30th Annual Report 5 folded plates (all mutilated), 1874

THIRTIETH ANNUAL REPORT

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS,

FOR Pith YAR 1e74,

TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE APRIL 9, 1878.

ALBANY:
WEED, PARSONS AND COMPANY, PRINTERS.
1875.

STATE OF NEW YORK.

No. 78.

IN SENATE,

April

THIRTIETH ANNUAL REPORT ¢)g 74

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE PRISON ASSOCIATION
OF NEW YORK.
Paisow Assoorarios or Naw Yor,
58 Braue Houst, Aston Prack,
Naw Yous, April 5, 18%
‘Vo Hon. Writtas Dorsnenwen,
Lieutenant-Governor and President of the Senate:
Sin—In accordance with chapter 163 of the Laws of 1846, we have
the honor to present herewith the Thirtieth Annual Report of the
Prison Association of New York, and respectfully to request that you
will lay the same before the logislatue.
Yours respectfully,
THEODORE W, DWIGHT,
President,
SINCLAIR TOUSEY,
Chairman of Ex. Com.
ELISHA HARRIS,
Corresponding Secretary. *

CONTENTS.

Ovnicuns ov Paiso Assootariox
Licr ov Hononany axp Connespoxpine Sumwbies
Lise of Locar Congrrrmns 1 COUNTIES...
Ruporr ov Bxxcorivs CoxMirree.

SONS OF BROOKLYN
EXETAMIHS AND JAIES..

NG Fenare Patsox
Sercias Visor to Couxrr Jasss, xp Spbciii, Savy ob
Chie AND PAUPBRISM IN THE “JOKES”

INDEX OF TOPICS.

Reporr or Exnocrrvs Cosine
Preliminary remarke—industrial deficiencies of con-

zo caviet and detention deparimené
County and City Prisons...

The Six Peniteittiaries —Siate Prisons
Suggestions and conolugions....

Rupont op Gunzuar Acsyt:
Detention department — visited, afded, complaints, read-
Dis cel conviots lodging, employment, aol clot
Tanke of dlochatgad oa vils —penitentiaten,

Covwry axp Ory Puivoxe:—Lock-ups described. .

Mustoan Dismater Prisons New York City

‘The Tombs, Jeiferson Markel Prison.
Hatex, Market, Fourth and Fifth Distsiol Poivo
How to increase the number of cells in the Tombs

Pouton PRisons oF BROOKLYN :—Desoribed...

Peyrrenmmanres axp SATIS

Albany Penitentiary, by Charles Reynolds.
Kinge County Peniteutian

vi Conrexns,

Puwimesrzantns axb Saris— (Continued),
‘eports of oa omits on jl of Gens, Delaware
ri, Montgmers, Niagi, Orit, Onondaga aad
Qneens Counties .
Report of lea! comm{stee on Richmond County all.
i Prison labor in ail. sf
Causes of eri

ote on the Richmond. County dail
Proposed act to prevent orime, eto. 103
Report of oval cunuhize ow jas of Suitolk Sivas,
ioga, and Yates Counties
Notes pon jails by Mx. MeKinuey

DiscHARGED Coxviors ar AuRURN:
Stafaties — employment education, long sontences, elas-
sifcation and commutation,
MM. Orvis on dischatged conviots of Clinton Prison,
‘Fauaze Convicrs— Pnisow anp Reronwavonrns:
Habitual criminale and frst offenders— the Woman’s
Prison Association roves Gesessqeatees AMTSUIB:
Revonr ox vin SIS0 SING PATE Paso,

Difflenlties and prejudices to overcome— eases reported.

Necesty of elassiention—betler hospital accommo.
tions and employs

Statisios of crime, nationality, ages, habit, a,

‘Nucuecrep Sovuezs or Crntn

Hereditary entailment--trae analysis of erime—motives
IMCL. cw sesesessce cee eres

Rypour ov Sercrat Visits ro Coewry Jatts rox 1874, ax
‘Seucras Secby PACPERISN OP THR JCIHS:

Tmprored fll ba gsc of young offenders

Me igo coe
Harlotsy, with satities aud thesr sna
Megitiacy, statistic *
Dist wad payerin, with sai nnd hana,
Intemperance, with crdoiging and anggestions.
Grime, with statistics aud their a

of evime to juuperien
Relations of honesty, Grime and panpetisn

rniont indus, indisial”
taining

Kindergarden and objce ieasons iw’ soformaton
Organiring public spi
Geberalizntions on heredity'and suvironment
‘Necossity of studying crituinale and theie ancestry. c++ 18
Btatistical ‘stm “ot this family, . . 7 . 188-191

IS} 4

OFFICERS OF THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK, 1875.

‘muKoDORE W. DYIGHT,

oun nora Sey ore CHARLO 3 JOVEN, One

Skirt os0000, Dn. 14 W, nt tee,

srepmes cori,
= icra nar,

cnanias 3,200

BY

HONORARY MEMBERS,

L. By Bionox.
John W. Ramonds* , —
Renssolner N. Havons....0000000000002
Peter Cooper

2, By Conrnimvrion oF 8100 4” one TIM,

Goonge B. Archer
Wilton 1 Aopin

‘oi
William Be Crosby
Goines.
Willfam 18 Dodge. 1211211
William Batley Duncan,
Wintheop 8. Gilman,
William 0. Gilman.

omiee Gray i
Nevetles Hoviand 1.
UK joes
Joho aston Johan
James Leno.

Allin Seta,
Sanne F.

George D. Morgan
Ale Nonio =.
iM Olyphaat
Doel Patish
George D, Phelps, Se
Jahn A. Pullen

We, Rhinelanda

‘New York,
do

10 Hoxonany Mrxauns,

GB Bote

LV. S. Roosevelt
‘Theo. Roosevelt...
Adam Sackett
‘Joseph Sampeon* -
ra Sbeate

Albany county: residence, Albany —Maverce B, Vrete, Hon. Ira

Habats, Hoo, Writia Law Lyanwnn, Rev. Rov W. O1ARs,
Wanb Savacz, Rev, Cuaxins Revxouns, saorelary.

Allegany county: Angelica, Hon. J. S. Gueux, Dr, Ww. M. Srna.

Broome county : residence, Binghamton —S. C. Huroncoox, Dr.
JOHN G. Ontox, Sanix MoKINNzY, B.N. Looms, E. M. NOYES,
Rey. W. A. Hrroucoox, E. i. Cuan, Wat, A. MoKiawny.

Cattaraugus county: zsldence, Little Valley—Evonxe A.
residence, West Randolph — Rey. FA. 0, Evernrr, Dr.

Salon. 11 We uss
E.

W, Westo! foes ‘i

Semel Wiles ce - Cayuga county : sesidence, Auburn — Minus Pemey, Jaans 8. Six
wove, Dr. &. Witarb, Mx. oxo, Dx J, W. Wunxre, Rev. J. B.
Coxnir, Hon, W. B. Woonrx, Bynow 0. Siti, Dr J. D. BUTTON,
Deis RALWARD, Mrs. Mines Penny, Mrs. Wrists

: Chautauqua county: residence, Mayville — Rev. Ms. Bentox, J. A.
Dr, Blaha Faris << : : a0 Mitura, Wiuitaw Cuacuy Byedonia—M. 8 Moone; Weslteld—

James tee verseeescees Auburn, Ns Y, Aurunp Parrenson; residence, Jamestown — Hon. dC. PRESTON,
Toseph Howland Leese afateaan, N.Y Atueen

‘Mrs. Joseph Howland és z

iter S°8°S, ean, DB : ‘troy, N.Y. Cheamng county: gesidence, Rnina— Hom. Loorts Rossxaox, Di

Bey Dearing cea ey, 'h & Paren, Rov. Dz Kwox, Rav. G, R: McNion,

hom Weolsiesscccoecceccieciaccis MO Di, We Sactan, Dias Fe Hast, D. Atwirea, BG. SUnoRIDUE
wen Chenango comnty : residenos, Norwich — Isaac Nuwrox, Dr. H. Ke

BeLLows, Dr i, 1 Bencawt, ev. S. ScovuLhe
SENAY Clinton county: residence, Plattsburgh — Hon. M. K. Pars, Hiexuy

Geo, B: Phelps, 2.00122 — Onvis, Hon. G.AL Backwinit; residence, Keoaeville— Hot, HENRY

D.G. Bobbins Jr es é We ey KINGSLAND, 22

Miles Perry sieges Aubam, Columbia county: rwsdonce, Hason — A. 8. Pas, A. B. Scorn, Jom

Francis Genige’ Shaw, AWN: Brighton, 8. Io “'Siaesox, C. W. Graianp, J. Souviay, G. W, TOxLinsox

TDeveased Cortland county: residence, Cortlandville— Hon. Horatio BALLARD,
Frank Piack, Dr. PREDPRIOK Hype, Lewis 8. BOUORTOS ; real:
dence, Homer Hon. 6. W. Baaprord, Dz. Caney GnEpx, ‘TH0s,
So Rahwey.

Delaware county residence, Delhi — De, Faun Jacoas, Rev. B. B.

Russeut, Dre D. I. Ma WW. Buowx, Penns Jacous, Jr.,
W Gurewoun, Bn’ W. Youwase

Dutchess county: residence, Poughkeepsie — H. Joux J.

ait, Di bwaav Be Pantie, Beatinx Unt, Hows Peas

Evie county: residence, Bnffulo—Spru Cuans, F. P. Woop, Huow

Wassrve, Janes Lroxs, P. J. Punars, Dr. Sows D. Hn, De
Witt C. Weep, Davin P. Pact.

rr) Loca Comsraze of ConnnsponpRNcr.

Basex county : residence, Bhsabethtown —Dr, 8. B. Hany, A. 0.
Higa, Anat Panta, Revs Ws Bannows, Roast W. Davis
Frama cong: residence, Malone — Dr 8 P. Bases Hon, W. A
‘Wiresiom, PT, Hears, Jom J. Grevens, Hon. J. P. Baporne
Fulton conniy: residence, Jobasiown —Honage 8. Swim, Jacon
N08, De Fraxors BURDIOR residence, Gloversville” US
Butoty oust Petvaos

Genesee county: residenoe, Batavia —Dr. Ls B, Corns, Prot. G. Fete
ware, C. Fe Boxos

Greene county: residenos, Catskill — Gronap H. Pasereno, exes
GHabpes, Savers Hanes, Mew MB. Surazox

Hamilton county: residence, Walls —G. B, Monntsos; residence
Sageville— Was. Fx,

Herkimer connty: ysidence, Herkimer—Hon. Beka Gnaves, Davty
Mi Daveswokr: rusidencs, Mion E. Rextnoros, Oaats
Mose

Jefferson connty: residence, Watertown — Romano G. Keres, Juss

“Apaws, M. Coxepes, Dn. CHauurs M. Jomxsox, dom’ I:
Morris, Jostaur 3. Movizon; rience, Antwerp itv. d+ A

Sings cous: sesilense Bivaklnn — Rav. .G, Bass Hon, Boos
Brit, Pink "h Hovr, N. T. Burns, Jn, Wot B. Wapswourn
Ey PiAhiy ANDRn A. Siam Dr JH Hosant SUuer

i: msidence, Lowrillo— Dr. F. B, Houca, Rev. G Le
oor, DaviD Wann, Cannon House, Davin R Wateoss
residence, Croghan — Anos ice

Livingston counts esse —F. Dz Wirr Wanp, D. T.
Bueseit, Prof. M01 W.-H. Laupenpace, G. No Seeacv2,
@.W. Pannock.

Madison eounty: residence, Morrieville—D, D. Guaes, HL P. Mranr.
Tivcrus P, Ciara; residence, Oneida — W. R. Witzaxes.

Montgomery county : resdeneo, Fonda — Wrnuax D, Sonootena
Ret ‘normiNenaM, H.'S, Spanks} residence, Amsterdam —
G6 Wentu

Moproe county; raidencs, Rochester Hon. Hwa R. Seine De.
W. L, Kay, Dr. H.W. Dean, Gen, J. W. Mantevpate, Rev
Van Tsons, P. Thonn, Jastns T. Snewant,

Vax Voonuts, Trnopoze Bacox, luna Joxas;
port— Epwaiun Bristot.

New York: — Tux Association's Cowmnrenss ox
Discuanen Prisos es

Niagara county : residence, Lockport — Cuanuus T, Kizuotys,
H Wanoen, De. J. B, Hansweut, Mrs J.T. Bertan, Mrs. D.C.
Maxweut, Hexay Tuonsiox, Mew Wa. Kwowass, Mrs Te Z

Looa Communes of CORRESPONDENCE. 18

Oneida county: residence, Utien— Col, Tao. P. Coox, Hon, Wa.
Vacony sigh & Sivan, De: Rowan Hnoinssoy, San i
Wataetx’ Ewin Hunts residence, Kome Siow @ Viseor,
AE: Gooomsovon
Onondaga coanty: residence, Syracuse — Hon, P, Boys, M. 0.
Pasaten, Dr HB, Wreata, Dre. D, Bavapror, Rev. Mt Barn,
Dr RW. Pease, Hon. W. HH. Gum, A. ©. Wasmovns, Srworat
Hoven rescence, Salina —‘rxorm® R PORTER
Oni county: rrdane Canandagn— Poot, Busan RrcranD8,
ir, Dowson, Nr tn, Prof, Rowaib ii, Hon. Taxes
Gl Surrm Rov. FB. Auta.
Orange eousty: residence, Goshen —C, B, Maunray, Dr. Wranane B.
1 Dad. H,'Fuowrso, Di. Hl. 1. Hontwsos  sidencn,
RV. R Montvorn, Gran Iehaxn, Rev. Wet
‘Wisunair MoCzna; rosidenge, Middletown — Hon,
JD. Ware, Hon. J. G, Wiets, Dr He Srinas.

Orleans county: residence, Albion —Hon, EK. Hant, Daxien W.
Pusu, . 1 Houwus, Thoma Clark,

Oxego. county : residency Oswogo — Hon. 0. J, Hanwox, G. ©.
‘MeoWnortse, Hon. J. A. Piack, J. H. Cor, @, Mottsox.

Otsego county + residenee, Cooperstown —Exiau Purewnr, Dr. H.
Larznor, 8M. Suaw, @.P. Kensx, Miss Susan Coors, Noa
wooo Bowny, Dr. W.‘P. Bassern.

Putnam county: residence, Carmel— Hon. W.8.C re, J. D, Livi,

‘Dr A. Ey.

Queens county: residence, Manhasset —C. F. Homans, W. H. OxDER-
jONK; residence, Hempstead — Rey. Wa, H. Moke, D. D, Dz,
Joun M. Davipson;; vesidence, Westbury — Onrvan Turus.

Rensselaor county: residence, Troy—Axcasa R. Moone, TH. W.
Hovarox, Dr. HB. Wartox, N-B, Risen, Ter. Wat Tavis,
Saou. Osten,

ichmond county: residence, West Brighton Kowa B. Misia,

Abs. J. 8. Lowen; residence, Richmond, 0. H.—Wemaars Crane,
Be iL. Muswavon, Srupus Sruviiys, aie 1 Moowe, Mi

Rockland county: reidengs, Stony Point —De. Wat Govan resi

donee, Haverstraw Fanzwax; residence, New City — Cravs
M. Gnoat, Hon. A. B. Goxaue, Seance Woon.

Saratoga county — residence, Ballston Spa—. ML Murcuunut, J. W.
‘Dr. Monaax Lewis; residence, Saratoga Springs — Sax
E- Buouinuiy Hlimase Ac Wissosy Oscar Savees

Seneca connty: residence, Waterloo— Hon. 8. @. Hazy, Rev. W.
D. Dory, Dr. 0. S. WEL (GRIDLEY; residence, Ovid
Hon, Gronos Fraxeuix, Di: Jous B. Onaree Dr Ar

Schoharie county: residence, Schoharie — Rev, Jacop Hox.

“ Locan Comaurress or ConeespoxpENce,

Scheneoiady county
"Nrowonas Gaim,

Sepuyer cova
Davis, Rey, Dt.

residence, Schenectady — Dr. B. L, Movxpens,
we

residence, Watkins — Dr.
FANN; residence, Burdeit— Dr. Ni
Felonce Havana Prot Autos Bhows

‘T. Buss, Fempznios
‘on NIVISOS

St Lawrence county: residence, Canton — Dr. J. C. Pewstox, Gxo,
Roprvsow, James Gaxpenex, HH. Joop; residenos, Ogd
burg—Dr. Siznaax, Prof. R. G, Pertinox; residenoe, Pots:

dam — Prof. McVror.e.

residence, Bath—Guy MeMaster, J. L. Pann,
ywanp, Rev. Jauue M. Parr, O.F. Krnosupy; Tex
dence, Hammondsport— Dr. Cook Huoren ; residence, Corning —
Dr. HC. May, Rev. De Niues, F A, Wintraas,

Suifolk county: residence, Riverhead —N. W. Foaren, Dr.
BENJAMIN, THOMAS Cook, G. O. Wiis.
Soltivan county: rosidenes, Montiodo—Tl. A. Hantow, Canina
Canspy ; residence, Grahamville— Dr. J. M. La Monee,
EW. Wanven, H. [. Busx, Hon,

Rov. M. Chanx, @. B. Goon:

Steuben county:
Rev. 0. K. Ho)
Ru.

residence, Owago —
Te. Guaren
Mou, A. COBURN, HD, Piewsy, J We Lanonustrs.

‘Tompking county residence, Tehaca— Prof, Way, Cnaxxixo Rus-
Set, Hon, Avex, H. Senkres, Ton, Minus Vas VADRENDEKG,
Prof Wiutiax D, Wrisos, Rov. Ruvus Srenmrss, W. 0. Wrox:
W.B, Jomsson.

Uater county: residence, Kingston — Hon. Janse G, Lanpsty, Rev
Quo, Wareus, D. D, ‘Many W, RuvNoins; residence, New
Pats De GW, Davos tesidenos, Whitoport- Hono Doane

Warren county: residence, Take Ceorge— Dr, Cxoxwntt, Sava
B, Anomimatn, Atuner F. Raxsox
Washington cons guog Salem —R. 6: Anoop, Taos Biase
Dit BB Sea ‘wiai} residence, ort Haward —
I 'De Were Mines, Syste He Aoaiss’
connty: reHidence, Ions — Ds. H. D. Vosnono, Jom &.
bn, War, Vax Masts, Grranate Ears; residence, Palmyra
Isnae Buoxsosy is Lvoxs, Mrs: Puuxy Suxros, Gnak MoLocrary
residence, Walworth — Hon. Lucirx Ty Ynow aK
White Plains—Dr H, 2 Soapcmn,
Vas Kenux: ssidougs, Pelham — Misses
ONEE) sesddensn Sibg Sing —Dr G
J Bint My Gazuenase i Vast Contiaspn, LG. Bosrwiex,
BG: Hown, ©. C. Now
Wyoming county : residence, Warsaw —Hon. &
War Mf Sinan, €. b Boazos, Jo, Naseat, JV. SraaeR
Yates county : residence, Penn Yan —Mrnox Hauer, Hon. D.
Ospns, Uns Jonas, Fosueat F. Cxosey.

‘Tioga county

‘THIRTIETH ANNUAL REPORT

PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK.

‘Tir Exeoutive Committee of the Prison Assooution of New York
respectfully submit the thirtieth anuual report of this organization,
tind bog Teave to invite the attention of the Jogislature aud the people
Df the state to the objects for which it continues its efforts, and to the
vvils and causes of evila whioh it secks to mitigate and prevent.

In the eall for the meoting to organize this association, the objects
in view wore sharply dened in the following words, and subsequently
were recited in the act of incorporation :

(1) ‘Pheameliorntion of the condition of prisoners,whother detained
“for trial or finally convicted.

(2) ‘The improvement of prison discipline generally; and

“(B) The relief of disoharged prisoners by affording the means of
“obtaining an honest livelihood.”

Tris now thirty years since that lange assembly of earnest and thought
fal men convened in the city of New York, for the purpose of organ
ling the Prison Aasociation. To prevent and save from crime was
the object in view at that time. Tt is still the object of this associa-

Among honored fonndere of this organization were several masters
of criminal law, and nnmerons observers and workers in the Hlelds of
toeial and pnblic duty. Judge John W. Edmonds, Hon. Theodore
Frelinghuysen, Judge Win. 'T. MeCoun, Charles P. Daly, Benjamin
Butler, Freeman Hont, Robert B. Minturn, Rev. Dr. Channing, Town
send Harris, Prof, J. 1, Tollkumpf, and others of the Srat officers of
‘his institution laid down the eardinal principles for its operations, and
efined the duties which should engage the study and effort of the
tnembers and all enlightened citizens in regard to the interests of society

16 ‘Ummucrere Axwean Reson? of THE

in jroo ead etdary, and oonooiisig he onus at orimo at the
‘most effectual means for its repression." a
"The lew of foes hed, trom time immemorial been te law of psoas
‘Thespintot John Hoard had entre the hearts of mony good ellison
butit had not entered the prisons of New York at leh ib was not
in 1844-48, governing them. "The souraes of erie and the julial
handling of oBendere ete then, a they ae now, made the exbjecls of
Btadious ingnity; au if inthe thirty Fours peat thar has boon prog
Foie in provenie and eorrotioual saoarues pana crime 0 lao Haye
inoroued. Ben the mithods of penl treatment and of refornntory
Giscipiue which might have teen allowed and. oven appropriste forty
seer ag ay not masts are Shep ay, whe
Ee caving aid verperaten of erie squid Bw aight of popeny
And morally are arts of ennaiog contrivance popes
ne teeing pref hs win I

he method of advising a guiding. de dsoarge

convic is eystratised and rendered efectual in suoh a degre that to
erery one who upon, Mberation from Drivn, las sbitty and desire fo
lead ie of wsetalindusty, at oppostanity i ofeed tnd ll poste
cheouragement given, ‘he seports embediol ty this volume from the
eneral agent aad the three other agents who arv eogoged in this dat,
thow bow sich ald is given, aud mith what resulter ‘he ohiet aif
olty experienced in conducting this duly aise ffom the ignorance

tid want of el ofa gent portion of tho conviot class ee ree

1 iT flowin a ony fhe ores which hat Zao prelot of Hh
any Fasyertrs Inset taroigh the dally pow hth ey,and whic Ie 39 te

cen direeted by the Bond of Lap
te the attention of ie Uemevolent 10

lore veduee te fet dato ond
Safe or nel ato often soe Sly alter

putes by tel dat aot efor can be tafe Inte tah of reform

‘lreted no wana! to hs novoeat nts ito render tal ayy fort

“ etfs poy tn thon wh pal pe rience ope
“Tw Yom, 9,194 Prenton Beard of apse

7+ — paisos Assocrastox ov New Yous.
‘any useful trade o employment. Even with this disadvantage, the
fesults of the system for guiding discharged prisoners into usofnl
employment and encouraging thom to do the best they can, have
Choveded expectations and warrant the continuance of the agencies by
‘which this branch of duty is conducted.

"Though after thirty years the condition of ‘the convicts in our state
prisons ia scarvely Detter, and their disciplinary training is no better than
‘rion the late Judge J. W. Edmonds, as president of the Board of Prison
Tnspeotors, at Sing Sing, in 1844, first invited public attention to the
wants of discharged prisoners, the arrangements for receiving, advising
‘nd in a proper degros and manner befriending thote liberated prisoners
who desize to live virtwonsly, aro now adapted to give all suitablo aid to
them and at the same time to protect society. ‘The system adopted
by tho association, in this branch of its duties, mests the approval of
the employers of labor, and thus far has produced beneficial results to
the employed and the employors alike. ‘The deplorable want of
instruction and training in useful industzies in which a trade or means
of subsistence shall be thoroughly acquired by every couvict in the
ywieone and penitentiaries of this state, is painfully obvious to our
gents who deal with the disoharged prisoners. Only a few of the men
‘and youth who leave these penal inatitutions have aegnired any trade,
‘or have any sare vocation ; aud itis a dificult. duty to pluce euch per
fons, however well disposed they may be, with employers who will give
the necesssry attention to the training and encouragement which each
one needs. ‘The fact that no small namber of gentlemen and supsrin-
fendents of trade industries have taken interest in this duty and
soceeded in it, encourages as to continue the agencies by which every
conviel, upon Hberation, shall be offered an opportunity to led on
honest ‘and useful course of ie in some suitable employment. The
report of tke general agent, at the office in the city of New York,
Shows that 827 discharged conviots, from state prisons und peniten-
tiaries, were guided to suitable employers duting the past year. The
Teport of the agenoy at Auburn shows the state of prisoners discharged
from the prison, at that place, during the last year, and the number
‘who returned to their families and kindred, aud what others were
‘aided in vbtaining places of employment. ‘The report for the agency
at Plattsburgh, for the prison at Dannemora, shows what prisoners
Wore discharged during the year, and the number reesiving lodging
fgnd food, and such other friendly aid as they needed, on striving on
that station for departure from their prison Life, while many of this
‘number received the neoassary aid in procaring employment, ‘The
agency maintained by the Albany auxiliary aided discharged prisoners
fo employment, and has guided as many os possible direotly
from the penitentiary to their relatives, or other euitable frienda, At

[Sen, Doe. No. 78:1 2

18 ‘Tranmere ANNUAL Ruporr op THE

Syracuse and at Bnifalo, the interests of penitentiary prisoners have
received similar attention, though no separate agencies have been
established in those cities. The local committees do what they can.

‘The duties connected with the office of the general agent in the

‘of New York have greatly increased in theirextent and importance
year by year, and the labors performed in the discharged convict
Gepartment hare beoome especially interesting and responsible since
the new method of conducting this duty was introduced, Hach con
viet in the state prisons befure and after liberation —aa is explained
in the last two annual reporis— is first called upon and advised by an
agent or representative of the association, to whom he states hia wants,
Purposes and desires, and then seme suitable provision is made, if
possible, ‘This duty of advising with the prisoner before liberation has
not, for obvious reasons, been conducted with that system in the peni-
tentiaties of Blackwell’s Island and Kings county, with whieh it is
conducted in the several state prisons. ‘The large proportion of short
term prisoners in these twa institutions, together with the immense
number who are discharged each month, has made it impossible for
‘the general agent to visit them and through advice and counsel pre-
ppare them for their return to the world. ‘The prisoners, too, iu most
instances, are of that class who abound in large cities; and who, as
expressed in a former report, have been suffered to “come ap” instead
of boing reared, who have no knowledge of any trade or occupation,
and who drift along aimlessly and helplessly through life. Eepecially
is this the ease with those discharged from the penitentiary on Black-
well’ Island, where there is no organized system of industry and con-
sequently but litile discipline, and where the training they receive, f
‘raining it oan be called, does any thing but Gt them for lives of indus
‘try and usefulness,

‘The new commutation low, which was enacted by the last legisla.
ture, and which went into operation on the ist day of Juue, 1874,
greatly increased’ the Inbors aud responsibilities of the aseociation,
‘as under its operation, nearly 400 state prisoners were liberated
without time for preparation, and at a season of the year when
employment in the different branches of manufacture is most difficult
to obtain,

Discuanazp Cosvior Dararncenn.

‘The general interest which the assoeration, during its 80 years of
existence, has been instrumental in awakening as to the condition of
the discharged convict when he emerges from the prison, has resulted
in the removing of many of his digeouragoments, and placed him in
‘such a position before society that he is no longer looked upon as an
‘outcast, whom no one will employ —nor an incorrigible whom no pro

874

Prison Assoctatiox or Nuw Your, 19

cots can reclaim, And, although they have not accomplished all they
‘could desire in the treatment of these objects of their care, the con-
Gition of these men is far less hopeless than in former years, or than
ie would uow be without the association’ efficient and peculiar aid
earnestly and judiciously directed.

"To the discharged convict it is a matter of the utmost importance
that a place ia provided to which, upon his release, he ean go and
obtain counsel and advice as to his future movements, and instructions
in relation to his dutice and obligatious in the new field he is about to
entor— where, if need be, his immediate and most pressing wants oan
be supplied, and where stich assistance as ia necessary to secure him
rwefal employment, by which he can maintain bimself and live a life
‘of houest industry — is freely offered,

‘Dhe efforts of the association in this particular, and the results of
such efforts, eanuot be considered in a brief paragraph ; to hundreds
it has opened up a new life which encourages them to follow in
the path of seetitades and while men who havo spent the greater
prt of their lives in the unrestrained gratification of their evil
propensities aro not likely to return at onee to a virbuous and sober
iahood, yet such facilities are afforded them as will prevent—
if they are to disposed—a return to dishonest or depraved courses of
life, ‘The greawst difficulty encountered hy this association during
the past yeur hus been in finding employment. ‘The season has been
one of general dullness and depression, and few manufacturers or em-
ployers of Inbor have been’ able to provide permanent situations. The
sznoeiation has, therefore, boen obliged to eontribute to the support of
hese men much longer than they would @uring more prosperous times,
‘and have sent many into the country at an expense that hitherto has
been avoided by securing them sitnations nearer home.

‘Daring the year just closed 1,490 persons, who had been discharged
‘rom the several penal institutions in this state, applied to the association
{or zelief in some form, and uot s single individasl of this large num-
ber was turned away empty-handed ; but all were aided with what
they most ceomed to require, and with that judicious diverimination
Which a thorough knowledge of their wants and a long experience in
this work give.

‘The particular manner in which each individual in this immense
multitude of helpless and erring humanity was dealt with is shown
in the following summary. ‘The prison from which they were dis-
‘charged and the number from euch appear in the accompanying table,
which, together with the statemonts relating to the subjects therein
mentioned, are copied from the records of Col. A. W. Sheldon, the
general agent, whose zoslous spirit, enlighlened activity and die

20 ‘Tunemera AxNuan Revoxr or THE

cretion in the various duties of his office we mention, in this place,
‘with special commendation,
Seven hundred and sixteen were cither aided to employment or obe

tained it through their own exertions or tho efforts of their frionds;
fand while the majority of these sitnationa were only temporary, it
gave to the employed confidence in their own ability to provide for
their own wants and some encouragement for the faemr.

