
utilizing part of the basement as a messhall for serving
food to the prisoners. This change was made at a very
small cost; it has done much to help the cleanfiness of the
Jail and to further facilitate the handling of the prisoners.
The authorities of Schenectady county jail have been
considering a similar plan and it Is urgently suggested that
they be supported.

3. Schenectady county is one of the few in the State
Still serving only two meals a day to the prisoners. When
the inmates of a jail are compelled to go from noon of one
day until the morning of the next without food or some-
thing warm to drink, this cannot be characterized as humane
treatment. To provide a third meal consisting of coffee
and bread, or something similar, has been found in other
counties to add little to the cost of feeding the prisoners.

Insrecrions. a75

Added to this the quality of the fond serve to the prisoners
should be impro.

The idleness of the prisoners serving se
ail is still a problem for solution by the county authorities
who are duly authorized by Iaw co undertake the same.
The committee appointed some cme ago to Investigate
the matter of unemployment of the prisoners was reluctant
to take definite action because of the unsatisfactory indus~
trial conditions in the city of Schenectady. However, with
the gradual improving of this situation, the plans submitted
in our previous reports should be used as a working basis
in the solution of this important problem, which has a
tremendous bearing on the welfare of the com munity and
the prisoners.

5. "The practice of spraying cold water upon a prisoner
for the purpose of discipline or of obtaining information
should not be repeated. Solitary confinement in some
unoccupied part of the jail, on reduced rations, should be
substituted as a more intelligent and humane method.

PROGRESS MADE.

1, The jail staff has been increased by one officer. The
increase in the staff was advocated in our previous report.

The base of the toilet niches are being repaired. ‘The
need for precautions and improvement was pointed out
in our previous reports.

3. Each new prisoner is now supplied with a fresh blanket.
‘This was recommended in our previous report.

4. A part of the basement is now used as a reception room
for new prisoners. A plan of this kind was suggested in our
previous report.

5. Heavy steel-wire mesh has been placed on the windows
in the basement but not on the doorway leading into the
basement from a passageway on one side of the jail. The
advisability of taking precautions to prevent the passing of
contraband articles into the jail was pointed out in our
previous report.

SCHOHARIE COUNTY JAIL, SCHOHARIE,

Insrrcrep Avousr 13, 1915, 8Y E. R. Cass.

The jail is under the supervision of the newly elected sheriff
David Boynton, who receives a salary of $1,000 a year and

376 Tite Prison Association oF New York.

for janitor rervic in the jail and county buildings. Hi
the sim of 34 per week forthe board of each prsoner held ia the
Jail. ‘There by 00 jeder or cook provided fiom the county fends
taspe that hy she alice of son for nora serves the
county authorities pethape feel that a jalee should be provided
shat OU nds The aetna lade ce wcneomn sna may ce
te irtauine! exbelseay frosthe jul, ‘Suutcey areegennend
fr ater on hal be made with nie money sea

in previous reports this very small, antiquated type of jail has
been citideedhecause the prtaners ae mot provided for in accord
treesvth the Couey Law.” That tie in necessary wary frequcstly
to aman young and old prisoners c the mame vection and sometimes
fo the cate call, and to herp together grand jury. priser and
Sesonart serving sence” Furthienwrer the ces precisa” of
Ls fonts oneiea to the ale sits ete cost sae ts etn
beatae the tne of he sean thre we» fae
Prisoner in the jal, serving sentence. Te was not possible for the
Shea co prevent er from conversing sath her husband, sho wat
Confined onthe lower Roor of the jlo fom attracting the aention
of other prisnere inthe jail Likewise, would not be pousble
foc the sherif to. provent the prisoners from eoavessing wih or
snoring fale pine

The lower Boor i damp. and invuficiendy lighted, due to the
small windows in the side wal Y Habe "

The floor srea of the jails extremely small, which means chat 2
long period of confinement causes unusval hardship becaure of the
meso ee
"A supply of new mateenses and blankets is very much needed.
Furthermore, greater ene ahould be execned co beep cleaner the
imatereer now in use. Many of the mattress, particulary thore
in the cells on the fest floor, were covered with much dir, tobacco
and. paper

The shes brought the following matter to the attention of the
iamettor on Tas orn intoaiie

‘On the moming of the day of inspection he starad that he had
permitted a man to go outside ofthe jal to work for a farmer. ‘The
therif'was advised by the inspector that this was a violation of
Srvc 5, Section 29, af the Stare Consuton, which reads im pare
ts faiows: "No pereon in any such pron, penitentiary, jay of
lormatoty, shall be required’ of allowed to. work while under
fenrence thereto, at any trade, induscry, oF occupation, wheteia or
whereby his work, or the product or profit of his work, shall be

Insrections. 377

farmed out, contracted, given or sold, to any person, fiem, aseociation
Termtporation.” ‘The sheriff stated ¢hac an act of this kind would
fot be repeated agaia by him

RECOMMENDATIONS.
1. Anew jail, built along modern lines, should be provided
so as to furnish proper living quarters for the prisoners and
Riso to give better facilities for the proper detention of
Srisoners, especially minors and females. The present
Jail fin general unique when compared with most of the
other jails throughout the State.
2. The old, dirty mattresses should be destroyed and
new ones provided.
F ‘Additional electric lights should be installed on the

east side of the jail.
| An additional session of the grand jury should be

a per capita weekly
cura for the board of prisoners is a survival in part of the
fee system. Many abuses connected with this system
finally brought about its discontinuance throughout the
State, excepting in two counties. The plan in vogue in
practically every county in the State relative to defraying
The cost of feeding the prisoners is simple and highly satis-
factory, In some instances, the Board of Supervisors
Appoint a purchasing committee and they buy the necessary
supplies for the jail, including tbe foodstuffs, the bills being
Submitted to the county auditor for inspection and the
Submitted to the county treasurer for payment. In most
Of the counties the sheriff buys the necessary supplies and
Submits the bills in the above manner. A procedure of
this kind not only relieves the sheriff from suspicion as to
the amount he is making from the board of the prisoners
‘but brings about in general a better situation.

SCHUYLER COUNTY JAIL, WATKINS.
ay ER. Cass,

IssreereD APRIL 12, 191
“The sheriff of the county is H. J. Mitchell. He is assisted in

the jail by a jailer and a matron.
‘Previous reports have pointed out that this jail is ap antiquated
type of structure and is frequency inadequate for the satisfactory

378 Tae Prison Association or New York.

detention of pritoners. A small solid stone cellblock, with four
cells on each side. practically consticutes the jail. ‘The cells are
small, dark, ill ventilated, and frequently damp. They are not
equipped wich toilee or washing accommodations. No provision is
made in the rear of the cells for ventilation, so tha air entering
from the front, unless under forced draught, becomes stagnant
‘The sherif’ considers the situation so wretched and inkuman that
he is generally reluctant to lock the men in the cells x¢ night.

In the far end of the corridor, on exch side of the cellblock, there
is a small, dark compartment, containing a washbasin and 2 toilet,
In the northwest corner there is a bathtub. This is the only means
for bathing on this floor. A serious feature is that ic is not possible
for an inmace co bathe with any degree of privacy

‘The occupants of one side of the cellblock can not be kept entirely
separated from the occupants of the other side. This means that
Section 92 of the County Law cannot be strictly observed. ‘The
condition is serious, especially when young offenders are detained

In the absence of a jail yard, the very small floor area of the
corridors on each side of the cellblock affords the only space for
exercise. This works particular hardship, in view of the fact that
there are only two sessions of the grand jury during the year. Tt
's fearfully unjust 0 hold petsons not convicted of crime for such
long. petiods under conditions that tend to undermine their healeh

The second floor of the jail is accessible by a frail wooden stair-
way. Te consists of several rooms, which are used for the detention
of civil prisoners, women and witnesses. The rooms are large,
fairly well lighted and ventilated, bue the seccion is not fireproof
Furthermore, prisoners cannot be safely detained,

The only redeeming feature of the jail is that the sherif insists
upon a high standard of cleanliness

The following are the chief ressons why Schuyler county should
have a new jail

1. The cells are of stone vaulelike construction, designed after
the type of cells used in the days when dungeons were considered
suitable places in which to house prisoners, and when the authorities
gave litdle thought to the face that the good health of the individual
Js of fundamental importance to the community. The vaultelike
type of cell means inadequate ventilation, insufficient light, and a
cold, damp atmosphere,

2. ‘The smallness of the jail makes ie practically impossible for
the sherif to comply with the law relative to the classification and
separation of the prisoners. Furthermore, it is necessary quite
frequently to resore to the evil practice of placing two men in 2 cell

Inspections, 379

4. The lack of sufficient eoilee accommodations brings about 2
dangerous and unsanieary condition
“The lack of sufficient oor space for indoor exercise and also

the absence of 1 jail yard for outdoor exercise are serious. Tt is
tometines argued that the close confinement is the punitive element
which is unfortunately frequently looked apon as the sole purpose
Jn sending a man to jail. Av a matter of fact, if a man is benefited
physically, meneally and morally du
the interests of the community are best served.
iF the physical conditions of the jal break down 2 man's physical
condition and impair his mental makeup, he may easily become
A menace and a burden to che community

The Schuyler County Jail, when compared with many of the
jails in some of the nearby counties, such as Steuben, Tioga, Yates,
Seneca and many others, stands in a class by itself, with no feature
that the people of the county can be proud of. The authorities
Of Schuyler county should teke into serious consideration the jail
Conditions, A new jail built along modem lines is necessary.

‘Moreover, the employment of the inmates seeving sentence in
the jail should be considered, Section 93 of the County Law
authorizes the County Board of Supervisors to utilize the labor of
the prisoners serving sentence, There is no logical reason why
‘man should be allowed to idie aveay his time in a public institution
and thereby relieve himself of the responsibilities of caring for
Bimsef with respect to food and clothing and of the support of
those dependent upon him. The present system produces the very
conditions mentioned above. This ig not fair to the taxpayer and
the hard-working man throughout the county who endeavor to
be law-abiding members of the community. Schuyler count
in connection with its new jail should have jail farm. ‘This will
make ie necessary perhaps to change slightly the location of che
present jail. However, the benefits to be gained will justify this

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. The county authorities should butld a new jail along
‘modern lines.

2. A partition should be constructed around the bathtub.

3. There should be one more session of the grand jury
during the year.

380 Tw Prison Assoctation oF New York.

SENECA COUNTY JAIL, WATERLOO.
Inseecten Apmit 23, 1915, sy E.R. Cass.

‘The sheriff of the county is W. H. Excell, with headquarters at
Ovid. The under-sheriff, James O'Connor, supervises the Waterloo
jail and is assisted by a matron. This is not a fee office but the
under-sherff receives 25 cents per day for the board af each prisoner
This rate is fixed by statute and represents a survival in past of the
fee system. The matron now receives a fixed salary of $25 per month.

At the time of the inspection the old jail was still in use and was

clean as wretched old place of igs kind could be expected
The new jail oughe coon to be ready for occupancy, perhaps
a month from date, It is a three-story brick building, built onto
the sheviff's residence, with one side facing the strect. On the first
rs, cach of which ie accessible by an iron stairway,
there ie 2 steel cellblock divided in the center by a utility corridor
There acesix cells on each side of the celiblock. The cells are equipped
with one iron hinged bed, an iron shelf and an ion hinged seat
The thitd Moor, also accessible by an iron stairway, consists of a
small cellblock, with three cells on each side. Tn the rear pare of
this floor there are two hospieal rooms. ‘There are shower-bath
accommodations on the free and second floors and bath-tubs on che
third floor. The jail is equipped with a padded cell. The window-
panes on each floor are filled in with ground glass and the window
sashes are designed on the transom plan,

Part of the basement is ta be used as a village lockup. The
seindows on one side of this room are almost an a level with the street
‘The window-panes are not of ground glass. Therefore, because of
the closeness of this section to the street it will he impossible to pre
vent communication wih people on the outside unless heavy wire
screening is put over the bar work or an iron fence is constructed
around this side of the jail. The room is to be equipped with wooden
platforms. The prisoners will be supplied with blankers and will
sleep on these plaeforms

‘There isa jail yard built a one end of the jail,

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, An assistant should be provided for the under-sheriff.

‘The new jail will add much extra work and require closer

and stricter supervision. ‘This responsibility will be too

much for one man, in addition to his numerous duties
outside of the jail.

2. ‘There should be a fumigating apparatus installed in

Ixsrections. 38

the basement. Prisoners when admitted to the jail should
surrender their clothing for fumigation, should bathe
thoroughly and then be supplied with overalls and jumper
before being assigned to the jail proper. A aystem of this
kind will be almost a definite assurance against vermin and
ire,
PROGRESS MADE.

is now available for the
detention of the prisoners of this county. In our previous
reports the wretched conditions existing in the old. jail
were repeatedly emphasized.

Since the date of the above inspection an act has been
passed by the Legislature abolishing the system of paying
the sheriff 25 cents per day for the board of the prisoners,
In the recommendation of our reports i¢ has been suggested
that the system be changed to one which would be more
in conformity with the systems in vogue in the other counties
of the State,

3. New mattresses and blankets were purchased to fur-
nish the beds in the new jail. In our previous recommenda
tions it was urged that none of the bedding equipment in
the old jail be brought into the new one.

4. A fumigating apparatus has been installed in the
basement to clean the clothing of the prisoners upon admis-
sion, A system of this kind has been recommended in our
reports.

5. A part of the basement has been fitted up as a messhall
Recommendation to this effect was also made in one of our
reports.

6. Ground glass window-panes have been placed in the
windows of the village lockup section in the basement of
the jail, In our previous report it was pointed out that
some precautions would have to be taken to obscure the
view of the prisoners in this section from persons on the
outside, and also to prevent communication, in the absence
of a fence around the jail.

STEUBEN COUNTY JAIL, BATH.
Insproren Aran. 14, 1925, Ry E.R. Cass,

‘The jail is under the supervision of the sheriff, Willam H. Murray.
‘The staff consists of an under-shesiff, ewo guards, a jailer, a matron
and a male cook,

382 Tue Prison Association of New York.

All parts of the jail were clean, Te was pleasing t0 find things so
because at the time of our previous inspection he cleanliness was
not up to a satisfactory standacd.

‘The population was separated at Section g2 of the County Law
requires; although the grand jury prisoners were separated from those
serving sencence, it was quite possible, because of the construction
‘of part of the jail, for prisoners in the pit to converse with the grand
jury prisoners in the coure section.

‘Ne definite action has been taken by the Board of Supervisors to
change the physical makeup of the jal so as to make the separation
of the various classes of prisoners possible. In one of the rooms in
the upper pare of the jail, four minor males were together. Ie
view of the fuer that there were several vacant rooms in this part of
the jail, the members of this group should have been separated
Much harm comet to the individual through association and there ie
every chance for evil association in every jail population,

The laundry, kitchen and basemene were clean

The prisoners had no complaints as co food or trestment

I was roughly estimated that the average number of prisoners
serving sentence is 20. The present plan of employment is nor

tively satisfactory, first, because the work performed ix noe sufficient
and not of the proper kind to be of much help 10 the individual, and
Secondly, because there is no satisfactory disposition of the-broken
stone, and 2s a resule chere is 2 lesge financial loss. At the time-of
the inspection the sto 6 not at work, because, it was said,
tne of the guards was away with the therif. However, one guard
‘was present in the jail and its fair to expect that a nusmber of prisoners
sufficient for one a
cals of Steuben county should not be ¢
system of employment. The sentenced prisoners should
employed.

Section 93 of the County Law gives the Board of Supervisors
sufficient authority to undertake the solution of chis problem. Arter
tion is again called to our previous repore in which highway work
was advocated. Several counties have been successful with thie
form of employment. The work performed hy the inmates of the
State Prisons on the roads was spoken very highly of lase year
The consensus of opinion among highway officials throughout the
State is that there is no danger of convict labor conflicting with free
fabor in highway work. ‘The amount of work is unlimited and the
reeds extensive. For many of the towns there will never be suflic

Inspections. 383

cient money available to cary on the necessary work, if free labor
solely is to he relied upon,

There ig also another possible means of employment. The suc.
cess of St. Lawrence county with ite county jail farm server as a
splendid precedent. Two years ago a farm of sixty acres, about a
rile from che jail, was purchased for approximately $49 an acre
Since then the value of the farm products, the value of the con
sttuetion work on the farm and che general improvement of the soil,
cete., has practically repaid vo the councy the cost of the Farm.

A county jail farm does not mean a large and high-salaried staff
‘The results obtained in Se. Laweence county, which are perhaps the
best in the farm line so far as jails are concerned in the State, are
quite commendable and the work is carried on by a pootly paid
sheriff, an under-sherif, and one jailer

Irie also well for che county authorities to consider the activities
in some of the other counties: For example, Oswego county, with
ite ninety-four-acre jail farm. Nassau county has increased the
acreage ofits farm, ‘Tioga county employ’ its prisoners an the county
poorhouse farm. ‘The authorities of Sulfolk councy are negotiating
for the purchase of @ fourchundrod-acre farm. Jeferion county
contemplates the employment of its prisoners on a county facm
Monroe county has increased its farm acreage. Erie county has
secured legislation far che employment of its prisoners on the hi
ways and is also developing a large institucional farm,

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. As soon as there is plenty of available room, doubling
up in cells and in rooms should be abolished.

2, ‘The mattresses in use should be refilled.

3. Reception quarters should be provided for in the jail
so that prisoners upon admission can thoroughly bathe
and surrender their clothes for ation. OF course
this will mean a snaall fumigating apparatus (which can be
made on the premises for a very small sum). During their
stay in the jail the prisoners should be supplied with a
Khali uniform, marked on the inside as jail property. With

troduction of a uniform, not too conspicuous, the
jervision of the prisoners while at work will not be
difficult. With the use of the uniform and the general
cleaning up on admission, the possibilities of vermin being
brought Into the jail will be greatly minimized.

384 Tue Prisox Assoctation or New York.

4. Asystem of records should be kept, showing the number

of prisoners in the jail each day serving sentence, held for
grand jury, etc., also showing how the population is dis
tributed with respect to labor; that is, how many are
‘employed in the kitchen, how many in the stoneshed, ete.

5. Sheets and pillowcases should be provided for the
prisoners. These should not be looked upon as a luxury
but as a means of safo-guarding the inmates from infectious
diseases and of maintaining cleanliness.

6. The committee on county buildings has expressed its
approval of the recommendation that the separation of
the grand jury section from che section in which prisoners
serving sentence are kept be made more complete. This
seems to be as far as the matter has gone and it is urgently.
recommended that some action other than approval be
taken so tha the necessary changes can be made.

7. A padded cell should be constructed. A cell of this
kind should be part of the equipment of every jail in order
that cases of violation can be properly dealt with and that
reputation of the jail staff can be protected against unwar-
ranted suspicions of brutality.

PROGRESS MADE.

1, The stalrway, the rooms and the corridors in the upper
part of the jail have been repainted.

2. The part of the steel flooring behind the washstand
in the pit has been replaced by a new section of steel. The
need for some improvement was pointed out in previous
reports but the continuance of the steel floor was not
approved

3. Electric light has been installed in the shower-bath
compartment.

4. The toilet bowls and the seats have been re-enamelled,

3. The bar work in the pit and court sections and the
side walls have been repainted.

6. ‘The matter of providing a more satisfactory means of
separation of the grand jury prisoners and prisoners serving
sentence has been brought to the attention of the com-
mittee on county buildings and received their approval.
However, so far as can be learned, no definite action has been
taken to permanently remedy this unsatisfactory condition,
which has been pointed out in our reports.

Inspections.

SUFFOLK COUNTY JAIL, RIVERHEAD.
Ixsrecrsp Srrvemper 2, 1915, sv E. R. Cass

“The shes ofthe county is Charter J. Odell Tes ansittd in the
jal by am undewsherih, 2 warden, two Keepers and a male, cok
Jihe, Physical plan and the general equipment of this institution
rake Rone of the bet fa the Sate

“The clesnliness of the cell corridors, beds and bedding, was
highty catsacroy. In ene of che colle in che grand jury wection
Bey es ra sullcing from a very active case of syphilis. Te was
S.Red by the warden chac the jx physician and the shen? had
TES. SLI ave him eranserred to the hospital but that such
SPeagemente could not be satisfactorily made. Precautions were
Anat to provce the other prisoners. ‘The prisoner in question
Tee pplied with an individual cup, spoon and eating pan. These
Seeietin the cel for his own tue. He was also supplied with
we Gpaelhual eowel He stated chat he bas been visited by the
seer hes times apd chat on wo oscasons medicine wae prescribed
for him,

ve women snd one ffane were in the female seton, These
female prisoners ate not under the daly supervision of @ maton.
Treas sate shoe the matron vst sos once wee and when
Nos female prioners are brought co the jail For an fnsietion
UFthis aie fm which there are aways female prisoners, che daily
cradle f'a mawron should be provided, noe only to insure the pro-
Beri ct che female prsoners bur also co safeguard the jl oficial
{fom probable embarrasment

Shthe thed Moor of the female section, access can now be had
feo the eat sey beens of tect alteration 0 the sid foo
Fhe ald jal, Tes planned to use thi section forthe Large number
Fr necuate nd teampe who will probably be sen tothe ji forthe
Se TT ar wimer de new jal was cazed to its fll cell capacity,
SiasG avoid doubling, or overcrowding in any way in the nee
Fa “Que eatea accommodations have. been provided. Skyfahts
Pave boon ct hough the son # the Rew Section and 9 ale
nd washbasin have been installed inthe corridor ;

sch ell equpped wish cwo ion frame beds, with canvas
totione Instead of the calblck arrangement che ells in this
neice baile around in a Gce in the center of she oor

The laundcy equipmene was in satafactory working order

‘The bedding forthe tole proners consisted of martes and
blankece rly Shests and pillowesses ae provided only for the

386 Tue Prison Association or Naw York.

women, Fresh blankets sire given to each new prisoner, and for
the long-term prisoners the hlankets are washed every four or
five weeks. The men wash their own shires and underwear
Especially for the men sho are working, this should be done in the
laundry

The storeroom in the basement was very liberally supplied swith
overalls, socks, underwear, sheets, blankets, matcresses, brogans,
ete. Not all ofthe goods, especially the shoes, were “ prison made”
as the law requires, although ie was stated char all of the wearing
apparel, blankets, and mattresses were purchased in accordance
with che law.

‘The county authorities as yet have not purchased a county jail
farm, but they have shown their desire to usilize the labor of che
prisoners by employing them in improving a site of land selected for
a county hospital. They have also exercised their authority under
Section 70 of the State Highway Law in using the prisoners on the
roads in Riverhead for general cleaning and repairing. In the
month of January of this year, from eight to ten men were employed
Gaily on the roads. In Febriary, nine men daily. In March, nine
‘men, and in April, nine men. In May, for seven days there were
ight mien employed daily on the highways, and for the month of
Jane, for nine days, four men were employed daily. In July, for
Tour days they average eight men daily on the highways. For
seventeen days in August the average was eight men daily on the
highways, and for two days in September (up «0 the time of
inspection), one man daily on the road. On April 28th the work
fon the tuberculosis hospital sire at Holesville was begun. This
work consists of clearing the [and of trees and stumps, levelling,
exe, The men leave the jail at 8:30 in the morning and return
‘gain at 7:20 in the evening, ‘They are transported by railroad. The
prisoners have their breakfast and supper in the jail and take their
oonday meal in lunch cans. During the months of April and May
two extra deputies were hired to supervise the men at work and
to and from the jaily and since then another deputy has been added
10 the staff

Recent information from che sheriff gives the following summary
of the labor activities on the county hospital site. From April
28, 1915, to December 1, 1915, labor was furnished
to the county. This labor is given an actual value by the sheriff
of $2.00 per day per man, making the money value of the labor
equal to $8,708. The total cost incurred to conduct this work
was as follows

fhe, umrocinn of oones amd uate fom the i the
i

This tral expense subtracted fom the value of he aor of the
prisoners leaves an approximate net profit of 84,464.68 to the county.
‘The total cost of food for the prisoners for the year smounted to

201.24, If the above approximate profit on the hospital site work
were deducted from this sum, the per capita per week cost of
maintenance would be figured on the basis of the difference between
$6,201.21 and $4,464.68, and thus greatly reduced.

The sheriff points out that in July and August there were from
cighty to ninety-seven prisoners in the jail, and that on December
ast there were only seventy prisoners. This would tend to show
that many of the prisoners who make the jail a home for the winter
have avoided it because of the fact that the sherif is determined
0 utilize the labor of the prisoners as much as possible.

Tc was necessary that the proposed hospital site be improved.
If this work had been done by coneract and free labor a considerable
outlay of money would have been necessary. If the prisoners
hhad not been employed at this work, che county would have been
supporting them in complete idleness in the jail and without the
slightest contribution from them coward their maintenance. ‘The
experiment has shown that prisoners can be worked in the open
and that their work can be made finzncially profitable. ‘The county
taxpayers have had the satisfaction of knowing thar the prisoners
are not enjoying 2 life of ease in one of the best jails in the States
and, furthermore, that a system has been installed which should tend
to improve che prisoner morally and physically, instead of making
hhim che victim of the woual abnormal life within che jal

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. There is a large jail yard attached to the jail. This
was provided for the purpose of exercising the prisoners
confined in the jail, At present it is not used for such
purpose and cannot be wholly used because the greater
part of obstructed, by a large supply of coal stored
in it for the jail and county buildings. This also makes
it very unsightly and entirely out of keeping with the
general appearance of the jail and other parts of the
county grounds. It is urgently recommended that the
county authorities provide a more suitable place for storing

388 Tue Prison Association or New York.

the supply of coal and that the jail yard be used for the
exercising of female prisoners and grand jury prisoners
and of all prisoners who are not daily employed.

2. Sheets and pillowcases should be provided for male

mers. Suffolk county has one of the best jails in the
State and should be up to the standard set in other jails
jn this detail. In the reception quarters, that is, where
the prisoners are first brought before they are thoroughly
cleaned, sheets and pillowcases are not pra
in the other parts, where the prisoners are servi
for longer periods, common decency urges that they be
supplied.

3. A salary should be provided for a matron and her
services should be required for some time each day in the
female department of the jail. Male jail officials and
male prisoners should not enter the female quarters unless
accompanied by the matron.

‘4. The county authorities should continue their plans of
utilizing the labor of the prisoners serving sentence in the

|. The work on the tuberculosis hospital site Is only

i
temporary and the authorities should provide permanent
employment. The present highway activities should be

further developed. ‘The authorities are also again urged to
purchase and establish a county jail farm.

PROGRESS MADE.

1, The general cleanliness throughout all parts of the
jail was much improved as compared with the conditi
found at the time of the previous inspection. It was recom-
mended in our last report that the previous standards
of cleanliness be re-established in th

2. The county authorities are experimenting extensively
with the labor of the prisoners and are still negotiating
for the purchase of a 400-acre jail farm, located about five
miles from the jail. To visit this jail and find more than
half the population away at some kind of employment,
presents a much more satisfactory situation than was
found at the time of the previous inspection last year.
In our previous reports the county authorities have been
unged to undertake highway work, or establish a jail farm,
to obviate as much as possible the condition of idleness
‘among the prisoners serving sentence.

Inspections.

SULLIVAN COUNTY JAIL, MONTICELLO,
Insrectsp Arn 8, 1915, ay E. R. Cass,

The jail is under the supervision of the newly elected sheriff,
Elmer Winner. He is assisted by an undersherilf, a depucy sherilf
and a matron,

Under the present sheriff the doors of the jail are locked and
the prisoners do not have frec access to all parts of the jail. The
prisoners were properly separated and classihiod as the law requires.
They seemed wholly satisfied wich the food and the treatment.

‘The cells and equipment on all three floors, also the corridors and
the stairways, were satisfactorily clean, The padded cell on the
first floor was free from dirt and rubbish. It was evident that ie is
no longer used as a storing place for the same. The tramp-room
was clean and the equipment was otderly. The storeroom was
well supplied with wearing apparel for the use of the prisoners, such
ag socks, underwear, shoes, overalls and jumpers. There was also
a good supply of towels, brooms, ete.

The prisoners receive three meals daily. Although the bills for
the food supplies are submiteed to the sherif's committee for payment,
the sheriff receives 82.50 per prisoner per week for che preparation
of the food. OF course, this is in part a survival of the old unsatis-
factory fee system. On general principles, itis poor policy for the
county aystem to be such that the sheriff must depend to some extent
upon the population of the jail to be sufficiently compensated for his
services. The system in vogue in practically all the other counties
throughout the Seate seems more desirable; that is, che sheriff is
paid a definite salary and docs not receive a per capita allowance
for the number of prisoners detained in the jail. In many cases a
salaried cook is employed

Although the average number of prisoners serving sentence in the
jail is comparatively small, the idleness is serious. This is a system
that is unfair to the taxpayer and the workingman who conducts
himself in an orderly manner. Furthermore, it is an unintelligent
way of dealing with the delinquent. It is suggested that the county
suthorities, who are authorized under Section 93 of the County Law
1 utilize jail Iabor in various ways, arrange with the superintendene
of the county poorhouse Farm, which is only a short distance from
the jail, for the employment of some of the frequently sentenced
prisoners on che poorhouse farm or at general repair work. Prisoners
working on the county poothouse grounds should be kept entirely
separate from the inmate population of the poorhouse. If ie is

390 Tue Parson Associarton or New York.

necessary to board and lodge the prisoners at the poorhouse, separate
living quartets, some distance from the other buildings, should be
provided so that there will be no danger of commingling.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, While the per capita board system evidently works
satisfactorily as to the amount and quality of food served,
¢ is wrong in principle and might be abused. Ic is strongly
urged that the per capita system be abolished and that
the county pay a more liberal salary to the sheriff

2. There is insufficient security at present without a steel
gate to guard the door between the jailer’s office and the
jail proper and a similar stocl gate to guard the basement
door. These gates should be installed without loss of
time.

3. ‘The fence intended to keep curious visitors from the

I wall is rusting and should receive a new coat of paint.

4, ‘The steel seats of the toilets should be covered with
a layer of cement, sloping toward the center, and equal in
height with the seat proper. This would prevent rusting
and accumulation of vermin. The composition of cement
used for this purpose at other jails is one and one-half
parts of moulding sand and one part of cement.

PROGRESS MAD!

‘The Board of Supervisors have voted in favor of placing
a steel gate or door in the opening between che jail proper
and the jailer's office. A recommendation to this effect
was made in our inspection report of April 8, 1915.

TIOGA COUNTY JAIL, OWEGO.

Ixsrecrep Avent 12, 1915, ny E.R. Cass.

The jail ie under the supervision of the sheriff, W. E. Allen. He
is assieeed by the jailer and cwo guards. The sherif’s wife acts as
matron but no allowance is made by the county for her compensation.

The inspector was accompanied through all parts of the jail by che
jailer, The floors of the cells and the Roors of the corridors on all
three floors were satisfactorily clean. ‘The bedding on the beds was
neatly arranged and was clean, The toilets were in good working

Inspections. 300

order, also the shower-baths, ‘The window-panes were clean, ‘The
law relative to the classification of prisoners was strictly observed
The part of the jail in the basement used as the city lockup was not
clean, ‘The floors of the corridor and the cells were badly in need of
‘weeping and the toilet bow! off in one corner was very dirty, both on
the inside and outside.

‘The bedding was carelessly thrown on the iron beds and was
clean and untidy. When the celle are nor occupied the bedding
should be hung on the bars or elsewhere so that it can be properly
aired, As much attention should be given the cleanliness of the lock
up as is apparencly given to the jail.

The per eapita system whereby a fixed sum is paid to the sherif’s
wife for the cost of boarding the prisoners is still continued, ‘The
sum has been increased from twelve cents per meal to fourteen cents
et meal.

Ac che time of the inspection six of the sentenced prisoners were
working on the county farm. During the latter part of March the
men worked on the river road highway for about five days. The
work consisted of Billing holes in the road with ‘ashes, ete. It is

lanned to further employ the prisoners on the highways during the

Last winter the men were employed at sawing wood, hauling

wd cracking stone. Fortunately, the authorities do not meet
with any difficulty in disposing of the cracked stone, ‘The need
of two guards to supervise six or eight prisoners was di cussed.
le was stated that sometimes the number of those employed is as
high as twelve and that because the men work in different groups
about the buildings and grounds of the county poorhause premises,
it is deemed advisable, as a result of experience, for ewo guards to
supervise them,

The cleanliness of the eating utensils at the jail was satisfactory
and the prisoners had mo complaints co offer relative to food o
treatment

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, An exact accounting should be kept with the poor
farm of the amount of Iabor performed for it by the jail
prisoners, as well as of any other labor performed by them,
and, in fact, the poor farm should probably make some
return to the jail for the labor of its prisoners in the form
of vegetables grown upon the farm.

‘The present system of defraying the cost of feeding
the petekn alt te dicot’ Fe ie poe
a survival of the old fee system which has been discontinued,

392 Tae Prison Association or New York.

principally because it opened the way for much abuse.
‘The integrity of the present incumbent of the sheriff's
office is not questioned, but the system as it stands makes
abuse possible. The fact that this system, or similar
systems, have been discontinued in practically all the other
counties proves beyond doubt that it is a wrong basis
upon which to defray the cost and preparation of food.
‘The system in vogue in other counties is as follows: The
sheriff, or a committee, purchases the necessary food sup
plies and submits the bills to the sheriff's committee, or
to the chairman of the Board of Supervisors, for approval
and payment. It is a fact that thirty-three counties of this
State during 1913 boarded their prisoners for less than
$2 per week per prisoner.

3. The laundry facilities of the jail should be increased.

4. A matron should be employed. It is improper for a
jail in which female prisoners are kept to be without a
matron, and it is unfair to require the sheriff's wife to
serve in that capacity without compensation.

5. The County Board of Supervisors should continue
to utilize the labor of the inmates serving sentence in the
jail, The Board is authorized, under Section 93 of the
County Law, to do this. Every opportunity should be
utilized for the welfare not only of the prisoner but of the
people of the county.

‘TOMPKINS COUNTY JAIL, ITHACA.
Ierucrep Apnit 12, 1915, BY E. R. Cass

‘The jail is under the supervision of the newly elected sheriff,
Charles A. Mackey, who is assisted by the same jailer who worked
with the previous sheriff. The matron divides her time between the
jail and the police lockup as the needs demand,

“The condition of cleanliness at the time of the inspection was much
improved as compared with the condition at the time of previous
inspections, but was nevertheless not entirely satisfactory. The
prisoners should be required to make their beds up regularly every
morning after the bedding has been sufficiently aired. The coilet-
bowls should be kepe entirely free from dire and stain. The floors
should be thoroughly swept and particular attention given to the

This applies particularly to the section on the

Inspections. 393

fest floor. The cleanliness of the two sections of the second floor
‘of the jail proper would be much improved if loose pieces of toilet
Paper and other material were not thrown about on the floors and
fon the beds. The cleanliness of the toilet bowls in these two sections
also could be much improved.

In the addition to the jail intended for the female prisoners and as
hospital quarters, the general appearance would be much improved
if the side walls of the room were re-faced and painted. At present
these walls are covered with writing and are otherwise marred wich
ugly cuts

‘The vines which previously prevented much air from entering
through the windows into one of the rooms on the lower floor of this
section have been trained from the windows or cut avvay.

‘The jail proper bas been vepainced a cream color with green trim
mings. The doors of the cells have been painted greon. This work
was done by the prisoners

“The beds throughout the jail need new wire springs. The present
cones are badly rusted and broker

The prisoners now receive three meals a day. Under the former
administration only two meals were given daily, except when the
prisoners were assisting in some renovating work, during which time
three meals were allowed them.

The flat lattice-work barring on the rear of the cells on the first
oor of the jail proper has been removed and round barring sub-
stivuted. This admits more air and light from the rear of the cell

‘No action has been taken by the Board of Supervisors co make the
present jail yard safe place for daly exercise, Wich a emall expendi-
ture, suitable arrangements can be made to improve jail yard con
ditions and also to provide necessary office quarters for the sheriff
These are now lacking, it being necessary for the sheriff to use part
of a hallway in his private residence as an office. A jail yard is an
absolute necessity for every county jail. The county authorities
should not be responsible for a condition which is inhuman, and
Aeerimentat to the health of the persons incarcerated in the jal.
‘The prisoners, especially those awaiting the action of the grand jury,
suffer much hardship and injustice by being deprived of ouidoor
exercise, Although this jail has been renovated, the arrangement
and floor area give little chance to obtain sufficient air, exercise and
light to preserve health during 2 long period of detention.

“The reports of this Association show that the condition of cleanli-
ness in the jail has never been entirely satisfactory. At the time of
‘one inspection it was fele that there was a reasonable excuse for the

404 Tur Prison Association or New York.

tuncleanliness, because considerable renovating work was in progress,
but it is still strongly fele that the jailer does not show sufficient
incerest it his work with respect to the cleanliness of the jail
During the past, the labor ofthe inmates has been used in renovating
and painting the jail. ‘There is no regular form of employment of
the inmates, ‘The small number of prisoners serving sentence hardly
justifies the adoption of a definite form of employment, such as
highway work or a county firm, It was stated by the authorities
that some years ago the inmates of the jail were employed on the
highway’ in the county, but iz was found chat the insufliciene number
of prisoners did not make it possible to do much work, nor did it
Justify the hiring of additional guards and the purchasing of tools,

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. ‘The sheriff should insist that the jailer be more ac
0 as to maintain a better standard of cleanliness.

2. The beds should be provided with new springs.

3. The walls of the women’s section should be re-faced
and repainted. Whitewash should not be used. Its use
has been condemned by leading authorities because when
it becomes scaly it harbors dirt, germs and vermin.

PROGRESS MADE.

1. An additional session of the grand jury was held in
the month of June of this year. This was urged in our
previous reports and has been put into effect for the first
time this year.

2. The prisoners now receive three meals a day. Under
the previous sheriff, prisoners who were assisting in the
renovating work received three meals daily, At that time
it was urged in our reports that the practice be continued.
‘This has been done by the new sheriff.

3. The general condition ef cleanliness in the different
parts of the jail has been much improved as compared
with the unsatisfactory condition found at the time of
previous inspections, The jaifer, whose indifference toward

‘duties was perhaps responsible for much of the un-
Cleanliness, has resigned. In our previous reports it has
been recommended that a higher standard of cleanliness
prevail and that the jailer be instructed to become more
efficient in promoting such cleanliness.

Insprerions, 4398

4. An addition has been built between the courthouse
and the jail, thus enclosing the space suitable for a jail
yard. In our previous reports it has been urged that some
improvement be made so as to make the space between
the courthouse and the jail available for outdoor exercise.

5. Thirteen beds have been provided with new wire spring
bottoms. Recommendation to this effect was made in one
of our reports.

6. ‘The walls of the women’s quarters are being repaired
and repainted. The need for this was also pointed out
in one of our previous reports.

ULSTER COUNTY JAIL, KINGSTON.
Insrecte Manca 8 ap Aucust 17, 1915, ay E. R. Cass

‘The jail is under the supervision of che sheriff, E. T. Shults.
He is assiseed in che jail by 2 warden and an assistant warden,
There is no salaried cook, nor is there a salaried matron,

A complete tour of inspection, on August 17th, was made in
company with the warden, Seth Joscelyn. Afterward, the inspector,
at the sheriff's invitation, re-entered the jail and spent some time
in conference and inspection on the north side of the firse floor.

‘were held in the sheriff's office, and in both the

the under-sheriff, the warden and the jailer took pact, dis

cussing the accusations made by the prisoners, the meat supply,
the quality of the bread and the supply of disinfeceanes, ete.

First floor, south side—The cells on both sides of the celiblock
fon this floor are now used for the detention of prisoners awaiting
trial or awaiting the action of the grand jury.

The bare of the toilet niche in most of the cells is custed and
broken. In the past, the section around the top of the toilet bow!
has heen filled in with cement to safeguard the iron work, but because
the cement is chipped and broken the rusted and broken iron is
again exposed.

Materesses in the cells were dirty and worn, Prisoners’ beds
‘were not supplied with sheets and. pillowcases. Beds were not
neatly and properly arranged. Many of the blankets were in need
of ‘washing.

The locking device for the cells is not in proper working order,
and therefore many of the celle cannot be locked at night. Some
of the doors are rusted fast or in some way jammed on the outside

396 Tue Prison Association or New York.

bar work of the cells. ‘The shower-bath compartment on the south
side of the cellblock was very unclean. ‘There was much dirt and
slime on the Boor.

First floor, north side—In one coll a prisoner was held under
observation. This prisoner was nude, his clothes were soiled and
strewn about the cell, also pieces of bread and paper. His talk
‘was vile and his actions repulsive and sickening.

‘The prisoners in thie section complained chat they could not
sleep at night because of his shouing and running about the corridor
‘This was undoubsedly a proper case for strict segregation. Facilities
‘were available for this purpose and this should have been done.
For instance, the man could have been placed in the padded cell
in the female section, which was unoccupied. He could have been
removed, in the event of a female prisoner being admitted to che
Jail. If ie were not deemed advisable to place him in the padded
fell there were three cells available in the rear section in the
basement on the south side.

‘One of the prisoners of this section paraded about the corridor
in a bathing suit and another wore only a pair of trousers. When
asked why they went about scantily clad they said that it was
necessary in order o save their clothing.

‘The cleanliness of the cells on this side was unsatisfactory. Paper
was strewn on the floor of some of the cells, beds were not made
"up and the frame work of the steel beds and the bedding were uncledn.

‘Second floor, north side—The cleanliness of the cell floors and
the corridors in this section was satisfactory. However, the beds
and bedding were unclean and some of the partitions of the cells
‘were decorated with undesirable pictures and obscene drawings.
Only three of the prisoners were supplied with sheets and pillow-
eases. However, the beds, with one exception, were neatly arranged.
‘The prisoners in this section complained of bugs in the bedding
and also stated that they cannot obtain disinfectant. Examination
fof the mattresses disclosed that there were bugs in them. The
bases of the toilet niches were in bad condition and in some cells
‘some of the toilet xtures, such as knobs for the Faucets, were missing.

‘Second floor, couth side.—The beds were not made up and the
bedding was wnclean. Bugs were also present on the marcresses.
“The bases of the toilet niches were in bad condition. The partitions
of the cells were decorated with unsightly, indecent and impious
drawings, Two of these pictures of particularly bad character were
erased by one of the prisoners at the suggestion of che inspector.
Some of the prisoners in this section were questioned relative to

Inspections, 397

bathing and one stated that he had not bathed in two weeks; another

not in a week; three not within five days and one not within three
days, However, all of the men said that they had not been made
to bathe upon admission which makes the situation serious even
in che case of men who had gone only three and five days without
2 bath

Third floor, soutk sideSome cells were occupied by trusties.
‘The beds were not made up. ‘The bedding was unclean. ‘The celle
were untidy and the floor of the celle was not smept clean. Tro
of the prisoners were using regular-sized blankets as rugs to cover
the cell floor.

Third floor, north side—Cells were unoccupied and a satisfactory
condition of order and cleanliness prevailed. The top of the cell-
block, which has in the past been found covered with dire and
refuse, was clean,

Female section-—The female section was unoccupied but the
cleanliness and order of the cells and equipment was satisfactory.
At the time of the previous inspection an unsatisfactory condition
of cleanliness prevailed.

‘The trusties’ room in the basement was found satisfactorily clean
and the beds were neacly arranged. The front part, known as the
tramp-room, was clean. The urinal in this section was consuming
unnecessarily a large amount of water. The shower-bath section,
directly outside of this tramp-room, smelled very strongly of urine,
which would indicate chac it was not always properly used and
cleaned. On a bench in front of the tramp-room were number
of dirty blankets which were said to be used for tramps, Te was
stated by one of the prisoners who had been in the jail since January
chat the tramp-room blankets had been washed only once during
that time. Better judgment would also have been shown if these
dirty blankets had been placed on a line where the fresh air and
sunlight would come in contact with them,

‘The rear section of the basement on the south side was unoccupied.
The beds were neatly arcanged and some of the beds had been
repaiced and thus made available for use. The urinal in this section
was also unnecessarily supplied with a very free flow of water.
In the utility corridor in the basement there was much dire and
rubbish, particularly near the door on the east end, This uncleanli
ness is unpardonable. Garbage and refuse cans throughout the
jail were well filled with sweepings and rubbish, and were not emptied
daily, bur instead only once a week.

Foed—On each inspection by the Prison Association in the past
two and one-half years the prisoners in this jail have complained

398 Taz Prison Association or New York.

relative to the quality, quantity and manner of serving the food.
AUN cine of this intpostion che prisoners, with the exception of
hee in the Kitchen, complained very strongly and bitterly about
the qu and quay of the food and the way in which i wat
Se to them. "Experience has taughe ehae usually some of the
ree eens igaearons are prone wo eae the food, How
Jee Suse complaints had been offered atthe time of our previous
Rlopgetons od were srongly offered at the time ofthis inspection,
RP epector paid pariular2eention co thin pre ofthe jail manage
thane, The charatter of the prisoners of course nectsarily means
lat the value of ther complaints must be somewhat discounted,
buvin thi priaarcasetecomplinsneeso sinc and emphatic

Noughoue the jail thae the inspector ele justified in giving much
enSehte o the statements of the prisoners. The sheif i allowed
Te Ratine for she board of each priioner rweneyfive cents per
Posoner per diem. This system is in para survival of the fee system
Phich hes bean dioeoneinued in all but one county of the State,
vetipally because of the abuse which i makes possible. ‘The
PeeSthar ove of sxgy-tm0 counten all bue nine have abandoned
AS per capita per diem or per weekly system of deftaying the cost
ST idndcafs is suficiene proof that the aystem has been generally
tnsatafatory :

"There being no paid cook, cooking in this jail is now done by a
negie przoney he clans to have acted as 2 cook in work camps
tn he outside

"The condition of cleanliness in the kitchen and of the eating

ans athe time of che inspection was satisfactory.
C

‘On Sunday, August {thy the prisoners sene a petition to che
shen rlaive tothe food, "The flowing i a copy of the petition,
inade by the inspector:

Se ‘the undersigned, do ask and request of you to kindly
mas

Inspections. ao

‘The inspeceor heard of this petition from the prisoners and asked
the warden about it. He went to his desk and took it from one of
the pigeoncholes, After making a copy of it the inspector presented
it to the sheriff and learned that he had not seen it. ‘The warden,
in the presence of the sheriff, the inspector and the prisoners on the
north side of the first floor, endeavored to convince the inspector
that the petition had been written by the man in the cell under
observation. However, 2 prisoner named Ryan, confined in the
section in question, came forward and declared that he was the man
who had written the petition and put it in circulation. He then
took advantage of the sheriff's presence and appealed to him to
improve the condition of the food. While he spoke in tone that
was slightly louder than the ordinaty, there was nothing about his
manner or words that could be criticised as insolent or improper.
While it is undesirable in general to permit arguments by prisoners
with officials in the presence of fellow prisoners, t was, nevertheless,
at the suggestion of the sheriff that the warden, sheriff and inspector
found themselves in the presence of these prisoners and that the
‘question was raised.

Prior co passing down the corridor om the north side, the sheriff
and the inspector examined the food placed at the sherif’s orders
on a table in the norch end of the first foor. While standing by this
table the inspector held conference with the sherif relative to the
character of the prisoners, the conditions under which they were
incarcerated, and the quality and quantity of food. Several portions
of the food were examined. Out of five portions only one contained
8 piece of meat that could he considered as fairly sufficient in
quantity. The others contained meat and bone, fat and gristle, the
whole bulk of which in each pan of soup was not much larger than
a good-sized egg. The second inspection in the jail was also at the
suggestion of the sheriff and he expressed his surprise when he save
how unevenly and in what small quantity the meat was served. The
pare of the meal which was supposed to be soup was very thin and

wve a decided taste of warm water. The only thing to make it

Appear as a soup was the grease from the meat floating on the top.

‘The sherif tasted of the soup, as did the inspector, and he admitted

chat it was thin, but felt thae it was sufficient for men who were

not working. However, the inspector did not agree wich him.

‘The potatoes were of good quality and deserved no criticism, except

that they would be much more appetizing if they were cooked in

salt or sale were provided with them when they were served, The
prisoners complained about the bread being served sour and mouldy.

goo Tue Prison Assoctation of New Yorx:

Examination of the bread found in a poorly ventilated box in a room
cast of the kitchen strongly convinced the inspector that some
‘of the bread approached sourness and thac it was somewhat soggy.
Several pieces of the bread served to the prisoners at mealtime
also impressed the inspector similarly. ;

The prisoners receive cafee in the moming, tea in the evening,
bur nothing to drink at the noon meal. The plan is co give what
ie kaown as a heavy meal at the noon hour and co lighe meal.
‘They receive every morning, oatmeal, coffee and a third of a loaf
of bread, The noon meal consisted, on Monday, of soup, meat,
poratoes and bread; Tuesday, of soup, meat, potatoes and bread;
Wednesday, beans, pork and bread; Thuralay, potatoes, soup,
reat and bread; Friday, fish, poratoes and breads Saturday, soup,
meat, potatoes and bread; Sunday, soup, meat, potatoes and bread

Beef is purchased in small quantities and used immediate

On the day of inspection ewelve pounds of beef had been pure
chased for twenty-nine prisoners. This allows, including, bone and
irisle, less than one-half pound to a prisoner. The meat varies
in cost from twelve to fourteen cents per pound. Ie must be cone
sidered that after the meat is boiled and the kitchen help receive
their portions there is much less than one-half pound for each rman,
and surely the portions of meat served to the men at the time of the
inspection were good evidence of this

The following is a very liberal estimate of what the foodstuff
cose the sheriff on the day of inspection:

‘2,pounde of mes a 4 cents pet pound (as 4 cets pee pound day of i

ag louver of rep at cet nat ae
garetts

On the basis of twenty-nine prisoners and twenty-five cents per
capita, the sherif is allowed $7.25. Unless the sheriff is expected
‘to profit by the money allowed for the board of the prisoners there
seems to be at least approximately $2.00 which auld have been used
‘to purchase more meat, thus providing a more satisfactory soup.