Of the abore number, 111 were sont to situations out of the city, i
being the policy of the association to send as many as possible, imme-
iately upon their release, to friends far remote from tho temptations
tnd danger of their former snrronndings. ‘The wisdom of thus deal-
ig with these men is shown in the small number that return to their
‘old hasnts or re-eugage in a life of orime:

nidred and ewolve destitute and homeless conviots were pro-
lodging and boavd until a sitmation was secnred
yy had obtained one through their own exertions;
and, as employment during the past year hae at all times beon difficult
to obtain, either by the association or the men themselves, this care
hhas frequently extended into weeks before other provision’ cowld. be

Four hundred and ninety-three were enabled to reach their home
or friends at a distance, or some one who had promised to provide for
them until such # time as they were able to maintain themsolves
And while the association as ever boon careful to send only ench as
had definite offers of aid, it has endeavored to seoure from those w
‘would be most likely to befriend tiem promises of such help as they
could offer.

‘our hundred and seventy-six discharged convicts wero supplied
with olothing suitable to the season and tho oecnpations at which
they were about to engoge, many being supplied with an entire new
outit, including underclothing, shoes, ete.

‘One hundred and forty-two wore furnished with tools sufficient to
enter into e situation at the trade of which they had a knowledge, and
fat which situations had already heen promis ured; lees aiff
lty being exporioneed in providing employment for these men than
for those without 2 fixed trade o occupation.

Sixty-one prisoners’ families were yelieved in various ways, and
enabled Lo retain their homes until other provision had been made for
their maintenance and support. And althongh the duty of providing
for the families of prisoners, either during confinement or after their
release, does not properly belong to the association, yet, in numerous
instances, thoy have felt ealled upon to extend that relief which was
necessary to prevent absolute suffering, or the division and separation
of farailies, until other meaus had been seoured for their support

se Ly Naw Yous
the year by the Assooiation, at ita oftee én New

Poouns ov tay GoxsnaL A

woth dur

York, and the prisons from which they

Showing the number of discharged prisoners aided aach

Pnisox Ascoctamiox oF Nuw Yors. ar

| i | BBSSRRSASS58 |&

=
SL armel

a

‘Darerern ANNUAL Repour o7 THE

AverRacr oy THs GENERAL AGuwt’s Recons,

‘Showing the number visited in the detontion prisons of New York and
Brooklyn, and the manner in which they were aidad by the associa~
dion.

i

it_lntct polos

Ties eee polio

i
elf |

Derenzios Dsvarniexn.

‘The general agent's report shows that while this class of duties is
nooessarily confined wo the detention prisous of this eity and Brook-
lyn, it embraces constantly the cazes of over 1,000 prisoners who
fre daily found in them. His ropoatod visite to theso prisona have
made him familiarly aoquainted with their condition and goverament,
and given him a knowledge of the status of the individual prisoners
and their standing before the courts which has enabled him to deal
‘with them in a manner suited to the wants of each. Abuses have
been investigated and offorts made to remedy them. Prisonors
unjustly confined have been released upon his recommendation, and
to others a fair trial hae been secured. Complaints have been with:
drawn at his instance, and others examined, while all have in a
‘measure been benefited by the maintenance of a constant observation
of their treatment, and a jealous regard for their rights.

‘The condition of these aoveral prisons is in the main satisfactory,

Prison Assooratiox or Naw Your.

as far as regards cleanliness and order, and all that is possible to do
with the present structures has porheps been acoompli

The great and growing evil, however, is the promiscuous manner in
which prisoners are crowded together, and the constant and unro-
strained intereourse which inevitably results in the corruption of the
innocent and the young by the vicious. ‘There is no attempt to intro
uce any thing like a system of prison discipline in those institntions
no one to inspect and reform abuses, and the subject of clesifieatir
never thought of, ‘That somo improvement should he made in this
particular is imperatively necessary, as it involves the welfare of
thousunds who are detained in prison by the laws delays,

4As the details of the work in this department will he submitted to
the legislature in our annual report, we offer here but a short sum-
mary —suflicient, however, to show its magnitude and the vital neces
sity of the performance of those duties and serviocs to which the
‘general agent's attontion is constantly dircoted

Four thonsand seven hundred and twelve prisoners were visited in
the detention prisons of this city and Brooklyn and other counties in
the state, and the status of each individual prisoner azcertained.

Four hundred and fifey persons, confined in these prisons, were
advised as to their eondition, before the courts, and aided as their cases
soemed severally to require,

‘Three hundred and twenty-soven complaints were carefully and
patiently examined, and such oases seleoted for further investigation
‘and special atéention ns were found to be worthy, or have extennating
circumstances connected with them.

Ninety-oight complaints were withdrawn, upon the recommenda-
tion of the agent, as trivial, or the result of illfeeling, malive, or
mistakes,

Sixty-seven prisoners were discharged from enstody upon his reoom-
‘moudation ; but in no case, until careful and diligent inquiry had been
‘made into all the facts, and the conclusion arrived at that the cause of
justice as well as merey would thereby be promoted and the best
interests of society maintained.

One hundred and ninety-six poor and forsuken persone were defended
before the courts, who were unable to provide luemeelves with eounsel,
‘nd who desired that the fact of their guilt or innocence should be
thoroughly and impartially tested.

‘One thousand copies, and upward, of magazines, pamphlets and
owspapers have been distributed each week, in the different detention
prisons, and the demand always exceeds the supply. ‘The prisoner's
time hangs idly on his hands, and unless devoted to useful reading, is
given up to evil thoughts, With the opportunity before him, a taste

a ‘Cummtere Axxvas, Repoxt or THs

‘and 2 desire for farther information and knowledge is created, the ola
desire is lost or forgotten, and ho entors upon a new life 9a the realms
of asefil knowledge open to his mind.

Tn addition to the above, a library, consisting of several hundred
bound volumes, has, during the year, been placed in the penitentiary
on Blackwoll’s Island, where this most essential aid to prison disoi-
plino and moral reform was entirely lacking and additions have also
‘been made, through the instrumontality of the association, to the
libraries in the state prison at Sing Sing, and tho penitentiary of
Kings county.

‘he importance of thus providing food for better thoughts cunnot
be overestimated, and the effect is not alone realized by the prisoners
themselves, who are thas being educated and enlightened, but all are
correspondingly benefited by it, while the comunity itself reosives
deneflis in return for the moral good, a hundred-fold more valuable
than the price of the volumes thus contributed,

‘Tee County Prrsows,

‘The local committees of this association, in each county, have given
increased attention to the eondition of jail prisoners, and to the influ
fences and administration of the county prisons. Important inforima-
tion upon these subjects will be found in the chapter of this report,
which comprises a series of communications from these loeal com”
mittens

The attention of thoughtful citizens has become so generally
awakened to the evils which spring ftom the faulty management of
the offenders aud soonsed persons in the county prisons, that the
needed reform of this department of public justice might new be
Drought about with eminent advantage to the objects of penal and
police administration, ss well as to the moral aud social welZate of all
jail prisoners who have not joined the ranks of the erime classes.

‘The laws of the state epseitically requize that “on no pretense what
ever shall prisoners detained for trial, or persons committed for con-
tempt, or mpon civil process, be kept or put in the eame room with
convicts under sentence.” Moreover, the statute of 1847 imperatively
declares it to “be the dnty of the keeper of each county prison to ease
each prisoner under sontence, exeopt auch as are under eentence of
eath, to be constantly employed, when practicable, exozpt on Sunday.” *
‘This law is disregarded in fifty-seven out of the sisty connties of the
state, while in only four of the counties are the prisoners who are
under seutence to the county prison actually sent to any labor at all,
as an established rule. yen in the eity of New York, the Tombs has

‘Seo Reviend Stausten party, chap. fi, Ht ane

Rison AssooratioN op New Yous. 25

.¢ number of short-term conviets constantly under sentonce to au
enforced idleness in that wretched prison, notwithstanding the work.
\ouse and the penitentiary on Blackwell’s Island were established to
relieve the city prison,

‘There eau he no doubt that a law of the state which for more then
a qaarter of a contury has remained a dead letter in the statute booke,
however correct in ita purpose and prinoiple is too defective to be suc
cestfully enforced, or thatitrequiresan enforcing and enabling act whieh
shall make it effective. Plainly enough the statutes relating to the gov-
crmmunt of these connty prisons are unsuited to the present condition
of things. ‘The county jail, as established in colonial times, when woll-
fustened colle and a whipping-post comprised the chief requisites of a
prison and g jail, and as the counties at their first orgauization through-
‘out the state built and used these local prisons, oan ne longer serve the
purposes of public justice and the public authorities. It is not the fault
of the county sheriff and jail-keeper that jail-Keeping is a partisan per-
‘quisite by which the sheriff is expected to amass wealth and strengthen
Ins party, for euch are the base and perflous uses to which jails and jail:
Keeping have loug been subjected; nor does it appear that itis the fault
of thecriminal conrts and magistrates that so many and co great a varioty
of crimes and offenses receive ponal treatment in these jails. ‘The laws of
the state preseribe such imprisonment in county prisons as the penalty
for 987 different crimes and misdemeanors. Hence it is an easy task
jn any county to keep a jail filed; and, as in the ordinary course of
public justice, a groat number of ollenders must be kept in detention or
under temporary sentoues, the promisouons aggrogation of all kinds of
criminals and offenders has become an onormous evil. The first step
toward the abatement and prevention of this great wrong uuques-
tionably should bo that of making the county jail stvielly and exclu-

‘ly a detention prison or place of safe-keeping for acousod persons
awaiting their fall trial and ultimate order of the coarts. ‘This frat
step euunot be taken in every county in the state without providing, in
come way, for the custody and employment of all its convicts who are
‘abject to imprisonment and labor in a county prison.

Cury Prisons,

Under instrnotions from the association, its agents and local com-
mittees have visited many of the county jails and lock-ups throughout
the state, and have prepared reports ‘upon their condition and the
methods of disoipline practiced therein, many details of which will be
found in eubaoquent chapter of this Yeport The precinct prison,

The numeri statement
\W, Haimond, whore Sotereat a tis sabjct lod hi to rovlow ie mov carelly.

de upon the nuthority of the late Judge John

26 ‘Tiomtiern ANNUAL Report oF THE

ander the control and. management of the police authorities of Now
York and Brookdya, at well ae hose unde the Commissioners of Chars
tion and Correction of the former city, have also. been visited by the
offers of the ucsoiation, and fall reports made thereon

‘The Prion Asscelation has been unremitting ia its endeavors to
secure the adoption of some system of praduesive Industry for the
Cenvits in the penitentiary Blackwall Inland, but it ers hae
Yet proved onstocsful, Ie i plainly w duty which society ones to
itself to enforce active employment in suitable kinds of labor fr ale
teried vagrants and ofenders, and it is confidently expeetod that a
combined efor that end wil sltimatelybe crowned with success

Tmportsnt improvements, espisally im reopect of venlation and
Tight have, at the suggestion of the officer of the asocatin, beon
sMlopiad in some of the new police prisons, and. many desirable ta
provemonts have also been seoured in the old Jeferson Market prison
hrongh the active exertions of members of the asacation. Add
ional windows have ben constructed in the call of the tomday
prisoners and the ventilation of tho prison generaly has been ie.
proved. Od wooden buns, formerly oo ofensiye, hare been rewoved,
td table jon bedstonds substated. A separais sparimont for
females avsiting s Jadicial examination las aloo been provided —s

mich demanded.

‘A shamefolerl which wes complained of,» public nuisance and
source of demoralzation to prisoners and to youth i the public srt
of New York, consisted in the open conveyance of manacled prisoners
from the oity prisons to the court-oome aud elaewliere, 10 longer
offends public Gecenoy. ‘Through the efforts of this aoweiation and
the friendly co-operation of the sherifthisgroes impropriety hes beea
reformed. "With much eticfiction the eseeative commiltee reper
that the friendly attention of county sberids to the anggestions of
representatives ofthis aseocation has prodoed numerons teforins ia
Inatter afecting the bodily aud. moral wellae of fel prisoners, and
to promots the observance of the statataTeating 10 fall keeping. and
the care of prisoners, this committee hes plaoed in every jal or in
fe hands of sherits or Keepers, opie ofthat important nw * printed
ts bulletin for posting in the halls of justice

‘The reoent une under which any county that hat no penitentiary
roy eater intow contract with the autboritce of any_petten
the sate forthe eat and employment of ts county jal ont
tfler some temporary reli fo auch Tile yet ho adequate snbetitate
for the old aystem has been provided by the sato; aud no corectiousl
Aiscipline wil be had wnt the sapervsion and control ef couvet

Paison Assootation or New Yous. at

priconers is committed to competent authority wholly divoroed from
partisan and selfish behests. Whatever may be the system of industry.
or discipline adopted in the correetional treatment of offenders, it will
be fatile and harmful if not directed by expert hands ‘Therefore,
‘there appears to be a necessity for sach an examination and report upon
the whole eld of peual and correctional treatment as will enable the
people to secure adequate laws and the local action necessary to super
sede the present system of jail penalties, and, at the same time to
extend the improved system to all classes of prison. Until such a
basis of improvement of the prison system shall have been laid, the
people need to put forth well-dizeoted efforta to reform and provent,
buses in their county prisons, and by providing, acoording to existing
laws, for hard labor in these jails, or in the penitentiaries, have the law
of Iabor or the discipline of trict obedience and good conduct strictly
enforced. ‘The local committees of the Prison Association are exert
ing their influenes to bring about these resulta. Prompt, decisive, and
tuuly correctional treatment for criminals and offenders is urged no
Joss strenuously than the measures Zor advising, instructing, and saving
all who will turn from evil and learn to do well,

‘Betore leaving this topic itis important to notice that through its
proper channels of influence, this association is endearoring to awaken
public attention to the fact that vagabondage, public mendicancy, and
ble paupevism are prolific parents of erime, leading to the hopeless
ntailment of criminal and vicious habits, And farther, that this con:
dition results a2 the outoome of neglect in the correctional treatment
of thos miserable beings who need supervision, discipline and instrao-

ion no lose than the eriminal classes, Tn all the county jails we find

sit vagabonds and criminals are promisonously orowded together, and
that, toa great extent, their vioes and offenses are equally great and often
synonymous, Both classes of these jail prisonors are parents of w prolific
progeny, illegitimate and legitimate, who become hereditary offenders

id hopeless panpers. Against wrongs and burdens overy community
may protect itself whenever it effectually grasps the causes which pro-
duce them, and applies the true remedies — correctional disefpline, in-
struction and supervision. ‘The vagrant * tramp,” who spends his winter

‘a poor-houses and the rest of the year in juils or upon the streets, is the
companion of thieves and the parent of criminals and creatures of
onjsfortune, The system of correctional treatment which will repress
vagranoy and able-bodied pauperim, will necessarily repress and dimin-
1sh orime,

‘Tue Six Penrrentiances.

‘The importance of these penal establishments increases yearly. The
number of youthfal felons and female stats prisoners sentenced to
imprisonment in them continues to inerease, and the number of cou:

28 ‘Tuierere ANNUAL Ruront o” THE

ties which have contrasted with the authorities of five of the peniten-
tiavies now comprises more than half of the state. The total number
‘of convicts admitted to these six establishments greatly exoveds the
admissions in any former year, The statistical abstract upon the
30th page relates various facts relating to the inmates.

‘The total number of penitentiary prisoners at the beginning of the
‘year 1874 was 2,856; the number admitted during the year was 10,960;
the number discharged (including the deaths and 70 pardons) was
10,588, Therefore, 19,816 prisouere have reoeived treatment in the
penitentiaries during the year, and 3,102 are reported as remaining in
prison at the beginning of the fecal year. ‘The number of penitenti-
ary prisoners during the winter months exceed by some 250 the num-
ber found at the ond of the fiscal year.

Tk will be noticed that 21.66 per cent of all who were admitted dure
ing the year were unable to vead and write, and that in the ponitenti-
aries at Buffalo and on Blackwell’s Island, tho percentage of prisoners
who eannot read and write is much Jess than in the other four.
Whether thig difference marks any real superiority in common oduca-
tion of the prisoners found in the two penitentiavies in the great
rendezvous of criine —New York and Butfido—at the extreme limits
of the thoroughiaree of commerce and crime in this state, is question.
able; yot it appents to be true that a greater percentage of habitual
criminals and eantsivers of erime are sent to these than to the other
ponitentiaries, Certaimly the degree and kind of school education
Which the majority of all these prisoners have received in their youth
‘came far short of @ common-school education, and very far below any
{good and safficiont mental and moral training.

Of the 10,960 prisoners admitted in the year, 1,822 or 1662 per
cent of the total number were under 20 years of age, and 6,019 or 4.01
per cont were under 30 years of age. “Lhe habit of intemperance or
Grunkenness was confessed by 75 per eet of all who were admitted to
five of the penitentiaries. Only 84.16 of the total number of prisoners
were married persons. Homelessness, or homes desolated and broken,
is part of the social history of a majority of the prisoners in the peni-
tentiaries and all othur prisons in this etete,

‘The very imperfect condition of our penitentiary system is shown
perhaps most conspicuously in its management of female prisoners,
‘where the youthfal convicts sersing for crimos for which less than five
years’ imprisonment can be awarded, are fonnd congregated with
@ranken revellers, vagebonds, und social wrecks of every kind, thongh,
it was no part of the original design of these local penitentiariea thus
to commingle the effete and morally putrid carcasses of vice and rime
with the young offenders, and with great numbers who have fallen into
criminal acts for the first time in their lives. But this evil — this

74

great wrong—has grown up with the ponitentiaries, and it ia now
fngrafled as a deadly blight in the penal system. 'Tavn in whatever
‘ieotion he may, the jndge upon the bench finds only greater evils
ead more destractive wrongs in the stato prisona, on the one hand, for
tho young felons, and in the county jail, on the other hand, for the
common offender, the reveller and the petty thief, than in short sen-
‘tenees to the penitentiaries; ltonce the latter are filled to overcrowding.
‘The dive exigencies of the community demand that evil-doare shall be
restrained and panished, bat the saving of the young offender and the
ceffectnal arrest of criminal courses are not provided for in the peniten-
tigy system. Under such circumstances the degree of sucoess which
attonds the thorough indastrial working of the conviets in the peni-
teutiaries at ATbany, Buffalo and Syracuao is sufficient to prove that
all the state prisons and every penitentiary may be fully supported by
tho industries of the prisoners, and that, af the same time, school-room
instruction ean be given, aud the hopes and expectations of a better
life may be awakened and strengthened."

The entire success of school-room instraction in the Albany peni-
tentiary, and for the past two years in the penitentiary at Syracuse,
and the acknowledged importance of such instraction az a means of
moral and mental life and of discipline, should encourage pradéat
forts by the authorities in charge of the other prisons to introduce
systematic instruction in common knowledge as an essential element
of correctional treatment and discipline. ‘Tho special reports which
the azsociation has received from Albany, Syracuse and Buffalo are
presented in a subsequent division of this annual report, and they show
conclasively that such instruction in common knowledge is to be
regarded as a branch of prison ceonomy and discipline as well as of
moral and reformatory practice.

The fact that the three penitentiaries which yield the largest peeu-
niary tetums enjoy the most unbroken tranqnillity, repress and reform.
the greatest proportion of eriminals, and allow the least criminal cou-
versation and least corruption of manners, are the three in which there
isthe most thorough training in the school-room and the workshop, is
announced aaa trath which must be applied in the other three peni-
teatiuries, and in the state prisons. It is a most noticcable faot that
the best school-room instraction, the most exacting discipline, and
the greatest profits fom convict labor that have been attained in the
Uniled States are witnessed in the Albany penitentiary.

PRison Assootarion oF New York.

©The greatly improved dleipline andthe recent advancement of the indastrial
Ioverestsin the Kings eounty penitentiary would. july place that imporsant prison
fn the anne higher class as thooe above mentioned if school oom lngtruetion and

lis inspiration of higher hopes were brought Into opersti,

ABSTRACT

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Piso Assootarion o Naw Yous. at

‘Tue Stare Puisoss,

After discharging nearly 400 prisoners in a single month at the
jyginniug of summer, under the operation of the amended luw
{hy increasing the commuted time for good eondnet, the three prisons
swore, for a brief period, relieved from the over-erowded condition whieh
jad long embarrassed and endangered their discipline. But the

ivity of the eriminal conrts during the Inat half of the year has

filled these prisons, and notwithstanding the abbreviation of the
petiods of imprisonment, under the operation of the new commutation
law, prisone and penitentiaries are alike overerowded.

On the last Gay of December, 1874, there were remaining

Malon_ Females
In the state prison at Auburn ...
In the stato asylum for the oriminal insane
In the state prison at Daunemora (Clinton)
a the state prison at Sing Sing .

Total in the state prisons ......sccsce0+ 148 3,308
‘The remlte of the sindy and efforta of the agenta of the prison asso-
sation in each of the prisons are cummed up in another part of this
sport. They all agree in their testimony respecting the pernicious
consequences of the idleness that prevails in the prisons in which the
contract aystem of employment rules, and they also agree in urging the
speedy adoption of a limited and well-guarded system of separate
apartments for the working and safe-keoping of tho professional and
crileminded criminals who now, even while in the prison, are danger-
ons leaders and instructors in the ways of ecime.

‘The continued courtesy and good will of the agents, wardens, and
nef oficers of the prisons, is acknowledged by us with sincere thank-
falness. Nothing has occurred to disturb this confidence or good will,
orto impuir discipline or the rules of the prisons sinoo, by the well-
considered aotion of the State Board of Inapectors of Prisons, on the
10th of July, 1873, the present aystem of this sasociation’s duties at
the state prisons was established.

Snare Paisow vor Womuy.

The femule department of the Sing Sing prison continues to
heovive the excellent influenoo and personal visits of Mrs, Pierre
Van Cortlandt, whose instructive report for the year is given in the
wpendix, ‘The eminent usefulness of this nobie lady’s efforts and
studies for the welfare of the prisoners is groaily enhanced by her
remarkable knowledge of character, and of the sourees of hope, as well
ss of the causes of disorderly life and oriminal acts. During the past

82 ‘Tmurere Awxvar Rupour or THE

oar there were 71 female conviots admitted at Sing Sing, and of the
188 who remained in prison at the end of the year, Mrs. Van Cortlandt
found that only [4 had received a fair eommon-school education, ‘his
fact indicates the nature of all the perils and debasement to which
ignorance and passions have brought the inmates of that prison
Among the numerous suggestions and favis given in her report, the
following points demand speeial attention, She says: “The greatest
drawback to the reformation of the young couviets is the entire want
‘of any classification of crime; no separation ean be made between the
‘hardened conviets, shoplifters, pickpockets, and the like, serving per-
hops their third time, und young girls. It is impossihle, with the few
‘matrons allowed, to prevent all interconrse, and if a few young gis
fare saved and retuned to their homes, it is literary so as by fie.
‘There must be a distinction made between the different, grades of
crimes, and 9 reformatory should be established, in a simple ad
inexpensive way, for convivis like those I have desevited, who come 10
prison for the first time, and for the lighter grades of crime.”

‘The ples which is so justly entored here, for the organization of
reformatory branch of the state prison for women, gnins inorease
urgeney witen the deplorable stato of the commingled female conviets
in the six penitentiaries is considered, for in these are found a greater
number of young female felons than in the woman's prison at Sing
Sing. Wo earnestly commend Mrs Van Corilande’s report and its
suggestions to the attention of the legislature, and to thoughtful citi-
gens, The same reasons that demand that the yong and more hopetul
female state prisoners should be wholly separated from all expert and
hardened criminals are applicable in regard to all young and reform
able male convicts who now crowd the nine prisons and penitentiaries,
and who, by the destructive influence of habitual and despera’s
criminals who are their daily companions and tators, are dragged down
into the maks of the daugerous classes, who make crime a vocution.*
In view of this enormous evil, itis earnestly desired that no time shall

©The opiaton of Mlajor Lewis B. Carpenter, the observig and vigilant wandcn

of the Auburn pris, was quoted inthis association's report Inst year, and 1 ¢
Teiternted this yer ithe following zemark, * * * "There ate some plate
connected with the reformation of criminals, on whieh all relleecve anlnds ao 2
unit, andthe end of all others, that coects with tniverea! approval and tbe 00°
‘hel mat be Bost established to given baee for the general siractare, is else
ttlon, ‘This ents be enaceded by al. Hat how laitta ie dane? If those qo
‘ons had boon sgitated and eonedened a8 the time of deshgning ena balding tte
stonglclde, their internal structures could have been arranged for such purpor
But in absenos uf such provision, and ovr inshility tn adaptor fitiate the preciple
{in the Snattutlons separniely, Yeas beon suggested thes the dierent prions in
the state could Ue mae to approximate the secemliy reed aa a beglaalng, 1
asking a2 many clasoa as there aro poion catablishments, * "©"

Paisow Assocrarion ov Naw Your. 38

be lost in placing the Elmira reformatory prison upon the basis of a
wisely-organized and well-conducted house of correction. ‘This sub-
eet, and numerous points relating to the condition and correctional
Aiscipline of the felon convicts in this state, will be more fully sot
forth in the appended statements of this report. 2

Sucorstions axp Coxoxustows,

‘The utter failure of the prison system in New York to maintain the
necessary industries which are essential to correctional treatment aud
to the eelfsapport of the prisons, demands « prompt and searching
ingaity into the causes of this failure, and into the pernicious conse.
quouces of any such failure to stoudily maintain a system of hard labor
a8 an indispensable part of prison discipline.

‘Tho entive and permanent separation of hardened and vicious eritn
nals, who are dangerous or injurious to younger or more inexperienced
conviots, ia deemed to be a duty of such vital importance that in
every prison, such separate treatment and separate working of- the
hardened and dangerously vicious convicts should be promptly pro
Vided for, in accordance with the statute of 1847, or some amendment
of that act. ‘The recent incendiary fires in the prison at Anbura, and
the escape of most dangerous convicts from the other prisous, are
niffeant events which show some of the reasons for having separate
apartments and work-rooms for all leaders and instraotors iu orime.t

The practical necessity for giving to every young conviot in the
stato prisons and penitentiarios auch knowladge and experience in am
employment or trade, by means of which an honest and
of life may best be secured when the prisoner shall hare been released
from prison, should he recognized by the state; and the inspectors
of state prisons and the county inspectors of each of the penitentiay
ries might properly be requirod and enabled, by the logislatare, to
organize the Kinds of industry best adspted to these objects. ‘To this
end, there seems to be o necessity for alaw that shall require the state
prison exthorities to place all young convieta (perhapsall who are under

ln She appended report of Miles Perry, eg., who perform the duties of thin
Aoclation at the Auburn prison, that careful obverver mayo!“ vettore the
seercion shat, until such changoe are made as will provide the nosamary casa
fasion of prisoner, little will be accomplished in tho way of reformation, “Tae
fwetimooy of the eouvieta themselves is uniformly to thie eet, end fe painful
tyhaas them any,‘ TTeave the pison mach wore sill fm erie than when T
on not the teatinany of & few, Bat f sores, Tonly give utter
nce to the deep-aettled conviction of every out, at all conversant wile the mex
‘wement of oar prisons, whea I say the state can ill afford the eoovomy which
Provents them from auch expenditaree aa would obviate the necoaity of
indisercanato commingling of conv ”:

{Sen. Doe. No. 78]

MERLE

spuscrrparmeres

Py ‘Tamrere ANNUAL REPORT oF THE

twenty-five yeane of age), in prison for their fret time, ad for les
pariod than the lfeima, at epeie kinds of employment by which
they could readily cara a subsistence and lead 4 seeful lie whe
releued from imprisonment. ‘There are numerous trades and employ
tients im which convicts may ean their subsistence in prison, any
fre life, oppor family. tis of vital importance to socit}, and to
all young prsoner, that auch means of «suze and honorable ella
Tor shonlse povided bythe state as an essential pare of Hs eve.
nal sod rfermatosy disipine for oriminals

“Th mos glaring and inexetaable defect ofthe spstom of prison die
ciple inthe stats of New York consets in the utter flare co apply
the resonzess of labor and instrdction au means of corvestonal {ret
ment, In prison, as well ax in fee hfe eef-supporting labor ts the
Satis of wlerespect and of honest and virtuous purposes in daly li,
snl in no prison will there ever be wholesome and eacint discipline
Unless euch Iabor is provided for ad arity requited. 1 labor were
not peenniiiy prottable and the necessary and only means of sal
support, which i actualy i, i oughty novrihelom,t0 be thoroughly
tnfored for its disciplinary and cduestional resis upon the criminal
sdazees No grester evil can. befall the convite in prison than lo
emsin shut pin idlenes. An idle prison is always an ual,
Aisondrly, riotous and demoralized one, and from sich imprisonment
fn indolenes the Iierted convict emorgs to five life afted for my
tiefol vocation, and with scooely @ manly ot womanly attribute

‘Next to these improvements in the practical details of correctional
training, but of not les importance, he awakening of all available
powers of te mind and the moral nature of the prisoner shonld be
Promoted ty suitable menus, With this i view, the prison laws were
fo amended last year as fo provide for school-room instruction and
treaty inorenud educational training forall who need such instruc
fiom in the state prion

"Al experience shows iat while i s necessarily érue thatthe rigor
cove and impartial diipline of hard Ishor and trot obedience are the
fit clementa of sucoeaful penitentiary treatment, the culture and
fallerderslopment of the mental and moral powers of the convict mas
Zot be nogleoted if we would provent the offender from sinking inte
the helpless moval debasement of babitual erin. All persons who ste
conrersans with prisonsand conriets will bar testimony to the fut thst
whatever awakens and etrengthens the substantial hopes of vasa and
Touorabe life in the prisoners gives the suret buss for permanent rfor
ration and good conduct, and that, on the othur band, whaterer leule
the convict to abandon the hope and expectation of a sofa lif, and

Se

Parson Assocation ov New York. 35

‘whatever depresses the mental or moral nature, or keops it in darkness,
js eure to plunge the wretched offender into a perpetually oriminal life,
oth in and out of prison. Indeed, it may justly bo doubted whether
the strictness and soverity of labor and penal discipline, which are
necessary for tho represtion of crime and the aubjugation of certain
propensities to orfminal acts, will be borne without harm to the
ruajority of prisonors, except the mind is steadily under a proper gye-
tom of training. Penal discipline needs to be much more thorough.
and exacting than it is, and the means of mental eultare and discipline
must algo be more thorough and adequate.

‘The most constant duty and no small part of the atady and effort of
the county committees of thie association relate to the sources and
preventable causes of crime. Crime, disoase and panperism entail evils
of their own respective kinds upon suceessive gonorations, and as the
observations of our looal committees show, these evils are interchange-
able in the course of their evtailment. ‘Thus, the parentage of thove

ly pauperized conditions may, in every county, be trucod
jn a great number of instances to criminals, while the progeny of
vieious and vagabond parents orowd the jaile and prisons. Ignorance,
or utterly defective common eduoation and gross social debasement
characterize these classes:*

"fo sever the links in the chain of such entailed evils, na to instruct,
train, and savo every child that has euch a natural heritage of shame
nd hoplessness, is to reduce the erime classas and break up the entail-
ment of evils which defy remedies and eurative discipline in adult lives.
‘With these faots in view, this association aud all of ils county commit-
‘wes and co-workers earnestly appeal to the judioial authorities and to
the legislature, to seeure tho administration of lawa and correctional
methods of treatment for the arrest and repression of juvenile delin-
quencies, vagraney, vagubondage, and the early stages or sonrces of
criminal life, which shall efficiently break up and provent the growth
tnd entalmont ofthe enuses of habitual erie, habitual vagabondage,

seuronpone acl poet nein Remntei
smite presonts a record of the criminal story ‘of group of vage
onde and eifenders in ome of the rural countoe in which ie found jeje
loners and siz children, at the House of Refuge, were blood reation,

Tn the same Hinenge, raced through sx generations, it was ascertained thet $95
Indlviduols, Inclusive of ntermarrages, re comprleed Ia this lit of erzanal and
‘agsbond rlock, eonceruing whom some personal record as heen made, in the
Sounty of tein birds, Ina single group of 17 children and grandchildren of
‘ragabond couple, who could have been saved by industrial diatipline nnd timely

leordorly course of Iife, nine of the 17 oftpring, in the two
{encratons, have spent upsoard of Sty years i priton, and one of the youngeet
‘of these nlae has, daring the past fer, Been recentenced to priton for a term of

ac ‘Tarerrerz ANNUAL REPORT.

fand the hopeless heritage of misfortune, shame and pauperism. So
intimately allied aro these evils, that it is obviously necessary the state

ould require the proper authorities of every county to provide for
adequately and vigorously enforoing a syetem of correctional snd penal
industries by which these neglected causes of the increase of crime and
criminals shatl bo broaght under eoutrol. Upon this subjeot the most
thoughtful aud publio-spisited minds in the state are now so awakened
that whatever improvements are most needed can beeifectnally secured,
if the necessary amendments aud forms of law, and the official author-
ization of methods, are provided by the legislature.

‘THEODOR. W, DWIGHT,

STEPHEN CUTTER,

Chairmen Committee on Discharge Prisoaers
DORMAN B. EATON,

‘Charman. Cemmiion om Datntion

CEPHAS BRAINERD,

WILTIAM C. GILMAN,
‘Treasurer

BUISHA HARRIS,
Corresponding Secretary.

onmice ov ‘pis Puisox Associvttox o Nuw Yous,
158 Bible House, January 7, 1825.

Parson Assoctation op Nuw Yorx.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

‘The Prison Assooiation of New York, in account with Wm. 0. Gil
‘sman, Treasurer.

on.
1874,
January § By oatance of old account...
1875.
January 8 Donations to date, aa per list... 3,151 00
Amount reeived'an sccount of apbroptia-
fon from slate legislature, per Hon.
KK. Hopkins, ompeole.; i 5,000 00
Amount Toveived from Board of Apportion-
‘ment, per Hon, A. HL. Green, comptroller, 3,000 00

14,885 08

$8,184°02

Da
January 8 To cash paid since 1 fo
january 8 To cash paid since last report for expenses
Te Noe prison vistation and inspection at
Glinton, Aubara and Sing Sing, Albans,
New Yorkeand Brooke, and enter
including salary of gonetal agent ii
ork deste sy ntsc
Gash paid for valiet'of discharged ‘praoners,
Gash paid for rens, fue, printing, dsrk hire
and other ollee expenies.v.ss-s-- --
Balanos on hand to new aceount.

on.

1875.
January @ By balanoe from old account ..+seseseese $5,800 14

WM. ©, GILMAN,
BE Dreasiurer.
New Your, Jan. 25, 1875.

‘Tamme Axnvay Revoar ov THE
DONATIONS, 1874.

Aspinwall Win, Hl. ......, $990/umey Hand
i B : 3 | Maghee, Mew 8,
1 He

Aidoud;pord-Cromuy Brows 100| see
Brown, Stewai 50 | Budge, Sawyer & Go

Brown, John Crosby. 25| Morrison, Heriman & Co..

MeLanaban, Mrs. 0.1.
Naylor & Co,

Oothout, Wim
Oelricks & Co

Baroy Miles, Aubora .-°
0 D.

Pheibs, George D.-
Popeniiusen & Konig!
Potter, Howard .
Povenstedt & Co...

Mra. HB.
Cruickshank, Janes PeBecitansse
Caswell, Mow, Me .2) 10| Prosser & Son, Thomas
Garin, "Steware & Co 5| Ruinelander, W. C...
Garter, Robert ‘I

Singer anafacturing
Sera janes
Stayrenanty A. Vi

Wate, a. at
Wai

x
| Woes Wilson 838/60:2
25| White; Miss 8. E....
20! Van Honsselast JE
sf Wn 2005 20|Viotoe, chee Co
her, Whitman & Oo. 20) Young, Hear :
| GEM.

‘Laweon Bro’s 5 | Miss €
Low, Harriman & Go
‘Spectat donations.

ERR cece Me Ba

Parsox Assocratiox or New York.

REPORT OF THE GENERAL AGENT.

To the Bscutive Committee of the Prison Association of New York:

Gaxrumuex — ‘The general agent respoctfolly eubmits the following
report relating to the operations of the different departments of the
tssociation’s work, with which he is conneoted, for the year 1874,

‘These labors which are conducted under the supervision of the
‘detention and discharged convict committees relate to the amelioration
af the condition of prisoners detained for trial, or ator their conviction,
and the support and encouragement of convicts after their discharge,
and to these duties which are each year increasing in magnitude and
‘importance, is the attention of the general agont constantly and car-
nestly directed.

Tn ite efforts to relieve and benefit the above classes the association
rust necessarily exercise a wise discretion, for aa it is impossible to aid
tach and every man of the large number who are constantly confined
in our detention prisona awaiting the aotion of the law, or who are
daily velensed from the penal inatitations of the stato, it feels justified
in selecting those whom they feel assured will, with a fuir opportunity,
do well.

"Phe number of eonvieta discharged each year from our prisons is
bout equal to the number committed, and averages over one thousand
‘a month, and for whom no provision is made by the state, the amount,
received from that souree being barely suflieient to return them to the
point where they were convicted. Nothing is done to aid them in
their endeavors to lead honest lives, or to seoure for them constant
employment; they are simply turned loose upon society to follow out
their own impulses ana inclinations, though if they be honest ones,
they meet with no encouragement on the part of the authorities or the
public at large. ‘The duty which the state owes to these, its wards, is
considered ended the moment they emarge from the prison doors, and
as litte is dono for their reformation while they are under its are it is,
perhaps, asking too much, that it should take any interest in their
Welfare after their return to the world, Yet, experience shows that
this is no hopeless task, and that great good may be done in the dizuo-
tion of causing the discharged prisoners to lead an honest aud
industrious life, and in aiding them in overooming the mang preju-

40 Tauurrena Axnvan Repour ov THE

iecs they are eure to encounter wherever they are known. ‘The efforts
of this association have proved this much, and the success which has
attended its Jabors thas far in dealing with convicted and liberated
prisoners is shown in the amall number of reeonvietions in contrast
sith other years, before any organized eystem was adopted by whiel,
tho reloused man was introduced to employment. But untfl this is
Aone by the state it will not have discharged ita whole duty to the
criminal whom it has punished for his fauley nor would this be «0
even if they had succeeded in reforming him for having opened up
to him a new life, and instilled into his mind better thonghts, itis ite
provinoe to snetain him in all his honest endeavors until he has aliown
his ability to stand alone, or until every practical effort for his sdvanee-
‘ment has proved a failure.

‘While the duty o the detained prisoner prior to convietion is not
s0 plain, yet there is an obligation which society and the publio an-
‘thorities are slow to acknowledge, and which consists in shielding the
innocent, preventing the infliction of undue punishment on those who
have violated the law under extenuating circumstances, and dealing
‘out to the old and bantened offender his just deserts. For little
attention is given to this class of prisoners, and. the result is shown in
the overerowded condition of the juils and detention prisons, whielt
in most instances are ever to the innocent schools of instenetion pre
paratory to the penitentiary and state prison. How greatly the cou-
ition of the prisons can be ameliorated and how necessary it is that
‘tho work of extending judicione aid should be systematically earried
fou is chown in the records of thie association, which extend over a
period of 80 yearg, and embrace thousands of euses of prisoners who
hhave heen reclaimed and who are uow leading honest and industrious
lives, vespected and respectable. If, then, 0 much good can be accom=
plished with imited means and powers, who ean tell the veanlts
which would arise from wholesome and beneficent laws framed not
only #0 aa to protect society, bat whose object would also be the refor-
‘mation of the criminal and his encouragement after diseharge, Rew
‘of chese men manifest a dependent spirit, and in no case would they
remain long as the wards of any association established for their relief
‘This spirit of independence in many of them is carried to axtremes,
and sooner than depend upon charity, however freely it is offered,
many will yetura to their old pruolices, deeming it more honorable to
ateal than to accept alms, Tf, however, the state should adopt some
‘mode for their relief, the feeling would no doubt be different, and it
would present itself to them in the form of a right rather than a
charity, and thus be accepted by many who now decline all proffers
from other soaroes.

‘The number of incorrigible criminals is fortunately small as it has

Prisox Agsootatio o” New Yous a

been computed that only about fonr or five per eent of our prison
poptlation is beyond redemption, and even some of these may not be
beyond the reach of kind sympathy and christian influences. As
statistics conclusively prove that ignorance is one of the most frequent
nd a serfous obstacle in the way of moral influe
d attontion whieh is given to scoular and religious
instruction cannot but be produetive of the best results. ‘The grow
ing sense of the importance of this subject will eventually lead to the
yroviding of proper school-room instruction, and the setting apart of &
portion of each day for that purpose, In some of the penitentiaries th
important element of discipline and reform has already been iutro-
need with benefioisl results, and will soon be put into effect in the
state prisons, There shonld, however, be a law governing this and
aiaking sehool-room instruction a part of the discipline of every penal
jnstitation in the slate, It shonld not be let in any way digeretionsty
with the prison authorities bat should be made mandatory and state
clearly the number of hours in @ day or wook which should be devoted
to this purpose. Such a law would meet the approval of the official
snd be hailed with delight by all who are interested in prison reform,

Derawtiow Daranmuet,

‘The number of persons constantly confined in the different deten-
tion prisons of this city and Brooklyn, awaiting trial or the action of
the law, will average about 1,000 daily; not inclading those senteneed
for short terms, nor those confined on civil proests in the county
jiils. As the committeo on detention is charged with the exemina-
‘of all cases of commitment to our city prisons, incidentally,
involving not only the manner of arrest but all the eireamstances
which led to it, together with the proceedings before the police magis-
trate, the amount of labor and responsibility they bave assumed is
great. ‘Che duties they have undertaken to perform and the manner
in which they are accomplished through the general agent, will be
found below, under their several heads, with such minateness of detail
‘oat none can fail to understand or appreciate them. We have sepa
vated or rather classified their duties in this mauner, in order that
vesults as woll as the objects and aims of tho association in this depart
ment of its labor, may be the more fally shown. Here results are
apparent and quickly attained, while the Inbore, as we have before
inthnuted, are great and the duties perplexing and varied.
According to the record 5,054 prisoners have eome under the obser-
ion of the general agent and his assistants dnving the past year, and
have been dealt with as their oases seemed to require, aud in the man-
ner detailed below,

‘Turariern Axwvat Revont oF TEE

Vastra aso Convunszy Wire.

imort daily the geveral agent, or some representative ftom his
oe eae ongh te diferent department of the Tombs or other
ice Pt aoe, leting atch us worn the most worthy of thle ail
see mtortoiton, "Phe numbor vnted and conyrwed with fn eit
sae iaegoly euormous, ead uring the your jue closed was 4161

Teyeinot prasended, iat, even a. auajorty of them were i any
Te ne Fanner Denote, bub the status of each individaal prs
Paice Tuetained an thet condition while detainet kept con-
ae iy in view inorder esoareatrot juatico in each cate and
Sanayi tom the deprtatons of waprncpled or waif
sete tae whom they might come in contacl, As each day
Fen vow anders frm the various police conta Ts neoe

ee ome Douwant sapericon should be Kept up, and. a wie di
wa nN oncrrolnd im leong tem wh re the mone worth. ‘The
ay Be Sir protestations of innoseacs, thorough knowledge
vende hal aro ewential in der to ayordimpoition fom
doen rede bat aterens of society deemed abou be constantly
de wee ‘nada perpetual survellines of the authorisee, Thin
mtn Oouomt fa Une extreme fs not without benef) ronal
sey vant at ine from one conversant withthe modus operand of
ter oma eonvts put the ofader upon the Fight taak, and ares
Frenne cet impodtion, No mais as ely infunced i the
a em take fir procuring aelens an the un arrested for bis
Se a iSenrs the open of everyone vith bom he 3
fiat ae, gt ag whet cone be abot adop an it es
ane eenked upon by the unpriacipled and dexguing. it
Sffense and its punishment is magnified until he feels that if he
ae on nfaont forte he has csuve for congraufation, abd it
ce rmalad to pad. guilty to sup oherge hoveres good @
ad rea pavo, under the mistaken en that i enttes nto
ihe merey and clemency ofthe out

Apyrsp Asp AIDED.
Ie will be readily understood shat among the vast number of per=
sons errested cach doy inthis it, there are not a few innocent ones
he are in danger of being condemned for want of proper advice, oF
Through he lack of capable counsel to defend them, there are others
tr, afer being sobbed. of all their earthly possessions by 8 class of
Tespleable pretenders known as shysiets,” ate elther advised to plen
guilty or left to shift for themselves; others ail, owing to their friond-
fees situation, are unable to bring certain mitigating ofreumstances fo

Putsox Assootation ov New Youx. 43

the attention of the coust, and are therefore Liable to suffer from pnn-

severe, while a fourth class, though absolutely guilty,

d into orime and pushed forward by those who are,
‘killed in orimainal arts and are apt to be classed with “professionals”
‘hile itis but their first offense, ‘To all those the association extends
a friendly hand and gives such guidance and aid as appears after a
rareful inquiry to be best suited to their several cases. As a result of
his counsel and assistance so frecly rendered, the innocent are saved
fiom suifering for the crimes of others The penniless are properly
defended in the courts, and every cireumstance connected with the
‘offense that would tend to lessen the severity of the pnnishment
drought forward, wrongs that have beon committed during their
incarceration aro righted and every thing done that is possible and
prudent to ameliorate their condition and suifering.

Cases Ixvasrroare.

It is bya diligent soarohing out of the facts in a case and communi
cating thom to tho court that justice is frequently secured to the
ceased, when but for the presentation of those facts on the part of
he assoofation and their onteful consideration by the magiatrate,
undue pnnishment might be inflicted upon those who have violated
the law under extentating cireumstaness, ‘These investigations are in
‘eh inatanee most thorotigh and have great hearing upon the dispo-
rition of each case; the antecedents of the prisoners are earefally sud
diligently quired into, and every unexplained cixeumstanee in con-
neotion with the offense that will throw any light upon the motive
that prompted or the results derived from it are brought to light.
"The complainant and prosecuting witnesses are visited as well as the
relatives, employers, and friends of the prisoner, and every atatoment,
for oF against, is weighed and eonsidered vofore arviving at a eonelae
sion. In this manner 431 cases hase beon examined sinee our last
report, ‘There is frequently great difficulty in arriving ab the truth in
‘case where there are many conflicting statements, and after a most
thorongh investigation we are often left in doubt. In such cases we
can only give results of onr inquiry without attempting to draw con-
clusions, leaving that to the court and jury to decide, and placing the
responsibility where it belongs.

Comeuatnes WiripRawn.

‘The number of frivolous or trumped up charges which our police
‘magistrates are daily called upon to consider is, in the course of the
year, enormous. Diflicaltfes arising from drink, mistake, passion, or
prejudice, or from some trivial cause of one kind or another, are
constantly arising and occasionally assume formidable proportions,

a ‘Pauurnerm ANNUAL Revout oF THE

becoming the souree of untold misery or tedious litigation. Here, in
‘he absence of what is known as courts of conciliation in some coun
tries, the association steps in and endeavors to supply the want, and
many ave the diftiealties which are adjusted through its agency. "One
ondred and twelve complainte of this kind were, during the past
year, withdrawn at ile instance, as being of too frivolous a nature to
‘Gemand serious consideration o- of a obaracter that should not come
Defore the courls Great care is taken in ascertaining the motive
which prompted these complaints, and no recommendation is made
until all the Zaota in connection thorewith are ascerisined.

DisoHanonp veo RECOMMENDATION OF THE AGENT,

Searecly a day passes but what the agent i called upon to interesde
for some prisoner found in one of the several departments of the prisons
who is confined upon a temporary commitment, issued by the police
magistrate. The offense is, in most instances, intoxication or dis.
‘orderly conduct, and tho offenders are frequently laboring men or
mechanics, with families depending upon them for suppert who would,
jn many cuses, euifer from their enforced absence. Others, are clerks,
and young men whose character and sitnations depend upon their
immediate release, and whose experience of one night in a
house will, perhaps, prove a valuable lesson for the remainder of their
Tives,

"Whe requests and slutements of these men are listened to, and if,
‘upon inquiry, they are found to be corsect application is made to the
committing magistrate for their discharge. Ibis seldom, after stating
all the eivounnstances, that these applications are denied ; seventy-six
being granted during the year. In this way much suffering to an
innoceut family is prevented, and the man is saved from disgrace and
Aischarge, for but few employers would retain a man after the facts
were known, and fewer still would retain bis situation for him until
after his discharge from prison, be the time ever so short, Tt is neces-

ry, in those cases, to act speedily, bub not without investigation.

Derexprp 1x THE CounTs.

It is frequently the ease that where a prisoner has 2 strong: defense
that it is better for him to go to trial and be noquitted by the courts
than to be discharged under any other process. It convinces friends
and silences enemies ; it tends to restore lost confidence and reconcile
hostile feeling, and while it cannot restore to him his former character
before it was touched by the breath of suspicion, or repay for time and
situation lost, he fecls, iu ® manner, compensated for the loss of all
these by a triumphant acquittal

oy

Paisow Association of Naw Yous. ”

here are other cases where the prisoner feels that he is unjustly
acoused and confident that a speedy trial would result in his release,
Dat without friends or the means to employ counsel, he is often left
{or weeks and sometimes even months without an opportunity being
afforded him to prove his innocence, In addition to the above class
there are others whosv only hopes are in having all the facts connected
with the offense thoroughly sifted in a court of justice, and who feel
that the circumstances surrounding it will not warrant them in plead-
ing guilty. ‘These and many others that might be mentioned rely
solely upon the attorney of the association, and 119 of these eases were
defended in the different courts of this eity and Brooklyn during
the year 2874, As might be expected only a small majority of the
above trials resulted in aoquittal, but the question of guilt or inno-
‘cence was most thoroughly tested,

Disrarsvriox op Raanrxe Maree,

Tn the detention prisons and county jails where there is no organ-
ised industry earried on, the prisoners ean devote their entire time to
reading if so disposed, and sullicient reading matter can be obtained.
And when they aro compelled to spend their entire time in idleness,
unless thus engaged, a taste for reading is ereated and the demand
for books, magusines, newspapers eto, large.

In the county jails and six district prisons of this city there is a
daily average of nearly 600 prisoners, snd the quantity of reading
material necessary to supply thie ever-changing multitude is immense.
About 1,250 copies are distributed each weok and the demand always
exceeds the supply.

In these detention prisons itis difficult to maintain a library owing
to the constant change of inmates. Several havo been started bat the
volumes rapidly deervasod until acarcoly a vestige is left, and the only
way in which the inmates of these prisons cam be constantly suppliod
is in the manner we have adopted.

Soarazx,

From the foregoing it will bo seen that the number coming under
the observation of the general agent, and with whom he is in some
‘manner ealled upon to desl during the year, is very largo and may
perhaps be better appreciated from the following sammary :

Four thousand seven hundred and twelve prisoners were visited and
conversed with in the detention prisona of this city and Brooklyn and
‘other countios in the state.

Four hundred aud fifty prisonors confined in the above-named pris-
one wore advised aa to their defense, or aided in some manner. ‘Three
Inundred and twenty-seven complaints were carefully examined.

46 ‘Tarmciere ANwuaL Reporr oF 72

Ninety-cight complaints wore withdrawn upon the recommendation
of the general agent as trivial or the reeult of malice or mistake.

Sixty-seven were discharged from onstody mpon his recommendation,
One hundred and ninety-six, who were unable to provide themaelres
with counsel, were defended before the cons.

The grand total of this work as expressed by Aguree is 5,654 per-
sons who were imprisoned on charge of evime, have had relief in some
form extended to them from the general agent’s office, many of whom

‘were perhaps saved from a eareer of viee.

Discaorp Coxvier Dzranrumyn,

One of the primary objects of the association is the relief and
encouragement of convicts after their discharge, and upon their return
to tho ordinary associations of life. It aims to reclaim them by appeal-
ing to their manhood and self-respect, by placing them in e position
where they ean maintain themselves, and by the manifestation of a
~sonal interest in their welfare and well-being which creates a conf-
ence and brings out all the virtue that is Jeft in them. So far aa is
practicable we make it our duty to keep run of theso men and obtain
from them and their employers accounts of their conduct and progress,
‘and the proportion from whom we receive reliable reports of continu
‘ous good conduct is much beyond our own expectations and exoeed-
ingly encouraging to future efforts. Thero are many, however, who
Gesire to forget all that is possible of their past lives, and from them it
ia exceedingly difficult to hear after thoy have left the eity.

‘The results of our experience in this department, together with the
great noeds of these men and the mode adopted for their relief and
‘maintenanoe, will be desoribed under their appropriate heads below.

Boanp axp Loparxe.

‘The small pittance which a majority of those reecive who are dise
changed from the alate prisone, and which is known as mileage, i
Darely auffcient to enable him to reach his former place of residence
‘and provide him with what he absolutely needs, ana should he deny
hhimoelf of these few little articles, he oan, only wit the most stringent
economy, sustain himself for a day or two on what remaing after
Aeducting his traveling expenses, Employment: is not always to be
hhad and it is espcoially dificult to obtain upon the moment; bat if he
'3 unemployed he must either beg, starve or steal — his physical
wants must be supplied. And right here, is it not pertinent to inquire
what the State expeots of those mon? It claims and undoubtedly
posseases the right to punish the violators of ite laws, but the interests
‘of society, ae well as the prineiples of benevolence and oharity, demand
that this punishment should be followed with some means of improve

Paison Association ov New Your. a

ment and reformation; that suitable provision be made for their
immediate wants, and an opportunity be given them to test their pro-
{essed willingness to work for an honest living. For those discharged
rom several of the penitentiaries no provision is mado, and thousands
are relenaed each year without a penny —with shabby, ill-fitting gar-
ments, and with no hopes for the future. Poverty and utter friendless-
news Teave them no other alternative than a renewed life of crime
unless the prison association steps in and saves them before they have
returned to their former companions in vice, Six hundred and twelve
of these destitute ontensts of society were, by the general agent, pro-
vided with a temporary home, lodging and food, until situations were
found or they were forwarded to their families. ‘This care sometimes
extonded into weeks, and one of the most difficult tusks ia to decide
when it shall cease, should the applicant continue to be unsnooessfal in
his efforts to obtain employmont. If we find that he ia using bis
ntmost endeavors we never relax our hold upon him until he is fairly
upon his feet

Ewriovuewn,

‘The diffionlties in the way of providing discharged prisoners with
‘employment have never been as great since the association commenced.
making this an especial feature in their dealings with the convict
immediately prior to and after his release as during the year just closed.
Business in all its several departments: has been depressed. Tn all
branches of production and manufueture there is a torpor, and white
there has been large resources of rough and unskilled labor to draw
‘upon, the demand has been small, and steady employment the excep-
tion. All of the lange intereste of the tute have guffored more or less
from the financial panic which overtook them just at the commence-
‘ment of the year, and in the shrinkage of values and reduced profits
‘the Iaboring class, as is usual in all business calamities, are the
sgreatest sufferers, Notwithstanding this inertia —this enspension in
all tho great industries and improvements which create a domand
upon the labor maxket, the asgociation has, by calling to ite aid the
lazge wumber of employers with whom it had previoualy perfected
arrangements, and by au unecasing and never-tiring effort on the part
of its officers and agente throughont the state, eueceeded in placing in
position bundreds who, but for this timely aid and interposition, wonld
in all probability have again entered upon # life of crime.

‘The greatest obstacle which the association has to encounter is the
securing employment for those who huve no trade or useful occupa
tion, but who formerly depended upon “clerking it” for a livelihood.
‘As a olass they are utterly helpless, and in ninety-nine easos out of &
lundred, wholly incompetent for the performance of any daties except

‘Tarerers ANNwan Revont ov THE

48

the most menial. ‘The daily newspapers are crowded euch day with
advertisements ef men of this character who are willing to work for a
mere song, and are content if they can avoid mannal lubor and the
slms-house. Upon thia class the temptations to arime fall with peew
iar power, and when one in the cmrrent they are with diffculty
restrained or reclaimed. ‘The mau who is willing to engage in rough
labor until something better snited to his capacity presents itself, isi
a fair way to suecoed, but when nothing but “light and gente”
employment will suit either his disposition or eapacity, his case 1s
‘almost hopeless, and he will soon be at his wits? ends for his daily bread.
In making arsangementa with the large employers throsghout the
state great pains has been taken to secure the co-operation of men in
all the varied departments of industry and manufactare, in onder that
all who had at avy time been engaged in any produitive iuduatry
might have an opportunity to return to their chosen vocation. How
varied theso employments are, and how great the chances for those who
have at any time been producers, may be seen when we meution that upon
the employment register af the association are the names of men engaged
in 72 different Kinds of manufacturing industry, ready almoct
any time to engage the services of those discharged from our penal
institntione who ave familiar with the work, and who are recommended
by the association's agent, It may scom strange under this atate of
‘things that any are left unprovided for in the way of some remuners-
tive occupation, bitt when we mention that only about one-tenth of om:
prison population were ever trained to industry the problem is solved
‘and the only wonder is that so many are thas disposed of, ‘The hesi-
taney shown by many employers in receiving these men when first the
association entered upou this work, seems to have beon sneceeded by a
confidence which, under all the cireumstances, is difficult to explain,
‘One employer, a large shoe manufacturer in the interior of the atats,
when approached upon the subject of the employment of discharged
convicts, by the general agent, over two years ago, eaid that notwith-
slanding the experienee of others he should look upon it as a very
doubtful experiment, and one hw did not care to make; but after some
farther conversation consented to take one man if one could be found
who was competent to run aad keep in order a wax-thread sowing
machine. Upon looking over the list of thoso to be discharged from

the stato prison, on his zeturn to New York, the agont found that
there was a young man who duxing his term of imprisonment, which
hhad lasted for 1d years and 11 months, had been employed st this par-
ticular kind of work, and who was to be discharged the following
month. His orime was burglary in the frat degree, and jail break

‘and he had a brother in the prison who, for the same offense, had been
sentenced for 14 years and 10 months. Their record prior to this

2

,

874

Prisox Assooratrox or Naw Yors. 49

offense was bud; they had frequently beon in jail for drunkenness,
Aisorderly conduct and other offenses, and were a terror to the oom-

jin which they resided. So strong was the feeling agains! hem
that even aftar nine yours of absence and severe punishment they were
alvised not to return upon their dischange, It was the brother first
mentioned whom the agent, after convorsing with him in prison,
Aecided to send to this employer so loth to make doubtful experiments;
and immediately upon his release he was forwanted with s brief note
of introdnotion and so much of his history as it waa neoeseary for the
‘euployer to know. ‘The man was put at work and ocoasionally wrote
us saying that he was well satistied with his place. After two years
had elapsed we called upon his employer again, who informed us that
tis discharged convict, this former outlaw, was the best man he had
in his shop, and the only ono, with one or two exceptions, who had
romained with him permanently. He further stated that ke had not
lost day during all this time except from illness, aud was in all
respeots a trustworthy and reliable man. ‘This tnstimony was corrobo-
rated by the foreman, book-keeper, and the different heads of the
establishment, This, while it may be an extreme ease, is by no means
an anuanal one. sro gone forth from the prisons during the
ar just closed, whose records since their release are without blemish,
and who give abundant promise for the future. Mlustrations eould be
ssiven by the hnndred tending to prove what we have so often said in
relation to these men in our reports to your committee, that with a
‘hir opportanity and surrounded by moral influences, the majority of
those convicted of their first offense will amend their lives, and in the
‘end become useful citizens.

‘Toots.