SUMMARY OF THE COMPLAINTS MADE BY
PRISONERS.
1. Quality and quantity of the food:
Judging from the rations offered to the prisoners at the nooh
meal on the day of inspection these complaints were justified. The

Inspections. 400

sheriff did not agree with the inspector as to the condition of the
bread and the services of the county chemist were sought but it
was found chat his office was closed,

2. Lack of opportunity for exercise in the outside corridors
and the closing of the windows in the sides of the building:

‘There is some doubt as to whether these windows are opened or
closed, but there is no doube that the prisoners do not receive sufficient
exercise, They are kept in the small, narrow, inside corridors and
this close confinement endangers theit health, and, because of its
unnaturalness, tends to make the prisoners restless and dissatisfied,

3. Lack of sufficient sheets and pillowcases:

Although there were sheets and pillowcases in the supply closet
it is a fact that many of the beds were not fully equipped.

4. Lack of towels for bathing:

No towels were found in ehe jail, although there were many in
the supply closet in the hallway leading to the jail. The prisoners
claimed that there are no regular bathing periods and that they are
not made to bathe upon admission. This latter was denied by the
warden, Because of the quarters available in the basement, prisoners
should not be assigned co the jail proper until they thoroughly
bathe. A system of this kind is necessary in order to keep a high
standard of cleanliness,

5. The trusties complain that if they notify the officials of an
improper supply of food at mealtime they are threatened with
being locked in their eels.

‘This was denied by the warden.

6. Blankets not frequently or regularly washed

One prisoner says not in eight months were the regular blankets
washed. When the statement to this effect was made by 2 prisoner
in the basemene within the hearing of the warden it was not denied.
This is indeed am unsutislactory practice. Furthermore, inthe
body of our previous report it was stated the blankets are not
regularly washed and it was also poineed out that a new supply
of pillows, matcresses, sheets and pillowcases were very much necded.

‘The prisoners further stated that the sheriff does not visit the
jail daily and there are times when some of his subordinates do not
come into the jail every day. This wae emphatically denied by the
sheviff and his subordinates,

‘The sheriff cannot be held responsible for the condition of the
iron work and cement around the top of the toilet bowls, or the
Unsatisfactory mattresses. Te hag been stated by him thae he is
endeavoring to have the toilet condition remedied. It is not solely.

402 Tue Prison Association or New York.

within his power to do so because ic will necessitate large
expenditure of money which must be allowed by the Board of Super-
Visors. The sheriff stated that he ordered now martresses last
Januaey and is still awaiting a sufficient supply.

However, the sherif should be held responsible for the following:

1, The general wntidiness of the cells.

2, ‘The injudicious aesignment of a man under observation,

3. Pemmnitting prisoners to be in, or go about, che jail naked,
scantily and improperly clad.

‘4 The uncleanliness of the utility corridor in the basement.

§. The practice of emptying refuse barrels only once a wee

6. The inadequate distribution of sheets and pillowcases.

7. The absence of towels and the apparent lack of a rule making
bathing mandatory at Ieast once a wel

'8. The presence of indecent, impious and unsighely drawings on
the walls of the cells, and also of improper pictures.

(9. The unsatisfactory food conditions with respect to. quantity
and quality

10. The lack of exercise opportunities for the prisoners in the
outside corridors, thus confining them for long periods in the small
inside corridors.

11. An apparent lack of knowledge of the conditions existing in
the jail. This was evidenced by the surprise manifested by the
sheriff when he saw the manner ia which the food was served, and
‘when he saw the nude man in the north side corridor, and when he
heard of the prisoners’ petition.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. An adequate supply of sheets and pillowcases and
new mattresses should be provided for the prisoners,
Blankets should be washed at least once a month and

their beds every morning and also keep their cells tidy.

3. Pictures of a questionable character and indecent
drawings should not be allowed to remain on the partitions
of the cells.

4. The utility corridor should be kept free from dirt and
rubbish and rubbish cans should be emptied daily.

5. A padded cell, or another part of the jail, preferably
in the basement on the south side, should be used for
prisoners under observation.

Insrsctions. 493

6. Blankets used in the tramp-room should be washed
frequently because of the questionable cleanliness of the
nightly lodgers, and should be aired daily.

7. Prisoners should be made to bathe upon admission
and at least once a week. Towels should be supplied to
each prisoner before Dathing and collected after bathing,

‘The unsanitary and unsightly condition of the bases

of the tolletnisher should be romadied without delay,
‘The prisoners should be regularly exercised in the
outside corridors of the jail. This practice will help to
work off the surplus energy of men living under unnatural
conditions and thus make them less restless and minimize

i order.
sheriff should make it 4 practice to visit the jail
‘once daily in order to converse with prisoners who may
desire to hold conference with him, and also to become
thoroughly familiar with the workings of the details of the
jail management.

Il. Care should be exercised by the jail officers to prevent
the use of the shower-bath compartment as urinals and
to further insist upon a better standard of cleanliness
in them.

12. The system of paying the sheriff twenty-five cents
per diem for the board of each inmate should be discon-
tinued. This undesirable system has been discontinued in
practically every county in this State and a more satisfactory
system has replaced it. The following system is recom-
mended: The food supplies should be purchased by the
sheriff, or a committee appointed by the Board of Super-
visors, and the bills for the foodstuffs should be submitted
to a committee appointed by the Board for ratification,
and then paid by the County Treasurer.

13, The services of a salaried male cook should be engaged.

14. The quantity and quality and variety of the food
served to prisoners should be improved.

. A matron should be employed. ‘This is necessary,
first, to assure the protection of female prisoners and to
make possible their proper supervision, and secondly, to
protect the management from embarrassing allegati

‘The following changes were noted subsequent to the
inspection of March 8th:

gos Tue Prisox Association or New Yore.

1. Grand jury prisoners are now kept on the first floor
which was originally designed for their detention. This
Js in accordance with recommendation made in our previous

1 section of the tramp-room in the
basement have been repaired. ‘This is also in accordance

‘th the recommendation in our previous report.

3. The cleanliness of the kitchen was much improved
and the eating pans are now kept in a closet in the kitchen.
‘The uncleanliness of the stove and the need for placing the
eating pans in a different place than over the stove were
pointed out in the body of our previous report.

‘i, ‘The uncleanliness of the female section was much
improved. The need for this was also pointed out in our
previous report.

3. The broken bottles and rubbish that were found on
the top of the celiblock at the time of previous inspection.
have been removed. The need for this was shown in the
body of our previous report.

‘The following changes were made subsequent to the
inspection of August 17ch, and as a result of the recom-
mendations made in the report of August 17¢h:

1. New mattresses have been obtained and distributed.

2. More sheets and pillowcases have been distributed.

3. Temporary arrangements have been made for locking
the cells on the first floor, south side, until the Pauley
Jail Building Company make permanent repairs.

4. The nude prisoner, who was found on the first floor,
north side, was isolated in one of the cells in the basement,
‘as was suggested by the inspector.

‘5. Undesirable pictures and drawings have been removed
from the walls of the cells. Strict instructions have been
given by the sheriff that the practice of placing drawings
End pictures on the walls will not be tolerated.

%. Prisoners are now compelled to bathe at least once @
‘week and upon admission.

7, The quality and quantity of the food served to the
prisoners has been much improved. Prisoners have testified
to this effect.

8. The sheriff has declared himself willing to follow
suggestions made in our reports and states that he is anxious
fo conduct the details of the jail management in accord-
ance with approved standards.

Insrzcrions.

WARREN COUNTY JAIL, LAKE GEORGI
Insescrep Jone 11, 1915, #v E. R. Cass.

The jal ie under the supervision ofthe under-sherif, M. R. Smith
This small jal is bule slong comparstivaly mode liner and
con acitmodate + smal mor of procs

On the lower foo, grand jury section, there were four prisoner,

ihren of whoen wana adolte and oug a minor ma prlmuet, sightoet
years of age, The boy was the sn of one of the adue pritoners
‘This, of course, was no in compliance with Section 92 of the County
Law whch eile tat ade be apaated fom minor The
stretched. The boy was confined with his father. ® eee

All pats of the pil weve clean and in onder, The prisoners were
satsied with this eeueoent snd food.

The bar work and the cells on both sides of the second loot were
being painted. Tes planned to do che same on the Best Root

Previous recommendations advising the installation of a padded
cell have not been carted out, ‘The ced of such a cell has
Frequently been keenly fle by the management. Only recently two
prisoners were sent ftom the jail to she insane arylum ae Usa
A padded ell would have greatly helped the managing of one of
she aA i fh kind ot onl poe roe Ay
with him, = ;

Tr is gratifying to report chat the county ofiias and the jai
fale ying a hear othe conve pers There
tere two men working in the jal and five om the highways of the
town of Lake George under the supervision of the town highway
Commissioner, sweeping the strete cleaning the gutter, etc. This
has become a regular part of the dally routine. During the spring
of this year the prisoners were employed in widening a tection of
the main strcee, approximately a1 fet by 6oo feet. ‘The prisoners
4id grading and removed sol ftom the road to the Sront of the
public park. In all, ou 3,000 cubic yards were moved by meane
Of wheelbatrowe and as many as fourteen prisoners at atime were
troployed. ‘The prisoners also aststed in laying the roadbed of
thesection of the main street that was widened, On the day previois
to the date of inspection the prioners were employed at spreading
tind over a. portion of newly olled roadway. The Town Board
‘ted $1,600 for the laying of «new coadbed ina part of the main
Sree of the village, ‘The lowest bid that could be obtained from

406 Tue Pruson Association or New Yorx.

contractors to do this work was $1,690. It was thereupon agreed
by the contractor who submitted 2 bid for this amount thar he
would do the work for $1,600, providing the prisoners would do
a sufficient amount of cough work to make up the difference of $99,
‘The rough work was done by the prisoners under the supervision
of the jail officials. Further work was done by the prisoners during
the epting in the building of co feet of cement walk and the setting
of curhstone on the eastside of the main street. Teie further planned,
providing the funds ean be raised, 0 utilize the labor of the prisoners
in building 2 Jake wall on the village park front. The stone of ehis
work has already been moved by the prisoners from the west side
of che park co the waterfront.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
1. A padded cell should be installed in the jail.

2. ‘The county and town authorities are urged to further
develop the present use of the labor of sentenced prisoners.

WASHINGTON COUNTY JAIL, SALEM.
Insprcten Jone 9, 1915, By E. R, Cass
The sherif of the county is R. E. Wamer, but he does not make
his beadquarcers at the jal

During the past wincer the average number of prisoners serving
sentence has been abour fifty-five and the maximum number

‘was seventy-nine, the highest in the past cleven years. The normat
average number of prisoners serving sontence is about thirty

The prisoners receive ewo meals per day, and the average per
capita weekly cost of maintenance, including the under-sherif's
family, is ninety-seven cents.

Al three floors of this jail were very clean. The cells on the
bar work on all three floors have been painced white and the side
walls a faint ky blue. ‘The light color improves greatly the general
appearance and relieves the nacural gloom of 4 jail atmosphere

‘The laws relative to classification and segregation of the prisoners
were stritly observed.

‘The prisoners were catisRed with their food and treatment.

On the third floor in the hospical room on the side of the hall,
facing the under-sherif’s residence, a male prisoner serving sentence
for illegally selling liquor was confined. This hospital room is
directly adjacent to the female section and separated from the

Inspections, 4g

samme by a. see! partion with a doorway in it, ‘There was one
female prisoner in the female section, ‘The other side of the Say
similas in design, was unoccupied, Te was pointe eat tothe otc
sh lsu he el parton eporated she tae on Fee
hearing distance. iplsaaini i

Another poine of ricci secms justified in the care of the men
eccupying the homptal room. Te is very mich 2 qeecion whehen
soe accommafatons should be vento prisoners In he ee
below were men convicted of vageancy anil minor ofenies, oe
they had to occupy the regularized cel. It there aiferens
in the two crimes, that i tran riding and illepally celng Rae
Perhaps the tain rng thuld be ten mere ae ee
the whole, the principle of making spec) concenione: bee
This "ale bute slong modem lines and che ccommodavon ae
rood. "No serious hardship would be Imposad by seccag an
Prisoner to one of the ells Tn the case of the prhoner aepsine
the large hospital room there’ was plenty of avaiable cl ook
on the lore below, and in one instance an entve oe oF eel
one side of the calbork was unoccupied

‘The most serous problem that confronts the authovtes of
Washington county is the condiion of deplorable idleness sous
che prisoners serving sentence inthe jal This condition epee
2 syrem which imposes an voit nancial Banden pea the han,
abiding citizen, and. also works injustice toward the, stacey
inasmuch a8 with a daily voutine, the principh part of which
ileness posible ceformation is handieapped

he jail isa times in reality a lodging-house. At certain seasons

af the year men of a certain type are antous to bese penne
They ate acquainted with the systems They know then oho
nscale are fortheoming and that they are anbured of 1 worm ned
sles place in which to sleep. In other words o be welioned of oe
responsibilities of life, the chief of whichis caring ond’ Teco
allthat a man has todo isto commita minor afenee- Under seeson
93 of the County Law, the Board of Supervisors att authored
{© establish some form of employment fr the inmates of he tak
The activites in other counties wil show thst the vatanus hosts
tte cognizant of thee authority and are ano to sbvins the
onsaifactory condicions whieh prval
vih Sl fem i highly donate and he only objection chat cam
be taled is that ie provider work only for pare of the tprngs a
of the summer and part of the fal thuy leaving the we ad
the early spring tonthe with practslly no monk

408 THE Prison Assoctarton oF D

Because of recent legislation ie will be possible to establish an
industry in a county jail and make it a part of the State Prison
industiies; that is, arrangements can be made, through the Prison
Commission end the Prison Department, so thar articles manu-
factured in the jails can be disposed of by the Prison Department
to various insticutions throughout the State

The Board of Supervisors is urged to deal with the problem of
idleness immediately, by appointing 2 committee to confer with
the superincendent of highways, with the sheriff, che Prison Com-
fission, the Prison Department, and others interested, in order
that some definite plans may be formulated.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. A padded cell should be provided. A cell of #
not only protects an inmate from his own violence but
also. safeguards the management from unwarranted
suspicion of brutality.

2, There should be three meals a day, the third con-
sisting of coffee and bread. Perhaps some fried or boiled
potatoes can be provided without much additional cost.

3. A fumigating apparatus should be installed in the
basement and jail uniforms provided (no stripes). Upon
admission the prisoner should bathe thoroughly and be
given a jail uniform before being assigned to the jail proper.
His clothes should be fumigated and stored away until
the time of his release, With a system of this kind good
sanitation can be assured and the task of keeping the jail
clean greatly facilitated.

4. An opportunity for outdoor exercise should be granted
to the prisoners, especially those awaiting the action of
the grand jury.

PROGRESS MADE.

1, The jail has been painted,

2) An electric rotary washing machine has been installed.
It is now possible to satisfactorily do the necessary laundry
work. A recommendation to this effect was made in @
previous report.

WAYNE COUNTY JAIL, LYONS.
by E.R, Cass.

‘The sheriff of the county is J. Collins. Mrs, Collins aces as
matron and cook.

Isrrcrup Arun

Insrrcrions. aoa

The soa poplton 26 she ine of inspection name wo
adult mates swatting tial. Both of these prisoners were employed
by the sheaf. The sherif Believes thoroughly that every man
should work and he uses the labor of court prisoners whe ee
practical

"he very sal shod ja i il in se, The cally ae
of the time vailike type. ‘The bucket syream is employed
trad muse be entirely depended upon in the absence of us oles

‘There are no. satisfactory bathing seconmodations, A large
tin cubis wed and the waters brought in from the shri quarters
Ieis said that the construction of anew jal being delayed unt
the no soe! System coma

pats ofthe jal were clean, The jai has been recenly painted

and whitowathed. ‘The use of whitewash is not very 2oviable

"The two. prasnens detained. at the tine of tonpecton Wire
thoroughly staid with the way the sherlf cakes care of therm

RECOMMENDATION.

‘The use of the old antiquated jail should not be con-
tinued any longer than is absolutely necessary.

WESTCHESTER COUNTY JAIL, WHITE PLAINS
eS
je i WA Weencunuee nd che eaten Tu

tia TS rd John H.

te Wa aagela sete aed Metiiony Pe WY
has always been emphasized that the construction of the ination,
Pains Oe ie we cL sare He crore open,
Liner cece af boy measles mere ec the
fea of ie slocuasiecly terete rs Tegaing ne poner eae
U pestle bac we panielion se Sigh le a pmcal way
te ai ee ies
Ee pol foaeh cen ee Sacread eels fo Bure eee wil
bie ace libs Foolncy. Ciel men eroeng our oon
tre genrllyLopten the tied acer Arche Gon cttie noes
ey were ont ek vlcan on teat Wigof Wr Gen Ml art

gro Tue Prison Assoctarton or New York.

enerlly Kept on one side of the fee and second ties, but for
seppones of dscpline, and cccaionally by request of the district
ttsmney, groups of minors sve separated and some placed on the
(fheieonn ery sb thas commingling af deren clases of prsonese
Beene mach physical a by conversation, for there is nothing
Jn the way of thet cling from ser 10 ser.

Sn the instances of ifracion of the law of clasication were
found by she inspector, One was the confinement of sn cightsen~
sane boy with an adulein the same cell. Tewas stated that dhe
warn oversight and only temporary and thae the boy would be
Tetnclately tken out of that cel. ‘The other case was that of
iT, beld a6 material wienesy, detained in he jal proper inead
aay oe pare designated for the deenton of witnesses. But the
fice in charge seted that the boy was a witneo in complicated
ceeirincems and that he feare of the degenerate nacure of the
Ta Ih to bis removal of eh boy fromm the witnesses! quarters

Ble fat en several cals are sll ured a lockup cells for
White Phains. Particlary Calls Nos § and 9 ste used for thie
senecce These ells Reve no regular bunks, bot simply boards,
Pee gherore often used) for maid dgcplinary confinement:
‘There were to boys in cell No, 7 this confined. The ells om the
Fre Sod tacond Gers have two bunke each, while those on thet
SF fSunh ers ave only one bunk tora cell Hog and cold water
sapoied ‘with washbasins in exch cell except on the frst ter
ARGS ENS kepes snd in whose case its deemed inadvisable co have
Tor wacer supped inthe cll

acre are alowed to exercise in their respecive conidors
fromstort ntmatto3 prmsand §07 Pei. There is no outdoor
orc tar any of the prisoners as ther sno jail yard available
bathe as much oftener as they please Control to the effect that at
tein meely bah is aken by each pooner i exercised by eating
Aipruonest on cerein Hets or parts of ders to take a bath on
cerein days of the eck

Fouaten pebonerare employed as ermen for cleaning and gener
work onthe ets, These denmen have general charge not ony. of
Te ithaines buc of the dstibution of fond and of the opening
Sey une of paces within thei cocidor, cex. They are. also
sera or the recur of spoone dieibueed a meatime, Seven
‘Sdiconal prioners work inthe kitchen, bakery and Tnundty

Ixsrecrions. a

‘The midday meal, on the day of inspection, consisted of ewo fish-
balls, baked beans with tomato sauce and bread for each prisoner.
‘The inspector tasted the food and found it satisfactory in quality.
The amount terved was also satisfactory. Prisoners working are
given 4 greater quantity of the ame food. The food was distributed
jn agateware pans and was hot when it reached the prisoners.

The jail physician was at che institution at the time of this inspec
tion. He keeps throe sets of records; one a time sheet, in which he
states the time of his arrival and depareuse; another, in which
duplicate record is made of the name and treatment given to each
pritoner seen. A third record contains the prescriptions signed by
the physician and taken to an outside druggist for compounding.
TThe business-like activities of the physician are highly commendable.
Te was seated by him that notice had been given to the authorities
of Westchester county that no commitments to the New York
County Penitentiary would be admieted to that institution uncil
the typhoid quarantine there was raised, unless prisoners teansferred
were inoculated against typhoid, The physician therefore expecced
that a number of such inoculations would have to take place at the
ji in the near fueure,

‘The staff of the jail has been increased since January 1, 1915, by.
the addition of a clerk. ‘There were no other changes. The warden

8 a first assistant, Samuel T. Horton, who was in charge at the
time of this inspection. ‘There is a second and a third assistant,
cach of whom is in charge during eight hours of che day. ‘There are
two keepers with the rst assistant, who has charge during the working
hours of the day, and one man with each of the other assistance in
charge duting the rest of the twenty-four hours. There are three
matrons, also on eight-hour shifts.

The whole institution, including the male department, the depart-
ment for witnesses, the female department, the kitchen, bakery, ete.,
were clean and in good order. The administration of the jail appears
to be very satisfactory. There were only some water-bugs found
jn the pantry near the kitchen, but ie was stated that with the best
forts the administration had been unable co succeed in their com-
plete eradication,

RECOMMENDATIONS.

Conditions in this county jail cannot ever be satisfactory
unless the three principal faults are remedied, either within
the present jail or by the building of a new jail. These
faults are:

412 Tue Prison Association or New York.

1. The impossibility of proper classification of prisoners
in accordance with the law

athe Tack of @ jail Yard for outdoor exercise of all
” 3. The lack of a sufficient supply of labor to occupy all
prisoners serving sentence.

“Therefore, the construction of the new insticutton should
be expedited.

PROGRESS MADE.

The necessary money has been appropriated for the
purchase of a site and the construction of a county pent
entinry and plang have been drawn and approved.” When
this new institution is completed the congestion in the
county Jal wil be greatly relieved, and, therefore, (t will
be posoible to clasity and separate the prisoners mare satis-
factorly. ‘The. impossibility of properly separating the
prisoners in the present jail has boen repeatedly emphasized
fh our previous report.

PEEKSKILL JAIL, PEEKSKILL.
Insrrerep Manen 3, 1915, sv E, R. Cass

‘The jail is under the control of the village board of trustees,
consisting of six members, the chairman of whieh is L. F. Crambe.

The jail staff consists of a jailer, L. B. Travis, who receives no
regular alary, but dacs receive 15 cents per meal per prisoner per day
‘There is no regularly employed matron, but it was said that when
women ate detained a matron is engaged at a fixed daily rate

is 2 two-story-and-basement fireproof structure buile of
concrete blocks, the interior floors of cement, the stairways of
steel. The roof is at.

‘The building is heated by steam and lighted by electricity, has
exposure on three sides, and an adequate supply of light can enter
through the windows

‘The jail was completed about January 3rd of this year. Te was
buile and is maintained by the village of Peekskill for the detention
of persons arrested and convicted by the justices of the peace in
Peekskill for seneences not longer than thirty days. By caring for
the short-term prisoners the village of Peckskill saves some of the
cost of transportation for these prisoners and guards to the county

Inspections. 43

jail’'ar White Plains. Insomuch as the jail receives prisoners who
would ordinarily go to the county jail, if ie were not for the special
arrangement between the village and county authorities, the jail
at Peekskill can be called a branch of the Westchester County
Jail for the detention of Peekskill prisoners only.

‘The first loor consists of two separate parts, cach accessible from
the basement and also by separate doorways from the front pare of
the building, which is occupied by the city police department. One-
half of the first loor contains a series of eight cells, the dimensions
of which are § fect 3 inches by § fect 3 inches by 8 feet 2 inches,
The side valle and the backs of the cells ate built of concrete,
and the fronts consist of steel barring, with a sliding door for each
call.

The equipment of each cell consists of @ water-closet in a niche
and one iron hinged bed. The bedding consists of a mattress and
blanket. ‘The fronts of che cells face the ease side wall of the building,
in which there are five good-sized windows which operate on the
up-and-down each plan, The rears of the cells are separated from
the dividing wall by a utility corridor in which the plumbing and
ventilators are located. The space between the east side wall of the
building and the fronts of the cells is divided into two corridors,
one the inside or prisoners’ corridor, and the other the outside or
jniler’s corridor. At the time of the inspection the men had free
access to both corridors. In the southeast corner of this section
there is a large and well-equipped shower-bath compartment. On
the west side of the same floor, bue separated from the exst side by
1 solid wall, is a section intended to accommodate juvenile male
Prisoners and female prisoners. In this section, the series of eight
cells is divided into two parts, five cells in one part, and three in
the other. The rears of the cells are separated from the dividing
wall by a utility corridor. ‘The fronts ate separated from the west
side wall of the building by two corridors, one on the inside and the
other on the outside. ‘The 3-cell section and the 5-cell section are
separated by an open-barred partition. Unfor cunately, this con-
struction defeats the original purpose of separating the inmates of
the two sections. ‘The cells are similar in size and equipment to
those on the east side.

‘There is a good-sized room, containing a modem type of bathtub,
washbasin and collet. This equipment is very satisfactory. There
is also a large wardrobe for the use of the female prisoners.