While proportionally few of the large numbers @isoharged from the
\iferent penal institutions are masters of any mechanical arf, yot
mong 20 great a multitude there are many who havo a sufficient
nowledge of some trade to oarn a erpestable Livelihood, while ome
are execllent mechanics and could command high wages. Some of
these men bave served an apprenticoship, but loaving it for 8 more
“genteel employment,” have been tempted into crime, while others
hhave aeqnited thir skill in the quarries and workshops of the prison.
Employment for these men is not difficult to obtain, as there is a con-
rant demand for the finished workers in wood or metals, but as well
night he be the veriost “ eobbler” or the roughest laborer, for without

is with which to ply his avooation, or the means of .«wohasing
them, he is indeed helpless. Further than this, his utter want ie a
tar to hin obtaining, that omployment for which he maybe to well

FBen, Doc. No. 78.]

i
‘Tummsrt Anwar Rerorr oF THE

50

‘Atted, as his destitution arouses suspicion at onoe in the mind of the
‘employer, not only as to his capacity to do the work required of him,
‘but as regards his character and habils of industry and integrity.
‘Under these, or similar circumstances, one hundred and forty-two
(142) discharged prisoners have been provided with tools sufficient
to enter into a situation already secured, or for which they had after:
‘ward engaged.

In this connection it may be well to say a word in relation to the
industries of onr prisoners, and the knowledge gained, or rather the
lack of all knowledge soquired which will be of service to the man
upon his release. Under the present system pursued by the con-
tractors the work is divided up so that each prisoner performe but a
cortain part; in this he soon becomes proficient, but instead of trans-
ferring him to another department: as soon as he has gained a mastery
‘over that in which he is engaged, he is kept year after year at that one
task, so thatin place of coming oné s competent shoemaker, after serving
a five years’ sentence, he, perhaps, knows nothing beyond how to bar-
nish the heels. He is no doubt a good burnisher, but to what age eau.
he put it in his struggle for a livelihood ? What is trne of this trade
applies to all the manufacturing industries eatried on in our state
prisons and penitentiaries, und is succeptible of an improvement in
which all will be benefited, except, perhaps, the contractor, nor nes
he be the Joser. ‘The result would be that the prisoner upon his dis.
charge would be a finished mechanic, and able to command wages
sufficient to remove all temptation to erime, and the state, society and
the individual would all be gainers. How narrow and short-sighted
the poliey which now prevails in comparison to one that would tend
to make our prisons self-supporting in the end, and the conviet self
supporting upon his discharge.

‘Demagogues may object to any thing that will bring the labor of
the prisoner into competition with that outaide, or the mechanic who
hhas learned hia trade in tho prison in competition with the one who
hhas acquired his knowledge through a regular course of apprentive-
ship; butno right-minded, fair-thinking man will, for a moment, believe
‘that such @ competition in the Iabor market could in any way affect
‘values, or act to the prejudien of the honest mechanic.

Crommxa.

Fow persons discharged from our prisons have sufficient clothing,
and none are provided with a change. In the state prisons each mau
4g furnished with a chesp auit, the value of which does not exceed 10
dollars— while those discharged from the penitentiaries go forth with
the same garments they wore upon their admission, and it ia frequently

Prison Assoorarion of Naw Yous. a

the ongo, that men arrested during the heat of summer, with searcoly
sufficient clothing to cover their nakedness, are discharged in mid
winter without single additional garment to protect them from the
inclemency of the weather. Snch manifest inhumanity calle for a
remedy, for, overlooking the injustice of thus treating a man who has
served his time faithfully, it ia unwise, aa it is unjust, to thus degrade
hhim in his own eyes and in the eyes of the world at a time when, above
all others, he needs all the influenera and aids of on opposite tendeney.

‘The prison ascooiation has, as far aa possible, supplied thoso who were
Aisoharged in this forlorn condition, and during the year four hundred
‘and eoventy-eix (476) were furnished with clothing, shoes, ete, suite
ble to the season and the occupations in which they were about to
engage. We submit that the law and the practice under it, in which,
meh a stato of things as we have deseribed above, is disreputable to
the state and to the counties where penitentiaries are located, and
demand an immediate amendment. ‘The prisoner’s appearance upon
hie release is his only capital, and upon it, in a great measure, depends
his prospect of employment and the consequent abandonment of evil
courses, How much better then would it be for the state or county to
see that when he leaves the priaon doors and goos forth to begin life
anew, that these wants be supplied. And it is of the utmost import-
ance that this clothing should be of such kind as uot to attract atten-
‘fon or mark him as a “prison-bird.”

In the penitentiary of Kings county the long-term prisoner now
receives a docent ontiit at the expense of the county, and under the
new administration of the penitentiary on Blackwell’s Island, the
prisoners are promised that their wants in this regard shall be better
supplied than at any former time, But until a suitable law is passed
making it mandatory upon the authorities to provide suitable and
sufficient wearing apparel for each man upon his discharge, it is
not to be expected that the evil mentioned above will be entirely
remedied.

Ewaniep vo Laave oun Ory.

It is the policy of the association immediately upon the prisoner's
isoharge to send him away, if possible, from the scene of his orimes—
away from his old associates and bad companions, and unless forwarded,
‘o friends — to some point where he is an entire stranger and the his-
tory of his past life unknown save to his employer. Here, among
strangers, ean he begin life anew, there is no one to frown upon him,
to taunt him for his misdeeds, to look coldly upon him or to pass him
by upon the other side. Here he stands upon an equal footing with
‘the man who labors at his side, and so long as he conducts himself

Be ‘Vmienerh ANNUAL Revonr oP THE

properly no one will question him as to his past life nor inquire as to
his pedigrec. It is only with memories with which he hus to deal,
and if he keeps the past before him as warning for the future, he will
be enabled to shun the shoals and guiekeands upon which he foundered
and it will aid him on in the way of reform. He forme other aeqaaint.
ances in his new homo, and if he is sincere ia his determination to
live u life of rectitude, they nro selected with eare and from those whose
‘companionship will prove benefieial and strengthen him in his efforts
From his employer he freqnontly receives encomragement and advice,
and is aided im his struggle to become a good citizen and an honest

Should the man be ~rithout trade ox avocation, it is better that he
be sont to some farmer far away from the temptations and excitement
of city life, und where be will have time to try the sincority of his
good retolves without putting them to too strong a test and one that
they might not be able to withstand,

Tt is dificals to estimate the nnmber who, wider circumstances as
detailed above, have held fast to theiv integeity, Zor itis impossible to
keep up communication with the number, increasing ae it does by
‘hondreds each year.

Hour axp FRiesps.

To every human being there is something in the above words that
tonohes the sealed fountains of his heart— the more he has erred, the
farther he hae strayed from the paths of right and virtue, the dearer to
hhim booome the memories of a happy home and kind friends, and
hile he feels that he is an outcast and can perhaps never moro enter
the charmed civele, the thoughts of it still remain an ever-living influ
ence tor good in his he

If he has firmly resolved pow a life of rectitude and usefilness his
chief desire is to be reconciled to friends, to be once move reecived by
thom, to have the past forgotten and to enter again upon a new life,
‘The duty which the association has to perform in cases like these is a
Aolicate one and one requiring an infinite amount of tot and aipl
macy. Appeals are often made in vain; personal applications fre-
quently fail; protestation and promises are looked upon with doubt
‘and suspicion, and all attempts to awaken sympathy for his sufferings
and efforts for his reformation ate unavailing- But in spite of all
these obstacles hundseds of families huve been again united through
ita kind induences, and duying the year, one hundred and eleven (111)

the relat fend living at u distance who
had promised to reoeive th rand him against future
‘temptations. The prisoner's relatives are looked upon as the most
proper persons to whom he ean apply in his extremity, and if they are

Prison Assooration of Nuw Yons. 83

favorably disposed, there is no one who can so easily lead him in the
right way and shield him from the dangers and temptations which

our effort to commit him, and to no
fone can his Suture so safely be intruated.

Prisons? Fanaurns.

While it is not within the province of the prison association to pro-
vide for the fumilies of prisoners left destitute by the enforeed absence
of the only producer in the houscholA, aid to a greater or less extent
fs frequently Zarnished, It not unfreguently happens that all the
sssailuble property of the family is disposed of in order to aid in his
defense, and whether he be convioted or acgnitted their condition is one
of mtter want and helplesaness. In this extromity they know not
whore to go or to whom toapply. Friends in prosperity now turn from
them, employers in a few brief words inform them that their places
‘ae filled, while some one, unused to the ways of charity, refers thein to
tthe prison aseociation, Te ia in cases like these that its agencies sup-
ply the immediate and moat pressing wants of this starving family,
hor do they desert them until they are placed in a position to provide
for their own necessities, Sixty-one homes were thus preserved to
their ocenpants, and the gaunt wolf kept from the door, during the
year now drawing to a close.

Linnanrns,

‘The edueation of imprisoned criminals is now looked upon as essen-
tial to their reformation, and one of the greatest aids to prison di
pline, Tn most of the penal institutions of this state there ace prison
Tibraties for the use of the inmates, and the records show that the
proportion of prisoners who make use of them is Iarge- ‘Tho only
‘exception to the above at the commencoment of the year was at the
povitentiary on Blackwell's Island, where there was not a book magi
zine, or pamphlet belonging to the institution. The numerous
requests which the association reoeived from prisoners confined there,
for reading matter of some deteription, and the requent applications
from their friends and others interested in their welfare, prompted
them to address « communication to the commissioners of charities
‘and corveetion on the subject, asking if a suitable room could not be
sot apart and furnished with cases, ote, for library purposes, and a
person detailed to take charge of it, keep the books in proper order
and attend to their distribution.

‘In response to this communication a room was selected in the peni-
‘tentiary building and fitced up with eases, shelves and tables and such
regulations wore adopted as are in vogue in other penal institutions
‘The association then, in answer to: an appeal to the publio, reovived

5A ‘Turunen Axwuat Revonr or rae

several hundred bound volumes of books, nearly 2,000 magazines and
pamphlets, and an untold number of illustrated papers, ete. ‘These
vere placed in the library, and ainoe then additions have beeu made
from further contributions from the public, until it has assumed re-
spectable proportions.

Tf, during the conviet’s imprisonment, he acquired # taste for read
ing, it will do much toward reforming him in prison, and in deterring
him from indulgence in vice after his discharge. It inspires a liking
for other thau seusual pleasures, and gives to the mind profitable sub-
Jects of Hhought aud material for relleotion. In the absence of school-
rooms it supplies a mode of instruction which, while it is not the best
‘means of imparting the radiments of education to those who are
‘utterly ignorant, greatly aids those more advanced in the elements,
Contributions have also been made by the association during the year
‘to the libravies of the state prison at Sing Sing and the penitentiaries
of Kings county, in each of which institntions they have a large nuin-
ber of carefully selected volumes. In the library of the latter Institu-
tion great pains has been taken in proparing a eataloguo of the books,
and through the instrumentality of the Rev. Mr, Bass, the chaplain,
frequent and valuable additions have been made to their number,

Somaazr,
‘The following is the summary of these labors and shows the partice
‘ular manner in which every man of the 1,490 who were entered upon
four register during the year wore aided. "Seven hundred and sixtesn
were either aided to employment or obtsined it through their own exer-
tionsor the efforts of thetr fsfends, and reported tous their success. ‘The
majority of these situations were perhaps temporary, but aaved them for
the time from actual want or dependence, and often led to something
permanent. One hundred and eloven of the above aumber were sont
to situations out of the city immodiately upon their discharge, Six
handred and twelve were provided with temporary lodgings and board
until such a time as they wore able to provide for themselves or were
sentto friends. Four hundred and ninety-three wore enabled to reach
their home or friends at a distance or some relative, or othars who hud
promised to lookcafter them. Four hundred and seventy-six were snp
plied with clothing suitable to the season, or the occupation at which
they were about to engage. One hundred and forty-two were furnished
‘with tools sufficient to enter upon a situation at the trude of which
they had a knowledge. Sixty-one prisoners” families were sided aud
enabled to retain their home until other provision lad been made f
their meintenanes, ‘This makes a grand total of 2,500 onses in which,
relief in some form was granted, and the difference between this num-
ber and the number upon the register shows that many who were dis-

Prison Assooration or Nuw Youx. 35

charged at some prior time were assisted; also, that some were aided in
several of the ways enumerated above.

‘The aunexed table, covering the two following pages, is 2 completa
recupitulation of the condition of the 1,490 men aided by the astocia-
sion at this office during the year. It is not only a perfeot record as re-
ganls thelr agoa, nativity, education, religion, oooxpation, habits, social
condition, parental relations, home training, and the number of con-
siotions of each one, but it also shows the number of each, the prison
from which they were discharged, and the total from euch prison. Tt
would be impossible to arrange a table more comprehensive or deserv-
ing of aa careful a study. Here the record of each man, as it were,
exhibited in all its details, and so fully that it almost resolves itself
nto a personal history. ‘The causes of crime and the character and
tho condition of the oriminal are hore set forth more plainly than they
can be expressed in words, and from it ean be gleaned the life of each
separate man that wonld, if written out, fll volumea How large the
proportion of those who fill our prisou-honses are youths and young
‘men, to what extent the foreign clement enters into our prison popu-
lution, how greatly this population is made up of the ignorant and
iterate, how much of the vice and orime of the community is occa
sioned by strong drink, and how close the relationship between the
‘want of a trade and the commission of a crime is here delineated, and
there could not be a more complete exhibition of oath and depravity,
ignoranes and bigotry, idleness and intemperance, orphanage, and
entire lack of parental restraint, conla not be conceived.

ory Parsi

‘The condition, capacity and accommodations of our several city or
istrict prisons, as they are termed, have been so often presented in
the reports of the association that we shall not particularly refer to
them, What we eonecive to be radical dofects in the constraction of
these buildings, and how these defeots may be remedied at a small cost
is shown in a special report on this subject by the chairman of the
cexeentive committee, and appears in auother part of this report, And.
ng the department which has charge of these several institutions has
lately undergone a re-organization, we hope to soon soe some of the
suggestious and reforms therein referred to oarvied into effect

[Reforms of some kind are evidently and most Iamentably needed in
order to inake them what the civilized world has adjudged as alone suit
able for the wants of a onze of detention, and more available for the
ends of justice ana humanity, and wo look with confidenes for more at~
tention to this subject by the present department than it has met from
its predecessors, ‘That our city prison, commonly called the Tombs,
is literally and without exaggeration a moral post-house, where crime

Paisox Assocation ov Nuw Youx.

E[ omer

58 ‘Taimrere ANNUAL Report ov THE

{in all ite various phases is soon, eannot be denied, and that youth here
confined for some petty misdemeanor, some slight infraction of the
law, receive their first lessons in vice is too well understood by all who
fre interested in their welfare to admit of argument. ‘The district
prisons diffor little from this groat cess-pool of a great city’s criminals
‘except in the number of their inmates; there is the same promisonous
mingling of old and hardened offenders with those yet untaught in
‘ways that are dark, and the ssme lack of discipline and order and lack
of employment, Now while it is impossible in prisons of this class to
inaugurate eysiems similar to those in vogue in penal institutions,
‘owing to the rapidly and ever-changing population, still it is possible
to bring order out of this chaos, and make them more nearly conform
to what a detention prison should be and is in almost every other
lange city outside of New York. ‘The officials immediately in charge
fare not éo blame for thia condition of things, for as we stated in @
previous zeport, perhaps all is done that oould be with the present
structures and ander the existing systema”

‘The city prison and county jail of Kings county, known as the Ray-
mond Street jail, is, without doubt, the most deficient in all that is
nocessary to constitute a detention of any in the state, not excepting
the Tombs. Like the others, it has boon so frequently described in
the reports of the association that it is unnecessary to refer to it ia way
of description. It is suficient to say that the present structure is, in
each and every respect, utterly and wholly und for the purposes for
which it was designed and is at prosont used, and is w standing dis.
grace to the grout city of Brooklyn, In our report on tia institution,
Tast year, we took occasion to compliment the sheriff and his keope
for the mauy improrements made and their efforts to ameliorate the
condition of those plaoed in their chargo, and the excellent manner in
‘which, with all its disadvantages, this jeil was managed, and we have
naught to say now exoopt in praise. ‘The jail is clean and woll kept
‘as possible, and the sherifl, Mx. Williams, is undoubtedly to be com-
mended for the manner in which its affairs aro condncted —nor is ho
to blame because three, five and sometimes as many as seven prison
ers are huddled together in one eell, and who, when stretohed ont wpon
the floor to sleop, are packed as tightly as surdines in a box. In no
‘county jail in the state is there such overcrowding, sach a promiseuons
intermingling and blending together, unless it be wt Buffato, and even
here clasifiation is possible.

Tt is time that the authorities tole some definite aotion in this mat-
ter, and either remodel and enlarge the old stracture or do away with
it entively, and build @ new one more in conformity to the wants o
the eounty and the progress of civilization.

Puison Assootation ov Nuw York. 89

Prxtenvianiss,

‘The largest number of discharged prisoners who apply to the asso-
ciation for relief are from the penitentiary of New York, known as
tue Blackwolls Teland penitentiary, and the penitentiary of Kings
county, ‘The number released from the former institation during the
ast yeur, averaged 175 per month ; while from the latter, the number
eseeeded' 100 per month. ‘The majority of these prisoners are boys
and young men whose ages range from 16 to 25 years, and who, in the
ehools of vice in which they wero reared, hare been rapidly prepared
for crime, Tew have ever reovived the benellt of any home training —
are without trade or useful oconpation—and sre of the class who
hound in large cities. As they are trained to no industry in the Black-
‘wl’s Island penitentiary, they are turned loose with no ideas as to the
{future und no thought beyond to-day —reformatory influences in their
government are seldom tought of by those immediately in charge, and
whatever influences they may receive of a moral nature are eounter-
aoied by the indigoriminate manner in which they are herded together,
no attempt being made at classification on Blackwell's Island and
the only distinction in the Kings County penitentiary is between loug
ud short-term prisoners, As the purposes for which prisons are
Aesigned is, to deter irom erime, to establish law, order, security and

ace, to protect society, and to teach transgressors that erime is fol-
lowed by justice and justice punishes, and the safs-keoping and refor-
‘ation of the criminal, it fe necessary that neither should be neglected
vr lost sight of by our prison managers —eaoh prisoner should be the
subject for individual treatment, he should be placed among the frst
offenders or with those classed as hopeful and who neod encourage-
ment, or separated and sot aside among the utterly abandoned and
Aspraved, as dangerons to hia associates in prison as well as out of its
{or there are as many grudes of society within the walls of a prison as
‘hore are outside, and while the corrupting influences are much greater,
‘the man who has committed his first offense is usnally in that condi-
tion of mind that he ia open to moral or religions infinences and

ally saaoeptible to those of an opposite tendency. Ihe is placed
among those no worse than himself, he can be educated and guided
while all the botter feclings of his nature are awakened, and vieious
ancl erroncona ideas are aupplunted.

‘The entire luck of any aystem of productive industry in the peniten-
tary on Blackwell’s Island makes the matter of discipline a most
Uiffeutt one, as constant labor is one of the best aids to prison disci-
pline and reform. ‘Dhis institution has long been famous as one of the
largest and least governed prison in this country, end, perhaps, no
penal institution so greatly needa entire and sweeping reformation in
its plan, methods, and discipline, if discipline it can be called, 28 our

60 Twumcerk ANNUAL Revorr ov tite

county penitentisy. The different administrators are, pethaps, not
to blame for tho wrong systems which they found in existence when
they came into power, but the responsibility must rest somewhere for
not changing or introdncing a new aystem whereby the inmates could
be made to contribute to their own support, snd in the end become
useful membors of sociely. ‘The warden of this institutiow has little to
do with ite management beyond carrying out the orders of the coun.
‘missioners, and, therefore, upon them must rest the responsibility of
changes in the plans and discipline that may in the end make it in
every senso self-supporting and reformatory. Another evil which
hhas long been felt in this institution —in fact in all the institutions
under the control of the department of charities and correction —is
‘that they have no separate hend, the warden heing nothing more than
fan under keeper, and as his subordinates all hold their appointments
from a superior and independent sonroe they are frequently regavlless
of the warden’s orders or wishes, and confusion and insubordination
are the natural resulés. All persous conversaut with the intricate
question connected with prison discipline and management know how
important it is that there should he oneness, eoherence, uniform
ity and consistency in the management of the affairs of a prison, and
insist that it should hare but one head, and that he should be held

a rigorous accountability. Now, if he has not the power of appointing
and discharging his subordinates, he ean have no secarity for the exe
ution of his plans and orders, however wise or necessary they may be,
‘and he is left completely at their meroy. Instead of holding him
accountable for the fitness of men he employs, as well as the measures
they pursue, the blame for abusos and mismanagement is left to shift
itself from one porson to another until it is determined by some out-
side anthority that no one was responsible, and then, in nine eases out
of ton, all investigation coxses, and all are exonerated.

In the Kings county penitentiary, where nearly all the prisoners are
engaged in productive industry, where all are kept constantly em:
ployed, bat few of the abuses incident to those arising from idleness
in tile Blackwell’s Island penitentiary exist. ‘The discipline is excel-
lent, and under ite present management it has taken rauk as ono of
the best governed prison in the state, An effort is made at elastics
tion of the prisoners in their celle, and while it is uot all that eould be
desired, itis botter than the indiseriminate massing together in vogns
in many other prisons, and is, perbups, a2 nearly a separation aa can
be attained under the contragt aystem as carried on and with the
‘present cell facilities of the institution which, however, have been
‘greatly inereasod during the past year by an addition of a new female
‘prison separate and apart from the main prison. ‘This has enabled the

Pursow Assootantos oF New Yous. a

autnorities to set apart the wing formerly oconpied by the females for
the use of short-term prisoners aud young offenders

The penitentiaries of Monroe county, at Rochester, and of Brie
county, at Buffalo, were inspected by the general egent during tl

nnd the facts and figures conneoted therewith, together with his obsor-

-ar in auother part of this report
‘All of which is respeotfully aubmaitted,
A. W. SHELDON,
General Agent,

COUNTY AND CITY PRISONS

THE POLICE PRISONS OF THE OfTY OF NEW YORK.
STATION-HOUSE LOCK-UPS DESCRIBED.

‘As @ momber of the Prison Association of New York, I have
reently visited the police prisons, aud now submit the following
sceount of them.

Although the inmstos committed to these prisons are only tempo-
ravily confined in them, yet owing to the great number of arresta the
ells are never all unocoupied for the whole twenty-four hours. ‘The
character and habits of most of the occupants demand thet absolute
clounliness, plenty of water, and perfect ventilation should be found
jn all of them, to the end Uhat the foul gases and sickening odors from
‘cleanly and badly-ventilated celle shonld not engender disease
among the inmates, thereby making them a greater expense to the
public, and, what is of vastly more concern, spread disease over the
city. Where the cells face each other there ia usnally but @ small
space between them, eay four to five fect, possibly six. Both sexes are
plaoed in these cells, and the Ianguage used and the exposures come-
times made by the inmates cannot be desoribed on paper; the women,
Tam sorry to state, often giving painfnl evideneo of being deeper in
dogredation than the men. ‘The influence of such surroundings on
persons of comparatively decent habits, who may be confined for the
fist time, though only for a brief period, it of a very demoralizing
ustmre, and eau only ina measure be remedied by 20 constructing our
prisons that the cells never face each other. For the information of
those not familiar with * station-house Iifo,” it may be proper to state
that the term “lodging” used in this communication refers to sleep-
lng-places gratuitously furnished by the eity to such as have no other
uhiding place, and consist of boards or planks placed on low iron
frames, the boards being taken up every morning after the Iodgers are
“tarned out,” and the floor underneath “the bunk” thoroughly
‘washed, and when night comes, the boards are again placed on the

on frames, ready for the homeless wanderera that are always strag-
ling abont a great city. No bodding or bed covering of any descrip

64 ‘Tauerern AxyAL Ruvorr op THE

tion is furnishod, Tn thi cold season of tho year hundreds of portons
sleep iu these “lodgings,” but in the summer time but few oconpants
are found there. When necessary, the rooms are warmed by furnacts
or stoves. Sometimes these lodgers are so numerous that they are
compelled to Iie almost as close to each other as herrings in a box, ald
and young; dirty and dirtier, rum-souked and tobuoco-emoked ; the
perpetual revolving tramp packed close to au unfortunate casual,
‘whom siclness or poverty may have sent to these “lodgings” for the
first time, .

The following is a list of prisons under the control of the police
department.

Porter Sraniows.

No.1. No. 54 Now stroct, Old warchonses cells above ground
and ia fair condition ag to Tight and air; lodging roome very dark and
badly ventilated.

No.2. No, 49 Beskiman streot. Old building; eolls facing each
‘other, are under house ; bed light and yery poor ventilation; lodging
for women only, badly ventilated.

No. 8. No. 160 Chambers street, Old building ; cells under honsos
xno daylight very bad ventilation; no lodging room; lodgers are put
in prison oells.

No.4. No. 9 Oak street. New building ; cells in good condition
as to light aud sir; good lodging.

No.5. Nos. 19 and 21 Leonard street. Now building; cells above
ground, gnd in fair order as to air and light. Would cost but little to
‘earry up tho prison part a story higher and use the two upper stories
for cells instead of using the ground floor for oalls, as at present;
good lodging rooms

‘No.6. No.9 Franklin street, Old house; unsafe; walls cracked
and kept up by timbers; cells in back building tolerable, thongh
deficient in light and air; cells under the main building dark and
badly ventilated.

‘No.1, No. 247 Madison street. House not very oli; officers’
quarters deficient in room and air; cells in separate building, on
ground floor, end to end; one tier endurable as to light and air; the
other very bad ; good lodgings

No.8. Prince and Wooster streets, Old building; cells (faci
‘each other) under the house; badly lighted and poorly ventilated.

No. 9. No. 94 Charles sirect Cells ander houso; bad light and
‘poor ventilation,

No, 10. No. 81 Eldridge street New building; ealla in separate
structure (on ground floor), end to end ; deficient in light and air;
good lodging.

‘No, 11, Sherif and Houston strosts. On second floor in ola mar-

Paitox Assooration or New Yorr. 65

ket-house; cells badly ventilated ; can be improved by boring small
holes in iron roof of same ; small lodging rooms; sergeant's room too

ll; very bad affair for the parpose intended.

No. 12. One Hundred and Twenty-fifth street, between Third and
Fourth avenues. Cells in separate building, in good condition as to
light and air; good lodgings.

‘No. 13. Attorney and Delanoey streets. Part of the premises were
an old engine amd station honsa; cells in basement; bad light and

bad airs no lodginga; sometimes put lodgers in cells 5 miserable

aflaiz.
No, 14, No. 205 Mulberry strect. Now houses good light and airs

No. 221 Marcer street, Colle in separate building, above
ground, in good condition; sof! basina in lodging rooms should be
hyolosed; otherwise the lodging rooms are iu good order.

No. 16. No. 250 West Tweutieth street. Building formerly used
as engine house, track house, and station honse cella under the honee,
fnoing each other very poor light and bad ventilation.

‘Novi. Hirst avenue, comer ith street. Old house cells under-
neath very bad light and airs lodging a8 decent as may be in such a
jlaces rooms for officers and mea ia fair condition

No 18 No. $27 Bast Twenty-second attest. Cells in seperate
building ; one tier good light and airs back tier delcient, as they are
close to another building ; lodgings decently aupplied with light and

'No. 19, No, 220 Bast Fity-ninth street, Old building; cells in
separate building, on ground oor faoe each others bad light and
fie; lodging rooms over ella; deoent condition; exposed soil basins;
aloes’ rooms very defcien:; 14 men sleep in a zoom 22524, and 18
Inen in another room 14x22, on ground floors damp and unhealthy 5
ant for nse.

‘No. 20, Sub-station, Grand Central depot, Only two calls; under
ground; ventilation deficient

‘No. 21." No. 44 West Thirty-seventh street. New building; four
tiers of cells (in separate building), two facing each other, and two end
to end, in good condition ; good lodgings ; premises in excellent con
dition for purposes intended.

No.22, No. 160 East Thirty-fifth street. Old building ; prison
under house; one tier of cells; no cellar under them; Tight and ven-
filation quite tolerable ; women’s lodging above ground ; quite decent;
rmen’s lodging below ground ; bad air; soil basin in both rooms not
inclosed.

‘No. 29. No, 345 West Forty-seventh street. Modern buildings

[Sen. Doe. No. 78.] 5

66 ‘Tarererm ANXUAL Report oF THE

prison in separate house; colls are end to end ; no collar under prison;
fair Hight and ventilation 5 good lodgings; soil basins not inclosed.

No. 24. Highty-cighth street, near Avenue A. New building;
prison in separate house; station house and prison and lodgings, and
the whole establishment, in good order.

‘No. 25. No. 34 Bast Twenty-ninth street. Old building; prison
in separate house ; good light, air and supply of waters good lodgings
a to light snd air

No. 28, ity Hall basement, No calls,

No.27. Liberty and Church streets, New buildings good light,

and water good lodgings.

‘No. 28. No. 550 Greenwioh street. Cella sbove ground ; would get
more light and air hy making the doors all grated, instead of being
partly grated and partly clos, and by larger windows,

No. 29. No. 187 West Thirtieth street. Modern house; cells in
separate building, end to eng, in good condition as to light and air;
good lodgings.

No. 30, Brosdway and One Hundred and Twenty-eighth strest
Manhattanville), Old wooden dwelling-house ; small and uncom:
forlable room for officers; cells in a small wooden house separate fro
‘tution house ; colle on ground floor, small and anfit for use ; no cellar
under prison ; lodging up stairs in same house, in decent order.

No. 81. One Hundzeith street, between Ninth and Tenth avenues,

‘New house; cells in separate building, well lighted and aired; good
lodgings; premises in excellent condition.
No.

One Hundved and Fifty-second etreot and Tenth avenue,
Entirely now ; cells in seprate building; excellent in all particulars
‘a8 to light, air and water ; capital lodging room ; every thing abou’
the building in the most perfect condition ; = model station house
No. 88. Town Hall, Melrose. Modern house, with cells under
same; ell lighted and aired; heating apparatus quite deficient; oells
rather damp from being on the ground.
No. 54. Madison avenue, between Morris and Marble streets, Tre-
mont. Prison under station house; Tight and air tolerable; no soil
prisoners uso bi lodging rooms in decent con-

Broadway and Spayten Dayvil, Kingsbridge Small frame
building, near the railroad track; only two cells, above ground ; well
Vighted and aired; new prison building to be ereeted, separate from
station house, with six cells and lodging room ; present premises have
no lodgings ; lodgers can use oells when necessary.