‘The second floor is accessible by a steel stairway, located in the
‘east side of the frst floor. Built in the center and up against the

414 Tae Prison Association or New’ Yor.

north ed ofthe cond os ate eve sin of ally sre cll
Ti edie srs o mateo one The a de
isola hens starr howe a cae
ae eth ons the se dae ide walls nthe et
west side, of the basemene, and directly beneath the police head~
ees vice snd woken burs on ach the bes
sr difficult, and ses impossible, to operate

RECOMMENDATIONS.

|The presene system of reatunerating the jailer for
hid sence ts im part a survival of the old and decidedly

Inspections. as

objectionable fee system which existed at one time in
practically, all of the jails throughout this State. The
fact that this system, except in three counties, has been
discontinued, demonstrates conclusively that it is a wrong
basis on which to defray the cost of food and the supervision
of the prisoners. With a system of this kind there is much
opportunity for injustice, both to the prisoners and to the
management. It is therefore recommended that the
county adopt the plan which is in vogue in the other
counties, thirty-one of which are feeding their prisoners
three meals a day at Jess than §2.00 per week per prisoner.

‘The plan is, that the jailer be paid a regular monthly
salary, and that the town board authorize a committee,
or the jailer, to purchase the food supplies and submit
the bills to the authorities for payment.

‘The window-frames should be adjusted so that the
window-sashes can he operated.

3. In repainting the iron bar work of the front of the
cells, white or aluminum paint should be substituted for
the black paint now in use. The general atmosphere of
the room will be greatly improved by a light color.

4. The ventilators in the different utility corridors should
be Kept open at all times. ‘They were installed to carry
off the foul odors from the toilets and if the practice of
Keeping them closed is definitely established the results
might be serious.

5. Precautions should be taken to prevent communi-
cation between the prisoners and persons on the outside
through the windows. This can be done for the windows
in the basement and on the first floor by placing a heavy
steel mesh in front of them.

6. The grounds in the rear of the jail and in the north-
west corner should be levelled and otherwise improved.

7. There is plenty of available space in the rear of the

which could be transformed into a jail yard in order
to give opportunity for daily outdoor exercise.

WYOMING COUNTY JAIL, WARSAW,
Ixsrecrep Aprtt 175 1915, ay E. R. Cass

‘The jail is ander the supervision of the newly elected sheriff,
W. A. MacRae, who holds office on a salary basis, the fee system

416 Tue Prison Association or New Yore.

Beating we eau to allow one call to'2 many doublig-uP
ea geal forthe beds, ‘The sheet and pil
cases were clean. The prisoners should have more care in the
the ‘shower-baths on the first Moor were satisfactory. On the

Ixerections. 47

All parts of the second floor were fairly clean.

New washtubs are needed in the laundry
use are eracked and leak.

‘The county jail is used by the town of Warsaw as a lockup.
During the winter the number of night lodgers in the small room on
the second oor of the county jail was often as high 2s thirteen a
night and has averaged between five and six. No definite arrange-
ments have yet heen made between the town and the county authori
ties co pay for the cost of boarding these lodgers. The night lodgers
give much trouble to the jail management, making ie difficult +0
preserve a standard of thorough cleanliness throughout the jail.
They bring with them much dire and vermin which is bound to
find its way into other parts of the jail. There are no special facilities
for bathing and the fumigation of clothing.

The authorities of Wyoming county are to be commended for
discontinuing the fee system for the boarding and caring of prisoners
The present sheriff has not had suffcienc time to become entirely
familiar with he different requirements relative to the care of the

but nevertheless was quite willing ro be advised and was
apparently desirous of cooperating for the best interests of the
inmates and the county.

Some of those now in

1, The shed on. the north

removed. It mars the appearance of the county property
‘and works injustice and hardship upon the inmates of the
Jail, especially those confined on the first floor. It robs them,
of light and air. This is not just; in so much as light and
fresh air are the indisputable property of every man,
irrespective of his circumstances, the county authorities
should not tolerate this condition. Tt is a crying shame
that it should exist.

2. The village of Warsaw should have a lockup of its own.

3. ‘The locks on the doors of the cells on the first floor
should be readjusted in order that they may work properly,
and insure the safe-keeping of inmates.

4, While the average population of prisoners serving
sentence hardly justifies the establishment of a large and
permanent form of employment, such as highway work,
quarry work, or a county jail farm, it is strongly urged that
the Board of Supervisors use their authority, under Section
93 of the County Law, to take advantage of every opportunity

ize the labor of the inmates serving sentence in the

418 Tue Prison Association of New Yori.

jail, Prisoners should be employed both for their own
Welfare and that of the people of the community. Idleness
Joa barrier in the path of reformation. Its evils are many,
‘and, ultimately, prisoners subjected to a sentence of idle-
tess deteriorate. physically, mentally and morally and
become a burden and a menace to the county, ‘The honest,
daily in order to be fair

therefore,

his responsibilities of sust

and thus become a public charge.

Srisoners are employed not only on the highways but also
Brite county poorhouse farm which is about three to four
miles from the jail. Possibly arrangements can be made
to utilize some of the jail labor on the Wyoming county
poorhouse farm.

’3. New iron beds for the rooms on the second floor should
tbe purchased. New mattresses should be purchased and
distributed throughout the jail; also some new blankets.

é. New washtubs should be installed in the Jaundry

7. ‘The toilets throughout the jail should be painted and
scrubbed. A coat of red lead should be applied before the
finishing coat of paint.

PROGRESS MADE.

L. ‘The fee system hhas been discontinued, thereby improv
ing the business standard of the administration of the
jail, In our previous reports it was strongly urged that
Wyoming county follow the lead of most of the other
counties and abolish the fee system.

3. The sheriff states that the village of Warsaw is soon
to have a lockup of its own. This he has learned from
{he village authorities. In our report we have suggested
that this be done.

3. ‘The locks on the doors of the cells on the first floor
have been readjusted, ‘The need for this improvement
was pointed out in one of our inspection reports.

3. Good iron beds and some new mattresses and blankets
have been placed in the rooms on the second floor to take
the place of the ones that appeared unsatisfactory at the
time of the last inspection. An improvement of this kind
was suggested in our inspection report,

Inspections.

YATES COUNTY JAIL, PENN YAN.

Inspnerep Apait 22, 1915, By E. R. Cass

‘The sheriff of the county is L. R. Bates. He is y
jailer and a matron. * . = ia a
The average number of »
risonecs serving sentence is about three
A coreat carn ge entans oeeed o tray deals boa
floors of the jail, The eramp-room was clean and was arranged
in an orderly manner. During the year 1914 there were 184 night
lodgers. Since January 1, 1915, there have been eighty. ie
The jail is used also as a village lockup. The sum paid to the
county hy the village is determined by the average cost per meal
Tn the basement, beneath the stairway leading to the frst floor,
is s drain which runs into an old sewer line. This sewer line was
discontinued because it did not slope suficiemly to permie sate
factory drainage. Quite frequently. a disagreeable odor of sewer
#55 comes from hi old din. ‘This makes ie ecesany we
Inuch disinfectant, which, of course is not an adequate remedy.
The wiles and waibanne dea ive the now wer Rao ech
sonsreny, ves taiitory seve, "The pence of he ld
fewer line brings about a serious unsanitary condition which shou
be remedied. as onc
The laws relative to the classification and separation of prisone
“ observed. z Reeser
The prisoners spoke very highly of the treatment accorded to
them by the she and had no complaints to offer relative to the
food, either asco ite quantity or quality

The stoneshed is no longer used as che means of employing the

prisoners. Satisfactory arrangements have never been made for the
Sisposton ofthe broken stone, ‘The authors plan wo employ
the prisoners during the coming season on 2 small garden about
one-half acre in sine. ‘This garden was worked las Yar with sat
factory results both as to products and as to the employment
the prisoners F : mad
RECOMMENDATIONS.
1, If the jail population warrants an additional

: in warrants an additional grand
jury meeting during the year, one should be held. Much
injustice and hardship is imposed upon prisoners awaiting
the action of the grand jury when only two mectings are
held during the year. It is a question whether the county
authorities are justified in permitting a system to exist,
which, even with the best jail conditions, holds for long

420 Tu Prison Association or New York.

periods men unconvicted of crime under circumstances
which bring about moral and physical deterioration. This
county is one of the very few in this State in which there
are only two meetings of the grand jury each year.

2. It is strongly recommended that the county authori-
ties utifize the labor of the prisoners whenever possible.

3. The wooden stairway, which is the only means of
access from floor to floor, presents a serious condition in the
‘event of fire, and should be replaced by an iron one.

4. One iron partition in the corridor in the north end of
the first floor and two iron partitions in the corridor in the
south end, with a doorway in each, would make it possible
to keep the grand jury prisoners separate from the prisoners
serving sentence. It would further allow the sheriff co
permit the trustworthy prisoners the use of the outside
corridor on each side of the cellblock without violating,
Section 92 of the County Law which provides for the separa-
tion of the various classes of prisoners.

5. The unsanitary and possibly dangerous condition
brought about by the unused sewer line, located in the
basement beneath the stairway leading to the first floor,
should be remedied.

PROGRESS MADE.

1. New mattresses have been distributed.

2. ‘The inner face of the side wail of the jail on the first
floor has been painted white and the heating pipes bronzed,
also the toilet niches.

3. The bar work in the corridors on the first floor has been
painted white. This work was done by the prisoners.

Inspections, at

DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTION, CITY OF NEW YORK.
Inspections By Punuip Krew,
Commissioner of Correction — Miss Katharine B. Davis.

The Department of Correction has juss
prisons within the Greater City of New Yark, for the denen
of rsoets ding etamination or ea, andor those nervng
sentence, with the exception of the following instnneene’
Now You House of Deenton for Wines srnenny_The
which is now under the jurisdiction of the Police Department: she
civil prisoners under charge of the sheriffs in New York, Kings
and Queens counties; the eounty jails for both estminal tad net
prisoners for Richmond and Brom counties; and the palce

houses or lockups. , sason

Organization ofthe Deparment
“There has Been no impoccane ch
important change in the organization of the
Department. “The Department of Correction is Headed te icone
sslssoner, resiving a salary of $7,500 annually and apguced. fy
a deputy’ commissioner, at a salary of $si000 2 year. “Thee a
several bureaus or divisions in che deparement, se fellowes
Rieu
—
Te Fis
Fog sh toc
OF those, Nos 1, 2 and 3 are situated in the ad
in the Municipal’ Bulding. No. 5 te largely concentraced ae dhe
fice of the foreman of stables at the fot of 26th Surtes and Eee
River. For greater deel consule Annual Repore of Bison Art
dian fo 944
he flowing instcucons are comprised within the
ithe lo risel within the Department

{Gir prlon, Queene change t's wacdea
Second datace prison Manbgaten }
hed ewe peng” ME

Tn charge of warden of istie prisons
[etch nate 3 apart ntoge

422 Tue Prison Assocration or New York.

ts Ney Hanon
ir Reformer fo Mae Minter | aes oe; New Hampron
Sei Bitapes tas New Hapa NCE |e det care of

‘The city prison, Manhattan, also serves as the first diserice
priton, Manhattan. The ciey prisons of Brooklyn and Queens
serve ae prisons for all district courts of those boroughs or counties.

Functions of the institutions — No person is admitted as an inmate
cof any institution under the Department of Correction unless
properly committed by a judge. Practically all the admissions
into the department are frst made by such commitment. In the
Boroughs of Manhattan and Bronx, therefore, the distribution of
district prisons or pens is parallel, practically, to the distibusion
of istrict magistrate’ courts. "The firse district magistrates
‘court remands prisoners co the Tombs: the second, fourth, fifth and
seventh district magistrater coures have prisons in adjoining baild-
ings. For the chitd, sixth, eighth and tench distices, “pens” are
provided, aso under the Depattment of Correction, where prisoners
re detained until the close of court. At the end ofthe cout session,
those from the third disrice pen are transferred to the second dis
trict prison. ‘Those from the sixth, eighth and tench districe pens,
to the fifth distri prison. Of the districe prisons, the Fourch district
is the only one where there is no female department, so that women
prisoners from there are transferred to the seventh districe prison.

As a general rule, prisoners remain at the districe prisons, oF
pens, only 0 long a¥ they remain under the jurisdietion of the
magistrate. If prisoners aze held for the coures of special sesions
fr general sessions, they ate, as soon as practicable, transferred, in
‘Manhatean to the Tombs; in the Bronx to the Bronx county ji

In Brooklyn and Queens there are no districe prisons. ‘The
city prion in each borough serves a 2 general remand prison for
all district magistrates’ courts. These prisons therefore combine
the functions thae in Manhaeean are divided between the district
prisons and the city prison, er Tombs. As a general rule, therefore,
Prisoners held for special sessions, for general sessions, for county
for supreme court, are found only in the three city prisons of Man
hhaeean, Brooklyn and Queens, and lesser cases ate found in the
district prisons of Manhattan and Bronx, and also in the Gy prisons
of Brooklyn and Queens; an anomalous condivion exists in Bronx
ouney, where the Department of Correction has jurisdiction over

Ixsrections. Pen

authority of the Commissioner of Correction, or to institutions

Condition of institutions —The sad fact of the entire uneness of
oat of the inno of she department to cae for tht tds
in a manner approved by modem standatds will probably bees
Xo be commented on for years to come. Nething com make we
Penitentiary and the Workhouse propery habitable or tender the
jumble of poorly constructed frame houses on Hart's Telend ‘2a
institution deserving che ame. Nor can the distce prvone, athens
drantic change, be made satisfactory, ot the Tombs annener be made
even presentable. ‘Yer a number of defnite improvement hove
taken place and will be indicsed under the respestive sosiutons
General progeess may be recorded in the practically somlins
abolition of the tries from the Penitentiary andthe almoxt comelece
abolition of them ae che Workhouse, Blac sues of pleasant appears
ance ae nov ed for he winter and Kha ute bing reared

424 Tu Prison Association oF New York.

The medical work has been largely improved by the addition of
fone physician on Hart's Island, and one at the Penitentiary; also by
an increase in the number of nurses in the Workhouse hospitals
bbue a general reorganization of the medical service has not taken
place nor have satisfactory standards been adopred. In the
budgetary request for 1916 the Department asked for a general
medical superincendent to organize the medical service on lines
suggested by the Prison Association in its lase report. ‘The request
was denied by the city authorities and conditions are much as
they were. More specific statements will be made in respect to the
individual institutions below.

In the following inspections of institutions no definite dates are
given because most of the institutions were visited frequently
‘when no definite inspection was made or reported upon, and because
the regular inspections have been too frequent to allow a full

reproduction,

THE PENITENTIARY, BLACKWELL'S ISLAND.

In addition to the numerous visits to the penitentiary during
the year, the Prison Astocistion undertook, in the spring of 1915,
a comprehensive study of the conditions at the institutions. A ten
thousand word report of the inspection was submitted to che Depai
ment of Correction. Subsequent to that report, the Prison
Commission held an investigation at the Penitentiary in which
the findings of the Prison Association were substantiated. The
investigation was followed by the grant of leave of absence to the
warden, Patrick Hayes, whose rigorous methods and adherence
to superseded penological principles were largely responsible for
the conditions found. These were of course aggravated and in
many instances conditioned by the inadequate and superannuated
physical plant of the institution.

Inseead of reproducing that full report, we present here only
the conclusions and recommendations of the inspection by the
Prison Association, ‘The census at the time of the inspection was
in the neighborhood of 1,800 in the institution proper, not counting
those prisoners who had’ been transferred to Hart's Island, Riker’s
Island and the city prisons. Approximately 760 prisoners were
doubled-up in cells, the largest of which are 5 feet 6 inches by 8 feet
by 7 feet 6 inches, containing approximately 331 cubic feet of air
space, and the vast majority of which (736 cells out of 1,104) are
only 3 feet & inches by 7 feet 6 inches.

Inspections. #5

Following are the conclusions and recommenda :
the report referred to: SEE

The general conditions ae the Ps h
unsatisfactory, principally in respect to th Hf

a {0 the items enumecated below
Sone ofthe tsobe seed tosdniiennre noone esteeee,
trative ineficieney, or simply to the fact that change hae
heen thought of, Others, and perhaps the bulk of thene ana tue ot
lack of proper facies which in turn are the cfest of incefesere
aren The faulty: system of discipline and the seared
lack of cooperation between prisoners and authorities i undoubrely
dive to the repressive principle upon which the warden of he Baas,
tenviary bates his administation. Tf i is hie conviction thar dee
Principle i correct, then many of the conditions mn the Pesca
ae perfectly logical; but we belive that the represtive nenegts
is fundamentally wrong, and that thereore the Ponitentere cid
‘ot approximate proper conditions in a penal institution anal Oo
Deine in che adminiscaton is changed. Many of ee condcons
which are too indefinite to be enumerated and which go soeaed
grange wrong spit aed ete fee ha he spi sony the
cepers in general is one opposed to modem princiles of perch
and that apparently there is not the full cooperation betwece oe
Keepers and the warden that can bring aboue the deaied seule
The shore sentences, and the caliber of 2 good many ofthe prea
are another powerful sean forthe present sate of fee Ae
indeterminate sentence will go far coward remedying the section
Similarly, the physica! conditions of the whole pane, ieledin
the eellblock and the shops, alo the very unsatisfactory stgsninsoe
of the prison industries and the gencat labor problem ae rein
2tfaule. Tewould be unfair to blame the warden the comnieonc:
of correction or the financial authorities of the cy or ame sees
person or persons, or the prisoners thanseves ‘The moe com
ination of causes just described copether cause the evils som
than i eth he evils summarized

CONCLUSIONS,

1. The Penitentiary is overcrowded to the extent of more than
0 per cent. of fs capacey,

2 The cell ofthe Peaitencary are too small even for a nocmal
occupation of one man per cell.

3. The equipment ofthe celle i inaufcene

no brooms
(6) There one butker pee cel, even when two occupy the sme cell

426 Tue Prison Association of New York.

44. Thete is no reception department for the prison. This means
shat:
sag prisoners mingle with the others before i is ascertained whether
G ngaing oral ubaase
(@) Many et hem are dub with

eee eR oe al she facts hat ought #9 be known for

"ac purpose are athe

jones before ie atcrtinad,

“The hospital facilities are insufficient:

(0 Naoto x mate race mid for sae ected wh wt

4 fo separave accommodatione for eubercular inmates,

9 Re prorsion i rat (Prd for hove eaunng bservaton of chet

(0) No provinon is made

6 eee ovson forthe sexsla and consistent reatment of dug addicts

6 The general sanitary conditions of the penitentiary are not
nice Sick Sotcot and supervision of the medical department
Breet chtSuperision is exerosed hy chat department, patculaty

(© Coniionsn the bakery and kitchen,

seguerlyInondeed
mee Shirts and under-

‘Slomease in the shops or other places of work.
rear are alo often thus treated
So No tlle paper is supplied and the use of newspapers fr chat
acpose is forbidden
Pern expapery are not allowed under any ctcumstances
12, The cauipmenc ofthe bakery and kitchen is very poor
TE The method af labor assignment by the warden doesnot eke
aclount of any of the factors now considered important inthe con
Tdosation of Libor assignment by all moder reformatores.
Sythe school is hardly more than a mater of form and occupies
a vasy unimporeane place in the activities of the Penitentiary.
“She library fo ill equipped, ill managed and receives vety
lies atvention from the authorities.

Inspections. ee

15, The industrial building is very inflammable. The fire pre=
cautions are sufficient-in quantity but are not well looked after of
tested. Thete are no fire drills held, so thatyin case of fre, casualties
‘would seem almost inevitable.

16, The system of discipline is crude, uneystematic and illogical.
The conditions of solieary confinement are unsatisfactory, chiefly
in that

(@) Abtlucely mo excrie i allowed
&B neat ely pas at wel for buckes
{9 Tasaesens food dda See sled, mal, emo ales of bread and ro

(@) The atmorphere of the daciplinary department is vitiated by piling up used
iuckeee

17. The repressive principle, upon whick the whole institution is
run, the poor equipment, the lack of cooperation berween the earden
and keepers and between inmates and the authorities, the lack of insist-
ence on reformative features of the institution, and the unsatisfactory
industrial situation, together create a seriously bad spirit that pervades
the whole institution.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, In the matter of overcrowding, which is one of the
chief evils of the Penitentiary, the population could prob-
ably be decreased by some 400 inmates by transfer to Riker's
and Hort's Islands where the prisoners could be taken
care of and employed. Perhaps a different method of trans-
ferring prisoners from that dependent directly upon the
wardens of the Penitentiary and Workhouse would result
in a more equitable distribution of the prisoners.

2. A reception department should be established. ‘The
ideal method would be the erection of a reception building,
containing also a hospital. Under the present circum-
stances it is recommended that a section of a cellblock be
set aside as a reception department, that all new admissions
be assigned separate cells in this section, and that final
labor assignment should not take place until after a com-
plete report on the condition of each man is received from
the physician. Thereupon, the labor assignment should
be such as to keop the tubercular inmates separate, both in
cell assignment and in labor assignment; moreover, to keep
those affected with venereal diseases separate in cells and
at work, to give drug addicts outside labor assignment,
and to choose carefully a proper labor assignment for cardiac

428 Ta Prison Association or New York.

cases, Tho setting aide of auch a reception department
tay at first result in a larger number of cases of Joubling-
tp, but there is no doubt that the advantages of euch
ayetem counterbalance that disadvantage, Wassorman tests
and complement fiation tests should be taken of all new
Sdmissions and their records kept, °

3. In addition to the function of the medical depart-
rent in respect to the reception of prisoners, ther medical
fctivities should also be further developed. "Those affected
with venereal diseases and. those ‘under observation for
Shek mental stats are now pe on He the" uth
prison,” "Tho proper place for treating such prisoners 4s
Ina hospital ward; ‘sccommodations. tx hospital, wards
for thls group are imperative.

‘The medical department should assume complete
reeponaibility for all matters of enattation in the: prien,
including fumigation, laundry, the supply of efothing and
bedding, towels, barbering, cell assignment, ee.

5. ‘The standard of clesnliness in the whole institution
requires great improvement.

“f. For the accomplishment of higher standards of clea
nese [i recessary to
inating. vermin

(@) Apply different methods for exterminating vermin,
apply the gasolene torch frequent, and clean the dust,
dead vermin and other Sith from the beds and hollows i
the walls, "

{b) Place the responsiblity for the cleantiness of each
call upon its occupant,

(c) Supply for each cell a small broom, a smail refuse
can, and, when necessary, apply in each call Uo torch and
hot water.

(@) Avsign larger number of tlemmen to the general
work of cleaning the cellha

(@) Hold. Keepers. in charge of cellhalls responsible for
the standard of cleantiness in thelr divisions, and establish
‘central standard, :

7, Modeen laundry equipment should be installed, which
should include steam washers, extractors, steam dryers
tnd a sterilizer. Towels and plilowcases should be cleaned
in the central laundry, sot by the individual prisoners

No laundering of any kind should be allowed in the shops,
1s Sits ofl he eapollod as batt of the beddiog end

Inspections, 29

nightshirts should be supplied to all prisoners. Towels
and pillowcases should be supplied and collected regularly
at least once a week,

9. Razors and scissors should be sterilized, after they are
used upon any inmate, in bolling water or by immersing in
an antiseptic solution of carbolic acid. It should be made
the duty of the keeper of the department where the barber=
ing is done to sce that such sterilization takes place.

10. In the cells occupied by two prisoners there should
be two buckets instead of one. Toilet paper should be
supplied to all prisoners. There is absolutely no provision
at present for this necessity and the possession of newspaper
is cause for severe punishment,

11. Newspapers should be allowed,

12. The waterbugs in the bakery should be exterminated,

43. The kitchen equipment should be perfected. ‘The
Whole kitchen should be extended to at least double its
Present size,

4. The bakery equipment should be renewed. All
necessary machinery should be supplied so that the dough
would not be handled.

15. The system of discipline should be organized along
the lines indicated below. A serial arrangement of the
principal infractions, in their order of importance, should be
made, and an approximate gradation of the punishments
established. ‘There should be definite kinds of punishment,
each independent of the other, such, for example, as reten.
tion in cell, change of labor assignment, deprivation of priv.
eges, loss of commutation, solitary confinement, bread
and water diet, all of them varying in duration. Discipline
should be meted out, preferably not by the warden but
bya disciplinary officer appointed by him, or by a disciplinary
board consisting of the warden, head keeper and physician,

‘The solitary confinement as at present conducted should
de changed by

(a) Allowing a larger ration of bread and water.

(b) Allowing each prisoner at least one hour's exercise
daily.

(©) Discontinuing the use of jelly pails and substituting in
‘their stead either the regular buckets or sheet iron pails, and

(4) Careful observation of the mental as well as physical

State of the prisoners under discipline.

430. Tue Paso Associstion or New Yori

16, The labor assignment should take into consideration
the medical, individual and social facts and should be
Inade, not by the warden alone, but by the warden i
Consultation with such officers as the headkeeper, the
foreman of industries and the physician.

17, The school should be made an integral part of the
correctional system. ‘The admivistration should seek out
Sililliterates and require them to attend school rather than
wait for them to ask permission, The school system should
be extended beyond mere instruction in letters. There
jo no lack in models for a prison school. Our State prisons
And State reformatories have developed their schools under
Varying conditions but always with success. ‘The Peni-
tentiary should follow suit.

48. The library should be properly equipped and organized.
[At present the number of books is very small and ill chosen.
There is no list of the books available and nobody knows
just bow many and just what kind of books there are. Te
is nobody's particular interest to be concerned with it.
For the reorganization of the library it is necessary that

“a) A large number of the right kind of books be obtained.

(b) That a list of the hooks be prepared, and that such
list be revised at least monthly fo include now acquisitions.

(c) That such list be given to every prisoner so that
he may select the hooks he desires to rend

(a) That prisoners be given printed slips upon which
to state their choice of books, instead of, as at present,
Sending in scraps of paper torn from books or bags or letters.

(@) That regular supervision be exercised over the library
‘by one of the teachers or other responsible officers: that
tae cooperation of the New York Public Library be obtained
for frequent cataloguing and supervision.

“0 ‘That a large number of books in various languages,
such as Italian, Polish, Yiddish and Bohemian, be obtained;
that facilities be provided for obtaining special books repre-
senting special needs of prisoners,

Sctchanical engineering, architecture, metallurgy, ¢lec~

icity, agriculture, ete.

‘The condition of the library is one of the saddest proofs
that the Penitentiary is more a penal than a correctional
or reformatory institution,

19. Ail possible measures should be taken for the removal
of the fire danger in the shop building. The hose should be

Inspections. 438

regularly tented, modern fire extinguishers should be su
plied, and fre pails, properly filled, should be kept at the
aon camvelene plac” San shouldbe aalale fn the
aint shop, and, most important of ally regular Bre drills
should be organized and held at frequent intervals, "A record
should be made of each fre drill and reported to the Com
missioner. "If a fire should break out in the industrial
building. (which, considering the presence of the paint
shop ot at ait unlikely the lst of ife would seem In
evitable. There is no good reason whatsoever why fi
drills cannot be held, ay aes

“There were a number of items of progress made duting the
of she yeas, under the wardenship of Me. Hayes. They were prine
cipaly che folowing:

PROGRESS MADE,—PART ONE
1, the brick wal in the south prison, but tthe
ceding year for facilitating classification, was torn down
Sccme made wonecrray by the cana of all wommca
‘sor from te Petentiry tothe Cy Priam, Queene
2 mess ll wan ain nary the ton of
anther rooms mith capac for apprntnaty 180
te buldng ofa fence fo the mesa te enltentay
soning ot ts rounds fon thee af the Department of
ae Cte, an anne, ad penny work as
1 Structral improvement inthe basement of 1
hall building. Settee
3. The pile oflnte-vsting was Increased co once
soneh forthe first month, and once in two weeks thereafter
receiving of letters allowed without restriction. .
«Ont pigncan wus add othe atl, aha total of
wo pupa
7. tte mda service was considerably Inpore, ein-
cipally in the following respects: peiepeorse
{> Beant of al facoog Insates made wlth a
spat ven tot coer ftobertuns vecretOes
2a cardia caves Weeki report, containing Its ofthe
Caborca and venereal sulted to warden, and prs
Sttention sion 6 pigucan tothe work aiigammen of the
Garda cae Record of al sch cmos entre ia boc

432 Tae Prison Assoctation or New York.
for that purpose supplied by Department of Health of the
City of New York.

fb) ‘The whole system of records of the medical depart-
ment was revised and improved.

Me. Hayes was succeeded xs warden of the Penitentiary by
John J, Murtha, transferred from the Branch Workhouse on Hart's
Tatand, Under Mr. Murtha's administration, a number of very
important improvements have taken place. For the sake of brevity,
these are given 25

PROGRESS MADE~-PART TWO.

1. Complete repainting of the institution begun. ‘The
painting of one cellblock, hall and cells, and of the mess
ball, completed.

3. A higher standard of general cleanliness introduced
and maintained.

‘Principally for this purpose, the number of hall men
doubled, making two instead of one per tier.

‘L For the better treatment of the tubercular:

(@) Cots put up in the corridor of the north prison.

{by A special tler assigned to the tubercular on the west
side of the south prison, with special privileges as to daily
routine, work, and diet.

"5. Special ter assigned to venereal cases in the contagious
stages special dishes, table, segregation at work, and spe~
Gially marked buckets for these as well as the tubercular.

%. Acquisition of a steam sterilizer to improve laundry
facilities, by transfer from the Second District Prison where
the sterilizer had been used only part time.

7. Introduction of sanitary precautions in the system
of barbering: this includes the supply of disinfectant solu
fions for the immersion of razors, discarding of shaving
brushes, and the utilization of individual soap.

‘8. The conduct of the solitary cells, used for disciplinary
purposes, severely criticised heretofore, was improved
principally as follows:

(a) Enameled papier-mache buckets substituted for the
wooden jelly pails previously used.

(by Narrow cots placed in each cell instead of requiring
inmate to sleep on cold stone floor.

Insrecrions. 433

{€) Cleantiness of the disciplinary department improved,
‘and bad toilet odor, previously emanating from piled up
buckets, cleaned out.

9. The system of cumulative punishment, by which a
man sent to the “cooler” was ipso facto deprived of his
privileges, such as commutation, visits, letter-writing,
smoking, etc., discontinued.

10, Outdoor exercise, including baseball, permitted on
Saturday afternoons and Sundays.

Ll. Privileges increased principally as follows:

(a) Letter-writing and receiving of letters permitted,
without any restriction as to amount.

(b) Singing and instrumental music by qualified prisoners
in cellhall daily, between 6:30 and 8 P. M.

(©) Newspapers allowed if obtained directly from pub-
Hisher.

12. A commissary established through the cooperation
of the Commissioner of Accounts, permitting prisoners to
purchase tobacco, canned goods, fruits, etc., at the rate of
$1.00 worth per week, and clothing at the rate of $1.00 worth
per week.

13. Partial self-government introduced under the title:
GOLDEN RULE LEAGUE, for the purpose of granting
greater liberties to and imposing greater responsibilities
upon the inmat

14. The publication of a prison paper by inmate editors

egun.

15. ‘The organization begun of an improved library through
the cooperation of the Prison Association and of the New
‘York Public Library.

16, Carrying of clubs by the keepers discontinued.

17. An entirely different spirit established in the rela-
tions between the warden and inmates. This spirit is
quite noticeable even to the casual observer. It has taken
a definite form also in the improved physical appearance
of the prisoners. The introduction of a quasi-military
marching system to and from work, under inmate cap-
tains, has had a physically and morally bracing effect upon
prisoners.

Reference to the conclusions, quoted at length above, will show
that despite this progress, theve are considerable fundamental dif
culties still obraining that must be removed before che institution

434 Tue Prasox Assocation or New York.

can be said to attain even 2 fairly satisfactory modem standard
‘Therefore, in addition to the recommendations given above, most
of which must again “be repeated, there is justification for the
following:

ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, Te ts not sufficient to assign all venereal cases in the
infective stage to a special tier (in the south prison). It
is necessary, also, to segregate them by allowing no other
prisoners on the same tier with them.

2. The practice of confining prisoners suspected of in-
sanity in the same department used for disciplining prisoners
by solitary confinement is contrary to all principles of
humanity and efficient administration. Lt is strongly
urged that this practice be discontinued.

3. The dieting of tubercular prisoners has been found
sadly neglected, so that i¢ may stil! be said with justice
that such prisoners are not treated for their disease but
merely prevented to some extent from deterioration. Suf-
ficient extra diet should be regularly available, at all times,
for this class of prisoners.

4. Some arrangement should be made by which at least
tubercular prisoners would be free from the danger of con-
tracting colds, due to the very bad location of the bath-house,
which necessitates the passage of prisoners from the hot
bath-house through the cold yard back to their cellblock
or shop.

5. Theindustries of the Penitentiary, and for that matter of
the whole department, are still in the primitive undeveloped
condition in which they were found upon examination by
the Prison Association at the end of the year 1933, It is
necessary not merely to organize the individual shops and
the accounting system in a much more satisfactory manner
than a€ presest obtaining, but it is absolutely necessary
to plan and develop an industrial program for the whole
department, including all its institutions, if the deplorably
Inadequate method of employing prisoners and of util
their labor is to be obviated. The Department of Correction
represents a potential income for the city which has never
been properly realized or developed,

6. In this connection, as well as for the joint improvement
of all other matters, the removal of the Penitentiary from
Blackwell's Island to Hart’s Island should be taken up

Inspections, 435

seriously and effective steps taken for its speedy accom-
lishment. “

7. ‘The general standard of the officers’ messhall ought
to be improved if the self-respect of ‘the employees of the
institution is to be kept ata high levels

WORKHOUSE, BLACKWELL'S ISLAND.
Warden, Frank W, Fox.

_, The Workhouse it logically» subivision ofthe general unit which
fn smaller counties is represented by the county ja. Prisons
are sentenced to the Workhouse for terms not exceeding one ves
chielly for the so-aled minor efoney, nich at wages ieee
tion, prosituton, duordeiy conduct, nonsuppont of wis es
‘The vast majority of the sentences ar for term hot exceeing ches
months and there are very few sentences for more that a oe
A disproportionacly large number ave for three and Eve day ‘All
sentences ate from within the Greater Ciey of New York, Theron
of sentence begin with the day of commitmene, and. discharge
aust take place before four oclock ofthe day upon which the teen
expires. ‘Thus inthe cate of «sentence fora tem of two days the
Priwoner actualy remains atthe Workhouse only sven hous and ta
the cae of a three dye” sentence, lee over one day
he ages and conditions of prisoner a tir i bab
sctution probably
nore chan at any other in the State, "A. group, of it
Beioacrs chosen a andom thows sich exes ma sotenty
out yeats of ago and eipyled, and a boy of sateen yest h appence
ance hardly more than fourteen. nie
="Petoners admieed to the Workhouse are not all retsined at that
insiuton; a considerable pare are transfered the nach works
houses on Rikers and Har’ Isands and to the ety and eet,
Prisons of Manan, Brooklyn. and Qhicens "A. cape eneay
une 11, 1915) shows: .
ieaynties ai

In othe nsiations, mate
1p Seer isstasions onal

“'(Peionets whose terms have expited but who are physically unt
wo be discharged), male, 1; female, r... : ees

Gand cot

Tus Prison

“The normal capacity of the Workhouse is hardly ascertain
“The sevmnmodstions are 10 exible cha with varying rades of
se feet and congestion, s considerable increae of population can be
fourel, “At one dime inthe winter of 1945, the census at che insti-
shale and erste population on chat date. By using all the regularly
BSD cots the celle and wichout installing extra cots, she
aepacky i approximately 725 men and 760 women.

W aexcrpron ofthe insertion has been given in previous annual
epores and ill not be sepeated her.

"Da ccvctal occasions during the year ie was found that the men’s
deparement was quite unsatisfactory from the standpoint of cleali-
send onder, This was true particularly in reference to the bed
TJothing, beds and to che general appearance an distribution of the
Citntonsen, auch ascot, buckets, clothing, et especialy om the
Sie der’ due, was said co the face shat he occupants of the cells
in that Ger are pencally three-day and fiveay me
for moening washing and bathing a present available
Teale populacon of some £09 sre contained in the receiving depart
Tie a condition that hardly newds comment, No. windows in
Sitter the men's oc women's department or in the hospitals ate pre
GOGH by serene from fis or mouquieocs. ‘There was litle vermin
{Sond inthe women's side of the prison. On the men's side, consider-
Site vermin war found on the top. sier only. There were also
ariesdioe of roacher in the cells; The difference in the freedom
flom vermin betreen the men's and women's departments seems to
Hevneedbucable vo the diference of methods applied for thee exter
teantan Sad the frequency of the application of these methods.
Siaatictd water is the chief weapon on the women’s side and the
sectional use of the gasoline torch fe resorted to an the men's side.

Ta the mater of clusifeacion of prisoners very crude methods
are used: "Both- bases applicable in penal snsittions are found,
Siig, shat of character, and the het, that of administrative
Teng?” Boye under ewenty-one if soneneed for not Tes chan chicty
faye ave transferred to the branch workhouse on TTar’s Islan,
cite They consticuce 3 separate unit. IF see fora shorter term,
they are eve im separate cells, Sexual perverts are also segregated
sr fhe ge pousible in separa cells. Outside of that, practically the
Thay awifcation is forthe porpore of keeping the different labor
Tee, gather, "The classfcaion on the women’s side isa Title

Inspecrions. 47

more elaborate; the white and colored occupy different tiers, and the
marked repeaters are kept away from the first timers to some extent.

‘The general methods of admission, particularly on the men’s side,
are primitive and unsanitary. Distribution in the institution and
transfer to other insticutions are effected more or less by a rule
of thumb method. Practically no initial medical examination
is made on the men's side; very much bettsr examinations are made
for the women but the records of these examinations are unsatiee
factory. In general, che faciliies on the women’s side are superior
and are better utilized

"The method of discharging prisoners is very dificult and a great
Geal of care must be exercised. The number of admissions, and
consequently the number of discharges, are so great chat all means
of identification muse be used to avoid mistakes. Up to this year,
and during the larger part of the present year, prisoners transferred
from the Workhouse to other institutions had to be returned +0 the
‘Workhouse before final discharge. By the present method, prisoners
are discharged from the institution to which they have been trane-
ferred. Transfers are made as follow:

1. All boys under twenty-one, if committed for thirty days or
more are sent to the “reform school” on Hart's Island, which is a
separate unit of the branch workhouse on that island.

2. All old, crippled or otherwise disabled men are sent to thebranch
workhouse on Hart's Island.

3. The tubercular are sent co Hart's Island if the tuberculosis
pavilion on char island has vacancies.

All drug vsers are frst treated in the hospital at the Work-
house, and then, if men, sent to Riker's Island; sf women, to Hare's
Island,

5. In general, able-bodied men having not less than 15-day
sentences are sent to Rikers Island.

6. Sexual perverts are not transferced.

7. Those who have warrants filed against them are not transferred.

8. Only able-bodied persons in good health and otherwise fe
fre transferred to the districe and city prisons.

9, Artisns of various kinds, such as carpenters, electricians,
plumbers, steam fitters, ete required in other institutions, are
supplied to the same as far as possible

10, Prisoners cemporarily detained en route from other institu-
tions in the Department are Kept in separate cells and then
transferred.

In the examination of the medical service of the Department of
Correction, in June, 1914, particular stress was laid upon the work

438 Tite Prison Association or New York.

rion of the Depart-
at the Workhouse, that being the crucial institution of
rene in that respect. Special attention is therefore given ¢o the
TRndition of that service in the instieution in the following pages

sittin The indiscriminate grouping of prisoners in thei
asguinent to eas and Tabor, and heir innficieny intensive
Se Supervision, nae ie cle fr a healshy prisoner to ava
a a yey Tange numberof methods propery assed under
ai heading of santeion ought tobe radially changed

ek anor imporean of alk 2 reglae physical cxmsinacion
efvoveee jabonee admited should’ be ade._ That the present
Sad Sf pyncinn mth che tsk of Toking aftr « ospial wt
se puten ib inulin for thio purpose merely acquis che
wer sieuuon ofthe charge of negligence but does not juni the
aera socem where large numberof prisoners are admitted
seats roms group of society where nests are rampant, without
Se eeer aguardagaint the spread of those dace co oer
dd healthy fomates

ey meical examination ae given to inmates assigned
too ae a estall or kitchen, There should be parculaly
10 ert IS Geaminations given to his group of men and women
Feeneee, eathen seared chat sch examinations woud be given in
see eeer anon a subeequent inspection he said that those a chat
caer ped athe metsall or htchen had been ordered ro be
sorcvamined by the physi.

ree ice ayatem prevails, This is bad enough in tel
vad ser mach wore I dhe Toe chat there ot an india
tee cee cd for cach person, Im genera cells wich sb inmates
NverteoEuke Gas theme mses Have ne bake
ind So tit pda oe of uckers pone of she mos potent

ss of disease Moreover, thre inno assurance even that
sped Bea au cote sume calle every tine ance the
{Mate ve ae ued.” snlecane i cpu mo ch

ast AS etre buckets are emptied ito che river and otherwise
ae ne cel eam soged tothe work, The Basket
Fane ear oe wromen'sprbon isto te north of the prison im
TAMER, Gnatuced che conesning, the shece sens pase
ai, cee in prinone where the bucket system preva, ‘There
eid bral means be enough backers tallow one fo ach pines
Seana eral cra wupely in the sorchouse of vome 217 buckets
ekid oe be enough to make up she defsiony

TIONS, 65

4. The bedding is not brought up to modern standards. No sheets
are supplied either for the men or for the women, Blankets are
aired and fumigated at more or lese regular intervals, bue this process
‘can never replace the necessity of supplying a clean sheet for every
newcomer. The use of sheets in all institutions, penal or otherwise,
has long been acknowledged as a necessary hing and as an aid to
proper sanitation, No insticution should be without a plentiful
supply of sheets. The blankets are aired, it i stated,on an average of
twice every week, and are fumigated at the rate of about Bfty blankets
per day. That would be a satisfactory standard if each newly-
admitted inmate received a clean set of blankets and if clean sheets
‘were provided throughout the institution. This is not so at present.

5. Each cell on the male side is equipped with a bucket for drinking
water, and two cups. Some cells have only one cup. The use of
individual cups has long been conceded a sine qua ton of sanitary
arrangements. Yet here we find,in a promiscuous group, a common
drinking cup for anywhere from three to thirty: men,

6. The precautions against che spread of contagion during shaving.
are very inadequate; in fact, no such precautions are taken, except
that the discovered syphilitics wich open lesions ate segregated.
‘The soap, razors and brushes used for shaving are never sterilized,
either by heat or by immersion in an antiseptic solution. There
should certainly be installed 2 method of remedying this condition.

[As a matter of fact, all the above and other methods of sanitat
should be under the direct control and supervision of the medical
department, which should be held responsible for the existence of zny
methods insufficient from the standpoint of sanitation, unless the
medical deparement has called the attention of the warden to those
matters in properly recorded form. ‘There are a number of aspects
fof the sanitary arrangements at the Workhouse that are highly”
satisfactory. For example, exch inmate is given 2 clean towel
every morning for his bathing and washing; also, clean towels are
given co the prisoners at work, so that they may wash up at noon=
time before marching co the messhall. This is the bese system of
towel supply of any institution in the Department. ‘The stevii-
zation of blankets, of the hospital laundry and of the clothing worm
by incoming inmates is satisfactory. ‘The frequent airing of the
blankets i good. The eare with which vermin is kept out of the
female department, and the method of destroying vermin im the
male department by means of the gasoline torch, are satisfactory,
although in the male department the method should be applied
‘much more frequently

440 Ta Paisoy Associarton or New York.

Bathing takes place once every week. With the present facilities
it would: probably be dificult to increase this. Moreover, the
facilities for privacy on the male side are very inadequate. On the
‘women’s side the conditions are better. Each shower seal is supplied
ith a canvas cureain which may be drawn by the inmate while
bathing, Similar curtains should be installed in the male depart-
ment. More bathing facilities are needed; bathing should be more
frequent. The once-a-week bath is traditional but often not
adequate

Women are given combs at the time of their admission. ‘They
‘carry these with them in small bags. They are not permitted to
wear corsets unless by order of the physician

‘The clothing of the inmates is gradually being changed; on the
‘women’s side by supplying a more becoming gingham; on the men’s
Side by the gradual elimination of the stripes and the substitution
‘of a dark blue uniform. The supply of clothing and shoes is stated
‘co be satisfactory in quantity. The material is delivered at the
Workhouse and made into the required clothing, both for the Work=
house proper and for she institutions on Riker's and Hart's Islands.

‘The general cleanliness of the insticution is satisfactory. In the
Female hall, in addition to the general cleaning of the halls and
corridors, the cell walls are scrubbed daily with soap and water,
and the beds are treated with disinfectane two or three times every
‘week. The bedding is folded up in the standard way and placed
fon the cots in every cell. On the male side the bedding is not
properly folded, and the cell walls are not regularly washed, bur
the cell floors and the walls of the cellhall are flushed daily in
addition to the regular sweeping of che floors. Greater care should
be exercised in keeping the beds and the cell walls of the male depart-
mene clean. As a whole, however, there has been considerable
improvement in the general cleanliness of the institution and the
administration apparently makes every efort further to improve it

Discipline—‘The forms of discipline obtaining are:

(2) Deprivation of al privileges, auch ae eeept of ebaco and visi

©) Bikey Seteement in wemidark cel

Exact records are kept only of the last class of punishments.
Comparatively few such cases are recorded, particularly on the
‘women’s side,

“There are no industries, to speak of, at the Workhouse. Labor
is provided in the general domestic service of the institution, in

Inspections. 44

repairs, odd jobs, and general work on the Island for both the Depart-
ment of Correction and the Department of Public Charities:
particularly on the women's side the amount of labor to be per~
formed is very small and the extent of idleness very serious

There is no recreation, to speak of, for the men; but the lack of
this is lietle fele because of the large number of prisoners per cell,
‘making it possible for them to pass the time in conversation. The
library service of the institution is very inadequate, particularly
fon the men's side. Te is being improved and organized at present,
Recreational facilities are better for the men than for the women.

CHANGES ACCOMPLISHED DURING THE YEAR.

1. Anew bathroom for the men has been under construc-
tion and will be in operation at the end of the year. The
completion of this bathroom will make possible a re-
arrangement of the reception department on the male side,
an improvement much needed.

2. Part of the space north of the women's prison has
been surrounded by a stockade and is used as an exercise
yard for the women.

3. The fireproofing of the whole prison has been com-
pleted, including the messhall, kitchen, laundry,
Fire-escapes are being installed for the so-called middle
part, containing the quarters of the warden, deputy war-
den, physicians and chaplain.

4. The fourth floor of the north extension of the female
prison, previously used as the so-called “ Bum Room,”
has been transformed into two hospital rooms for women —
‘one for drug cases and one for venereal cases.

A new building is being erected south of the male
prison to be used as a storeroom for civilian clothing of
incoming prisoners. The building now used for that pur-
pose is to be extended and transformed into a disciplinary
department.

6. Through the increase of the hospital facilities by two
female wards, the capacity of the hospital is now as follows:

1 Mafe medical ward 27 beds
Male surgical ward 15 beds
Male psychopathic ward 15 beds
Male drug ward. 14 beds

442. Tue Patson Association or New York.

Femate medical ward.......... 20 beds
Female surgical ward 16 beds
Female drug ward 24 beds
Female venereal ward. 23 beds 83 beds

Grand total : 154 beds

In addition, there are a number of hospital cells under
the general supervision of the medical department. Five
of these for the women’s side have a capacity of from twenty
to thirty, and two on the men’s side a capacity of from eight
to twelve.

‘The general medical service was in very poor condition
during the year, indeed, very little improved since the
report on the general medical service of the Department,
Including the Workhouse, made in 1914 by the Prison
Association.

‘One important improvement deserving consideration has
been the more definite organization and the provision of
better facilities for the treatment of both male and female
drug cases.

‘As the result of a careful and comprehensive examination
of the Workhouse, the following conclusions and recom-
mendations were offered:

CONCLUSIONS.

‘The Workhouse on Blackwell's Island undoubtedly rep-
reuonte the worst possible system of Housing. prisoners
eM gurtment of Correction, or anywhere im the State.
{Th eyatem of small dormitories for from four to forty pris.
Sher, insuch sunnbera thatthe supervision of each doing
cnet eighe y a tesponsile officer becomes am. Smpossible
Hanctat busden, i's system wniversally condemned by all
penslogiste. This system is aggre

Prnolotiry short sentences of prenners, Wt

achcaly impossible to introduce and

Fee aeae sd of clasifeation, ‘The situation is further
aul auated by the fact that there 18 not a suficiency of
taerarmtat in che matter of bedding and sheets to asture
creer the use of uncontaminated bedding. More-
Soh here are no toilet facilites in the eels oF dormitories,
oeeisat the bucket yetem prevail and te numberof buck-

Inspections. 443

ets is not sufficient to supply each prisoner with one, so that
one bucket has to be used by several prisoners.

‘There are no industries for a population averaging ap-
proximately seven or cight hundred men and the same
number of women, so that the employment of the prisoners
is an additional and unusually grave problem. ‘These
causes constitute a most complicated obstacle toward
affecting even an approximately satisfactory system at the
Workhouse. ‘The proximity of the City Home and of the
Metropolitan Hospital, and the necessity of employing
Some prisoners at those institutions, make the danger of
smuggling in quor, drugs and other contraband material
almost unavoidable. For these reasons, comparatively
Hittle of the very unsatisfactory conditions at the Workhouse
can be attributed to administrative negligence. Most of
it is due to the wrong physical plant, the system of short
sentences, the poor equipment and the lack of funds.