‘Honse of Detention for Witnesses, 207 Mulberry street. New build.
ing; in good condition.

"These police prisons are well cleansed, and kept in decent order by

)+  paisox Assoctarrox or New Your: 6
{2030 in charge, though 18 is almost impossible to keop somo of them
in a proper condition, owing to their faulty construction and improper
Jocation in cellars. The oflicors in charge are willing at any reacon-
tule hour to show their premises to citizens, and many of them would
fie) much encouragement if respectable people would interest them-
selves enough to make occasional visits

SINCLAIR 'TOUSEY,
Chairman of the Boecutive Com. of the Prison Association,

‘Canmsra ANNUAL Revont oy 1m

THE MUNICIPAL DISTRICT PRISONS OF NEW
YORK CITY.

I will here describe the city prisons under the eare of the commis-
siouers of public charities and correction, to whose custody prisoners
ae consigned after conviotion, either for the term of centence or until
‘transferred elsowhore. ‘There are six of these prisons, though only
five of thom require particular notiee at this time, the sixth one being
in the zecently annexed portion of Westchester, and of bnt little
‘present importance.

First, and largest, is the prison known as

‘Tare Towns,
in entre strest ‘This building has so often been deseribed by the
press, that nearly everybody kuows something about it. Tis entirely
inadequate for ite purposes there are not enough cells to accommodate
its many inmates; there is lack of ventilation, lack of water in the

‘upper stories, very imperfect drainage, insufficient sleeping room, and
a total deficiency of proper accommodation for prison purposes. The
prisoners are hnddled together like cattlo im a pen, tho old criminal
‘and tho new offender being found chek by jowl, to the injury of the
Tatler. Separation of prisoners, being almost. impossible, is seldom

thonght of. On the premises is a stone building, some 22 foot in
width by 55 in length, one story high, known as the * bammers’ ball.”
It is used for ten-day prisonors, usually vagrants, inebriates and esau!
‘transgressors. ‘The room, thongh very high trem floor to rool, hus
no eallar, and is poorly sapplied with light and air, having but « few
small windows on one side, only one in the westerly end, and small
movable ones in tho roof, these latter heing seldom, if evex, opened.
‘This prison room contains, at all times, from 40 to 75 men of all ages
and degrees of miserable vagrancy. ‘The cleeping rooms for these
poor creatures are directly under the trial room of the court of special
sessions, and axe three in anmber, all on the gronnd floor, in size
about 12 feet by 18, exch eupplied with a water closets while two of
‘them have one window each, and one has two, which, however, are
not always open when they should be, for the free admission of alr.
‘The bummors’ house is in the north-east corner of the prison yard.
In the south-west oomer of the prison premises ia a room for the

Puisox Assocrattox or New Yous, 69

detention of vagrant women, some of whom are lower down in degra
dation —if that is possible— than the inmates of the male buminers”
pen.

‘Phe women’s room and yard, though of very moderate dimensions, at
times contain upward of 60 females, from the comparatively young
and decent-looking gir to the blear-eyed hag, from whom every veatige
of feminine decenoy has long sinoe departed, ‘The room ocenpied by
these unfortunate, like nearly all prison rooms, is but poorly supplied
with air, an eloment of the fist importance in prison discipline. ‘The

leeping quarters occupied by these women are better than those occu-
pied by men of the same class.

In the south-easterly portion of the ‘Tombs building, at the top of a
winding staircase, is a small room called the chapel, used by the female
prisoners—thongh entirely unfit, from its location and size—for chapel
purposes.

In the same quarter of the building, in what was formerly the
Magdalen depariment, women who have their children with them,
‘nd young girls, are confined for examinstion or trial, who are charged

th orimos greater than aro committed by the vagrant and drunken
omen in the room on the ground floor in the south-west part of the
prison premises, above referred to.

One of the snddest sights to be seen in these prisons is the little
children whose mothers are confined as prisoners, who, having no one
to see to their little ones, take with them to prison those which are
‘vo young to be sent elsewhere little ones, from the tiny one at breast
to those of four or five yeara old, whose young minds are often poi-
roued by the vile convensution of old and wicked offenders.

Some of these children are as bright and pretty as humanity oan
desire, but sach surroundings tend to deaden all that is redeeming in
them. Said a little bright-cyed four-year old boy to me, “ Please gim
me a posey,” pointing to one I wore ina button-hole, His delight on
geiting it was painted in the unmistakable expression of his poor

Prisons should be so constructed as to keep exch woman with chile
on in a cell by herself; contamination is sure to lead to condemna

In the boys’ prison there aze but sixteen cells, and, as there are
offen more boys than cells, eeveral boys are often found in one call;
the boy in for the frat time often lodging in a cell with one more
advanced in orime.

In the day time all the boye in this prison are allowed ont of their
celle, ‘Then all huddle togethers the older and more daring, usually
very bad hoys, mixing with and influencing the younger and wesker
ones—an influence that is always more for baa than for good.

to ‘Demerara AwxcaL Revowr ov THs

I desire to say here that the general condition of the rooms and cells
in this prison, as in the others under the commissioners of charities
‘and correction, is good, so far az cleanliness is concerned ; but, owing
to their imperfect conatraction, overcrowding, faulty drainage and
entire lack of sufficient ventilation and daylight, itis very diffenlt, it
‘not impossible, to keep them free from the unwholesome gases and
isagreeable odors that permeate nearly all of them.

‘The average nnmber confined in the ‘Tombs prison during 1878 was
499; the lowest number in any month being 451, in April, and the
highest 590, in Decomber. The oost of supporting these 600 prison
averaged, for the y per capita per day, making a total of
865,863 for the year, exolusivo of koopers’ salaries, fuel, light, repairs,
oto, Here are 500 persons being smpported in absolute idlenea, not
one of thom doing a particle of work toward sclf-support, except th
‘work that is needed to he done about the prison.

Tt has been said that nearly all tho inmates of this and other
city prisons are confined but a short time, too short to be brought
into profitable labor. But this statemont is not admitted, and es
pecially is not true of those who are sentenced, some of whom are
confined for seversl months. No sentence or confinement is too
short to enable the prisoner to do something better than to brood over
his confinement, orto contrive plans for future erimes, and instruct the
Jess experienced ones how to progress in criminal pursuits. Prisoners
cannot be reformed, or their evil conrses checked, if kept in idleness
in crowded roomis filled with bad air.

Society owes to itself, and to these prisoners, asa part of its members
to gee that some sort of employment is found for them.

Terperson Manger Pxtsow.
‘This building, though of modem construction, is very de

jroper accommodations, ‘The cells are but poorly ventilated ; there
is a great lack of windows throughout the prison ; lack of soil basins
im cells; seateely any water in the apper floors, which might be
abundantly supplied by s force-pamp worked by prisonere; lack of
room for the accommodation of tho ten-lay women — this class oceit-
pying the same quarters night and day—the men having separate
yooms for day and night, if suob stone pons as the men are conti
in during the day can be oalled rooms. In this, as in the Tombs,
‘more prisonera are confined than can have separate celle, even for the
night, and they aro spread ontor laid down ab night on large wooden
‘bunks, like so many mummies in a row, both sexes being served alike
these bunks being mere long wooden platforma raised a little above
the floor.

Prison AssoctatoN or New Your. iy

‘The cells have recently been furnished with good iron bedatends,
instead of the ol@ wooden banks that formerly furnished refuges for
yermin, and the present board of commissioners has made great: im-
provements in the ventilation and admission of light into thie prison,
Yot much more remains to be accomplished, but which will not be, in
all probability, as the structure is to be superseded by a new building,
to contain court-rooms and prison, planned on better prinoiples than
governed the erection of the one now in use

Essex Manger Passos.
This prison is constructed ima proper manner; has 54 cells, back
to back, plenty of light and air, good ventilation and plenty of water

for cleansing boil basine—tho whole establishment being in good order.
No citizen need bo ashamed of i

‘Tae Fount Dierarer Pusox
is in Bifty-seventh street, between Third ond Lexington avenues. Tt
is under the police court-rooma; coutaina 34 calls, including two for
what are known as “ten-day” eases; the eolla all above ground, well
lighted and aired, and aro in single tiers—three of them—one tier
above the other. "This prison is in good order, and entirely fit for ite
purposes, ‘The inmates average about 40.

Like nearly all the district prisons of the city, this one is greatly in
need of a **padded cell.” ‘The Tombs prison is the only one that has
any. No prison should be without at least one such coll. ‘They are
of very great importance for the use of lunatics and those euffering
with delirium tremens, many of whom injure themselves against the
tare walls of common cells, inflicting injuries that often last during
the life of che unfortunate prisoner.

‘Tap Poms Disrazor Prisow
jy in One Hundred and Twenty-sixth atrect, adjoining the police court,
Harlem. ‘This prison has 16 single colls and two large ones (one for
‘men and one for women) for what are called “ten-day” cases. ‘The
calls are on the first floor, with collar underneath; have an aban- .
‘lance of air and lights well supplied with water, snd soil basin in each,
"The doozs are grated their entize length, and the tops or roofs of the
calls have open gratings for the free pascage of air. ‘There is « space
of about eight fect between the doors of the calls and the walls of the
building, and gus-lighte are go arranged as to give suiiciont light to
enable the occupants of the oells to read at night. ‘The cells are back
to back, or end to end, a0 that the Inmates do not see each other.
This prison has but recently come into use, and is one of the best in
the city.

n ‘Turerrene Awwean Revonr or s2E

Lask permission to zefer to a prison in Harlem, just vacated, ‘The
collar of a condemned building on Fourth avente was used for a
prison. Iteontain 16 cells; the drainage was go imperfect that a rain
storm woald flood the floors with water, to get rid of which, holes
wore cut in them to lot the water find ita wey down into tho’ earth
underneath, Not a ray of sunlight, or scarcely a bit of daylight could
by any possibility ever find way into this lack hole; as to ventila-
tion, there was none whatever; dead, damp air and foul odors from
imperfectly drained soil basins and wet Aoors, were the breathing
‘material furnished to the inmates of this dungeon. And there the
keepers hai to stay, day and night, going slowly but surely to the
‘grave that oan be but a little darker than this living tomb, into which
society thrusts those, of all others, that need light, air, cleanliness and
decent surroundings. This prison is now abandoned,

How to Ivcaass tHs Nox oF Oxtis at rmx Toups,

‘The legislature repealed the law authorizing the ereotion of a new
prison, a8 had been contemplated, leaving the existing prison accom.
‘miodations of the city in their present ingu@iofent condition, until the
new court-house and prison building is erected at Jefferson Market
‘The completion of that edifice is come years in the future. In the
meantime overcrowding will go on in the existing prisons; and oven
when finished, with its 86 cells, will not afford proper room for
the confinement of the constantly increasing: number of Iaw-breakers
that crowd our city.

‘The Tombs can be enlarged to contain at Jeast 150 moze cells than
‘at protont, and at a comparatively small cost. ‘The stone building.
deseribed as the “bummers’ hall,” is high enough to contain two
stories instead of only one, as at prosent; is wide enough for two tiers
of cells, and is long enough for each tier to contain at least 10, making
20 additional cella ‘The walla of the building ave sufficiently strong
to beur another or third story, to be made of iron. ‘That would give
20 more cella, making for that one house 40 mora ells than at present.
‘The ventilation of the lower, or ground floor room of the building
could also be wade much better than at present, by incveasiug the
windows on the southerly side. Wost of this houce is a large open
yard, into and out of which the prison vans pass with aconsed ani
‘convicted prisoners, This yard can be utilized for cell purposes by
ercoting a two or three-story iron building on iron columns, sufficiently
high from the ground to allow the vans to pass under it, jn and out
‘of the yard, aa at prosent, ‘The floors of thie proposed new building
to be on a level with the above projected new floors and prison room
‘of the “‘bummere’ hall” From 40 to 60 additional oells could be
‘made in such a building at a moderate cost, and still leave sulicient

Pawo Assoctation ov New Yous. cc

soom for the vans, and for light and air for the new building and for
the prosont ones,

‘The walls of the southerly wing of the Tombs are strong enough to
Dear an additional story of iron; so, too, are the walls of the brick
building, known us the boys’ prison. By the erection of these addi-
tional rooms for cells, the Tombs prison will be sufficient for a long
time to come, and the expense very ingonsideruble ae compared with
the cost of anew prison. One thing I desire to say just here, that it
is not wiso ; either to incur the cost of this increased room, or even to
Keop the Tombs as a prison at all, unless the drainage and water sup-
ply ean both be greatly improved; and I am informed thet there is
no difficulty as to either, except the one of fonds, and that, in a ques-
tion of such great importance, should be only secondary,

SINCLAIR TOUSEY,
Charman of Brecutiva Committee of the
Prison Ass'n of New York,

{
fs
f

ae
‘Tauren: ANNUAL Reponr oy THE

POLICE PRISONS OF BROOKLYN.

On behalf of the Prison Assooiation of New York, the undersigned
‘vtited tho lock-ups and prisons of Brooklyn, and beg leave to submit,
the following brief report of their condition

‘There are fourtoon lock-aps or precinct prisona under the oare of
‘the Police Department.

‘Number One, is an old honse im Washington street, near Johu-
son strest. The police in the precinet consists of 48 mon, under
Copiain Joel Smith. The lock-up contains only five ells (entirely
too few for the number of atrests), are on the ground floor, tolerably
well lighted and ventilated; each call hat a oil basin, cleansed by
water from pipes outside of the cell; the prison is warmed by stoves,
‘The lodging rooms for the use of vagrants, snd others who havo 0
Detter place to sleep in, are on the second foor, aud have a eaffciency
of light and air, aud are heated by stove on the prison floor. ‘The
‘ooma used by the police force of the precinct are comfortable, snd the
whole premises in a cleanly eondition,

‘Number ‘Pwo, is at the corner of York and Jay streets, ‘The police
foro consists of 41 men, under command of Captain Bourne
‘The house is an old one.” ‘The ofloers' quarters axe comfortable
There are two tiors of cells for prisoners ; one on the ground floor, and
fone in the basement. The upper tier is indiflerently ventilated and
Highted ; it has covered soil basina in the cells, but no water. ‘The
lower tier, in the basoment, is very badly lighted and vontiluted and
the soil basins uncovered; stationary iron bedsteads, too high from the
floor, and is warmed by staves. ‘The lodging rooms are in the hase-
‘ment; Jack light and air; only ono window in each, and when that
and the door are closed, are almost airtight ‘The premises are in a
cleanly condition,

‘Number Three, is at No. 1 Butler street. ‘The poliee foree consists
of 54 men, under Captain Ferry. The building was erected in
1867, for police puxposes, ‘The prison is in a separate building, and
‘contains 10 calls, all above ground, end to end ; uncovered soil basins
in the cells, cleansed by water from the outside; the cell doors are
grated their entire length, adding greatly to the ventilation. ‘The
Todging rooms are in the same building, inclosed water-ologets in both

Puisom Assootarion or Nzw Yous. %

of them. ‘The prison and lodging rooms are in good order, and hare
plenty of light and air. ‘The officers’ quarters are comfortable, and
‘the whole establishment ig in a ereditable condition,

Number Four, is at Myrtlo and Vanderbilt avenues. ‘The police
force consists of 43 men, under Captain Craft. ‘The building is an
old dwelling-house. ‘The prison contains eight cells on the ground
oor, besides a number in the basement, which are not used. Th
in use are end to end, and have the doors grated fall length. ‘The
light and ventilation are tolerable, but the soil basing in the calls are
uncovered. ‘The lodging rooms are in the prison building, and ave
warmed by stoves on the prison floor; the light and air are endurable,
and. the water-olosets are inclosed. ‘The officers’ quarters are good,
with plonty of light and air. The premises are in a cleanly con-
dition.

‘umber Five, is at North First street, corner Fourth, B.D, ‘Tho
police foreo consists of 57 men, under Captain Woglom. The
house was built for police purposes, ‘The prison, in separate building,
contains 10 calls, end. to end, on the ground floor, a yallery on three
sides, soil basine supplied with water insido, wooden buaks, and doors
grated the entire length, with grates over them ; light and ventilation
are good. The lodging oome are over the eels, with plenty of light
and air and good water-closets. The officers’ quarters are comfortable,
and the whole premises are in a eleauly, decent, condition throughout.
A creditable institution,

Number Six, is at Stagg and Morel etrosts, and was erceted for
police purposes. ‘The police foree consists of 41 men, under Cap-
tain Kaiser. The prison contains 10 cells, face to face, on the
ground floor, very poorly lighted, and no ventilation; air very bad
amcovered soil basins in cells, supplied with water; some of the cells
have iron bedateads, others have wooden bunks; the cells are clean and
the lodging rooms are good, with plenty of light and air, and good
waterolosets; and are warmed Uy stoves. Officers’ quarters comZort-
uble,

Number Seven, ig at Franklin and Union Place, Greenpoint. ‘The
force consists of 30 men, under Captain Rhodes. ‘The house was
rected for police purposes. ‘Tho prison is in a soparate building,
and contains seven oolls on the ground floor. ‘Tho soil basins are
‘uncovered and the light and ventilation are poor. ‘The cell doors are
grated their entire length; the cells are warmed by stoves, have
Wooden bunks, and are very clean. ‘The lodging rooms are over the
cells and have good light and air, and deoent water-closets. Tho offi-
cer? quarters are well lighted, aired, and quite comfortable.

‘Number Fight, is at Fifth avenue and Sixteenth street ‘The
force consists of 80 men, under Cuptain MeKellux. ‘The building was

setae Tam

6 ‘Tauern ANNUAL RevoRt OF THE

erected in 1873 for police purposes, and is just sach an one as is
needed. The prison is in a soperato building, contains 10 eolls on the
ground floor, well lighted and aired, warmed by a heaters the soil
basins in the colls are kept clean by water from the outside; there is
plenty of gaslights; the doors are geatod the entire length, aud the
prison is very cleanly and in good onder. ‘The lodging zooms are ix
the same building, with good light avd ventilation, and the water
losots are in good onder. The officers’ quarters ave roomy, airy, ligh
‘lean, and the entire establishment worthy of praise,

Nuiaber Nine, is in Gates avenue, near Maroy avenne, ‘The patioe
foree embraces 83 men, under Captain MoLaughlin. ‘The build-
ing was erceted for the parpose. ‘The prison is in a separate house
and contains 10 cells, ond to end, on the ground floor, the light aud
ventilation are quite good, though both would be improved by anothur
‘window on each side of the prison building; it is warmed by stoves;
the coil basins in the calls are aupplied with water from the inside the
doors grated their entire length, with grated openings over them. The
prison is very clean and in good ordor. ‘The lodging rooms are on the
‘second floor of the prison building, are light, elean and well vonti-
Inted, and the water-closets ave in good order. ‘The officers’ quart
are light and comfortable, On one side of the premises is a strip of @
garden well stocked with flowers and plants, oared for hy one of the
foree. Brooklyn people need not be at all ashamed of this institntion.

‘Number Ten, is at Pearsall and Bergen streets. ‘The force consists
of 41 mon, under Captain Camptell, The building was erected
for polico purposes. The prison containing 10 cells on the ground
floor, is in a separate building; the eells are back to back; the
oors are grated from top to bottom ; the building is heated by steam;
the soil basins are uncovered and are cleansed by water from the out
side; the light and air are good. Lodging rooms on second floor of
prison building, are light and ventilated; inclosed watey-closets;
‘warmed by steam, Officers! quarters are roomy, light and airy. ‘The
‘promigos are in good condition.

‘Number Eleven, is at Van Brant and King strests, ‘The foree eon-
sists of 30 men under Captain Cornell. ‘The building was an old
tevaut-house and liquor store, in a filled-in ewamp. ‘The prison
building ia separate and contains eight oells with board partitions, on
the ground floor; the soil basins are supplied with water from the
inside; some are woll lighted and ventilated, others very badly. Lodg-
ing rooms are over the cells, are well lighted aud ventilated, and
‘warmed by stovee ; they have inclosed water-closets, not so cleanly as
they should be. ‘The premises are in decent ores,

Number ‘Twelve, is at Fulton, near Schencotady avenues. ‘The fore?
consists of 34 men, under Captain Leich, An old building,

Parsox Assootation or New YoRe, n

formerly a store and tenant-honse. ‘Phe prison haa three cells on the
ground floor; no bunks or bedsteade; the soil besine are uncovered
and are cleansed by water from hoso—an unsatisfactory mode; the
calls axe well lighted and aired, and warmed by stoves. Moro cells are
needed, ‘There are no lodging rooms, though very much wanted 5
applicants for lodgings are sont to the minth, and ninth sub-stations,
he officers’ quarters are comfortable and the whole promises are in
good order.
* substation, Number Six, i at 780 Flushing avenue, near Broudway-
‘The force consists of 20 men, under acting Gaptain Buckholts, A small,
ld tenaut-honse, entirely too small {or thie public convenience; there ar
no eos for prisoners, or lodgings for the homeless, both classes being sent
fo Station Number Six, uearly or quite three-fourths of a mile distant,
‘Tho officers’ quartors are cleanly and in good onder, bat are too small.

Sub-station, Number Bight, is at Third avenue and Forty-second
street. ‘Tho force comprises 16 men, under acting Capiain Hall.
‘The building was formerly a dwwelling-house. ‘The prison is in a sepa
rate building and contains threo cells on the ground floor; the call
‘loors are grated fall length and the light and ventilation are tolerable
Omicots’ quarters comfortable, and the whole place cleanly.

Sub-station, Number Nine, is at Broadway and Greene avenue.
‘The force consists of 20 men, under acting Captain Worth. An
ld wooden building. ‘The prison is of brick and containe four cells
with board partitions, fall grated doors, no wator or soil basins, tho
prisoners using covered night buckets ‘There is ove small lodging
room for men, the cella being frequently used for lodgers, ‘The offi-
cere’ quarters, though limited in room, are comfortable and the promises
in good order.

‘Tho undersigned desire to say to the people of Brooklyn, that the
sverage condition of their police prisons is botter than that of the
same class of lock-ups in the elty of New York, yet, by reference to
portions of this report, it-will be seen that there is plenty of room for
improvement in the matter of increased accommodati
ventilation

Nuw Yous, November, 1874

SINCLAIR ‘TOUSEY,
Chairman of Frscutive Commitiso, Prison Association of N.Y.
‘A. W. SHELDON,
Gonerat Agent.

Tarercern Awsvan Rurorr ov TH

PENITENTIARIES AND JAILS,

Aupasy Coury PENITENTIARY,

‘The statistios of the Albany county penitentiary, for the yoar 1874,
hhave already booa furnished in the report of the superintendent. for
‘hat year, with socompanying documents.

‘That roport gives ample information concerning the number and
character of the commitments for crime during the year, together
‘with many other valuable items of informacion ; still, uo such report
ean go back to the sonrecs of all this wave of erime, which may
generally be found in vicious family relationship, lack of early traine
ing, bad habits, juherited disease, unrestrained passions, and a thone
sand other things which cannot be enumerated,

Of the prisoners in the ponitenti I as the county jail, «

large majority have not received good home education, and I fiemly

Delle Ghat our primos and almethousce are crowded vith men eal
fromm, for wow pouition in society parents are largely reqpooste
Of eoure, many conf to good traning and an abso of I yeh, spon
deeper avarh,u lange proportion of thao betray the fut of daa in
the Onining during the earliest yeas of ie

‘One of the noo! pole agentes in the production of criminals i
the et nightauctin whi the youth f 992 er

any young boys re fast becoming expert in hungary, tievng
tay ex Into ets dimes every nue Uy aweciation ‘with Tada of lb
Gira age, congregated on sree coriuts aler dark. ould parents
tridentand und apprsiate the value of talking home pleasant at
feat, reversing eis ehldcen from ench aoeatons tl the yet
Of dloretion; many a child would be kept ovtside of prison walle ad
ftom a life of shame

mo the lack of edcation may be traced auch of the erime of ou
day. A notorious burglar ucknowedged to me, Dot afew day 90
that most of the time, when bis parents suppoted him to be at shoo),
be war playing =hookey” and thus noveraoqured any edtaton, bal
tra ooatanty drinking’ in tho eeu of evil annotations. and be
Jebat one of many wh if they wil all the kth, would make sm
Hromfeodna “Igoorance ie the handuaid of eae, and will ever
be. Me rg enforcement of the “Compulsory Ravenion Aot” wil
So much tolteen evime in our atte for while come men af metal
tare, sola retsement, aad even’ of religious profesion, doom

° 1 prasow Assocranion or Naw Youk. 0
mit erimes for which they deservedly become inmates of prisons, a
vast proportion of our criminals are drafted from the ranke of the
ignorant,

We think the school at the Albany penitentiary is of great import-
ance in fitting men for honest occupations in life, by giving them
competent knowledge to transact the common business affairs, thus in
a measure preparing them to occupy a higher sphere than the one
from which they were removed to the prison.

‘A certain proportion of oriminals may be classed among the
“inoorrigibles ” and while, as a theory, we believe that few only are
past being materially bettered, could the right means be found, of a
large number it must be said that slight hopes can be enteriained of
any permanent reformation. ‘This class belong to the “revolvers”
fe, those who upon their discharge may, with reasonable certainty,
be expeeted to return to their old quarters. ‘To some of these a prison
is the only place they ean call home. Polige and other couxte know

what to do with them upon their arrest, which is to aentenoe them
for the extreme period permitted by the law, and this to be repeated
at regular intervals, tll death releases them from the jurisdiction of
courts The Albany penitentiary has a building purposely erected for

‘use of these eases, whero they can enjoy each other's society ander
he quiet diacipline of the penitentiary, and thus they pass their lives,
subjects rather for the alms-house than the prison. Of such it may
be said, that strong drink bas generally heen their daily beverage from.
youth up, obscenity and profanity their patots, the indulgence of ani-
imal passion their highest happiness, and deconoy and order their
peculiar aversion. While they live they are usoloss to socisty, and
‘when they die they aro missed by none save the aaloon Keeper and the
officer of justice. To “King Alcohol” may bo given the eredit of
being the monarch of this wretched class, a8 they are in most every
instsnee drunkards of the worst type. ‘The orime for which they are
thus sentenced, time after time, is public intoxication, varied oceasion-
ally by a petty theft or a bodily assault while under the influence of
stimulating drink. They havo bad little or nothing of what ean be
called Homm TharNzNG, seldom reside anywhere in particular, never
attended a charch or Sunday schoo! with any regularity, have had
‘ow, if any, worthy plans in life, rarely have owned property, and have
been the pray of vicious habits sines childhood, without ever eommite
ting any bold or daring crime. ‘These “iuoorrigibles” are the old
men and women who in earlier life would perhaps be characterized as
‘ramps or vagrants, having ceased the life of a professional tramp,
because to old to follow it

‘The professional young tramp is the old “revolver” or “bummer”
in process of reformation. With no trade and with no desire to have

80 ‘Tamm ANNUAL Ruporr oF cH

‘one, he enters active life with two, and but two, ideas, viz, that “the
world owes him a living,” and that he is determined to have that lis-
1g without rendering an equivalent therefor. Like the Ishmaclite of
old, ‘his hand is against every man, and every man’s hand i agai
him” He travels from house to house, from sivoeb to street, from city
i lg i no i a ar nnn a aS
Uofrand, whichever is most convenient, wherever the opportunity pr
tenta—but never o work. The lands filled with. these vagabouds
who roam throngh it like beasts ot prey. The jail and prison are
frequent places of rest from their wanderings, 0
after their release, A large proportion of them are of foreign birth
for parentage, though omr cities are beginning to furnish them trom
native American blood. A few of these tramps havo the eapaci
Deoome first-class burglars, thieves or operators in counterfeit money,
though my observation is, that experts at the most andacious erimes
are not, generally, from this shiftless class, but suck as make a spe.
tialty of some particnlar branch of crime and begin a course of early
training with reference specially to it, Now and then a tramp sizes
ahigher vein of life whieh leads him to something usefal, but he
generally becomes the permanent inmate of the prison or penitentiary,
‘and is nally buried with all the honors adorded by such instita-
tions. One prisoner in the Albany penitentiary has declared to me
thal, baring uow found a prison to suit him, he does not intend to
leave it permanently while he lives.

‘As to prevontivo measnres against those criminal and disorderly
courses of life ll hould aim at taking hold of their victim at an early
age, before habit has set its seal upon the character. ‘The chanees of
reform rapidly Georease as years accumulate. Tastitutions for indus-
trial employment and instruction of youthful eriminals shonld be
‘owned bj, or be accessible to every county, and over each should be
placed a competent sperintendent, appointed and sustained withont
political influence or interference, who should be held responsible for
its ontire management, and to whom salary enough should be paid to
secure first-class capacity and honest administration. ‘The Taw should
‘be competent to take the youthful vagrant or eriminsl ont of the
parent's hands as soon as he is capable of willflly violating it, and
‘should place him under the oave of this instruction and enforoed disci
line, 6] such time as a reasonable hope could be entertained of trae
reformation,

T believe that a auflicicnt number of such institutions, to accommo:
ate a Gxed number of inmates, would be true eaonomy in the saving
fof lange costs in oriminal proseontions, and in restoring thoussads
of young vagrants to useful citizenship,

‘The placing of javenile offenders in jals and alms-houses cannot be

ly to be begun again

Prisox Assoctavion of New You. 81

bp strongly reprebended, ‘The free commingling with older oximinata
sai poupers to say nothing of the scope which Foch places vacally
‘Mord for the exerole of the wort of passions and the growth of erery
thing ov, endare them fortiteations of daily rn and the tw only
ss other aks to the tanible chain which the young exmfoal
Pexinning to won

Testo be hoped that wise logntation wil speedily correo thes evil
of which society bas jut caso of complaint, by bringing wner early
fastrnetion aueh at without this feendly aid of low act soon and
Certainly become aye pupil a the school of vice

CHARLES REYNOLDS,
Chaplain Atteny Penteniarg

ALBANY, January 20, 1875. eet Anat Sembee

Repour oF Visrerxo Coumtrese 70 Conmusia Counry, Hupsox,
‘N.Y, year epixe Dromennr 41, 1874,

Number of vieits

“Average number of prisoners on each Sabbath”.