‘No radical and satisfactory solution of the Workhouse
problem will be effected until

‘a. A new institution is erected with single-cell accom-
modations and supervised dormitories.

The following recommendations must therefore be inter-
preted as referring to the present conditions only and as
suggesting possible remedies under the present conditions.
‘They do not approve of the present institution as it is.
The Workhouse as it stands, with its system and plant, is
condemned as scores of years behind the times.

RECOMMENDATION

1. ‘The small dormitories should be abolished by breaking
through the outside walls, thus creating perhaps a dozen
large dormitories, each to have special supervision at night.

2. The present dark cells on the men’s side should be
turned into washrooms.

3. Running water should be installed in each cell, and, if
the dormitory plan is carried out, toilets should be installed
in each dormitory and screened off. If it is feasible to put
toilets as well as running water into the cells (if such trans-
formation into dormitories does not take place), the toilets

9

444 Tar Pausox Association or New York.

fs installed may be used in other institutions when the
Preven site of che Workhouse ie abandoned, The recep.
Hom quarters on the mate side should ‘be increased and
Grosset olvie dine sinlier te ike fansie coowpton
Suavters 90 that the pelsoners would have more privacy
in bathing and would goes Chroogi the eaccenive wanges of
ception, without returning. through the tame. place
‘ing with this, the general bathing faciities sboold
Be improved and extended.

“The frequency’ of baths should be increased from once

* 7. The number of buckets should be increased so as to
peer eared oir
sh iro ee eS

Insrections, te

15. ‘The facilities for pressing clothing for the outgoing
prisoners should be increased so as to make possible the
Proper treatment of the clothing of all prisoners.

16. The double-screen system for visitors should be
introduced.

17. The reorganization of the Jabor for the institution
should be done with a view to the possibility of not bringing
the Workhouse prisoners in contact with the City Home
or Metropolitan Hospital from which institutions the
smuggling in of contraband goods is easy.

48. In case of solitary confinement, both bread and
watershould be given twice every day, and two reports should.
be made daily by the physician in writing to the warden
as to the condition of those in solitary confinement. The
erection of a separate disciplinary building with modern
solitary cells is urged.

19. There should be a more plentiful supply of cleaning
materials and drugs.

20. A separate bn

ospital should be increased,
preferably by the use of the present orderlies’ quarters
as wards.

22. The present observation and drug wards on the male
side should be discontinued.

28. Proper clinic rooms should be set aside on the male
‘ide, similar to those on the female side, so as to discontinue
the system by which the clinic patients pass through the
medical and surgical wards of the hospital. ‘The present
drug and observation wards on the men’s side could easily
be transformed into clinic rooms.

24, The dietary allowance for the hospital should be
increased and special attention should be paid to the
constant supply of hospital dietary.

25, The medical board should be abolished. A responsible
salaried medical officer should take charge of the Work.
house hospital and the staff should be reorganized and
increased along the lines suggested in the special report
‘on the medical service made in October, 1914,

2%. A satisfactory record system should be introduced
to take care of the complete entrance examinations; proper

446 Tur Prisox Association or New York.

i jantities and
bed sheets should be supplied in adequate quantitis
should be kept in proper form. Records should be kept
Of clinie treatment, both male and female, giving name
and nature of treatment in each case.

7. ‘The attending physician should be required to check
up the work of the house staff in the same way that such
work is done at other hospitals.

DISTRICT PRISONS
eae eet Jmlsrivdy on une charge of Warden
PeePaithcn “Phere are four dtice prisons and three district
Per Me Lecter ate temporary cages attached tothe dvict magi
apvene in court

SECOND DISTRICT PRISON (JEFFERSON MARKET).
Sixth Avenue and Ninth Street
z 2

“This prison usualy has about 100 inmates, almost equally divide
pecmen men and women. ‘The unusually large number of women
seen ced for by the face that both the Second and Ninth District
Hitgiewnte? Courts (the latter is the Women's Night Court) deal
sepally wich womens and are the only courts to which women
Prmneed of immoral conduct may be brought. For a description
aF this ar well ar the ether district prisons, we refer to previous
OF ae es, This year has seen a number of decided improve-
senna rthe Second District Prison, chief of which have been the
followin

° PROGRESS MADE.

1. ‘The old stone flag floor of the basement has been
ripped out and a new concrete floor installed in its place.
TEs slenablo the administration to keep the cellar cleaner,
Treombat more successfully the roach pest, and to keep
{oar the premises and the preparation of food in better

lente form.
hyplenle fo ice box has beet installed, also in the cellar.
tthe idtchen equipment has been overhauled, and
thave new tea urns, one meat roaster, and 2 hood to carry
OF odors and stearn have been added. ‘This hood should

Inspections. en

also aid in the elimination of the roach pest by carrying off
the steam and dampness.

4. The roof, which had been leaking at many points,
has been repaired, and the whole garret floor concreted.
‘This should make possible the use of the garret either as
a laundry or as a kitchen.

5. The office space has been extended by moving farther
back toward the door, the grating at the entrance lobby.

In other respects, however, the conditions are still unsatis-
factory. Particularly deplorable is the roach pest. ‘These
bugs can be found on dishes, on the groceries, meat, vege-
tables, on the walls, pipes, all over. There is still much to
be done before this prison is brought up to par, as shown
by the following

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. The roach pest is most serious; whether the extermina-
tion be done by the use of disinfectants, by the constant
use of hot water, by the gasoline torch, or by all these, or
by contract, is immaterial; but done it should be.

2. All the iron toilet bowls, which are now ina disreputable
condition, should be replaced by new vitreous bowls. All
the flushes should be replaced, and adequate water pressure
supplied, as absolute essentials of keeping the prison in
fair condition.

3. The use of the gasoline torch and of hot water and
soap on the beds at sufficiently frequent intervals would
be certain to exterminate the vermin. The application of
this method every day is necessary on the part of the tier
im the women’s prison used for the temporary detention of
intoxicated persons.

4. Toilet paper should be supplied for the use of the
prisoners.

5. Clean, newly laundered bedding should be given to
every prisoner on admission, regardless of the personal
cleanliness of his predecessor in the cell.

6. The separation of the male and female prisoners in
the cellar should not be postponed until some scandal
makes the situation conspicuous.

7. Rither the laundry or the kitchen, but preferably the
latter, should be removed to the spacious, airy, clean garret.

8. A citizen chef should be employed.

448. Te Prisox Association or New York.

THIRD DIS SEX MARKET).
Second Avenue and First Street

‘This pen serves asa temporary detention place for probably
the busiest district court in the city. It is to replace this pen and
Court that plans for the new building, on the comer of Second Avenue
Gnd Second Street, have been prepared. However, the erection
Of chat building has avowedly for financial reasons, been apparently
fndefinitely postponed, so that one must face the fact chat the
dingy pen now in use will have to be retained for years to come.
Desperate as such a prospect is, there seems no reason to expect
any change

PROGR

4. During the fast year, the walls in the male pen that
separated it from the public toilet, which is accessible from
the general staircase and hall, have been lined with sheet
iron, so sts to prevent the repetition of a previous attempt
to escape through these thin partitions. ‘The wall, in which
there has been a door leading from this pen to the hall,
should also be lined with sheet iron.

Strong wire screens have been attached to the two
windows in the male pen, so placed, however, that it will be
[mpossible to open the windows unless the screens are
removed and placed on the outside.

RECOMMENDATIONS.
1, Jt should be definitely ascertained by the city authori-
ties how Jong the present quarters will have to be occupied
by the Third District Court and pen, and if this period is
to exceed two years, an entirely new pen should be con-
structed in accordance with modern standards,
2. The sheet iron lining should be extended to cover the

door leading to the hail.
‘The screens on the windows should be placed on the

outside instead of the inside of the windows.

FOURTH DISTRICT PRISON.
s7th Street, between Third and Lexingtom Avenues

‘The keeper in charge is John J- Lynch.
‘The Fourth District Prison is probably the cleanest kept prison
in the Departmens. Oldest in construction (built on the pic plan),

Inspections. 449

tse window per alk "Ths prion serves a3 dotonon ii
taven for te Fourth and Tenth Diuice Court ho ner beng
the mess web cour). This phyceally tgaiicaar notation ks
Tice 4: ee nwligsel potent then ung other pacman
OF toe Detoione For Ge bol gee ge oes con east
194865 men and 938 women, making » toca of stor

Te diferent Snipestinn there yore meade for sis prioon-the
following ° “

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. All che cells should be painted a light color, and the
whole prison should be given anew cout of paint

20 make the fetes exe the demands vpon the
prison, the institution slould be either enlarged or replaced
by a new institution, “ ”

3. A steamchesting system should be introduced. to
tako the place of the coal stoves aow in use.

‘There Has been, doving the year, very gratifying

PROGRESS MADE.
1, Most if not all of the cells have been painted a i
satisfactory color. ” ani
2. "The interior of the prison, or pit, as been given « new
coat of paint, ” ®
3. A new concrete floor fis been Iaid in the kitchen,
4 Some moaauito meting has been placed onthe etchen
5. Three enameled washatands, wich running water,
have been installed at one end of the hall or pit
6. The water-pipes have been dug ont and repaired and
a much better water pressure thus obtalned.

SIXTH DISTRICT PEN,
s6tet Street and Brook Avenue, Manhattan,

‘This pen is one of the worst, from a sanitary standpoint, for
the detention of prisoners. It is in the basement, or more truly
in the cellar of the court building. Te is a very old structure. Tt has
been described and condemned in previous reports of this Association.
(See Annual Report of 1914.) A considerable number of men and

450 Tus Patsos Association oF New Yore.
women are deale with here, and the serious physical unfitness of the
‘lace refcees no credit upon the City of New York, The condition
Pi kanliness varies fxom time to time, Although the building is
hnder the jurisdiction of the President of the Borough of The Brom,
verisoner transferred daily from the Fifth District Prison does the
2 rrleaning, Since the establishment of Bronx county, which re-
stited in the assumption of jurisdiction over criminals of that county
by the aherif, the practice has grown up of taking men handcuffed
trough the sereets from the Sixth Districe Prison to the Bronx
Soumey jai. While the distance is very shore, ie is unfair and revole:
foe to require men who may be discharged within a few hours as
ee ately innocent to march through the streets as dangerous
cesiminals,
RECOMMENDATIONS MADE.

1. The whole pen system should be abolished and in-
dividual cells. provided, similar to those planned for the
‘new prisons to be built for the Department.

. For the present:— Removal, if possible, of the pen
from the basement.

3. As long as the pen remains, a floor drain should be

Id be repaired.
5. White pain possible.
6. Electric I
7, Mosquito netting on hinges st
windows to prevent the throwing in of dope
Sue part of the immense amount of dirt and dust blown
in by the wind.
's. Prisoners should not, under any circumstances, be
taken handcuffed through the streets.

SEVENTH DISTRICT PRISON (WEST SIDE PRISON). ©

sprd Street between Sth and gth Avenues.

Keeper in charge, Mr. Ryan,

The work at this district prison is litele subject to fluctuation from
the mandpeine of the work of the court. Oscasionally, however,
Tor admingetrative purposes, the number of prisoners is increased,
So ac one time during the year, 15 additional men were transferred
sem che Workhouse to perform some work at the foot of West s7ch
Sauce ia tearing down buildings of the Dock Department, and

Insrecrions. Pe

loading some of the maeral thus obrained
Rew Hays (sGy. Sone 0 de premey o easlenel oe
somewhat disatiied vth the food st this prison aa compared with
tome of the other prisons, "The census was also increased. durin
thee year hy she detention of Yo or 3 wines Bld hy the dis
sce atomey of New Noun i 2 mur case. Many of
shee es we hl fr mete hn si oth
aie gsi sh coin af cena ener te hn
icon storeroony tna hots” sorage caine, dhe shower
compartere i te basonent, ee “Dig mos of the vst af
Sie year condone in thee eps were fend not improved
roach pest was found worse than every neither edu
food was free from it. ° —
‘The system of doublingup, by which prisoners placed in the
same ll me ice dsp on the ane sto one the oon the
ove or consid Big the yeas Tat paper mo pi.
Some improvement ws umd nena in the fling

PROGRESS MADE.
1, ‘The whole interior of the prison has been 8

ec Tbe prison has been given a new
2. An electric Tighting aystem has heen i

throughout the prison. sai Be Hees ee

conditions of the Jaundry, teebox, an

mproved. * and

iron Hning was applied to the grating of the

door leading to the hitchon, 20 a0 to prevent che smuggling

up of food from the kitchen gang to prisoners in oth: :

parts of the institution. “

ok hare ere mene ered
The garbage pail should be kept covered. ese eeh

452 ‘Tue Prison AssocraTIoN OF New York.
‘ 1 to make
The supply of dishes should be increased 6028
oan ae oe eS raking toa aah bows, Without
decent series Dost Pe out hrs, ita poor standard.
aa cept een of vermin by freqsent
uns of the gasoline torch.
eof the gasoline OTC ean for paper and rubbish
sane ben day house” “
ine ten-day House, dhoge weed tn the City Prison,
cea emall ame Hees lon of rubbish in the eee shoul
be eupoled,
slic for the storage of bread, groceries and
Ane ere es Shouse kept cleaner. ‘The removal
dishes in the Kitchen eno ould be all that Hs mecoenary
inure good onder
1 nae Beer compartments in the basement should
ae di ded terial in the st
STeMOve oy ot che dncarded material In cho store
coin fmt eto SPS pould be thrown out. This will
room im the basement shotifgoom iat presentable Cone
Aiton. storage cabinets under the stairways in the
cane etal kept in batter order
nvouse shone poled, toe placed tn the cells
ia Goubiingrnp i neccesary “
hen doubling op i raid be supped Co prisoners.

EIGHTH DISTRICT PEN.
18tse Street and Boston Road.

Keeper in charg, J. B. Donovan.

seer eet opening of this court in 1985, am inspection
nay Sis pen aod ie was then described ax thoroughly uneat-
ceege Sifter more than two yeat of service, ther sems to ave
ic at made ar improving conditions. ned, conditions
been no are srae eo 2 most dagraceful extent, ‘The walls have
have become Toad and are covered with obscene inscriptions and
aera a eae The elles in she acparate pens, of which there
a a ey ventilated, so thatthe odor becomes diffused throngh-
arecw ate mot ument. The cleanliness of the whole compartment
aoa ite meh ia with the Janitor of the bung, who i
arora he jucndicton of the President of Bronx Borosghy has
een unsatisfactory most of the sie

Inspections. 433

There are from five to sixteen prisoners admitted here daily
from the ewo courts located in the building, namely, the Domestic
Relations Coure and the Eighth Districe Magistrate's Court, each of
which is held daily, one in the forenoon and one in the afternoon.
Prisoners are transferred at the close of the court session, either to
the Bronx County Jail or to the Fifth District Prison of the Depart=
‘ment of Correction, The sheriff's van is used for transportation.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, The present location of the pens on the first floor of the
building Is, from the standpoint of light, ventilation, and
arrangement, entirely unsatisfactory. They should be en-
tirely reconstructed on a wholly new plan.

2. The condition of cleanliness, particularly of the walls,
is disgraceful and should be remedied without delay.

3. The improvements suggested should not be postponed
indefinitely as has been the case hitherto. The pens as
they now stand are a disgrace to the city.

FIFTH DISTRICT PRISON (HARLEM PRISON).
saist Street and Sylvan Place.

Keeper in charge, Mr, Gallagher.

The census of this prison is generally between sixty and seventy,
composed mainly of men. The “help” usually consists of about
‘one dozen men and half a dozen women, transferred from che Work-
house. Ie is generally found that the cells occupied by the “help”
are considerably cleaner than those occupied by the transient popula-
tion of court prisoners; the difference, however, ought not to be very
great. There war recently erected by the Cowperthwait Furniture
Company, a building near this prison which has very seriously
impaired the access of light to one side of the prison. The condition
‘could be much improved if the outeide of the Cowperthevaie building
were painted white. If that firm cannot be persuaded to do that,
the city ought to assume the duty and cost

“The general condition of cleanliness has, 22 rule, been satisfactory.
A number of recommendations in this respect have, however, not
yet been carried out. Particularly obnoxious is the system of
doubling-up at chis and the Seventh District Prison. As the facilities
‘of both institutions are often exceeded by the population, two
prisoners axe placed in a cell, and they are required either to sleep

‘Tue Prison Association or New Yor:

454

vem must sleep on the stone floor with
“Phe vielousness of requiring two men

sae ona narrow cot, particularly in prison, where the chances of
ener race always high, cannot be exaggerated. ‘There should
ioe ditional (possibly movable) coes installed in the cells
caer vex doubling-up must be resorted to, oF else cots should be
placed in the corridors

“The only bathing facilities for the men
building, This is another very undesirable stace of affairs, There
panne: ividual refuse cans in the cells, nor large refuse cans in
ar cnday houses.” Many of the beds have an accumulation of

Fe, Ser Veemin, he toilet bowls are old-fashioned, in very bad

aust on and very unsightly. The system of keeping bedding in
sere gee che discharge of occupants was often found in YoRuc,
Thar, too, should be changed. ‘The supply of rowels to the prisoners

sae we be sainfactory, each one receiving a clean towel every

‘on the same cot or one of the
only blankets for bedding.

are in the basement of the

morning.
The coach pest has been continuing during the year unabated,

{eis hardly credible that no method is in existence for the extermina-
Ton or at least the macerial reduction, of these bugs. They were
Teng throughout che dishes, bread bos, inthe food, abous the kitchen
ipment, on the walle, ere. There were nests of them under the
cRieay ae several difference places through the prison.

While the above conditions still obtain, there has been, neverthe-
less, some

PROGRESS MADE.

1. The kitchen range has been repaired.

x, "The kitchen closets have been improved by the removal
of doors; open closets are much more easily cleaned and
kept clean.

Pe The interior of the whole prison has been painted,
including cells, halls and corridors. This has materially
Jauproved the appearance and cleanliness of the institutlon-

“4. The effective segre
the laundry in the basement
parts of the basement has
fhe laundry door locked and th
tthe absence of the matron.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, Small refuse cans should be supplied for each cell.

2, Large refuse cans should be supplied in the “ ten-
day houses.””

Inspections. 455

3. Cots, suspended from the wall, should be i is

|, should be installed in
each cell, so as to make possible doubling-up in a decent
manner, when doubling-up is necessary.

BRANCH WORKHOUSE, RIKER’S ISLAND.

Susie over Ries Island also, During the past year, Rikers
Fase, then of Me. Joseph eee ene
ede over gooey 6a. ‘The anual wverage kes beet ghout oo,
Rikers Island has probably been the busiest place in the De
mene. The plans for ts ultimate wtilaauon a5 a worthouse fara
have v0 far led to the building of additional dormitories, and_the
beginning of the construction of a cellhou rc used principally
constructed largely on the plan of the former dormitories. Two
such dormitories, connected by a wash and bathroom, constit =
a “"uni building” Some of the equipment of the new dormitories
sith linted id and supervision OY ciiah Saploress On che
Gmsucionor the callsuurcharctavo bun ever ole: obglises
wih gave same hap alsin othe construction work aioe
spook auld beg eundered "Uy he. prisoucte therneclves, A. herwe
Imethod ie a daly supply of lean towels and their cleaning My the
institution laundry. Blankets are aired once a week and aré tee
ttecileed,. Te was vated thee there never was ony vemant may
of the beds on the island. Repeated examinations by the inspector

456 Tue Prison Assoctation or New Yore.

ss tne new ait fmt (m8 an 8s
oe ted Is now i operation, There i at
Baza: ain
to be considerably Iarger than the present one, and to
addition of two stationary washtubs and two clot
a ce liar of the dormitory
progressed very satisfactorily. ‘The basement has been
been erected and cement blocks are being manufactures

Inspections. 457

8, The dining-room has been extended by the removal
of the keepers’ dining-room to the house formerly occupied
by thewarden. ‘The capacity of the messhall is now approxi
mately five hundred.

9. A concrete mixer has been installed by transfer from
another department of the city.

10. Prisoners are now discharged directly from Riker’s
Island instead of being first returned to the mother insti-
tution on Blackwell's Island. Their clothing is pressed
before discharge.

11, Almost all of the buildings have received a new coat
of paint.

12, The system of night supervision has been changed
s0as to require keepers in charge of dormitories to be actually
in the dormitory instead of in an outside eage as heretofore.
‘The key to all the dormitories is kept by an outside keeper
on patrol. Unfortunately, this system broke down in part
by the shortage of keepers on night duty, so that in at least
one dormitory the former unsatisfactory supervision was
resumed.

13, One keeper and three orderlies have been added to
the staff.

14, A physician has been added to the staff since the
beginning of the calendar year.

RECOMMENDATIONS MADE.

1, The night staff should be increased from six to cight
keepers so as to supply one keeper for the supervision of
each dormitory and one for patrol duty, the latter to have
all keys in his possession.

2. Sheets should be supplied for all beds, and arrang:
ments should be made for the sterilization of blankets at
regular periods and immediately upon the discharge of the
prisoners.

Arrangements should be made for the occasional appli
sation of live steam to the beds for the purpose of keeping
out vermin,

4. The installation of the asbestos covering for the ceil-
ing of the boiler-room should be expedited. The basement
immediately under the dormitory floor is, at best, a bad
Place for a boller-room,

so rane Rion oon
ht ian sn Ey cig
a Tanger Bole cptle rece
eee sk, Se

occupants.

of the hall.
ene tions for barbering should

: i bo devised by which
Sect kept it ould be assigned
etah etisen kepein’ nc

of men Kept cca vt ag
together for worl, and My cckers should be discontinued 2

aoa a ee igieificule: and. Immo

y he institution.
daily and laundered by Se Should he established and he
A central storertmontinued. ‘This will make satis-

every prisoner

‘a ents should be made for ‘the better
bie cian, to give him some

CITY PRISON, MANHATTAN.

4 be said about thie institution (The Tombs) for the

past eae elidona were ch
prisoners Seo upper ers of the annex

he emo wp ee of che corridor, ‘To thee te al
seme ee aumento degre of earenacon of

ies ae Tal digenees in achieved by thet ssignment
subereulgs or of che main male prion. ‘They 2s

ietle need in che segregation
A ne improvements in the seeres

sae ab uring she rece
re these tiers all

Insrecttons. re

allowed to exercise together on the cortidor. The conditions of
cleanliness have varied from time to time. The half-finished padded
cells on the first tier of the main prison generally abounded in cock:
roaches. Such vermin was also generally found in the bathrooms
and sculleries at the ends of the tiers. The cleanliness of the cor-
ridors, particularly in the comers and recesses, was not always
satisfactory. Much of chis condition will probably disappear when
the new visitors’ building, recommended in previous reports, is
compleced. Work on this has been going on during the year, but
completion is not expected before 1916.

The census of the institution has been normally about 709, but
showed a considerable decrease toward the end of the year. The
comprehensive recommendations made in 1914 have only in small
part been carriedout. The chief recommendation has becn,of course,
the extension of the Tombs, present facilities being at any time
insufficient. ‘The following improvements have taken place:

PROGRESS MADE.

1. A new visiting system Is being provided by the erection,
thorough alteration and extension of the building known as
the warden’s house, which is to have an outside separate
extrance for visitors.

2. ‘The food and its preparation have improved, but service
is still unsatisfactory.

3. A definite policy has been adopted in the treatment of
drug addicts.

4, The system of records and statistics has been improved.

Many of the recommendations for structural changes, for
efficiency record system, and for administrative methods
contained in the report for 19{4 have not been carried
out. Further recommendations resulting from inspections
during 1915 were made as follow:

RECOMMENDATIONS.
1, Outdoor exercise should be given to prisoners during
well as in the summer, whenever the weather

2. The padded cells in the new prison and the male annex
have never been used. ‘They should be ripped out and the
cells made available for ordinary use.

»

480 Tur Prison Assoctation or New York.

3. All cells should be locked during exercise periods to
avoid the danger of immoral practices.

4. The keepers on the first, fifth, and seventh tiers, from
which there is access to the stairway, should not have in
their possession the keys to the gates leading from their
tiers to the stairway, during exercise periods,

'5. Drastic measures should be adopted for cleaning out
roaches from the seulleries and bath-cells, and to keep
clean the spaces between the plumbing and the cell walls,
particularly in the “annex.”

6. The cells used for storage should be kept in absolute
order and cleanliness.

7. The standard of cleanliness in the kitchen should be
improved.

8. The manner of distribution of food should be changed
0 as to make it possible for the prisoners to receive their
food hot. Soup and meat should he served separately, and,
unless there is an especially good reason to the contrary

individual cases, knives and forks should be supplied to
prisoners at meals.

NEW HAMPTON FARMS.

‘The New Hampton Farms entered upon its second year of exist-
‘ence under circumstances not calculated to make the conditions in
{general berter than they had heen during the fire year. The plan of
“roughing it ” for the sake of making the best of conditions aceaching
to an experiment undertaken with poor equipment, and under
generally adverse circumstances, was expected to ereate and maintain,
42 spirit of mutual confidence and helpfulness between the boys and
inseructors, A most auspicious beginning had been made in March
19143 bue gradually conditions deteriorated. ‘The physical conditions
proved more and more unsatisfactory from the standpoint of cleanli-
ness and sanitation, and the spirit of the place became permeated
wich continual dissatisfaction among the staff; misunderstandings
and friction developed between the farm staff and the general admin~
istration at the Reformatory at Hart's Island. The Deparement
failed to effect either efficiency and harmonious administration or
the improvement of physical conditions within reasonable time or to
a reasonable extent. In frequent inspections undertaken during the
year, while a series of improvements could be listed, the genera
conditions on the whole failed co improve materially until quite lat

New Hampton Farms. Building Ritoad Spur by lamate Labor

New Hampton Fatma, Excavating by Prisons! Labor

Ixseecrions, 46r

in 1915, Conditions criticised dealt principally with administrative
neglect, with unsanitary and Slehy conditions around the living and
sleeping quarters, with lack of sufficient clothing and with general
administrative looseness. ‘The following series of recommendations,
in four different inspections during the year, may be significant

RECOMMENDATIONS,
1

1. It should be definitely understood that the New
Hampton Farms is first and foremost an institution for
the physical and moral reformation of boys, requiring
insistence upon physical, moral and social standards; that
it is a farm only secondarily, so that the development of
the farm as such and the securing of farm products and of
other purely material gains must be disregarded when they
interfere with the proper institutional standards of sani-
tation and conduct,

2. The basic physical conditions of the farm must be
improved. A new standard must beset for it. The present
method of construction of bunkhouses, the method of
washing, bathing, dishwashing, drainage, disposition of
waste material, etc., should be improved.

. The present habits of the boys in respect to the use of
the toilet should be entirely changed.

5. Better clothing, and more of it, should be supplied.

6. The bedding should be aired’ at least weekly, and
daily when possible.

7. The new bunkhouses to be built should be very much
more substantial, better designed and along different plans.

8. A water supply system should be speedily developed.

9. A water-tank with faucet for drinking purposes should
be supplied.

10. ‘The discipline should be reorganized. For the present
large number of boys and the certainty of their increase,
the lax and informal methods at first adopted are not
suited. This applies to the conduct in the dining-room,
about the grounds and with respect to work. The staff
of officers should be better assimilated and should be brought
into better harmony and understanding by conferences of
the whole staff with executive officers.

AL. The school work should be reorganized or discon-
tinued. At present it is more demoralizing than elevating.

462 Tat. Prisox Association oF New Yous:

12, The instructors’ hours should be so organized a5 60
give the Individual instructors more freedom and time

off.

13, IncfBcient instructors should be removed.

TEL Better quarters, washing, bathing and recreation
fauilities should be supplied for the instructors

1

1. A cement of concrete floor of a much better quality
thin that used for the scullery should be laid for the Sate
teat froom and scullery and for the kitehen. This shone
dane at the eafliest possible time, as the most importa
pep toward. the establishment of proper standards of
cleanliness.

ee Mosquito nettings should be applied to all the windows
‘and doors of the dining-room and kitchen.

nd doors oy ng-room and kitchen floors should be serubbed
‘at Jeast once every day.

ethno sewage disposal is probably the most importie
imincdate sanitary problem and should be given £00
immefon by the administrative officers as well as by the
engineers on duty at the farm.

Fire use of 2 wooden Headway through which dishwa‘et
ami similar liquids have been poured into the ground front
and simjliary kitchen, previously used as a“ hang-o¥r
spe mo should be immediately discontinued and never
again resumed.

see yunall building which is referred to as the ausiliary
rechee should bo torn down, This would solve severst
Kitchen jon, such as the fire danger from its chimney, the
Gieein its door, and the disposition of sewage in the mannes
‘above described.

Ove he cellars of the farmhouse and of the new additions
stguld'be joined by breaking through the necessary walls
seer ullding concrete props or posts to take the place
and by Puvallay ‘Tha is the only way of obsaining, "he

of hese, Ventilation for the cellars. In addition, all cellars
should receive a conerete floor.

‘8. Bed-ticking should be suppl
which the boys now sleop. As 80
Should be replaced, either by mattresses
Blankets, The use of straw is bound to be unsanitary.

Inspections.

9. Civilian night-watchmen should be employed. 1
present method of night supervision by sleeping of
fnd neglectful inmate watchmen cannot be sa oy,
cither from the standpoint of security from posers
avoid immoral practices. —
10. Proper sleeping and social ac
be supplied for the instructors Lees ee
"_ A.small water tank with faucet for drinking purpose
sie th faucet for drinking purposes
. We strongly emphasize th port
the paramount importance
of a ood and plentiful water suppl ‘vashing and jbathi
facilities and sewage disposal. ia
__ii; Hf farther (ansfers from the Penitentiary are to be
mado, the rising of the Reformatory boys withthe Peat.
tiary men should be guarded against, even to the light
extent found at the time of this inspection 7
poste new Kitchen and is eurroun ings, inclu
antry, garbage cans, etc., should be kept cleaner.
TigheestIeting down from a righ standard of cleanliness

ae \@ Supplied for the most part in

the farmhouse shoutd be supplied completely on both i

ol Ps gine and on doors as well as on windows. .

cls herseade dip tem should be completed ay
mn as possible on both eides of the farm an

bons ‘new toilet facilities made. ba a
. ‘Until uch time as this is completed,

ularly on the farm side, shor Peennlitee aeenaial

lay om he farm se, should be empitelyoverewled

A's Goncrete ogre sould be ld tn the ctr inthe

use, and the supporting walls separating ‘the 0
fromthe new cella shenld ‘bo laiproved and in 00 far a8

fvilian aight watchman should

ca auld be employed on

both sides of the farm whose Juty it would be to constant

supervise the bunkhouse at night. anne
a its *
|. It is assumed that the work of stru ing

ea 1 of construction of drt

for nls of oainng the nce material forthe installae

on of 3 tink and connection with the water suPmy on
farm side, the completion of a temporsry sewer system,

464 Tus Prison Association oF New Yous.

7 J instalation of
1 obtaining of an electric generator, the ins
the obtaining of aiden of te farm, the general i4peone-

a aaa ae etceare taxing place asfast as possible:
aS oe tters would therefore seem

viging expedition in these ma :
Urging expedic inapector cannot help disapproving, of
unnecesity che bunk system to the new construction
aterm id be mvch better Hf cots were installed
ane of unk Supervision, cleanliness, order, are mic
instead ta yee of cots Puhr, since the temporary
facltated yo esac for considerable period of mes
deere ares peen better so install steam heat than 8
Kage number of coal and Kerosene sf0¥es. "

ge number of couimendatione still remain those having
cece Joona cleamfiness and institutional order.

ference (0 Borar standards should be set and followed
out in reference 09

i Making up of the beds

tees feof bedding, particulary of sheets)

: taundering.

F Tanker che kitchen, scllery, vetable-room,
Fees jca om the farm aide, bath and tollet rooms
fm he farm side, ef ae

am te ew set of dining-room cables shou
sau tbe They should be made of heavy

Covers, mec
ieee cranstered from Hart's Island should be
sanded to the fare

5 5, There seems to be a sufficient force ‘of employees om
er ante fem cnc to dispense with the use of Samate
the farm ie Shane is urgently recommended

was not until the fl f 1915 that shngs were Benning {0 et
‘ “Two distinct units had been created on the farm;
nde com Tip puopers the ene the construction #7,
aes a ef Fa onthe ih che eeson of em
working on Rad mort upon she cnsercton of the
porary bulge the eno unis have been run a» etl
occa th tan han heen to remove he entire Reform

oa the fm Saga Farms nec in 936 a8 practise

under control.

Ixsprctions. 465

The chief cause of delay has been the difficulty of finding water,
Numerous wells have been dug by the Department of Water Supply
of the City of New York without success, The institution has had
to struggle along with two small wells for drinking purposes. No
power pump had been attached to either of these until the fall of
rors. By that time an engineet, who is to cake complete charge of
all the building operations on the permanent buildings, had taken
control of all matters relating to constriction and sanitation. Under
his system a fuirly satisfactory water supply has been abeained for
‘washing and bathing purposes by pumping water from the Wallkill
River. Drinking water must still be brought in barrels from the
well to the construction gang. The power pump was only laeely
ingealled on the farm side to supply water for that group for both
drinking and bathing. By che fall of 1915 the general conditions may
be summarized as follows:

PROGRESS.

1. Sufficient supply of water has been obtained for pur-
poses of bathing and flushing of toilets. Automatic flushes
have been attached to the toilets on both sides of the
institution,

2. A temporarily satisfactory system of sewage disposal,
consisting of a septic tank, gravel pit and pipes on the
construction side, and a septic tank without pit or properly
made pipes on the farm side,

3. A generally fair standard of cleantiness throughout in
kitchens, messhalls, bunkhouses and on the grounds.
‘Thisis not yet atall satisfactory but represents a tremendous
improvement over previous conditions.

4. Better equipment in the matter of clothing and beds,
better supervision, better transportation of supplies from.
the city, better conduct of the storehouse have been
accomplished.

‘The institution Is in a constant state of transition so that
little of what is said at one time applies at the next
inspection. Conditions at various times during the year
have been clearly set forth in the inspection reports which
are, however, too lengthy to reproduce here. It is fair to
assume that during the year 1916 the farm will have been
brought to a point where it is no longer to be treated as
a farm branch of the reformatory institution but as that
institution itself in temporary quarters.

466 Tue Prison Assoctation or New You,

BRANCH WORKHOUSE, HART'S ISLAND.

With the transfer of Warden John G. Murtha from Hart's Island
to take charge of the Penitentiary on Blackwell’ Island, Henry:
©. Schleth, formerly in charge of the City Prison, Queens became
srarden of this Branch Workhouse. The problems of this institution
peing entizely different from those dealt with formerly by Warden.
Schleth, it has taken some time for adjustments to be made,

‘There are generally between 609 and 700 male inmates st this
institution, of whom about 100 are hoy’ transferred from the Work-
hhouse or Penitentiary. Boys are kept, so far 2s possible, separate
from the rest of the population. In addition, there are approximately
foto 4g women, aso transferred from the Workhouse or Penitentiary,
aif of whom ‘are patients in the tubercular ward which constitutes
‘About half of the women’s part of the prison at the northern end of
the island, ‘The women’s department is separated from the
Reformacory and the male Branch Workhouse by some farm land
and by Potter's Field. This cemetery has been the worst nuisance
on the island, subjecting its inhabitants to the constant mental
presence of the dead and to the even more disgraceful occasional
Bpectacle of disintegrating bodies. Negotiations have been under
ray during the year for the abolition of the use of this island as
Potter's Field. No result has as yer been obtained. Te will, how-
even, be impossible to improve the island or begin operations on
the new penitentiary to be erected there, unless not only che furcher
burial of bodies ceases but the bodies now there are removed,

“The physical plant of chis institution has been often described
and commented on as the worst in the Department. The buildings
ate old, dilapidated, inflammable, ill-planned, unsanitary, and ill
equipped. Particularly the Dormitory Building No. 5, where
feemecn 4oo and 509 men are housed, is unsatisfactory because of
the condition of its cellar, almost always partly under water. The
puildings have no fireeseapes and the supply of Bre extinguishers
jn barely sullicient. Beginnings have been made coward building

fre-eseapes on Building No. 5. The whole island is subject to visits
from strangers on rowboats and motorboats and the smuggling.
in of contraband goods and the escape of prisoners by use of such
hosts takes place every now and then. The island should be very
much more generously supplied with Keepers to ward off such danger.

"The particularly important changes a the institution have been,
from a, physicial standpoint, the installation of mosquito nettings
fon 2 large number of the windows. The facilities for treating male
Cabereular patients have been increased during the year £0 & toral

Insrrctions. Wi

capacity of sour sx ‘There har been howevet che viny: poor
Subaece fr dee catmaat, Inpatd crs clxlane’ Sbasty
eer tn es ar as meee Te
Ther the tapository of the vubercla inmates of the Depertent
Shans depctmenal suber hop fer hice A a ee
of the poor equipment of the ruberular ward, and partly because o
Se ee clei eat eceee ace
uberculae prisoners were often found in the wards when they should.
have hepa he pan Te mei cation ta
Soviy admiited 10 the iottarion has noe been. very toro
They have Bon rer sii, Tre dees
tuberculosis and parcalady cases of epphiis in the nexive age
Tema carey ie pliers eeu Gate vais eo cin wae
and he inmate would beretranferred to the Penitentiary or Work:
Awe Nope have bm taken, howe eon
foal Galey eipctendy tion peared Uorastises wind they wo
ay unell sch antec ——

“Thace bas bene a seve yb pia ou te teua ictg
de ee Ake bees Hokie ae cos ees
July st and September 7th. OF there four ded. “The source of
infecces a bore best aovecel) bar sua’ ever elena, pool
tn the iland and the improper method of dinporing of the garbage
tmay Rave been contributory causes. The New York City Bored
af Hoskk bas coopercred se che foeiatoc erlang cee typos
Sica ek eaelace We Bein ae
Tees! "Ts ceetion of peer piper lading is he purring
atest pone below ulerauer levels ce cael or parbuns
With borax for 24 hours in the open, and ite subsequent bavi
the abolition of stagnant pools, and, if possible, che elimination of
Porter's Field

"The general eiciency of the beepers of the intution seems to
lave besa poor: Passau fro various gags would bu tee se
Fan OF cs tution ‘Guolde MAG spay. out ear Bucs piety
IESE nse copetider dey weld bx lave teed Ost
teacher iv anagned to the innituton but his sctvies bave, for
Systm Gor! rein bem stipe by us eaedems

‘The wore depactinne, indloding the eabecular' ward, has
been generally clean and well kept. The new kitchen and dining-
Fok far che vibe’ couariceod Of caacar blocks unde fame
Wen jn Gta fave Bon pally cto:

inraber of wosll Hot tad. elke have, porated, loge

pnt eo here bees eed by fe faad Sal goer een ek

468 Tne Prison Association or New Yor.
Insrections,

469

One of these serikes resulted in the placing of st prisoners in che
2” 20 of them in the regular disciplinary building, and 31

in the old condemned cells situated in the basement of the building
school and mesthall. The 31 were

diseribuced in some 6 cells, § of 6 in each cell, with the most wretched

of the physician,

wolity ottnnes se prisoners in
to be decidedly

dence that he wae

te more likely hat nach inmates

ventilation, malodorous and dark, ‘The prisoners were placed in Bur bor dae

the cell inthe morning and were reased about 5 p.m. of the same

day. The warden stated that while he recognized the unsanies

sate of the condemned dungeons, and while he disapproved of

their use, the occasion compelled him to resort to it utilization ed

as an emergency measure. Conversation with the prisoners on the precision

day following tha particular strike broughe forth the following

compainee

1. The food is very much poorer than in the Penitentiary. They
therefore would like to return to the Penitentiary; riots are started
with the express purpose of theit being returned, it having been
the custom previously to return recalcitrant prisoners, either
immediately on their arrival on the Island, or soon thereafter, to
the Workhouse or Penitentiary respectively.

2. The “boys” were allowed to smoke in the institution from
which they were originally transferred, that is, the Workhouse or
the Penitentiary, whereas they are not allowed to do so on this
island. They therefore raise disturbances for the purpose of being
sent back. Thie dieerimination is 2 constant source of disciplinary
infraction and makes the problem of the institution unduly severe,
while causing more harm than good, both in the impression which
the prisoners gain of not getting 2 square deal and in the inimical itchen and dining-
atticude thus established between the prisoners and the administration, use of thi

4. That the drivers, coming in fcom swork later than all ehe others,
find theie food cold in the dining-room so that they never have hot
food

‘4. That the most and best of the food is sent ¢o the large messhall
and to the first sitting in the small messhall, so that the boys receive

king through
‘A number of such holes
Te is recommended,

is seconded, that the
chat the prisoners
hysieal neces

inion of the physician i

‘oved from the cells and
cells to attend to their pl

the leavings of the food on the second sieting in the small messhall,

Some of the above complaints, especially those with reference to

the food and to the deprivation of the privilege of smoking, seem
ified.

In disciplinary cases, where solicary confinement is the form of
punishment meted out, the ration of bread and water is continued
for the firse three days of confinement. Three slices of bread and
all the water desired constitute the ration, according to the statement

1. The older and the
thoroughly separated by
to Butlding Now 3 (eho
No, 2ie questioned.

The time for supper has been ¢
The hour between d and 8 p, oor
recreation in the dormiterea
creation in the summer fs be

} Newpapert are allowed pris

younger male prisoners are more
the removal of the old and decrepit
wisdom of such a use of Building

‘hanged from 4 to 5 p. m.
+ after labor, is allowed for
or on the field. Outdoor
ween 5 and 6 p,m,

q ssocrarion oF New York.
470 Tus Prisox As
fe to censor ineoming and
recess as yet
with capacity for

4. Am attempt has beon made {0 62
ouigctty mail wiehout, however, ay 86
sari pultetion of a arge dormitory
aig apa eubercutonis wards
iy anerview of Wand
sands pom. ;

7. Gonerets for i of baseball ceam and arrangement
teeter ash neat ce tubercular wards

5 a oapital painted White.

75: Tae emaeruction of day. r00%
vas Sebetenion oF PMNEM A ange, et
ee rsmmmtnging of men and omen 9
veg f the keeper's dining-

considerable improvements 0 : sini

noe eaaideratle Maings the installation of lato
Toole, and hevter chal.

Wie instatiation of

in prisoners between

ys for the women’s

erin the Kitehen.
35, Tine installa ot Mpg coal shed for the, women's
4s The const, ble for the women co resir® thelr
nh the winter without having to go outdo

ten end of the flan °

or ott gears for ene women, By
a foun fron the eae
on from he Ser gm of women” prisoners, for, male

Fees ce che homes of Keepers ving om &

i {cal force from

removal of the inmate clerical f
‘most desirable administrative change.
‘checking system for the store-

his is 8
‘of provisions from the boat £0

Legere ene ‘peing left on the dock over

owe house, Inatend of thelr
IR construction of a small separ

wader,
ing. exclusive
hrment ce

‘ate laundry for the

commit
ercise of the power to
iis by the warden or his

instead of thei
month, they n0\
‘and Sunday off and Wed)

Inspections. re

alternate weeks, until 8, the next morning. This required
the establishment of a three-shift system.

22, The organization of a truck delivery on the island, so
‘as to systematize the routes of delivery wagons.

28. A beginning was made in organizing the keepers and
prisoner groups along functional lines, particularly for the
Purpose of obtaining desirable sanitary standards, clean
roadways, ete.

24, ‘The improvement of the schedule of boat service to
City Island, including the extension of service until 1 a. m,
‘on two evenings per week for the sake of the keepers.

25. The establishment of a system of discharging prisoners
direct from Hart's Island, instead of returning them to the
mother institutions on Blackwell's Island.

26. The discontinuance of the method of almost direct
purchase by the prisoners of extra goods from City Island,
especially through the keepers.

‘Warden Schleth intends

1. To carry on further the departmental organization of
work along functional lines.

2. To introduce half-time school and half-time work for
the boys, of whom there are approximately one hundred.

3. To introduce a complete system of checks and controls,
a reporting system, accounting system and general book-
Keeping, to replace the present system which

4. To obtain material for pajamas or nights!
prisoners.

3, To establish a central barber shop for the prisoners,
instead of requiring that their barbering and shaving be

done in the dormitories and shops as at present.

6, To remove the kitchen toa place nearer the messhall.

7. To organize and unify the commissary department in
substitution for the present system, by which a sister of
the Jute Warden Kane sells tobacco and stationery while
another person sells newspapers, and no one regularly
supplies other extras needed.

All of the above are heartily approved and will mean a great
improvement. It is suggested that, in addition to these, other
improvements be made which are hardly less important, as, for
example:

1. Granting the warden an additional reliable clerk and
a satisfactory office-filing system. The warden's office at

472 Tits Prison Association or New York:

present is the most poorly equipped office in the Department

of Correction.
 Comectionatruction of a visiting-room near the landing

dock to make unnecessary the marching of visitors scrost
dock to mighich is always attended with the danger of
dropping dope” and cigarettes)

3. The use of the approved doul

visiting.
siting. aring of Building No. 2, which is entirely unte

farang purpose and consticutes a fire danger, particulasty
for a resent group of old and decrepit inmates housed
therein.
S Phe organization of regular fire drills.
S. TRE construction of an assembly hall and gymnasium.

‘Me a summary the following are

RECOMMENDATIONS MADE.

1. A complete and specific program should be adopted
asvcarly ax possible, that would coordinate te improvemes®
ae earg construction work mecded on the island with
save Sians of the final form of the penitentiary institur
ion to be established on Hart's Island,

ao i rejost of the disciplinary trouble seems to be due
mates involving food and tobacco, and since discintinsry
mattefs det are more sorious in ami institution conducted
dite dormitory plan without satisfactory disciniina’y,
on the domodations, special efforts should be made by che
col act oBice to insure a proper amount and Kind of foot
contrat angements by which tobacco may be supplied 9 the
boys, as well as to the men, since prac

pove ite much below 20 years of age, and practically all of
them have smoked on the outside.

1 ee improvements suggested above, namely, proper
ofes eavipmant and a citizen office staff, a new visting
coir ing, fre del, and the support of the warden In carrying
building: Fran of organization, including the matter, of
out his fecks and control, pajamas or night shirts, centsel
record op, removal of the kitchen, etc, should be insti-
tuted without delay.

‘4. ‘The construction of
in general nature to that under co
Island, is urged.

‘ble-screen system of

‘ically none of the

fa disciplinary building, similar
jastruction on Riker's

Inspections.
43

CITY PRISON, QUEENS.
The waneter of Warden Hency 0. Sch
shih eas ad charge fo visas ey voe meee era
the eonduce of the pron, in thee the eyes obtaining, develope
‘here by Warden Sheth roved is eiency by wae et
Seiie te an or iorvenee mane dr
He Salt inambsny er, aed by Ban Warn
ct Wu ttl oo ke Wd Sl eT
popul neon during the year has somewhat decreased fro1 he :
mum of approximately 400 prisoners confined at the beginning of
the yen The general msc of che son ira tae al
Phone Snes he aii
i ete’ "Pe el dente oe pn are ed
sir tlic‘ etl oe en aco
ian fori he pmol ham a
forty men serving sentence, out of a usual total of nearly 200
te yw dhe ae sed th ie ace
mers. Provision for exercise in the jail yard
utilized because the low wall anc sake oe laatas
We cheb and mb tpn mee
"Die ental inhi the il es
The el eipment i lacking stony Su tat ther ee
Seronndpinnrs ne onl whch hey ae eed uae
themes "Counting hove ew cn gern yo
Plime at nvr y Gin nat sha aed
he ae of the pleroee are often soiled. Blankets a1 q d ia
the yardonce a week but are never sterilized or launde Baia
these te sania koeer
Fine, ‘of Manhattan and Brooklyn. EL
: seed from th
enitentiary are kept separately from those tr
Workhouse. ‘The latter not bel Tad vs cuneate Me
oe nae the omer who arose this eaten
hin te emma. eign
und necessary at all times, even during meals. On the wome a
sie the spl of sey pons onl and clothing ‘
been altogether story andthe rane cleanliness has
eh using the Jet nd sees ave been eeached

474 Tue Prison Association of New York.

in and oue of contraband goods, letters, notes, ete. Individual
Lights for the women’s cells have been installed during the year.
“These lights are outside the cells and are fitted up with a reflector
zo throw the light into the cells, It is only a partly satisfactory
system and is very expensive. It will not be carsied into the men’s
department, Temporary “coolers” ot disciplinaty cells have
been constructed in the women's depactment by inserting particions
jn the connecting corridors joining the separate sections. Most
of che women’s department has been badly in need of paint. The
water presiure in the toilets has been very poor. No improvement
has taken place in this maccer during the year. Following is a
summary of the principal improvements of the year:

PROGRESS MADE.

1, The old dangerously frail ceiling of the corridor on the
top tier of the male department bas been replaced by steel
panels. ‘They are, however, declared to be faulty by the
warden who refuses to sign for them until they are perfected.

2. An extension of the prison, containing basement and
one floor is under construction between the male prison and
the kitchen. This extension is to have in the basement a
carpenter shop, and is to be used on the first floor as a visit-
ing room. ‘The double-screen arrangement is to be installed.
AMI the work is being done by the prisoners under the super-
vision of officials of the department. The work is progressing
very satisfactorily

3. An individual electric lighting system for the female
department has been installed.

4. The office has been plastered and painted and improved
general

5. The new concrete kitchen floor has been completed.

6. The kitchen and store room equipment has been
improved by the installation of two roasters, two vegetable
cookers, one gas range and a new ice box.