Seoular and religions papors distributed here .,

Religious traote distributed here

‘Testaments distributed Lere

Religions traots sent to out prisoners ab Clinton aud
Albany ....

‘Names obiained to the temperance pledge.

Number sentenced to AIbany and Clinton

Prisoners released from Albany and Clinton (14 assisted.
with counsel and 2 with ald in money) ..,4...e+ +++

Letters received feom prisoners isan

‘Letters written to prisoners

We curneetly hope that a movement may soon beinangursted, whicl,
by a change in the law, will place the county jails of this state in the
charge of experionced and competent salaried officers,

‘We believe that no faudamental reform in the management of our
conuty jails is possible, under the present system, and our only hope
{or improvement is an alteration of the law.

We have no work-house; nothing carned by inmates. A groat
majority of commitments, either directly or indirectly, can be traced
{ alcoholie arinks,

‘The construction of the jail is such as not to allow that separation
of persons awaiting trial, which is dosirable, We feel sorry for the

(Sen. Doe. No. 78] 6

a ‘Tarerere Awxvat Reronr oy sme

boys which are oocasionally brought in for some potty offense, and fear
that they go out hardened.

A.B, SCOTT,
JACOB CARL,
©. W. GEBHARD,
J. SHULTZ,
Visiting Committon,
Hupaox, N.Y, March 4, 1875,

Comeuxtoamios FROM THE OmaPLArx of THE Kiwas Counry
PExITENTIARY.
We report progress. During the past three years very marked and
radical changes for the better have been mado in this prison:
1. A new female prison has been erected with all the conveniences
of laundry, bathing, hospital and sewing rooms, under charge of

experienced matrons, end with this building apart from the main
prison, the sexes are so eeparated as not to be seen by exch other

12. The western wing of the building, heretofore nsed as the “ female
prison,” is now used for short-term men, by which arrangement there
ina more thorough classification of the convicts, an entire separation

of youthful offenders, and those oonvicted of misdemeanors from old
fand hardened offenders.

‘3. A library now numbering 2,000 volumes (ander the charge of a
‘man who, as librarian, devotes all of his time to the care of the books
‘and supplying the wants of the prisoners) has by private contribution
fand the aid of the prison association been placed in the prison. Six
Iundred volumes are eiroulated every week.

“4. A room, large and well ventilated, has boen fitted up as a hospital
with all the conveniences and oomforts found iv the best: hospitals in
the country, here the sick are attended to by a sbillfnl surgeon and

(I nurees und instrneted by ministers of their own creed, and
refreshed by the visits of their loved ones.

' In March, 1874, the board of zmpervisors adopted a plan by whic!
the discharged prisoner reosives a small amount of his earnings on
Jeaving the prison. I send with thia tho report and recommendation
of the committee to whom the matter was referred, boping you moy
find room to put it in your report to show that the discharged con-
vyiot from the Kings county penitentiary is no longer compelled to
bog or steal the price of the frst meal after leaving prison.

Paisox Assoctation or Nuw Yous,

{fo the Honorable the Board of Supervisors of the county of Kings
GuieriEMEN — The committee on penitentiary, to whom was referred
communiestion received from Rov. Job @. Bass at the last meeting,
negnesting that some provision be made by which conviets at said
institution may receive a part of their earnings upon the expiration of
tein term of service and discharge, would respeetfully report that
they have examined into the matter, and find, as stated in the com-
munication from Mr, Bass, that many of the prisoners, upon the
expiration of the terms of their sentenoe, when liberated, are homeless,
frjendless and in rags, without employment or the means to procure
the frat meal or nights lodging, and that the proposition to provide
them with suitable clothing aud some means to eabsiet for a few days,
‘hile looking for employment, is both humane and just. Your com-
mittee would therefore offer for adoption the following resolution

Resolved, That this board do hereby agree and direct that there shall
‘% poid to all prisoners who shall be discharged from the penitentiary
ouand after the 15th day of May, instant, the eum of two dollars;
‘and to all who shall be thereafter discharged, after sorvioe, counting
from the Ist day of January, 1874, for six months and less than nine
months, two dollars; for nine months und less than one year, three dol-
Jars; and for those sentenced for one year and over, three vents per day
from said January 1, 1874; provided that the behavior of the prisoner
has beon such us to receive the approval of the keeper of the institn-
tion, and liable im all other eases to a reduetion of not more than one-
‘olf in amount, at the discretion of the keeper.

‘Resolved, That the said keeper be and he hereby is authorized and
iveoted to furnish each prisoner discharged on and afier the 15th
‘lay of July next, who has served  aentenoe of one year or more, a
proper suit of clothing.

Resolved, ‘That it be referred to the Keoper of the penitentiary and
the county treasurer to devise and report to this board a proper plan
for the payment of each prisoner, when discharged, the money they
shall be entitled to, as provided in the foregoing.

‘Respectfully submitied,
JOHN M. CLANCY,
WM. 0. McKINNY,
A. GUBNER,
DANIEL O'CONNELL,
WILLIAM RICHARDSON,
Committee on penitentiary.

at ‘Tusenrere AwXUAL Revorr of nie

‘At the mosting of the board, as before mentioned, Supervisor
Richardeon moved the adoption of the foregoing resolutions, which
were adopted.

‘The discipline, as far as T can judge from my frequent visits, ani
from conversations with Keepers ‘and prisoners, is humans, thea
strict and positive. James Shevlin, Hsq., the present kecper, to
whom we are indebied for the improvements of the past three years,
is but a young man, but so marked was his administration for the
three years he was eleoted, as Kecper, that he has been re-elected with
out a dissenting vote. Ho is determined to make this a model penal
and reformatory institution, and that no eruelty or wndue severity
shall bo inflicted on any under his eharge.

Allow ms now to allude to proposed improvements, whiah we hope
to see introduoed at no distant day

1, School-room instrnction or classes for the instruction of the
_young especially in the radiments of education. It is hoped that long
before your next repost this most desirable object will hare been put
in opemtio

2. As the ovly remnnerative labor at present is the making of
women’s shoes, it is proposed to introduce other simple industries, so as
to give paying employment to the short-term prisoners, and othe

cal condition prevent their employment in the “shoe
1’ aud thus also help these to a means of supports “when the
imprisonment are ended.”

‘As the agent of the Brooklyn City Mission and ‘Tract Soci
hhave for nine yoars past given much time and labor to the intevasts of
the eriminal classes of this county, and ehiefly with those in this
eT very Sabbath day T have 9 chapal sorvice for all the plconer
Aisposed to attend. Tam pleased to report an increased attendane
fon divine worship dating the past year. By bringing to my ald the
elining influences of music, the chapel serviess lave been male
attractive, interesting aud profitable

A servioe for those of the R.C. church is held every Sunday mornivg

by a priest, an carnest, sincere man, who attends faithfully to the
spiritual wants of those of his faith.

2, I distribute bibles, testaments, tracts and other religions reading
(in several languages) every Sanday.

8, Personal conversation on Sundays and other days with all who
express a wish to see me,

4. Viclting the homes of the prisoners. Although coating wesry
journeys, and time and money, it riehly pays to be a mediator hetween
those at variance. Separated by prodigality and vive as husbands sid
‘wives, parents and children too often are, the one party in prison, th

Puisox Arsooratios oF New Youk. 8

other in the desoluted home, each with bitter heart burnings. A
friend by touching the heart of each, by lessons of forgiveness and
forbearance may frequently lead to reeonciliation, to restored consi-
‘lence and love. Such at least has been my experience.

5. Counsel and aid to those believed to be desirous of reformation.
Zo Gol. Sheldon, your agent, Lam indebted for help in this depart
ment of the work.

Thave much to encourage me in my work from the conscious assix-
tance that God’s blessing is om it; from the number of order}
rnspeetable people whose acquaintance T frst made in a prison, who
Gote thelr return fo reason and to God (0 my labors for and with
them, from the kindness and sympathy T have received from the
sleriffs and keepers of the prisons, the justices and judges of the
courts, and from the christian men and women of the “City of
Cinrohes”

JOB G. BASS.

BuooKiyN, March, 1875,

Drsaware County Jin.

We have here in Dethi an idle, dissolute olase of poor Vlacks and
whites, panpers and others ranning loose among us. From these
come most of the petty crimes. Prom this elass come also, thoee who
in after life by their greater crimes become the terror of the commu-
nity. ‘his js an ieresponsible, dangerous clase, and yet cannot the
induonee of a higher civilization be brought to bear upon them
me way ? “Prevention is,” suroly, « better than cure.” Criminals
or not, they cannot bo idle with imponity. So give them labor for
hhead and hands, aud they will be healthier, happier and better citi-
some to another ora eubdivision of the same class — the
criminal one, For those in juil I assume the respousibility of recom-
mending a connty work-house. ‘This is our great want. A vell-
sranged, well-regulatod work-house would be of great value to the
inmates, and of much saving to the county.

In my opinion, much of the clase of evils spoken of above soems
to crop ont a’ hereditary vice inherited from athers. For all this, we
recommend the renovating influence of a higher civilization, com-
mencing at early youth. Is it not better and moze economical to pre
vent crime than to depend upon its puaishment for a onre:

FERRIS JACOBS, M. D.
For the Delaware Cownty Committee,
Daun, N. ¥., January 18, 1875.

cy Tusuroera AxnvaL Rerone o¥ 12

Dutats, January 18, 1875,

I fully concur with Dr. Jacobs in recommending 8 work-house
and yard in each county, in connection with the common jail,
which prisouers in confinement for the lower grades of offenses may
ve employed in some healthy labor, insted of lying in thi
‘would be mnch better calculated to reform the criminals and prepare
them for obtaining au honest livelihood, on their restoration to Ii
Talso think it would be a matter of economy for the people.”

W. MURRAY,
Justice Supreme Court,

Dorounss County Jatt.

Our ¥. M.C. A. continues a Sabbath meeting regularly in the jail,
and our committee, ab a conference last week, adopted menstver
which we think will secure more effort this year to find employment
for discharged prisoners, and to induce thom to engage in work
when found.
H, LOOMIS, Jn
Povauxsersrs, N. ¥., January 26, 1878.

Grenaee Coury Jar.

‘The accumulation of crime and pauperism in our country has
‘become a by-word, and its annual percentage of inerease is startling,
and the inquiry in every thinking and reflecting mind is: Is there
‘any system of legislation that can be estublished In this, our free and
extended country, that will tend to Iesgen this current. Suppose you
begin with pauperim and vagraney; here we moot with tens of
thousands that are ot reached by any well-established system or law
that checks the increase to any very considerable and desirable extent,
and out of this iasaes a largo number of our orfminale

‘dou’ feel competent to saggest any plan; but it has seemed that
perhaps this enlightened county, at this enlightened period, might be
fable to establish a eystem that would be a good pattern for the world,
some portions of which are groaning under the weight of pauperism,
that we too may experience and fecl, unless checked.

It cannot be denied that much is being done, but the inevease seems
to exceed largely these efforts

tig claimed by come, that every country, and our country, must
hhave jst about go much pauperism. The fallacy of this belief con!d

Paisox Assoctution ov Naw Your, ar

probably be oxpoaed, by a well-regulated and logalizod plan, looking
ton investigation fst, perhaps into the peouniary condition of these
itinerant beggars, when it might be found that a certain percentage of
them have funds in the saving banks. ‘The rest should be put to labor.

‘And if every ohild-Loggar in our large cities could be walked home,
and the condition of tho family ascertained, it might be found that a
certain percentage of them are living in this way, in faot, to support a
miserable dissipation.

‘The expanse of our county ia ao vast, and the area of unocenpied
lund ao large, that ithas appeared to some that if our government,
should set apart certain townehips for the oocnpation of thee pauper
families, and the etates separately should provide for their settlement
or emigration, with the inducement of eventually being furnished
with e permanent home, that many of these families that never can
leave the city for want of meane might be induced to try its this may
appear visionary ; but suppose a part of this reserve should be prairie,
‘and 100 of theso pauper families, with 10 families, experienoed
ageiculturalists, showld take posiession of tract equal in extont to
their number, in early spring, and while some are prepating log cabins,
others would be preparing for a orop of corn, ete.; how long would,
it be before the colony would be self-sustaining ; and should it appear

wt they are too remote from market to dispase of grain, they could
prepare cattle, hogs and sheep by the tena of thousands, and drive
‘them to market.

Tt is one thing to theorizo and quite another to exeoute, but
without ideality and eriticiam, there would bo but little execution in
the right direotion,

"The suggestions sat forth in the cireular of the Richmond county
committee are considered by us sound and practicable, and we highly
approve and recommend the plan; end we strongly hope that the
Jaws in relation to pauperiam and, yagranoy may also be reviewed.

Respectfully,
L. B. COTES, M. D,, Chairman.

Baravza, N. ¥., January 18, 1875.

Lewis Coury Jan.
‘Lowviiie, N.Y, Jan, 10, 1875.

Our jail has 10 cells, I am not aware that they have ever been

filled af one and the same time. ‘There is, however, an unquestionable

tendency among men who have lost self-respect to seek the shelter of

a jail for the winter months for subsistence in idleness; and an

instance occurred not Jong since in whioh four lazy tramps committed

‘88 ‘Turmmerm ANxvAL Rupour oF THE

‘8 petit Iureeny, for the avowed purpose of getting into jail, in this vil
Jage. Had there boon the means of enforcing labor, and a certainty
that ib would have been enforced, this erime would not have been eo
mitted.

‘With respect to a Tabor department in jails like that of Lewis
county, I believe it to be impracticable. "The cost of attendance
‘would altogether exceed the produets of labors, and roquire an expous
that our supervisors would be unwilling to inewr, if they had the
power, and which our people would uot approve. In larger counties
T decm it highly desirable, and as for the smaller counties, I would
strongly recommend a law requiring that porsons be sent by
sheriff to the work-house of the neareet jail having one, immediately
after conviction, where the sentence exceeded 30 days, and even for
a less time, if 0 oxdered by the court. ‘The cost of removal and sup:
port should be paid by, aad the earniags should be credited to, the
county in which the conviction was had.

In relation to the eanses of crime, I am strongly inclined to at~
tribute much of that which prevails among the yout to the fact that
fewer of this class are now indentured az apprentires than formerly.
‘Many geara ago 1 know of many Tada regularly bound to a trade,
Within the civele of my acquaintance I now scarcely know of one.

IE T am correctly informed, this is partly or mainly due to the fect

that the taking of apprentices is forbidden or limited by the rulesand
regulations of trades wnions. If thie be «0, the auth
ers of these combinations are justly charges
maxim ig universal that  idlenese ia the paront of crime.”

‘The Rev. Mr. Watson of oar commission has several times visited
the jail during the year, and bas endeavored to ascertain something

from prisoners concerning their past histors. He informs me that he
‘was unable to obtain any atatiatics that were satisfactory, beoanso there
‘was an cridént inclination on their part to falsify facts and offer
‘exonses for the crimes with whieh they were charged.
FRANKLIN B. HOUGH, M.D,
For the Lewis Co. Committee.

Mowroomuny Counry Jann

‘This institution has boon well kept by Sheriff Kline, whose kind-
ness and hamanity are well known. ‘There has been but few cases of
Jelony, and the ordinary popnlation of the prison has boon vagrants
or arrests for petit larceny. Religious popers have been distributed
regularly by the visitor, but preaching has been discontinued, in con

Parsox Assooranion of New York. 89

sxquence of the ill-health of the person who has hitherto performed
this duty. ‘The first Sabbath of the year, however, was marked by
religious serviees, which will be renewed as often as may be possible.
W. FROTHINGHAM,
Chairinan of the Committee.

Nragana Couxry Jan.

Fully 80 por cont—almost 90 per cent—of the commitments
ia our connty jail, during the three years of my association in
this work, are distinetly traceable to intoxicating liquors, So long as
rion are permitted to deal out the infernal Aid, just so loug will
crime continue rampant, and the people taxed to support prisons, jails,
houses of correction, and the expenses of courts. Tgnorane is also
sn aotive elomont iu eziminal Tife, and the remedy is obvious. Te it
rmuch to be regretted that prisoness in our jail here have no oocupa-
tion or employment. ‘They might be helping to pay the expensos of
their keeping, while now they aro a continued expense, and thoy them-
selvos would mach prefer work to living in their present enforced idle-
ness. As it is, the old in vice oocupy themselves in eorrnpting and
initiating into the ways of crime those who have committed perhaps
their Grst and, comparatively, elight offence.

CHARLES T. KILBORN,
Chairman Fast Committee,
Locavonn, N. ¥., January 15, 1875,

Ownipa Cooxry Jax.

At my last visit fo the jail in thia city there were 30 prisoners.
We have another county jeil located at Rome, where a larger numbor
are often confined. ‘The Utica jail is a disgrace to the city, the county
and the stata, It is insceure, several prisoners having escaped from
it, and others could if they so wished. Tt is miserably ventilated. In
wiuter the male prisoners are all huddled into one room, and the
‘women into another, and both classes aro allowed to “ill timo” a5,
hast they oan. ‘Tho cells are so constructed as to combine inseoarity
with discomfort and uncleanliness. Of course no one is to blame for
this state of things except that indefinable body—the public. The jail-
Leoper is, I believe, a worthy and honest official, but I believe that the
Utica jail is the worst in the state, ‘The board of supervisors hesitate
to make appropriations for jail improvements, belioving, possibly, that
suoh an expenditure of the publio funds would fail to meet the sppro-

80 ‘Pmuurnae AxavaL Revonr ov run

‘ral of the people. Am effort has been made, upon one or two oecasions,
to arouse public sentiment in thie respect throngh the medium of the

newspapers, but has failed,
“ THEODORE P. COOK,

“For the Committee.

Untea, N. ¥., January 28, 1875.

Oxoxpaca Couwzy.

‘the chaplain of the Onondags county. penitontiary, in a sweet
eden tage «My obesration and expurenc In eaect evening
wchoti lt pion cvinette lly withthe opinion unanimoualy exprewed
Teale nave given eel sation tha aij. T have wt
tothe happy ntvenee of mental se wel ae mort oultare in many
Te marled intrest, I cannot move forilyor broly expres my
SJeme tuan in tho language of ate vopor of te auperintenden of
Mea Pantoniary, wh spe: + Crime, wr rule, ithe growth of ign
saree thos meaue which will touch the noble impatbes and eyes
Speen Lio are ia my judgment, the most powertl agents of fora,
vroloent to prton life and trae reformation OF ermnal T2eem to be
Bees uj orton dlcptinn, Tam tov happy ty, thot fn
{hie and iy all respout, the sobool, wider She management of the

chaplain, has satisfied my most amnguine expectations.’ And in refer-
fence to this matter, the inspeotors say: “‘The result of the experiment
thas eatified us that the labora put forth in that direction have proved
‘not only a personal boneflt to the prisoners, but, furthermore, a positive
aid in promoting discipline and good order in the prison’ Prisoners
hhave eagerly availed themselves of the opportunity to attend school,

and as attendance is predicated upon good behavior, itis reasonable 19
expect, us I have been repestadly assored is true, chat happy inSuences
result, ‘Time and expense oan hardly be better appropriated then in
farnishing prisoners the means of instruotion.”
‘A.C, WASHBURN,
Chaplain.

Qusmxs County Tar,

‘The county jail, at Mincola, has beon visited twioe a month during
the past year, with but one exception. :

"The committee have generally found the building as clean as it 1

ppousitle to keep it. ‘The alle are regularly whitewashed every two

rooks, and disinfectants freely need. ‘The straw, used as bedding, 15

Changed every two weeks in summer, and every three wooks in winter.

Parison Assooramiox or New York. a

‘There ere no means of ventilation throughout the building, exoept
by the windows, so that those in charge can do bat little toward keep-
ing the air puce. tis very imperfectly heated, but it is impossible to
make any change for the better, in tho prosont building,

‘We regret, exceedingly, that all olassee of prisoners are plaoed
together, the young in erime with those who have a lifelong experi-
ence. No means of employment are furnished, thus, prisoners are
oftentimes kept here for months in idleness, from which evil mast
consequently arise. Tt is impossible to overcome these many disadvan
tages, until the county is furnished with « building better suited for
the purpose.

‘The largest number of prisoners at one time we found to be 58; the
mallest number 26; thore heve never been more than six women
ths, the proportion of males over females is very great, In overy
instance, with two exceptions, intemperance was the cause of the mis-
fortunes of these wornen.

‘An effort has been mado, during the year, to furnish 9 library for
the jail. Already, quite a number of magazines and books have been
contributed. Papers, which are always acceptable, are regularly ais-
tslouted by our committee.

‘We have always been received kindly by the sheriff and his deputics
fad all information we required cheerfully given to us.

HENRIETTA TITUS,
Seorotary Queens Co. Local Visiting Committee.
February 8, 1875.

Rrcuwoxn Couxe¥.

‘The local visiting committeo to the Richmond county jail respeot-
fully submit the following stztemont as their annual report, for the
year 1874:

‘The whole number of persons confined in the county jal, for the
year 1874, was 373; less than one per cont of the population of the
‘county, and the daily average was 12 persone,

(Of this number, 135 were eouviets undergoing aealence for evimes ;
‘the remainder, 238 in number, wore sont there to be hela for further
‘examination, or trial, or as witnesses, or upon civil process, Those
‘undergoing sentence are all that the committee had a special interest in,
‘and it is to them our attention has been given, and to whom our report
‘and suggestions will more particularly apply. Much the larger propor-
‘ion were males; the number of females being altogether aot over 25.
Of the number committed there were for drunkenness, 61; assault and
Dattery, 203 petit larceny, 21; dieorderly conduct, 165 violation of

92 ‘Tanwree Awxval Rerons ov 1s

excise law, 45 trespassing, 15 rape, 1; vagranoy, 1} receiver of stolen
ood, 1.

‘There ave now in the jail, 15 porsons, 18 men and 2 womens 4 of
these 15 are held for trial

‘Your committee, or some members of it, have made weekly visits to
the jail during the past year, and some of the members, residing in its
near vicinity, assisted by friends, hare, for the past few mouths, cou:
acted a religious service on Sunday ufternoon. This service is the
only thing attempted toward the moral instruction of the inmates, and
in its favor and for it2 farther continuance we eau say, that, so far, it
hhas not soemed irksome, but rather @ pleasure to those for whom it
‘was held. Whether any permanent good has been, or will be attained
by its continuance, uo one can tll. ‘The promise held out, however,
by an apparently incteased disposition to reform, on the paré of one or
‘ovo of the males, eonfined for intoxication, encourages the members
‘of the committee having this special matter in charge, to continue this
work. No clergyman, in the viemity, has been found able to take
from bis own parochial work the time which this duty fully performed
would occupy, aud we must zest content with our own Tay work.

"A library of some 60 volumes of hooks, thought to be adapted to the
needs of those who might use them, and parehased with the contribu-
tions of friends, bas been placed in the jail the past year. ‘The books
are distributed each wook. hose wie wish them, and, so far, have
Svomed to agreeably occupy the time, which otherwise would have
been passed in utter idleness, or immoral communications. This is
the ouly feature of intelleotasl instruction connected with the sdmini
tration of the jail

‘Your committe have procured a “bed” in the “ Issac T. Hopper
Home,” in the eily of New York for discharged female prisoners,
‘Dhis “ Home” is a reformatory, where the inmates have the comforts
of a home, with clothing and work provided thom, and situations
found for them, in ease of good conduct during their residence there
One or more of the female prisoners discharged from our jail, during
‘the past year, have partake of its advantages

Tis made, by law, the duty of the Keeper of the jail to cause euch
conviet, except such as are under sentence of death, to be constantly
employed at hurd labor, when practicable, So fax, it has never been
found “practicsble,” so to employ the prisoners in this county.
‘During the past year, an earnest effort, by petition and personal appeal,
to the board of supervisors has boon made by your committee, and the
Doard of supervisors have agoeded unanimonsly to our request, 30 far
faa to make the necessary appropriation for the construction of a
proper shed, and obtaining propor tools, that the convicts may here-
after be employed in brealking stone,” to be used upon the roads and

all

Pnwor Assocration o Naw Youx, 93

highways thronghout fhe county. ‘The shed is already brilt, and we
soay confidently expect the regular occupation wil be given before the
inpes of a very long timo.

‘he law alo provides thatthe conviots may be employed upon the
publie roads, or other works, but, when 0 employed, they sball
bo well ohsined and soured. ‘This would bo valuabi, ait ip a
neetstary work throughout our coanty, bat public opinion is not
Yet suflciently educated to appreciate the utter worthless as
titizens, of most of the subjects of jail discipline, to. save the
‘wasted pity now shown to those wo inight otherwise be compelled
{o eam thoir dally bread’ by compulsory but honest toil, though
thoy bo in chain, No work is given to the female prisoners
by the anthorites. A suggestion ho also hoon mado to the board of
supervisors that a “prison dress be ondered for the oonvits i the
raking and washing of which they could be employed. No answor
has as yot been recsived from the bostd, but we hope ultimately for a
favorable eaponse.. ‘The main apposition to the employment of she
convicts after the practicable work was fonnd, was tht tho resats
vould not pay expenses. ‘These are ut tiling at the ontost and
Yronld have been mach less hy compelling the prioners themes to
build the shed snder the supervision of the eontnaator, and we think
that was the proper couse to pursue. And, again, it ie well known
fat crime seldom pays; thet the erimival classes are an expense to
themselves end to society, which expense society has almost always to
ys and thas fom tho rery eanses that male them otiminals they
aro a public barden,

Heretofore the convicts, for the most part persons who entirely
ignore all personal obligations to law or order, and determined if pos:
tible fo lire withont work, have occupied oar ail ns m resting, poe,
where they could freely indulge their peoaliar propensities and have
food shelter and food at a great exponse to the tur payer for which
they gave no equivalent.

If they aro bronghe under the rigid rale “that unless «man works
neither shall ho eat? wo anticipate that many of the attractions of
fhe place will e gone ; that they will eke new habitations, the © po
ing expenses will be found at the otber end of the account, andthe
annual sppropristions for the eare and maintenance of the jail be
largely reduced,

‘Tho statute relating to county prisons was passed by th logisttare
in tho year 1847, snd. provides that the jeils shall be weed for the
“<Gotention of witnesses,” “of those charged with crime and daly
commitied,” of those “committed for any contempt and upon civil
process,” and of those “sentenced upon conviction ;” and alao that:
ach jail shall contain “a suliciont namber of rooms for the confine-

4 ‘Taremere AxxuAL Revorr oP THE

ment of persons committed on criminal process and detained:for trial,
separately and distinct fro persons under sentence ;” also s sufficient
number of rooms for prisoners under sentence ; also a sufficient uum.
ber of rooms for the separate covfinement of persons committed on
civil process for contempt or as witnesses. Our jail was constructed
in the year 1860, 18 years after the passage of the said act, at an
‘expense of $14,000, and more than $80,000 have been expended for its
‘maintenatice since that date, Tts construction and arrangements are
0 faulty aud go little in accordance with the requirements of the law,

that there are not sufficient rooms to carry ont those requirements,
‘and upon examining it one might justly suppose if he had any appre-
ciation of official responsibility that no such Jaw existed upon the
statute book,

‘Your committee often nding conviots, persons held for examina
tion and for trial, and the witnesses upon whoee ovidence all hopes of eon
viction rested, herded together day after day in free and uninterrupted
contignity and idleness, have endeavored to remedy this gross defect of
srrangement und neglect of law, by an appeal to the board of super-
visors, but were disappointed in meeting with tho difficulty, that sll
cexpengo for yeurly repaira, ele, upon any county jail is limited by law
to the pum of $000, For this reason no alteration Jn thet respect has
een made, end the jail with its assembly of prisouers thus mingling

freely, old and young, bluck and white, foreign and native, good and
Yad, is now bué little less than a primary school for erime, out of

which its members may be e lated into the state prison.

‘And again the dietary arrangements are such and have been for
long «time, that the jail has become known as 2 pleasant “ hoarding-
hhonae,” where good board may be obtained free of expense to those
who patronize it, and the public will pay the bills, ‘The sheriff is not
altogether to blame for this condition of things He ia by law made
the keeper of the jail, with no salary attached to the office,
compensation for the care and food of the prisoners relies upon the
profits he can make upon their Doard.

The committeo suggest to ways by which the great expense of the
jail, averaging for the last 14 yoars more than $5,000 por year, can be
reduoed : one, by fixing the price of board of tho prisoners at the same
rate as that paid for the prisoners committed from this county to the
Kings county penitentiary, from 81.25 to $1.80 per week. In the
year# 1934, 1885 and 1836, the board was fixed by the honed of super-
‘sors in this county at $1.50 per week, and there was no allowanve of
house-rent for tho jailer or of fuel for his family. ‘There was no
inducement to increate the number of prisoners, and for a period of
nine months in the years 1834 or 1895, und for 11 monthe in the yeurs
1835 oF 1836 the jail was entirely empty.

PRisox Assoorarion or Nzw Yous. 3

‘The other way, and perhaps the preferable one, is that the sheriff be
allowed houso-rent and fuel for hie family aud for heating the jeil as
present, and an annual salary which shall be sufficient to compen-
fale him for his servioes im the care of the prisoners, and that the
price of board be fixed at not above 81,25 por weok. ‘The present
sed diet of the prisoners consists of one-half of loaf of bread, with,
a pint of coffee, for breakfast and supper each day; and a dinner of
beef, either roast or boiled, with vegetables and bread for five
days in the week, and of soup and bread on the other two duys, for
woh the tax payers pay at the rate of 84 per week. A better living
than is bad by the families of many an honest and industrious citizen
‘who pays his own bills—his proportion of the eatt of the support of
hese prisoners.