7. The use of antiseptic methods has been introduced
in connection with the shaving of che prisoners.

8. The food has been considerably improved, largely
through the installation of new kitchen equipment.

9. With the cooperation of the Prison Association an
arrangement has been entered into with the Queens Borough
Public Library by which the latter is supplying the institu-
tion with a circulating library of some 500 volumes under

Inspzcrions. 475

blic Library who
: reat of many of the ve a
still prevail, we mal

1. Mate prisoners shou
Workhouse and Pententiary euhie

lutely necessary,
enforced idleness

ast he kitchen,
and “satistactory’ bathing
6. The system of
isomer every morning, aa conan
lustiutions of the Department of Gener
Installed eve

pplying individual towels to each

¢ of the other

ied to all prisoners,
of a complete electric
irtment of the prison
Pplied with a stool ot chair and

or New Your.

q6_ Tue Prusos Association oF N
to. The gasoline torch, for exterminating
cspted more Freqwentl

be a0 Phe femate prison sho

jermin should

Jd be repainted.

uf tne throe floors of the female department
‘he supplied for keeping dishes and =
‘smfortably washing them.

auld be supplied to avoid the waste

sow tae place = esis
thay now ould bea deputy warden and

keepers added to the staff.

CITY PRISON, BROOKLYN.
se inspection on April 15, 1915!

se was made afte
following repor aia

eee ee This takes place whenever He
ome ‘month of March

‘The
‘The poptilation on th

Driginally. be

en perform
See eared
“st wher ine i

atemrehe casa
we gear

ther more frequent

12 eparement.
ak is exceeded,
‘ ive simes in the
5 dhe month of
Rimoval of the

prisoners, which

ta one
; pes is prison, the
Since ecupied the Alot 2 sos, the
od ss been
fae onknounes hap” ‘Thieme
AN pssoners 200 de of hee col andy the
the day in crete granted co all prisoners in the Yd)
daily exercise i Bro be not more than vhree-aus
cxerne bowel Tome grou of THON: P

he weather permitsy
“The open-air
of an
quarters
arly those

Inspections. wn

that are isolated for medical purposes, such as “ dopes,” tubercular

and venereal cases, have no outdoor exercise at all. This is said
to be due to the paucity of keepers which makes it impossible to
spare enough officers for yard duty during the day while the bulk
of the prisoners are within the prison building.

‘The cells were clean and well kept in most cases.

The bedding includes, only blankets, pillows and pillowcases,
Te was stated that the number of daily admissions and discharges
‘would make the use of sheets too dificult and expensive. Te was
also stated that all blankets are removed and sterilized approxi-
mately once every week, 50 that the use of sheets is not necessary.
The removal of the blankets for the purpose of sterilizing takes
place tier by tier, one tier per day, so that the round of the male
prison is made once in eight days. This standard is considerably
higher than that found in other institutions of the Department
bur the entire lack of sheets is not thereby remedied. The removal
of the bedding used by any prisoner upon his discharge does not
take place in every case unless the occupant was decidedly negligent
in habits,

The cells are equipped with toilet, washbasin, running water and
electric light. But there is no refuse can nor an individual broom
per cell. Each prisoner is given a broom to sweep his cell out in
the morning and the broom is returned when he is through sweeping.

‘There were two men and ewo women in the punishment cells
con the day of inspection, the two men for shouting and whistling
to the extent of disturbing the peace of the prison, and the two
women, both “help,” for refusing to work. The punishment cells
in che women’s department consist of what may be called ordinary
rooms with barred windows. The light and ventilation are perhaps
better chan in the other cells, and the individuals placed in them
are completely isolated from the other prisoners. They can, how-
ever, communicate by means of the windows. The women in
‘the punishment cells are given foll meals, but only blankets to sleep
fon, no beds. Buckets are used for toilet purposes.

The cells used for the temporary detention of prisoners returned
from court, in which they stay, itis seated, for from fifteen minutes
to an hour, were still as inadequate in size as of old. Male prisoners
found to he suffering with venereal diseases, tuberculosis, or the
drug habit, are segregated from the rest, on the fourth tier of the
north cellblock, Prisoners on this tier are not allowed to mingle
with the other prisoners at any time. They take their exercise
fon the gallery of che tier upon which theic cells ate, while the others

jq8 Tux Parson Assoctation or New Yon
eric onthe fas" on te ceneral onion: Thin hard
cert om A a eat of eaberel,pzner who art PO
of he ppm ced age of eberonit wa Lsked in ove

oyioner i a advance’ eue the prvinge of oudooe eet
te complained that he

of ee gamers vafering with gonorthes
Another Diet of te Tack of oper exes 9 hE PSE
wae fing the ee Minors ave eazegated bh in the
sme fells and uring eer

weet aed The impotence of #0
been frequentiy emphasized.

RECOMMENDATIONS.
1, The most important thing for this in
he most imPvermanent apothecary. ‘The dager of

expo ‘
eonplayment, of 8 Piufom of drugs roa pesoner,asstined
Sacre ral “help,” is of extreme

vent apothecary’
‘an officer has

stitution is the

se igoctor’s runner from the gene

2. The lack of host

cat accommodations at this prison

raahtrin deplorable conditions, Numerous surbies! 2ee

results mac to have aseptic surroundings are kept 1 Core

Tee sitary cells, Tuberculnr and venerea! prsotett, prison=

y cells, ea to thelr sanity, and those aficted

atte, ought to be kept in hospital wards,

neigells are the extreme opposite of

proper : "There ought to be

Raequate hospital accor connection with this

Siigon, either within the prison Proper oe iby the designation

prison, Ohm ward in a nearby hospital, organized °° tines
or ase ro those of the prison ward of Bellevne Hospital.

3 ® outdoor exercise for all

Cases, one number
purpose the
Keepers show De ana encr the peison yard, should be
ates CaoUE je eae spacem extaitshed, This woule
eneloned and Flowing prisoner in che yard during
femove the Sams Sg day men pico vane comme and £0,
enter Dat pete temporary detention of pesonere
“ce me poritons OF Ghouid be eneended The prewne
returned om ving of te small compartment ae
deplorabe over tan four or ave peuple, tothe extent

should jouen and more consticuces w sanitary danwer-

screen plan. There is plenty of space ayailal is

vistors have been inal ta tal ccetde, conmering wi the
Teeay thie beaey eae kar oncs  etrgel at okes
in efor wns they may be sng Back othe walls 8 dar
she pose The bung fnew gtge ae Bon beg ue

completec tempts made to obtain access to the prison yi fe
Se pines desioud inthe cv al wore unocersee

SITY REFORMATORY FOR MISDEMEANANTS,
HART'S ISLAND.
The overseer is Louis E. Lawes.

hepsi lane and general ystemof the Relomatoryavebeen
dessin previous reprise pst ears hve Ben
= hee fh adnan he omer ove, arn ore
Lawes was appointed to take his place. Mr. La eek

aawes has had long ex-
perience in reformarory work in Elmira, mee

istrative change and of the constantl) cor ti
spection will be given below. _
ing ot dy moder and freprosh and’ one

soorly constituted and equipped; for light, heat and i ah
Bram Workhouse, sisted on the tome ind, We teed upon

480 Taz Prison Association or New York.

‘There has been a very definite deterioration in the equipment. No
sereens on doors oF windows anywhere in the institution, not even
in the hospital; plaster off the walls even of the new dormitory.
Duilding, overerowding oF dormitories to the extent sometimes of
20 beds where plans called for 65; such are instances of general
physical conditions. Plaster ceilings have been falling down in
many places. Tn one toilet room situated ahove the kitchen all
the plumbing had to be removed because of the constant leakage to
the kitchen below, despite the concrete floor. Such handicaps in
maintaining a clean institution have often been still more increased
by the lack of brooms and other cleaning material

“The inmaves in general have for most of the year been clashed
in a fearfully shabby manner. Often 2 group of inmates, clad
supposedly in uniform, would look more like a heap of rage than
anything else. The little new clothing that was available was 50
badly tailored chae ie would go to pieces in very shore time. Caps
and footwear were in the same general condition. At one time
there was a plentiful supply of No. 9 shoes on hand, but none of
sizes 6 and 7, the sizes actually needed. The boys generally treaced
the clothing with the amount of respect it deserved.

Bedding was insufficient and ragged. ‘There were no sheets, even
for the hospital. Only half the pillows had pillowcases, and only
hhalf the beds were supplied wich bedspreads.

The hospital, consisting of 2 small ward and a number of small
rooms, had a northern exposure, the worst possible arrangement
and the worst possible equipmenc, Until che addition of a medical
‘officer to the staff on the firse of March, 1915, the same physician
served far both che Reformatory and the Branch Workhouse. ‘The
‘merest formality of an initial examination was gone through. ‘The

jan spent most of his time in giving light treatments at so-called

es and supervising the three hospitals on the island, Tubercular
infectiously syphilitic inmates slepr in the same dormitories
with others, worked in the same gang with others, ate in the same
messhall and used the same dishes, No sanitary precautions were
observed in the general laundry system, nor in shaving and hair-
cutting; especially for the latter, no system of sterilization has been

‘The Board of Parole, consisting of nine members, of whom four
are judges, exercises control over the general methods of the insti-
tution and over the discharge of inmates, ‘Their standards have as,
1 whole been mechanical and much inferior to those worked cue
at other reformatories. The so-called marking system has been

“Stier ee 8

The mechanic: ni

merely negative deterrent regulations were

The disciplinary methods
irrational in their dev

tse of the “ cooler.”

CONCLUSIONS AND RECO:
feasured by the stand
ind oth.
Misdemcanants

6 a the inateudtons

‘s er day, distributed af
deportment, two for school and tee

Proper clasifiation and segregerrans

Physical faci id

eauipments the

mnorganized school

correlation between schoo! and

482 Tux Prison Association or New Yor.

library; the utter inadequacy of the library; the shortage
in all forms of equipment; and other matters too many
to enumerate, make this institution a reformatory. in
name only,

2. Disregarding an estimate of this institution on reform=
atory standards and considering it merely as an institution
for the proper care and custody of inmates, the institution
must still be condemned from the standpoint of physical
conditions, equipment and sanitation.

3. The whole reformatory is to be removed, as soon as
practicable, to its new home in New Hampton, New York.
‘There it is planned to organize a reformatory which, In
the matter of acreage, of architectural planning and of the
application of the most advanced principles of reformation,
isnot merely to bean improvement upon che present reform
atory, but is to mark a new step In the development of
reformatory principles and methods. To carry co that new
institution the woeful inadequacy and unsuitability of the
present refarmatory would be nothing short of a calamity.
‘The new reformatory must be initiated on a basis vastly
different In system, in arrangement, In equipment and in

standards, from the Hart's Island institution. The greatest
danger at present is the perpetuation of the present system
chrough the gradual transfer of zhe reformatory covits new

.. There is a vast amount of experience, particu

‘A complete modern reformatory system should be
planned out in all its details without delay, so that it will
be ready when the new home for the reformatory is occupied.
‘This shall occur not by gradual transfer but as nearly as
possible at one time.

In view of the above conclusions the following specific
recommendations are mad.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1, The title of the chief administrative officer should be
changed from overscer to superintendent,

2. The unused parts of the plant should be utilized to
their fullest capacity. Very satisfactory basements are aval
able in the administration building and in the industrial
building, both built in 1910. These basements should be
used either for the organization of a permanent storeroom

Insrecrions,
. 483

oF a8 shops for the
Wailable for doris

6. A physica oe
aA dinners
&. A genera ar,

athing fale sou
eth Actes ahosld be insted fn the tallet room
2 The argent gy

complete
died.

classes. This may
This may be accomplished by

of the present faciliti
of i ilities. Tf, however,

8. The daily ratio
should be increased,
sufiicient,

rater,

pli. ere a
is throughout the institu "i

Pplied to make
two presentable suits,

: one for
ays, holidays and other special oceaciees

‘Tue Prisox Association or New Yors.

484

11, A sufficient supply of underwear, shirts, socks and
shoes is imperatively necessary.

12. Night shirts should be supplied for every inmate.

13, All inmates’ clothing should be marked so that no
interchange shall be possible.

14, Towels should not be kept by inmates an entire week.
‘There should be a sufficient supply of towels, and the
laundering should be so arranged that au individual towel
can be supplied to inmates every morning, and for their
bath, This is especially necessary for an institution run on
the dormitory plan. Towels should also be available on a
similar basis in the shops and at other places of work.

45. In sending material to the laundry, eare should be
taken to have the cloching from the hospital and the clothing
of inmates suffering with tuberculosis, venereal diseases,
or other contagious diseases, sent directly to the sterilizer
before sending such clothing to the general Jaundry.

16. ‘The medical department should have supervision
over all matters of sanitation, Including laundry, bathing,
towels, barbering and strictly medical sanitary work.

47. Inmates should take baths at least three times a
week, instead of once a week.

18. Inmates suffering from cubereulosis or venereal dis-
cases should under all circumstances be segregated in ref-
erence to sleeping, eating and labor assignment. The space
hack of the shower-bach compartment might be utilized
as part of such scheme of segregation. One or two of the

smaller shops in the center of the industrial building should
also be utilized for che purpose, if necessary, and the shops
thus removed should be placed in the basement of the
main building

19. In barbering, shears and particularly razors and
brushes, should be sterilized after each use. This should
be done either by the use of an electric sterilizer or by the
Use of antiseptic solutions. Especially in an institution
where thove affected with infectious or contagious diseases
are not segregated, such precautions are absolutely mec-
essary.

20. Proper medical records should be kept, to Include
hospital records, records of treatment of individwal inmates,
hospital bed sheets, ete., also a registry book for contagious
and infectious diseases, furnished by che Department of
Health.

Inspections,

485

the Horarys ene
ated and develon 3
made more integral paca

23. The system dba,
ized as to prevent the smugatng oe Han

: ow site the
Sree aa tg stematnshid ne

a. e minimum peri :
‘should be increased, me

. All bays
ime of cngheuld be seen by the Board of Parole at th
Parole, K

Punishments and the system of mark

shoutd be changed.
eA system of ‘gra
introduce," °% #ation and classifcation should be
ehniy TBE school and labor activities
credit may be given for the

486 ‘Tue Prison Association oF New York:

aot smn chet ts Sat

Sey ne ibe 9006 ay ban rele 0
tmerented Masco a very much freer sprit obtains, Im the
Sheri according so wetement of he DOP Tae
seer ae ec ee

between six ander moems by Weart or by singing had t0

chat fo be caught

he boys state 1
fe spent in xeading. The boy’ ee aoe

be spent in Fem book meant punishment, The boys now
de a berg to 0 a5 8 DS ory singing ad
TE ae ee of poems nas been discontinued. On
cores field, ie was stated, it had formerly not be
perm “goot,” shout, or even talk. Now, the boys
“Ratural impulses within reason in that
; allowed in the assembly hall.
ower the boys in the messhall and
cision as elected four captains
tgeneral behavlor

fo act as monitors. ouleed,

nape br ay a or te Ras

‘and schoolrooms.
‘ble cellar

Inspections. 487

7. A number of the boys had so much loss of time charged
against them that it would have been impossible to release
them before the lapse of the three-year maximum. The
overseer has recommended the reduction of a large number
of these losses on the basis of character and good conduct
of the individual Inmates.

8. The hospital has been removed from its previous
quarters in the school building to its present quarters in
the industrial building.

9. Bathing and physical examination of each inmate upon
discharge are now a part of the program. This apparently
self-evident necessity has never been met, it was stated,
until very recently.

10. Re-plastering of the kitchen, re-painting of the
Keepers’ dining-room, and removal of the plumbing from
the school building, have occurred.

AL, Apparently the title of overseer has been changed,
for the year 1916 and thereafter, to that of warden, which
is better than overseer but not as good as superintendent.

12. The better utilization of the plant, particularly of
the basements, has been to a large degree accomplished
by the organization of a new storeroom.

13. The hospital accommodations have been very much
improved as above related. However, there has been no
separate dining-room provided nor bath installed.

14. A beginning has been made for a satisfactory supply
of sheets and pillowcases, for uniform clothing, for under-
wear, shirts, etc, There is, however, still an insufficient
supply of socks, and the brogans used are still as unsatis
factory as ever.

15. Individual towels are marked with the number of
the inmate. There is one towel for cach inmate in the
shop, and, according to the statement of some of the
inmates on the last day of inspection, they receive clean
towels in the dormitories daily.

16. The activities of the medical department have
increased and improved; no care has been exercised, how-
ever, to notify the officials of the New Hampton Farms of
eases of tuberculosis or recently cured cases of venereal
diseases included among inmates transferred to the farm.

17. The segregation and treatment of tubercular cases
hhas not been perfected, but those in the contagious stages

York.

488 Tar Pruson Association oF New

vewhat. improv ‘ipally by the addition of the
somewhat, mor cexious diseases, supplied by the Depart-
robe ie are for the faire which include many of the

of venereal diseases
hospital, The hos

The new executive head of the i

the Reformatory

HOUSE OF DETENTION, 205 MULBERRY STRE}
ae asp E.R, Cassy
Insrners Avcust 27, 1915, ay Punar Kes E.

Seach'per diem being determined by
Tinsel ‘a matter of princi

and three women.

mn wwas fifteen men

Inerections. ibe

‘There are two separate buildings, one given up entirely co male
prisoners and the other in part to quarters for women and in part
to the administration. The main building faces the street. On
the first floor of this building ate the reception quarters and the
officers? rooms; on the second foor the purveyor’s living rooms,
The third and fourch floors are divided into day rooms and dormi-
ores for women. A narrow, wooden stairway is the only means
‘of access from floor to floor. "In the basement of this building are
the dining-room for all prisoners, the kitchen and a washroom,
‘This washroom is provided with two stone laundry tubs and a tub
for bathing. The latter was installed, not as a part of the regular
equipment, but to provide accommodations for'warm-water bathing
for female prisoners. This was made necessary because the bathing
facilities for women on the third floor of the same building do not
include hot running water.

During the summer months a Targe room on the fourth floor of
an adjoining building is used as a dormitory. This room is very
well lighted and ventilated and is accessible directly from the hall

The building has been standing since about 1871 and is non-
froproof in every detail, such as wooden floors, cross-beams, stairway
and steps. The seriousness of the fire danger is aggravated by the
arrangement of the stairway, which ie continuous practically from
cellar to roof, thus providing a veritable flue in the event of fire.
Furthermore, the face that gas is burning almost continually in
various parts of the basement and that there is also a large hot-water
heating range and coal range for cooking in the basement make
the conditions even more dangerous. There are no standpipes for
hhose connection, no fire extinguishers, no buckets and no fire drills.

‘The building used for mate prisoners is directly in the rear of
the building above described and is separated from the same by a
courtyard, The north and south sides of this courtyard are enclosed
bya brick wall. In the center of the yard, running north and south,
there is-a tall, wooden fence. In the past it has been found necessary
to devise many means to prevent the escape of witnesses over the
walls, fre-escapes and roof. ‘The present precautions consist of an
iron-spiked fence, sheets of tin and other spiked devices. However,
these are not satisfactory. To provide satisfactorily against escape
ic will be necessary to encage the whole yard. The house itself
is an old, four-story, non-fireproof structure, poorly lighted, poorly
ventilated and antiquated in design. The lowest floor is below
the strece level and has toilets and urinals on the south side, Since
the time of the last inspection new toilet bowls of a modern type

490 Ta Prison Association or New York.

have been installed. On the same side and west of the toilet room
is a very dark room fitted up with a shower-bath. Tc is necessary
‘to have gas lights in this room both day and night when ie isin use.
(On the north side the hot-air heating apparatus is located and also
a room for keeping clothes, etc. This section is wholly dark and
very damp. ‘The plans of the frst, second and third floors are similar.
There is 2 dormitory on the south side, one on che north side and
between the ewo (and in the front of the building) is a room, about
half the size of the dormitory, used at a day room. The other
half of the space between the «wo dormitories contains x stairway
constructed of iron and wood. The fourth Boor is one lange room,
tused sometimes as an indaor exercise room, and, when necessary,
as a dormitory. ‘The dormitories are equipped with six ion cots
each, placed closely together. The air space in each dormitory
js practically 2,000 cubic feet, or about 333 cubic feet per bed.

This is less than the requirements set forth by the New York Ciey
Board of Health for lodging houses. Conditions are aggravated
because of the fact that there is only one window to a dormitory
and that the ventilating system is practically worthless. Holding
a match before the ventilator openings in the wall demonstrated
that there was no draughe. It was stated thae the dormitories
hhad not been painted in the last four years. The last coat of paint
was of a dark color and despite the evidence of satisfactory cleanliness,
the color of these side walls has become many shades darker, thus
making for a vecy gloomy and cheerless atmosphere. ‘The general
condition of the walls in the dormicories is disgraceful and should
not be tolerated. In many instances the paint was pecling off in
large pieces. Undoubcedly, the appearance of the rooms can be
much improved by the application of a light-colored paine. ‘This
‘was proved by the appearance of one of the day rooms that had
recently been s0 painted. ‘The doors of the dormitories are of the
iron-barred type, such as are found in regular cells, and are locked
ae night,

If the number of inmates is less than forty there ase usually two
posts assigned to the building, requiring six patrolmen, two st a
time on cight-hour shifts. ‘These twa patrolmen are responsible
for the supervision of the six dormitories. IF the census increases
+o forty of more, an additional pose is established, making the total
number of ehe staff in the house nine, three at a time. At any rate,
the number of dormitories is in excess of the maximum number of
officers that ate detailed, therefore making impossible constant
supervision of the dormitories, which is absolutely essencial if immoral
practices are to be prevented.

The inmates a .

and appeared to be satisfactory. a
as follows: °
TL ey

vice "week, the bed apeeade
the whole hung, bod ale

he bil of tare was given oughin

been adits ean
Y Gee subaiaced for cee end Sante

Lamb ew with potsocs, bread sad bat

Soined bee and Cabbage porateeh ee ca bacter,
Boast beef and pettus ont shutge ne

Bape gf eda alittona igeablbrsd and be

Reset Steak uh cece BSS sae
et the day of inspection the dinner was
bean soup and potatoes, The fot aya
zation and appeared satisfactory in every
The refrigerators and tins were lease
Per was said co consis of cold rica,

vues rae si salad, dessert, tea and

‘The meals are taken in the di
seats approximately twenty-eight at a dina: ee ee room which
and then the men, | BRE AF 2 time, The women eat fire

‘The reeords for vl
rds forthe year ending July 31st show the following

‘Total for yea ee

st Jay a ee ms er el inmate
he Te vent Avs sents per meal per inmate. For this sum, ae

and the necessary launder
= necessary laundry. This means work for not only the part

eae rnecton, whether called purveyor, or otherwise, for the risk is too

co of lors on the part of the
ents either of unsatisfactory service pat of the
arent ener A geudy of the figures for the past year gives the fol

lowing:
1 fr the year ending ly 53
“The num actully eesived by the murvey

P24 svi ste iaietians of che Departmen
aot erate City of New York ix 16 sents 37 apis
Sey ie base the co
Pragya for food
Bribe aber
Haweves
oF mea

apenas by he
fete of Beténcon

Isler ee oer

“pended oul

i ae sy
rene stevane, amen

‘picieimmnnnapeeat

(orcleyneiy etsy apd outside

Deaduerng thie rom the total ee

[Adding to this the approximate value of the rental (for which no
cans eg) at $300 there appears to be spproximately am income
SP altar the year fom Aagost t 1984 © July 31 1985. W
wey low sng of esror even shih 8 82500 andthe ing
a eed ake purveyors Privilege for that year was worth ovet
Sr Ti enpereonal vervices of the purveyor amounted to ch
SEs of the purveyor and her daugheer

RECOMMENDATIONS.

c the authorities

1. It is a principle generally accepted by the authorities
on thesubject that there are only two alternatives admissibl

InerEctions. re

for the proper detention of a large number of persons.
‘That is, either in separate zooms, one person to a room,
or in large dormitories with constant night eupervision in
each. The use of small dormitories, making constant night
supervision an economical impossibility, has been generally
condemned. Tie system at the House of Detention pro-
vides just such sccommodations in small, unsupervised
dormitories. It is therefore concededty a wrong method
of detaining persons. We therefore urge the abolicion of
this system.

2. Regardiess of the question of system, the condition
of the detention quarters feem other standpoints also fails
to come up to modern standards. ‘This is emphasized by
the non-fireproof character of both buildings and the lack
of adequate toilet accommodations, especially in the men’
department, necessitating the use of buckets during the
night; the insuffictently lighted and ventilated dormitories,
shower-bath compartment, toilet compartment,

condition of the side wells, due to Tack of paint and plaster.

We therefore recommend the following:

a. New quarters should be provided complying with
modern requirements for privacy, proper supervision, light
and air, opportunities for necessary outdoor exercise, ade-
quate toilet and bathing facilities, satisfactory heating
apparatus and a sufficient supply of hot and cold running

b. Pending the scquisition of quarters meeting with the
above recuirements the following changes are strongly
urged:

Both buildings should be provided with chemical fire
extinguishers and fire pails.

Regular fire drifls should be conducte

Adequste toilet facilities should be provided in connection
with the male dormitories so as to obviate the use of the
buckets at aigh.

junning hot and cold water should be supplied in the

Practice open to numerous dangers).
All the male dormitories should be painted a light serv-
iceable color.