Another source of great, and for the most part, really unnecessary
espenee, is the price paid for the conveyance af prisoners to Rich-
mond. "For the past 11 years nearly 84,000 were paid for that ser
vioe alone, ‘The ill for tho year 1871 was over $1,000. ‘This expense
can be largely reduced by a groater care and attention on the part of
the magistrates in showing sorapalona regard for the rights of the
prisoner in giving him an early and speedy examination, and with but
one trip to Richmond, which is qnite enough in most oases; or, this
can be made a matter of contract by the board of supervisors, limit-

contract price to not more than 180 per year.

Your committee again eolicit the earnest co-operation of the differ
ent magistrates throughout our connty, and ask their special attention
to the laws appertaining to the Kings county penitentiary, and to the
“House of Refuge,” copies of which have been eent to each of them
during the past year. If upon conviction they will, for all first
offenses, exercise the discretion in them reposed, and suspend sentence,
bat if the ealprit appears before thera aguin, he then be sent to the
penitentiary for a fall term under the law, or to the House of Refuge,
‘hey will much more consider the rights of society, and the good of
‘the criminal, tban they will by sending him to the jail

‘The committee can but cheerfully commend the aheriff for the neat-
1eos and cleanly condition of the jail since it has been under his care,
Nothing more could bo asked in that respects and we have to person
lly thank him for bia uniform cordiality and concurrence in any 2nd
all the euggestions of the committee, so far as it lay in his power.

‘Your committee feel that they would somewhat fuil in their duty,

they negleoted in their annual report to give the few suggestions
which oceur to them from their observation sud exporiences of the
pest two years

‘The primary causes of crime have become pretty well understood to
he: “1, The criminal disposition. 2. A apecies of moral disease; 1.

96 ‘Darmcremt Awnvat Ruront oF THE

lnk of the moral sense. 9, A transmitted or inberitod defeat of
Suaracor or eit aie, Physi transformation. And the weonad-
cAtomars to e— iguoraso, idlenes, poverty, Smperfoct mort and
Sag enttars, intmperonosextenragance, td the iaoomplete eu
Tldtion and organization of ect. To thes right beaded the

met of supouecion,bigtsy and religions sentimental, and also
Te pornicionsfufmonos of vile Iiterature> Te x with th Secondary
cence an shown in charter and. halt that we have mostly to del
seesar lls "Tho objet of prisons, penitentiaries sud jails i to
Featrain and panish tho offender agtoas the law to deter bim ant
thers trom repeating the offen, and efor

‘Now, we have no hesitanoy in soying tha a a relormatory, the ju
taan wisn ‘llr, and fo apm of the Teforming intone ofthe
Grosex apres, except in ta candemnaion edhe “Yeriest. tling
Ifo tcr st forth this roport furl show the agstem of Jal doen
tion, panahmacst and reform. Any ote an Judge rightly ongh for
Lima whether the gathering together in
‘rom five poeons fe feos persons in sixty oF more a
Alot thems eters agains the law, and each ove gla
eqnaintonces and Taeuds in their owt Line of buses
Shoral value to themselves or the community, and_-whothor the
000,000 br more aggregate expensor throughout the slats of the
Several eounly prions iv ether 8 necaasy of proper or sonable
xpenditore of the publi ada

The jul, aa zon fr consot, shoud be entirely abolished, and
erator be ted oul as hows of detention for pertons held fo ial
Ueentaeesen, and persous held for emtempé and upon civil proces
‘Mra tsbarewe hore shouldbe eestd in each capgresonal oF in
Se Sillua inten a feormatorg, tbe called a" work-bout,” to
Ctald for the doteotion, punishment nd reform of al clases
triminile who ave now nndet the present lav aenlened to the count
fale

6 erected in each jail dino, would be

ould be eld for bythe sate, etaiahed i
fe om Target popniation in each dietrot, and
Eeeature ofthe pitaomers could be met by fod rates of board fo Ie
ald by the eonatee from whetos the convicts came

‘the coursts should be sentenced to the = work-honse™ for an i
detened yoriod, and notbe dtcharged therefor uot forme. He
stata while theve confined, ve boda moral and faeoceal Iasi
Hon be tang any cS
pe blae Seed and in fut, be taken aay entively fom their forms:
wad ail ev aeocatious and ionmatancas, and Dy eae, cutare abl

Pxisox Association o New Yous. ”

habit be traly reformed, and restored, if at all, to the community as
good citizens. The keepers or superintendents, and thematrons for the
female departments of the “work-houses,” should be appointed by the
governor, upon the rocommendation of the “State Board of Charities”
‘The board of trustees or guardians should be the county judges and
the legally designated visitors of the State Board of Charities in each
county, in each district, whore the work-house is located, All the con-
vieis in each district to be sontenced to the work-house im such dis-
trict, as soon as it is completed. ‘Tho salaries of the superintendent
‘and other omployees to be paid by the state.

[The Richmond county committoo unges, with anuch good reason,
‘that the plan and project of law which Mr. Warden Z, Brockway pre-
pared for the improvoment of the Detroit House of Correction, be
made the basis of the work-house system in the state of New York.
‘Dhe essential features of thet project, namely, the “ indelerminate”
nature of all sentenoes of conviots to thaé prison, was defeated in the
‘Michigan legislature. ‘The importance of indeterminate santences, as
‘basis of seformatory penal treatment, lias been adyooated for several
years past by the Prison Association of New York, end the plan of
the diatrict work-honse, presented by the Richmond county commit
to, which will be found in a subsequent chapter of this snnusl report,
entirely scoords with that. E. H.

‘The committee for Richmond. begs to offer the saggestion, whether
complete revision of the criminal code in this state be not advisable ?
‘There are abundant facts to show thut, as at present written, itis very
{ar from boing a perfect system. Could not a series of interrogatories
be framed by some committee of the Prison Association, which shonla
cover every question of oriminal law and punishment, in both thoir
philosophical and practical aspeets, and. a copy thereof be sent to each,
judge, reoorder and district attorney thzongiout the state, and tocach,
pablicist and atudent of the subject wherever known ? ‘Tho replies
‘ould be referzed to some wisely selooted commission by the association,
‘which could dzaft therefrom, und from ather sources, they might have
‘new and complote eystem, to be presented to tho legislature for adop-
tion, which system should be both logical and consistent, and cover
ll the demands of the prasent state of society. ‘This would be a great
Tabor, but one worthy the great results which might be gained from it

Aud we also suggest that the Prison Association prepare a printed
form for botter tabslating the statistica of erime throughout the state,
‘and, if neoessary, obtain the passage of such a law as shall compel a
fall’ and complete record and return thereof from each magistrate,
juil-keeper and. connty clerk to whom such form iy sent. As the law

[Sen. Doo. No. 78] 7

98 ‘Qurenete Axwvan Revour oy THe

or the habit is at present; it is almost impossible to obtain full er
faliable statistics in such form a8 to make them available for use. And
ire also deem it desirable that series of obligntory rules and regula.
ions, in reference to the dietary and sanitary arrangements of the
county jails, be prepared and. sent to cach shevifl and jailer for his
instruction end guidance in those matter Our

told me that all he knew about it is what he has learned from holding
the office one year, and that he hogan his own instractions by eecing
his predecessor give the prisoners one or two meals, and being told by
him his general mothod of proceeding.

‘We make iheve suggestione with difidesce and without claim to
originality. ‘They are the results of what we have aeen and felt in our
two yeare? work upon this committee, and we offer them a8 our contri-
bution toward a solution of the problem of what is the best ayotem for
the care and xeform of critninels, which so many are now, as they have
ong been, trying to wisely nnderstand.

‘We bave found the eame lack of pablic interest, the same discour~
agement and indifference to these questions of pauperism ond erime that
Gome #0 neat our homes, which seems to make all questions pertaining
fo the public wolfare almost alien to every individual. They are
Bound up as closely to the publio weal az any question of public edu~
cation, and sre the constitvent clementa which make or destroy every
Safinetce of public morals, ‘They eat. at the foandations of society,
ailently, but sntely, for its ruin, and withont constant and unwearying
foare will sap the life blood of the state.

‘Tiemow not with whom the idea of thess local visiting committe
originated, but it scema to me that no project could bave been devised
Go well adapted for ereating a wise public opinion and public concern
fn all these affairs, upon which the safety of our civilization so much
pend, as this mingling of the talents and morale of intelligent
Syomen in this work. For my own part I cheerfully confesa if any
{good work has been accomplished in the pecial work for which this
cemmittee was formed, that to them is due all the praise. “ When
Sromen erush the fastidious reserve, and pitilessly trample leisure and
the ornaments of taste beneath their fect, and fad some poor alley
Tending from the beaten truck into places where only faith can live,
there to do what they do uot like to do, and which no chivalry will
fatter, there is merit, And when a woman subdues herself to an
faction whore heavenly humility she heartily dislikes, there is you:
‘example ; there is the merit which ought to make your bosom quicken
fn ita play, and fil your sonl with an eloquence harder to gain than
that whieh builds the monauent or consecrates the pilgrim rock, wor-
ship that merit, Preserve the coolness of your judgment to reoognize

Paisioy Association or New Your. 99

the worth of gps dot wader i rt dmg, bt
bring up your hear to meet it, ring up to-morrow clot
confess shat it exhats the power of man.” an oy
"Al of which is respectfully submitted.
EDWARD B. MERRILL,
Chaseman of the Bickmond Co, Prison Ceili
Waur Naw Buiourox, Stansx lsrax, N.Y, Jan. 2, 1925.

Note on the Richmond County Tait

‘New Done, Januari 16, 1875.

‘The fmance committee of the eupervisors hae been setive making
heir visits often, and through their influence with the board of
supervisors have effected some important changes in the discipline of
prisoners, their classification and internal arrangment of the building,
‘The prison has undergone a thorough sanitary ingpeotion and eleans-
ings. ‘The supervisors have made it their duly to visit the prison
often, and felt willing fo meot and advise with the present committor,

‘The ladies of Richmond mevt every Sunday afternoon in the prison,
reoding, prayer, christian adviee and the distribution of tracts among.
the prisoners

‘The sheriff is a man of good moral character, and feels a deep
interest for the future of those placed under his care.

Tinclose a copy of the resolutions passed by the board of su
visors in regard to the disposition and labor of prisoners, en

On motion,

Resolved, That all oficers shall be allowed for conveyance of
rrisoners to the Kings eoanty penitentiary sheir actual and neoseary
fxpendes, to be slated in items, and verified and audited ar other
oun Sarge “And in addition thee tho wm of to dalla and
Bity conte for exch day necesarilyccoupied Sn the same, except police
ot the county of Richmond, who shall be allowed their neoweary
Cxponses only, Adopted —all voting

On motion,

Waznsss, The keeper of the Kings county penitentiary hes not
fed this oard, that prisoners fiom the county of Richmond will be
recelved and kopt in eald penitentiary a the rate of 85 conta per day
for all prisoners committed for orer three mouths, at the rate of $5
cents per day for prisoners committed for three months oF der, and
that a contract wll be made for tat purpose.

“Resctoe, hat Me, Vermesle,chairmat of tia board, be appointed a
coinmitee, with authority to enter iato such contract ou behalf of the

100 ‘Dammeste AwxvaL Revour op tae

‘county, with the proper authorities of the Kings county penitentiary,

‘and that notice of such agresment, when made, be published in the

Richmond County Gazette and Staten Island Leader for four weeks,
oe

and that the olerk of ths ‘senil » copy of this resolution to the
connty judge, and euch police justice and magistrate in the county,
fand notify them that they will henosforth be required to commit
prisoners under sentonce to the said ponitontiary, instead of the county
jail, in conformity with the law. Adopted —all voting aye.

Conatrrren.

Warneas, Mr. Seguine has reported that the cost of constructing
fa shed for the breaking of stone at the jail will not exceed 8125, and
{for the tools and implements for the prisoners, about $12, and the cost
of an overseer $3 per day.

Resolood, Dust ssid committee be and is hereby authorized to
expend such sim as may be neoossury to earry into elfeot the resolu-
tion hereunto made, for the employment of prisoners in the jail, not
to exceed, by $200, and that he employ an overscar when necessary,
Adopted —all voting aye.

‘Tn pursuance of the resolution of this board heretofore passed, that
the prisoners in the jail be employed at some useful labor.

On motion,

‘Resolved, That the sheriff be requested to employ, when practical,
such prisoners as he ean safely use, in the care and cleaning of the
court-house and jail. Adopted —all voting aye.

‘By a earefal inspection of the sheriff’s book of minutes, of all the
prisoners committed to his change, in the prison, a very large propo
tion of them have been brought to commit crimes through the infu»
the frst great cause, ‘Time is eae

ence of intemperanes, as
property squandered health impaired ; hence as a last
‘and murder.

"Tho law which came into effect on the 1st of January, oalled the
compulsory education law, will no doubt have a very beneficial effect
fon the young and rising generation. It-was a nice provision of ou
egislators, as the mind becomes imbued with knowledge, crime will
bbe rooted out, and a more healthy infiuence given.

EPHRAIM CLARK, M. D.
Physician to the Jail.

Suvvore Couxry Jam.
Ravenmean, Le 1, January 20, 1879.

Not much can be added to the statistical report, except to refer to
previons ones, Building bad; badly ventilated; no means of separ-

Paisox Assocrarion of New Yore. 101

sting the unfortunate from the vicious, ete. One-fourth of those com-
mitted are for petty offenses; suid persons mingling with the more
huesdened, ‘The jail therefore becomes a school of viee, and not a
ylsee of punishment. Could the prisoners be kept at work, more

Salary eft night be hoped fr.
s ne THOMAS COOK.

Suumvas Coexry Jar,

The committee on jail would respectfully report that they paid a
visit fo that institution September 25th. They found 9 persons in
censtody at the time of their visit, 8 of whom were being held to await
examination. ‘Tho crimes for which they wero committed were
follows, via: 2 for assault and battery, 1 for embegzlement, 1 for areon,
1 for disorderly conduct, 1 for murder, 1 for rape, 1 for petit laroenys
and 1 (the only female) for grand larceny.

Of the 9 prisoners, 7 were natives of the United States, and 2 were
natives of Ireland ; 8 were protestants and 1 a catholic.

The complaint is commonly heard that our county jails are sadly
defective, both in their architectural ylang and the prineiple upon
‘which they are eondueted, and the Sullivan county jail seems to be no
exception to the role, True, such institutions are designed to be, not
homes for the worthy, but places of confinement and punishment for
‘hut elass of persons who, by oriminal conduct and reokless violation
fof lave, become dangerous to the community, and thus forfeit their
liberty and all right to the comfor's and enjoyments of a virtuous homo
life; and for such it is well enongh to make these places as uninviting
and undesirable as possible, ‘The preeinots of a jail or prison should
famiah to the guilty occupant nothing moro than the bare necessaries
of lifes privation of liberty and home comforts being the penalty he
is to pay for his criminality. ‘These institutions, in a word, ought to
ve nogulated by auch principles and methods as will render life within
their gloomy walls a eal punishment und not sham,

Bat, in addition to this, the christian seutimentof the age, aa wll as
‘the cause of hamanity, demands that they be made, as for as practicable,
roformatory as well as punitive; ox, at Teast, thab the criminal, if not
corrected and improved by his punishment, shall not be mado worse,
and returned to society at the expiration of hia time a more dangerous
character than he was before. But such, it would seem, must be the
niatural effect of the present system. Assuming the Sullivan county
jnil is a fir type of that olace of institutions, we point to just two facts
in Mnstration.

st. In the plan of its construction the matter of thorough ventila
tion was evidently utterly disregarded, and this mast act deleterionsly
upon the health of those compelled to live in auch a foul atmosphere,

102 ‘Tuners ANNUAL Ruvour oy THe

24. The plan of the building necessitates the indisoriminate inter
course of the various grades of offenders. ‘The young man, incar
‘ecrated for his fret offense, thoughtlessly committed, it may be, in an
nuguarded moment, is immediately thrown into involuntary com-
panionship with some old, accomplished and unprineiplea renegude,
ho is lost to all sense of shame, and the consequence in all probability
will be, that the moral charactor of that young man, bad enough when
he entered, will be much more degraded when he graduates from such
‘echo! of rice. A mere glanes at our jail and prison eystem must
sufice to show that itis sadly defective. But the remedy would be
expensive, and the peaple cannot afford to pull down their jaile and
‘build better ones. They are good enough for such worthless fellows
‘as eater them, and there the mattor rests.

We are happy to ad, that under the mauagement of our worthy
sheriff, the evils alluded to are mitigated as much as possible. We had
xno difficulty in discovering that in his treatment of the prisonors under

hhis charge, he ie not only humane, but kind and considerate. Their
daily fare is precisely euch as is furnished for his own household. He
allows them also te ase of such papers, periodicals, ote., az he has at
‘command, and seems disposed to render their dreary stay as endurable
‘as is consistent with his responsibility.

R. H. KELLY,
Chairman,

‘Troca County Jatt.
OwsG0, January 12, 1875.

‘The Tioga county jail, during the year ending December 31,
1874, has been visited weekly, but about one-half of the time,
and during that time religions reading, religions instraction, sorrioes,
ete, have heon furnished, and not without some good results. A.
copy of the bible for the uae of the prisonore, im a fair state of
preservation, ja at all times accessible. The district atiorney, depaty
sheriff, and I think other county officisls agree with me, a2 to the
importance of appropriate employment for oar county” prisoners
‘The recommendation of the commissioners of the Richmond county
prison committee, especially in our inland cities and large villages,
would, no doubt, be a very great improvement, and with adequate
arrangements for industrial employment, would alao be practicable
in the smaller oounty seats; bnt the additional expense of a special
jailer would render it nearly impracticable here. ‘The condition
‘of our jail at present is such, that the Rochester work-honse would be
scarcely more to be avoided than a return to the wretched sbode
within its feurful precincts. A disobarged prisoner recently wrote me

Prigox Assootanion of New Youre. 103

from the jail, while @ prisoner, a lotter, mailed st Wilkesbarre, Pa,,
December 17, exprossing his thanks for papers and efforts for his
spiritual welfare, which had contributed so much to “pase away tho
{reury hours in this earthly hell,” with his resolves to live an honest
1ife, and thanks for what he believed “would be its lasting effects.”
What is most needed are county work-houses, for reformatory and dis-
ciplinary purposes, and nothing but a “penny-wise” policy prevents
tho prompt adoption of this eystom throughout the state. The only pro-
vision with us, for prisoners convicted of minor offenses, and that only
fn case of aentences of over 60 days, is the Rochester work-house for
reformatory and correctional purposes. ‘The work-house, for sentences
of 80 days and oser, would be an improvement. greatly to be desired.
in the opinion of some of our eounty officials. ‘There are but few oases,
comparatively, in our county, in which the vagranoy, pauperism and
crime aro not directly or remotely attributable to the use of intoxicat-
ing beverages,

‘Wo are under obligations to our sheriff and deputies, for the
prompiness with which facilities have been furnished us, for visiting
the prizonere in our jail

About 147 committals have been made in the jail, daring the year,
‘Tho daily average, 5 ; tramps, daily average, 10.

‘But one jailer, the depaty sheriff employed.

BW. WARNER,
Chairman Committee,

‘Yarns County Tart.

Pans Yax, Yatas Comes, N.Y,
Slimuary is i800" F

i aot wend: aes Sen tw Yo pen
ido county (The tcig Gm po es ve cha infos a a
the ally sverage inthe fall has bean aboot ia of tla number fo
havo bee continously confined on the charge’ of made, unl lt
Noveuber, whan ono of them vat fied sud auitins tho other sl
muois in the si” We do nt lar that aty tagrani, ex ach, are
Dern confined inthe jo during the yous but alle» amber hove
tn sent out nngse ow OF dreikionae) of oon ty tame
Tonsined bute ahor Gime gonwaly only one hight, We think tin
fer aiding Srecienrmoy tos oad Wnprioniel ber lola)
inion in otmaning and preventing drouleonsa Our jell st
commodions stone buiting, ‘he eherif ofthe county with his fmly
reli in ou prt of ftyend we think all Perea conned Inthe fa
tie humanely Weeted,” Dating the yeas there have ben scaainal

10s ‘Taumrern Axvar Report oy TH,

‘visits made to prisoners by religious persons who have conversed and
‘prayed with them.

As we understand your inguities, we would say to the first that in
this county there is no publio charitable institution, but that it is the
practice of the respeotivo churches to look after their own poor, au
that through them a large suin is distributed, ‘That aside from this
there are voluntary contributions expended either through commitize:
oF individuals to relieve the poor. ‘That each town has an overseer of
the poor anuually elected, whose duty it ia to afford velief y and fur
the county we haxe a county superintendent and a farm and a poor
house. ‘The building called the poor-honse is, we are sorry to sap, an
ola dilapidated house entively nflt for its purpose. ‘That in it, poor
as itis, there are now 8 paupers domiciled, a number by no means
large for this season of the year. We should add here that an effort
is now being made to replace the old rickety building for a better on
and we trast will be successful.

years ago, by an arrangement with the Ontario County

jam, at Canandaigua, all the children in the poor-lious

‘were sent. to that excellent institution, ‘This arrangement is still in

foree, and no children are now long inmates of the poor-house, the

arrangement is evory way desirable and the rosult most salutary, for

wwe think all will cousider that the sooner # child is removed from
poor-house inflnenee and association the better.

"The number of employees about the jail will not average more than
‘wo besides the sheriff,

‘We cannot say that any special efforts are being made “to re-
‘prese vagrmey and orime,” the ordinary machinery of courts wider
the eivil anthority appear to be effective and are in operation as usual
Wede not think there is an increase of crime or vagranoy in this
county. We have no exact data in regard to “ the rolation of drunken.
ness, ignorance and debated pauperized parentage” to erine in
‘thie county, but from our own observation and inquiry we should say
that they are largely the exeiting cauae of orime. In reply to the
question put to the keeper of the county poor-honso “ what proportion
of the iumaies were brought there by drunkenness ?” he seplied
* direotly or indirectly, nearly all.

For misdemeanors, offenders can be sent by an arrangemont with
‘Monroe county to the penitentiary at Rochester and therein placed at
labor, where the sentence exoseds 60 days, but for seutences for a less
pperiod, or to the county juil there is no provision for labor.

‘The removal of children from poor-honses to agyluma and thence to
trades or permanent homes and employment, we have no doubt would
have a decided influence to diminish pauperism, the truant and
vagrant: clasees and crime,

4 Prisox Assoctanon or Nuw Yorn, 205

How far au establishment for tho enforoal Isbor of panpars or
vagrants can be nade efetual we nce not prepared tobe co
opinion. “We are quite nur if'o syetem covld be detied wieree
Tagnuite could be pit to and kepe at work that ii nould Acute we
humbor af this care frm which comes erime, papers nea eas
ngs but pauper eanot be ols « eno and fo face oval
ind’ punishment for hut is but 4 mafortane, flerpone aoioes
Cbjuctions and render edition! to reach the point sived at” thn
whole rabjet sequirescnvful thought and study

D. A. OGDEN,
M. HANLIN,
¥. HOLME:

NOTES UPON JAILS VISITED BY WM. A. MoKINNEY, ESQ.

‘Phe jails of Cattaraugus, Allegany, Steuben, Seneca and ‘Tompkins
counties were found with few inmates, owing to the recent jail deliver-
cain these counties, but some interesting facts as to the course of
crime in that part of the state were elicited.

‘The Cattarangus county jail contained but four prisoners, all con-
fnod on charges of Tarceny.

In the Allegany county jeil there were two men—one confined on
& charge of forgery, and the other fur grand larceny.

In the Stouben county jai, at Bath, there were fifteen prisoners —
‘ne commitied for rape, bvo for larceuy, one for taking goods. andor
{alse pretenses, and oue on e body execution for eosts. ‘The remaining
ten had been imprisoned for minar offenses.

In the Seneos county jail, at Waterloo, there were three prisoners —
fe committed on @ charge of grand ateony, and wo for minor

In the Tompkins county jail there were six —one for murder, one
‘by grand larceny, and the remainder, including ono female, for les

OF the whole number of prisoners consulted, eleven confessed habit.
ual intemperance, The worst canes of ctime, however, were eommittod
4y men not habitually intemporst,

‘The reeord of erime for the year in Uheae counties ia the worst in
Cattarwugus ond ‘Tompkins, the former reporting tro cases of murder,
and the latter, one of murder and one aggravated case of ray °

‘The most significant fact elicited ia zegard to the soucees of crime

leduced from the large number of eases of grand lareeny in Cuts

106 ‘Tarerrere Awsvan Raronr ov THE

tarnugus, Allogany and Steuben counties, ‘These countce le mpon
{he lne of the Bri alrondy and » lange amber ofthe Ireenies com
Tino well a the mon heinous cases wero perpetratd by vagrats
Tho’ had. come from the east by the rand. In Oatiaraugns, the
County jal had een almost constantly ooupied by these wandering
Ehlewce who had fet the railroad, at poiata in ebo count, to commit
thefts spon the neighboring fmer

Tn Allegany county a baud of sit boys, all bat ono under 16
year of ag ad buen conned in all ‘This band proved tobe com
Jouod of late from New York and Jerey Olly, Tol out on predatory
Frcurion by ayonth named Asber Suith alias William, who bad
foowy eurved a tarm at Auburn prison for ellar orimee He wat
Captured fogether with his confederate, bat, with two of them su
coutel i breaking jal, and mating hin escape, bat wan asbeoyently
femplured and fut besk to Anbaro,  Zhie Smith appar to bave
‘en's profesional outlay, having commited depredatfos in Ponnsy-
taal before coming this sates He pouned a remariable faculty
Jbrplwting ond orguniing crime, and splayed coniderble ablity
im omacting his band of suneaton

‘This wan but & single insance, among many, of the ares of
sagrante ond thieves who had wandered westward on the rioad, and
Tad been captured in larweny af rcion poate along it Tae

"The moon of Catteraogne, Allegany and Steben counties show a
marked inorease in such eases doring the past year. ‘Tho apparent
Sauow of euch inves isthe growin of su, edacated or utraeed
Siac of boys ana youths that ie allowed to exist in on large cites

Tn yeas igo lho pst and during the prevalenos of “ard time
when te precarious oooupations of this clas are out of fis wont io
rey upon Commanitin which are more asuspifons, and wher thi
[igi more suosaflly Practiced than in len

That in Stnbon cou, hao a vty ust jul. This county i sib
azoon tho line of he Eve ralfou, nd. lacey inthe prodominatiog
Grise, "The Jail here is fequentiy visited by members of the loa!
committe, and. clergymen ootasionally hold service therein. Au
fort han'bern. made to. procure m brary for tho aay of the jal
Smee bul up to tia tne iw has wot been suouafl

"The Seneca county jl at Waterloo ie also a quiet one, ‘Tho com-
sittas ave been for minor offenses, and there were but four persons
Contac here at ie tts of visitation

‘The Tomptos county fal at Ithaca ip remarkably soure,com-
smodious aad well hepa ut reosies every reinit attention from the
Merit, We found the local commiiee very vigilant and intrested
its airman making frequent vist fo the Yomates and exteaing
Kindly errcce appropriate to their rexpactive needs

Prisox Assoctartox or Naw Yorx. s07

‘The Otsego county jail, at Cooperatown, has little deserving of com-
mendation, The more serious cages of crime were grand laroeny and
burglary. A notiocable feature was tho confinement here of sovera:
young lads, convicted of petty offenses, with the older and confirmed.
‘ximinals, who exereised an evil inflaence upon these untutored
minds,

OUPLINES OF A PROPOSED AGT TO PREVENT ORIN BY
‘THE RESTRAINT AND REFORMATION OF OFFENDERS
{Babe with zn he Rismond Conky Coates}

‘The Puople of tha Slate of Now York, represented in Senate an
Assembly, “lo discs prune i ppresenled it Sesto:

Suoriox 1. That any person who shall be convicted of any offense
pouishable by imprisonment in any county jail and who may be sen-
sed to imprisonment therein wader any law now in foroe or here-
afer to be enacted, shall bo and are hereby constituted wards of the
tate, and subject fo the custody and control of the board of guard-
Sans, a8 hereinafter provided by thin act. The several county Judges
for the time being, in those counties in. the judivial dintriet wherein
shall be established a “workhouse,” together with the loguly desig
nated hoard of vistors of «'The State Board of Chatitie?” in each
al conmty in said fudioialdistrot, shall constitute and be denomi-
nated the board of gaardians, whose’ powers and duties shall be as
forther provided by this at, and the sebior county Judge, by virtue of
is offon, shall ac affio be Chairman of aa board.
2. All courte of seoord haviog criminal jurieietion in the alate
sw York, and all police jnatces and juatios of the peace fn said
Sate, in tho exerci of their criminal jurisdiction, shall sentencs all
offenders copvioled before them, or aay of thom, of any offense ow oF
hereafter made punishable by imprisonment ia any county jail to the
castody of the board of guatdians aforessid in the judicial district
‘here sich conviction fa bad, bat shall not 8x upon, sate or determine
{ny definite period of time forthe continwance of such enstogy; pro
Wide, that fn oats of assault und battery, or drunkenness, or diordery
‘onde, of which justioes of the pense have jurisdiction, fives may
be imposed in accordance with existing lows; and. provided, farther,
that this aseton shall not be construed to lake away any power to sen
wnge miuors to the aeveral houses of wefuge in ths lato chat sald
Counts and justices may have; and provided, farther, that thi soto
Shall ot be eouetrued lo lake away any power lo suapend sentence
hat ead courts and uation may have aid in eae of euch suspended
sentence the courts or justices before whom such ofenders may have
been eonvieted, may at any time estas the re-arrest of wich oflendetn

08 ‘Ummm Awnvan Reronr or Tam
for the purpose of having such suspended sentence pronounced and
executed.

§ 8. The court or magistrate imposing such sentence shall in such,
cease furnish the sheriff or other propor officer a copy of the complaint,
Saformation or indictment upon whieh such conviction is had, a state-
ment of the defendant's plea, the names and residences of the wit-
nesses sworn in the canee, an abstract of the testimony given, the sen-
fence rendered and the date therco?, which copy, statement and
abstract, signed by the magistrate or clerk of the court, ahall be deliv-
{xed to the superintendent of the “work-honse” with the prisoner,
fand shall bo prima facie evidence against the prisoner in all proceed
Gnge for the release of suid prisoner by writ of faders corpus or other-
G4 Ibis hereby made the duty of any sheritf, constable or pol
man to convey forthwith suck persons so sentenced to the said “ work-
hrouse,” and deliver them into the custody of the superintendent
thereof, for which eervices and all ueoessary expenses he shall receive
such compensation as may be allowed by the board of supervisors of
the county where such convietion is had.

$5. ‘The superintendent of such *work-house” is hereby required
‘ho receive all persons go santenoed aud delivered, to dotain them aub-
joot to the authority of the board of guardians, and torelease them 26
said board may direct.

§ 6. ‘The following form of commitmont of prisouers sentenced as
aforesaid shall be sufficient anthority for the officer to transfer, and
for the superintendent of said“ work-house ” to receive and detain
such prisoners :

County, ss.

fo of the and the superintendent of the
sework-house” in the judicial department of the State of New
York. Gxestixe: Whereas, After trial
byme, of in said county, was convicted of
‘was by me sentenced to be imaprisoned in the “ work-house,” in the
fonstody of the board of guardians of said workhouse. Now, dere
fore you of the of, are hereby required to convey
mid to said “work-honeo,” and doliver into the custody of

tthe superintendent thereof, and you, the said superintendent of said

work-house, are commanded to receive said into your eustody,
and eafely keep until discharged in accordance with law.

‘Given under my bend at the of this,» dayof
A. D.18 ;

1g 7 The said board of guardians shall have power to detain in the
work-house, subject to the rules and regulations thereos, all wards
Committed to their custody; and they shall have power to establish

Parso Assoctatiox or Nuw Yorx. 108

rules and regulations under which such warde may, upon showing
evidence of improved character, be conditionally or absolutely releasod
from confinement im said work-honse, or from other guardianship,
onstody and control; and they shall have power to resume such oon-
trol and custody wholly or in part, and to re-commit to said work-
house any ward at any time prior to their absolute release.

‘The written order of said board of guardiane, sigued by the secre
tary thereof, ehall be due authority for any member of said board or
their agent, any sheriff, constable or policeman, to arrest and return
any ward not heretofore absolutely discharged, to the custody of aid
oard in ssid work-house; and it is hereby made tho duty of all
sheriffs or other officersas aforesuid, to exeente such order, the same
os itis now thelr duty to exeente ordinary legal process

§ 8 It shall be the duty of said hoard of guardians to maintain
such minimum of control over all wards committed to their eustody
under this aot as shall provent them trom committing erime, best secure

‘support, and accomplish their reformation,

id boord shall actively undertake the reformation of the wards
aforesaid, by means of instruction calonlated to develop right purposes
and self-control, and by granting them privileges under such social and
Jegal reataints and influences as will hest cultivate right purposes and
promote correct conduct, when this may be done with safety.

§9. When any ward shall be received into said work-ouse, said
doard of gnardiane shall case to he entered in a special rogister the
namo, age, nativity, nationality and parentage of such ward, with euch
other facts as can be ascertained, indicating the constitutional tenden-
ios and propensities, the social influences conuccted with the early
Iife, ana based pon theae an estimate of the present condition of such,
ward and the best probable plan of treatment.

Upon such register shall be entered quarter-yearly or oftener,
nies of observed improvement or deterioration of character, and notes
15 to the method and treatment omployed ; alao all orders or alterations
affecting the standing or situation of such ward, the circumstances of
the final release, and any subsequent facta of the personal history
which may be brought to their knowledge. An abatract of the second
‘m each ense remaining under their control shall be made semi-annu-
ally, submitted to the board at a regular mecting thereat, and filed
‘with the county clerk of tho county whenoe the ward was committed,
which abstract shall show the date of admission, the age, the then

uation, whether in said work-honse or elzewhere, whether, and
hhow much, improvement has been made, and the particalar reason
{or release or continued custody, as the ease may be.

‘Tho board of guardians shall establish rales and regulations by

110 ‘Tyameere ANNUAL Ruroxt o¥ THE

which any ward may have the privilege to soe and converse with the
said board of gundians, quarter-yearly at least

'§ 10. When it appears fo the sid board that thore is a strong or
reasonable probability that any ward possesses a a sincere purpose to
Decome a good citizen, and the requisite moral power and self-control to
live at liberty without violating law, and that such ward will become
a fair member of society, then they shall issue to such ward at. abso
Tute release, but no petition or other form of application for the
release of any ward made by any person whatever, based upon any
‘ground save that herein stated, shall be entertained or considered by
the eaid board.

§ 11, Tf any person, through oversight or otherwise, be sentenced
to confinement in said “work-house” for a definite period, said sen:
tence shall not for that reason be void, but the person sentenced shall
be entitled to the benefit and subject to the liabilities of this act, in
tthe same manner and to the same extent as if the sontence had buew
in the terms required by section 2 of this act, and in such cases said
board of guardians shall serve apon such ward a copy of this act, and
‘written information of their said relations to said board.

§ 12. All gots and parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of
‘hip act are hereby repealed

Paisox Assootttox or Naw Your.

REPORT ON DISCHARGED CONVICTS AT THE
AUBURN PRISON

Avsumx, January 14, 1875.

To the Beoutive Committee of the Prison Association of Now York:
GunnimwEN —I herewith transmit to you a report of particulars

pertaining to this prison for the year ending Decamber 81, 1874,
‘There have Deen discharged 587, as fellow:

By commatation of sentenoe

By pardon

By death...2...e cesses

By transfor to insane asylum

‘Total.

‘harges by commutation were as follows:
January
Febraary

December -

‘Total.

Of this number 126 were those immediately released under the new
commutation law, and wore discharged in two days after the Iaw went
into effect, Unfortunately, at that time I was confined to my house
by illness, and 75 of them lett without my having an interview
with them ; with this exception, every one was seen, counseled and
advised with, and such encouragement and assistance given, as the
several oases seemed to require.

12 ‘Taree Awxvan Revonr oF THE

Ot the 47 discharged by commutation the flowing i the rom
Went to friends :
Destination uuknown

Wanted no assistance

Went West

Situations furnished for

Total

Of the above, 27 were given peouniary aid, and three furnished with

tnole to prosecute their trade
RaeLoxwess.

‘The depressed condition of business during the past year has made
it extremely difficult to procure situations for our discharged mea,
‘There aro fow persons willing to employ men, whose labor they ean-
not make cover the expense incurred. Employers, whom I visite
@uring the summer, in Chantangva, Chemung, Erie, Monroe and
other counties, gave me asenrauce of employment later in the season,
but snbsequently informed me that they were anable to keep those
already in their employ, and wero discharging old and favorite haul
While this condition of things is a gorious drawbeck to the good tha:
might otherwise be accomplished, it is gratifying to know, that our
labor ix not in vain, Far from being as sanguine of success, im the
reformation of oriminals, as many doubtless are, I still think a vast
amount of good has bean accomplished by the association, ‘bearing
fraits silently, but, nono the less, effectually.” Tn illustration of this,
allow me to mention a few incidents ovoarring during the past yeu
While standing in the post-ofice one evening, a young man of pie
possessing appearanoe approached me, saying, * Me. Perry, I bel
Tpresume yon do not recognize me.” ‘Then drawiog nearer, an
‘confidential tone and earnest manner he said, “I want to thank you
for the Kind interest you took in me, over there” (pointing towa
prison). “T have noted upon sour advice, and am doing
now on my way west. If Ieould, I would liko to mevt the boys in
‘the chapel, and tell them it does not pay to be in prison, and wheu
‘they got ont; they had better keop ont.” After renewed thanks ho let
‘me, and I have every reason to believe he is a good member of society.
Again, in the vicinity of the prison, @ young mau aeoosted me with
“You do not scem to know me, Mz. Perey; my name is —- ——.
and T used to work in the —— shop. ‘I loft there in January last :
Tam in the produce business in New York, and doing well. T havi
stopped over one train to see how things look.” He aoemed very
gralefol for the advice aud encouragement that bad been given hit
Daring a recent visit to New York, I waa stopped on the strect by a

Parson Assocrariox or New Yous. us

stranger (to me), who extended his hand, saying, “You are from

Auburn, I believe.” He then referred to his inoaveeration there, and

‘o the interview had had with him in my office at the prison, which

he had never forgotien, I learned from him that he was doing well
his trade in a saddle and haruese manufactory.

Forune Occupation.
Having a trade ... vee
Furmers, Inborers, ete.

Total

‘Temperate ..
Moderate drinkers
utemperaie ..

‘otal.

Collegiate education...
Academical edueation ..
Read and write

ead but not write,
Unable to read or weit

Total ae

‘There is a difference of opinion as to how far a good education is

preventive of crime, ‘The number of well-educated men who
become criminals, 60 far as my observation extends ig much over
fated. ‘To the question asked the convict upon entering the prison
“can you read and write,” an affirmative answer generally means that
neh, and little more, and a closer examination shows that about 75
Der cent of this class have no kuowledge of grammar, little, if any, of
seography, aud the merest rudiments of arithmetic.” I think it safe
to say that their education, as a general rule, is wot as good as many
of the scholars in our public schools under 12 years of age The
Dussage by our last legislature of a **compnleory education act,” has
directed my attention more particularly to this subject, and my exam-
ination of convicts in this respect confirms the above opinion.

Long Saxrexons,

Making due allowance for the statements of the oonviota themselves,
‘most thoughtful minds will conoede thet the first year of imprison
[Sen. Doo. No. 78.] 8

ug ‘Tamers Axwuas, Report oy Sane

ment is probably the most intolerable; the prison garb, the diet, th
estraing the narzow coll at night, all eome home with orashing weight
‘This is punishment, In the course of time, however, this Keon sensi.
tiveness wears off; the prisoner gets accustomed to his daily life, tie
terrors of violated Jaw becomes less and less aoute, his aspirations for
a better life hereafter more and more blunted, und he leaves the prison
‘a more willing instrument for the commission of erime, than when be
first entered it. Over and again have L heen told ‘my first year was
temible, but now T yecome weed to it, and although I aa
ansious to get out, still Ido not begin to feel and anffer what I di
when I Grat eame here.” If our coarte would impose upon thos who
offend for the firet time, the minimum rathor then the maximum of
the sentence provided hy lav, there wonld ho much greater hopes of
the reformation of the oriminal

Coassirrearzox.

“Lventnre the assertion, that until euch changes are mado as will
provide the necessary classification of prisoners little will be accom.
plished in the way of reformation. ‘The testimony of the convicts
themectvos js uniformly to this effect, snd it ig painful to hear thom
say, I leave the prison much more skilled in erime than when I
entered it, This js not the testimony of a few, bnt of seores. T only
give att lod conviotion of every one, at all cou
vrersupt with the ¢ one prisons, when T say tho state ean
Nl afford the economy which proveuts them from such exponditures
fs would obviate the ncoeesity of this indisorixainats commingling of
convicts”

Society within the prison walls has ils marked chammoletistics 0s
well as outside, ‘The Sing Sing transfors aro gencrally from Now
‘York, and they regard themselves quite mperior io their fellow con-
victs sent from some interior county. ‘Tho Jattor arp denominated
“haymakers." and not a few animositias and jealousies of one ch
against the other are of common ocearrenee. In the case of D. who
Killed M. in the collar-shop some months sinoe, we have an illustre
tion of this fact. D. was a vile, ill-tempered, unprineipled man from
the city of New York, who had mado to a grater or loss extent oxime

s study and business for years, Ho folt his superiority over M. who
came from an interior comnty, quite unsophisticated in the acts:
thoroughly understood by him, and was a fit subject for his snes,
contempt and abuse whenever opportunity offered. ‘The result of

ir aszoointion is already known. A man of the character of Dono.
bhue, shown not ouly by his killing Moore, but by subsequent avis,
‘ought never to be allowed to associate with the less hardened criminal
lassen

Paison Assootation or New Your. us

‘There is another and very important reason why classifeation is so
necessary, This notorious that if a young or first offender expresses
to any of the more hardened olass contrition, and a determination to
lead a correct life after his discharge, he is pointed ont and made
the object of derision, as one wanting in menliness and courage,
thereby stifling every impulse of his better natnre. Many have made
this confession to me, asking what kind of incentive they had for
reformation, enmrounded aa they wore by auch influences. Th a prison
Vike this containing some 1,
confinement similar to that of the Bennsslvania prisons, for not
excceding 60 of this number who are known to be notoriously bad,
ue efeot upon the balaues would be very marked. Place this number
cor perhaps lesa, where they would have no intereourse with the others,
‘and there would be far Tees attempts at escape, no inoendiary fies, of
nuders, while discipline could he maintained with much greater ease,
at less expense, and reformation much more probable.

Cowatrzarton.
‘The passage by the last legislature of an aot increasing the commu-
tation of ench prisoners as were obedient. to the ral

vation goes, worked well. I think this is also the testi-

he officials of the prison, nevertheless a rigid adherence to

the provisions of the “act” is indisponsable to its benefleent, work

igs. ‘The conviet cannot understand too clearly or forvibly that it

good condueé that entitles him to its advantages, and that auy

departure from this deprives him of the relief the law proffers, In

this prison this seems to be understood, and Iam not aware of more
than oue or two who has forfeited their claim to its provisions,

Respectfully submitted,
MILES PERRY.

‘Tureere ANNvAL Repont oF THE

NOTE BY MR ORVIS UPON THE EXPERIENCE AT THE
PLATTSBURGH STATION AND CLINTON PRISON.

Puartssoxan, N. ¥,, Jan. 25, 1875.

+ * © © “Asa general thing the facts stated in the reports are
mostly obtained from the parties themselves, although in some cases
they refuse to be examined. Occasionally theve is what General MofBitt
calls an ‘aristocratic conviet? who will not be interviewed, and, again,
some of them have been over ‘the mountain’ at work when I visited
the prison. In these eases I am obliged to refer to the prison records
for information. Considerable allowance must algo be made for m:
of their own statements,

If T could find work for these poor discharged convicts, I should
feel much enconragement. I can assure you that there is uo gort of
‘use in ‘preaching? good doctrine to these men unless you give then
something to do, This is not mere speculation, for I know from an
experience of forty years as a teacher, that the only way to keep mex
or boys from going to the devil is to keep them busy. ‘The question
arises, what are wo todo? Hero are hundreds of idle men who have
not the taint of Dannemora upon them, and it soems owt of the ques
tion to find places for these ex-couvicts, Some of the men too
especially the older ones, who have been provided with employment
‘by my friends hereabout, have turned owt badly, thus injuring the
prospects of those who would do well, besides placing ma in the light
of an enthusiastic, improctioal theorist, It ig ead to thiuk that the
majority of these are young men who might be saved if they bad em-
ployment away from their old assooiates. Tam not a visionary in auy
sense of the word, but when I think what mighé o if these poor fel-
lows could be saved, 1 become weary of the short-sighted policy that
is lyns-eyed fo ptenish but blind fo preven? or cx

submit my opinion as to the causes of panperisma and

vare that drundenness is the great over

shadowing evil of the land. So long as we have dram-shops ani
£650,000 pereons engaged in the manufacture and sale of intoxicating
Grinks, to 128,000 schoo! teachers, we must expoct to reap a rich har-

(Signed) HENRY ORVIS.

it Prasow Assoctatiox or New Yonx.

Featane Coxvicrs—Prisons Axp Ruronsarontxs,
In the year 1874 there were admitted into the Sing Sing state
prison and the six local penitentiaries, 2,806 female convicts. The
{total number of females convicted of crimes of the grado of felonies in
this state during the year ending November 1, 1873, was 184. The
‘total number of convictions of females in courts of special sessiona
‘and the city police courts, as far as reported by the county clerks and.
sheriffs to the secretary of state during the same period, was 22,079,

‘Though the aggregate number of female state prisoners in each of
the six penitentiaries is ineressing year by year, the number of females
who are imprisoned for misdemeanors in Uheso institutions ineveases
still more rapidly. ‘The five penitentiaties beyond the city of New
York continue to receive a work-house class of dobased females which
is becoming more and more numerous in the cities and lange villages,
‘The work-honae on Blackwell’s Island relieves the penitentiary in the
same locality from a great portion of that class of prisoners, but the
3,208 commitments of women to that work-house during the year
shows that fhe classes from which active criminals are recruited in
the metropolis are in great force her

In the siate prison at Sing Sing the average number of female con-
viets is about 180. Ae shown by Mra. Van Cortlandt in the aocom-
panying report, the number at the beginning of the present year was
139, of whom Seven aro under sentence for life. In this group of
vvomen at the Sing Sing prison is found a larger proportion of habitual
or professional oriminals than we ever find among the female felons

ho six local penitentiarios; yot about one-half of, even, the former
are youthful, and not wholly lost to the innato love of goodness and
the memories of home and of their own mothers,

The over-crowded condition of the Sing Sing prison for women, the
excessive depravity and oriminal influence of a majority of the older
convicts there, and the great inconvenience of transportation of female
convicts from remote districts, supplied good reasons for tho amend-
ments of Taw by which at least all except life-term women conviots
may, at the option of the eonrts, be sentenced to the local penitentiary.
within the jndioisl district in which the conviction of the prisoner

‘Repeated inspeotions of the penitentiaries and careful inquiry into
the condition and prospects of their female prisoners, corrveted the
writers erroneous belie? that the most dangerons classes of criminal —
female professionals in orime and instructors in their arts— were not
found in these local prisons. ach of the six penitentiaries, in its
female department, presents an epitome of Sing Sing more or less com=
plete. But there has seemed to be one important difference between

18

the mental slate of penitentiary and Sing Sing female conviets; for in
fe Sones sally Op Settee, iterate as mopstale nil
earnest hope rmuains in the

the greater part of the fousle prisoners at Sing Sing the inner
enter doors have been —in the wretched couviet’s vision—in

with the terrible sentence that Dunte saw over the portals of the
Inferno, “ Who enters re leaves hope behind.”

n of New York, which, until 1849,
constituval the uusliay of the prison association far duties to female
convicts and ex-conviets, having estublished its “Hom: diss
charged female prisoners, and being prepared to give substantial aid
and gnidan
institution, there was every »

prisoners before their release, chat some, at Yeast might be Ted. to
amend their Tises, and that all might be shown how and where to
enter npon the paths of rite and nsefnliness. Af. Vax Co
of Croton Lanting, thonghtfally undestook the duty of a
visiting aud pereouat effort at the prison, and her work bas boon very
faithtally sopported by successive matrous, especially by Miss JORNSO%
thie mation ab prodeat in charge

Mrs Vax Conmtason having for many yeurs been a studious
cbserver of the necesities of female prisoners, and comprehending the
sources of their crimes, has givan to her fekd a kind of study and dnéy
hich no man eos. give, and which in any form of official relation #0
the prisoners world be impossible. Tn the report by this Indy, whic
here follows, she presents brief and instrnetive records of one handed
and ton (110) fumle consiets who have gone ont from the prison
tinder her counsels and indvence, Sich wd efforts mark «
spirit of noble comprehension of dats which fs dee to the orring wad
40 eoviety by the most enlightened and cultivated of the women in the
Bate. The apirit aud purpose of this work exn best be understood hy
hor statement which nccompanied the conclusion of the first year’s
efivts, © * © Perhaps uot one of all these released from the
prison is permanently saved from her singel courses bat if every one
Of thom falls again iuto temptation and crime, still we mast-ander
Stand the condition of these miserable and erring oteatures and mak
al these efforts that we may fiud how to prevent evils we eannot

"The late Dr. 7. Roas¥x Bao, of Albany, s half century ago, snaces
fully plead for the industrial employment of convicts as « means of
reformatory discipline, and this statement from Ors. Vaw Contant
pleads with an eloquence worthy alike of her noble father and here
elf. —[B. Hh]
REDUCTION
RATIO
CHANGE(S)
W THIN:
TITLE

FOLLOWING
PAGE(S)

MU1.LATED

/4% — Prison Association or New Yors.

REPORT ON THE SING SING FEMALE PRISON.

By Mrs, VAN Corttanpr.

In accordance with the request of the prison association, the member
of the local committee for Westchester county, to whom is assigned
the duty of visiting the Sing Sing female prison, reports:

‘The first visit was made October 1, 1872. Up to January 1, 18%,
99 out-going convicts have been visited and advised; of this number
four have returned to the prison. ‘To all a letter of advice has been

and one of intvoduetion to the matron of the “Isaac T. Hopper
Home,” unless friends stood rendy to receive the convict on her depart-
ure from prison, A stumped envelope was also given, and they were
urgently requested to write to the visitor if in need of advice; eleven
of these envelopes have been used by women who are either at home
with friends or desiring to Tend honest lives. When the work of the
visitor began, there was a marked reluctance on the part of the con-
viets to converse freely, a relnetance not diminished by the formidable
ist of questions to be asked and answers to be noted down, but when
this part of the work was done, and the list disappeared from their
sight, they were more at ease, and having ascertained that the visitor
was in no wise connected with the prison officially, they talked with
more freedom of themselves, of the number above named, not more
than 10 assertod their innocence. After two or three months had
passed they began to comprehend the object of these visits, and to look
upon the visitor as a friend, receiving her with a cordial greeting, that,
af first, had been totally wanting. ‘The women also, whose terms had.
not oxpired, began to believe that the object of the prison association
was to help them to a better life, and, encouraged by the matrons,
sought and obtained interviews, that seem, thus far, to have resulted
in good, they generally related to the welfare of husband and
childyen outside, to their desire to amend when their term ends, and
sometimes to give expression to their hope that a pardon may be
sought for them; the latter request they have not urged of late,
Sometimes they desire to enter complaints of those in authority over
them, in the main groundless. ‘Their most serious grievance for some
time being the need of good bread, this has been remedied and the

120 ‘Terwrtee ANNUAL Repost oF THE

sisitor has not, for some time, heard of any fult found with thelr
fare. One conviet desired to bring, what she considered, » grave
charge against che matron. At frat if did awom grave for she doelared
advantage to her
elicited from
mit her to be tought mathe-
matics by another conviet, « famous “confidence woman.” ‘This and
tho like frivolous complaints aro all to urge
against the government of the prison. No impediments
been thrown in the way of private interviows with the convicts;
indeed, the matrons usually desire them to ask for them, The
question will arise as to whether the visiting of the committeo effects,
any good ma Toads to any result, ‘The answer is, wubesitatingly,
yes, and a few examples may as well be given here—showing, frst
fhe benefit to the ontgoing convict, and next what ean be done for

srmitted to Tourn what would be

those whose terms are not ended, In November, 1872, Gov. Hoffman
ent to the visitor a conditional pardon for M. 8, 10 be used if she
would consent to go to some home or asylum, as she was entirely
friendless. ‘The matron of “The Iago 'T. Hopper Home" came for
hier, by the request of the visitor, and she remained in this home seve-
ral months, only leaving it for asituation; when last heard from she
was earning an honest living. A. D, a young gitl of seventeen, was a
reeident of u northern to ig friends anged hor to nccam=
pany them io the theatre ina neighboring city's she consented, and

nmpelled by vanity, took from the room of an absent fellow boarder a
silk dress. ‘The boarder returned before the theatre party contd reach
their homes, missed her dress, and A, was arrested and sont to prison
for one year, wien the visitor saw hor she was degraded in her own
eyes, resolute not to retnm to the mother whose heart she had rent,
fand by the advice of eome of the old and hardened eonvieis, had deter-
mined to go to the great city, there to find a home, and a livelihood,
her friends in the

for. She looked even younger than her real age, was pretty and
atiractive, and her fate seemed certain, but after much wrging from the
‘isitor, she consented to go with the matron of the home who would
Come for her-—at east for a short time. During her slay at that
lace a correspondence was opened with her widowed mother, and A.
setumed to her home,

K. C, a Danish convict, was among those discharged in 1873. Her
foase was peculiarly sad, Her husband und hereelf left thefr home and
three little ones, hoping in this land to obtain enough to enable them,
jn time, to send for the children. When they reached Castle Garden
K. was arrested by a fellow-passenger, on the charge of having robbed

“gon promising that she should be met and eared

Prisox Assoo1niox or New Yous. BI

her of 840, and seut to prison fora year. Her husband finding no work,
and deeperate from want, enlisted as a suilor for threo years. After K.
hhad Leen in prison a few months a little one was boro, and when the
Visitor wont to see her, there stood the forlorn worman with the baby
in her ums, able only to utter a few English words, reposting at inter-
vals “ breach of trust, breach of trast,” the only words of her trial that
she had eunght and remembered, and then through the convict inter-
pretor asking pitifully * where shall we go ?”” ‘The “ Home” again came
to the rosowe; after a short stay there ind frieuds eontributed the sum
nooded for hur passage home, and» grateful and joyful letter to the
‘matron announced her sufe derival in Deamatk,

(hese instances may sullieg to show what has been done for
the outgoing convicts, Oue or two examples must be given to
show what ean be done for those whose terms had uot expired:

A. S. wus confiued in the outer ward for aoveral mouths for
an attempt to stab the matron Qfrs Townsend) ; she was utterly
wild and furious, no plea of insabity could be urged in her
favor, she was simply a woman of ungovernable tempers she was
visited, and consented at Tast to asic forgiveness, resuming her duties,
and has given no further trouble; she insists, howover, upon constant
interviews with the visitor, to renew her resolations of amendment,
and to say with much pride that she is keeping her word.

‘A. F, gent on a charge of stabbing, lost the commutation giren to
those who deserved it, and saw a number leaving the prison whom she

lered to be no more worthy of this grace than herself, some of
them having in fact by their taunts caused her to break the raless
she asked for an interview, which was most painful; every evil
passion was aroused, and she ponred out threats on the matron, which
she had shown, by her past life, she was well inclined to carry out
After some talk it was ascertained that the desire and longing to see
hher ouly child had driven her nearly frantic, It was impossible to
refrain from showing pity for her, and this at once broke down the
barrier, and melting into floods of tears, she incoherently told her
whole story. She was full of life, healthy and active, and the sedentary
pursuits given her nearly maddened her by their euforeed quiet could
she but have come work, uo matter how futiguing, that would keep
hor on her feet, sho could perhaps try and behave with propriety if
she must atay several month longer. Tt was very long before sho
‘was induced to forego her revenge upon the matzon ; when she prom-
ised to give it up, the visitor sent for Miss Johneon,* and told, ia A’s
presenoe, her atory, asking that ehe might be made a waiter on
the table Mise Johnson was utterly eurprised at the request, as

these posts are given to the obedient and orderly convicts, but with her

122 ‘Demerinma ANNUAL Revoxt ov TH

sual quiet good seus, sid that this was an exceptional eat, and
hon he witltor pledge hers (very trembling) to become A’s
sectgs contented. "The gest jstifled thelr tras the once fusion
sane Sahaved with quiet propriety ring al Chose weary months;
Sheen nod he letom of aif contrl has not been fost. A ltr from
the yeraon to whom she went writes of her thus, ean trast hos abe

ging, rally I tell you the Bo

obliging, veully Kind nd thot
routhe you went her bail, sho did't break it.” Wil not these few in
stances show that the work of the New York prison association is wot a
failure? Much is dueto the eflicient aid uf he “Inute ‘. Mopper Homo.”
whose doors are open to all those discharged couvieta who ure will
to seek its shelter, Nor is this all, a matron aunt lo the pi
to acoompany any onbgoing conviek who will consent Lo this gnant-
ianship, which experience has shown is quite necessary in many
he greatest deworbuck o the reformation of the young convicts is
the entire want of any classificalion of criie, no separa
made between the hardened conviets, shoplifters, piekpockets
serving perhaps theit third term, and yonng girls like A. Dy
ir 1 to abor wussible, with the few

matrons allowed, to prevent ull intereon:
are saved and returned to theit homes, it is Wtorully “20 ag by fire.”

"isin the prison, who pride themsclves upon the dex=
Shops, auxl who, in a

seat teuelr the ignoraé wlio want to avail thetnselves of

this instruction. If one of the veal purposes of imprisoument be
reform, it is simply not attainable under the present condition of
things, there must be a distinction made between the differen’
irate of erimes, and a reformutory shiould be established in a simple
fnd inexpensive way for oases like those of A. D., aud a number who
tome to prison for the first time, and for the lighter grades of erime.
Were these co removed from the Sing Sing prison, there would be
‘There is
the

{logs fetpeane eo nil runt te ponerse
eo te sight desiom incident to fever.” Teva comfortable
eeu neat beds, trumed. text, ond. 9 few Sowers, admirably
Rite Yor thon who ave feeble anda tl Bat not Hn tbe teas A
forthe covious cues that roquireietahaiel wards ‘ho effect 100,
Prgnead by adeutl, goes far to impede the recovery of those whov
UeGeave nod separated by move than two feet from the death-bed
Mle Teo the dead avast ie wut carved forth to their burial; there

Puisox Assoctatios or New York. 128

is no death ward. Little children are born in the priaon and the
‘mother has not the seclusion co neoded for a few days at least, for in
the nursery directly opposite the hospital, she and the little one remain
disturbing aud disturbed. This great State tacitly ignores the fact
that birth aud death come to their convicts, and while one must dep
recate any thing like sentimental sympathy with crime, yet, at these
two supreme moments, some care is demanded by even the worst

From the tables appended, relating both to the discharged convicts
tas woll as those in prison, it will be seen that most of the crimes are
the influence of liquor.
Some give “bad company’ as the eanse of their erime, but nearly all
are intemperate. As well as can be asoertained « large proportion
have Int no training in their youth, and it behooves us to leave no
stone unturned to remedy this evil for the future, Every ebild should
De tuken from the seversl county-houses ani roared where the eneae
of pauperism may uot cleave to them. Krom them and from the
warming masses in our great ity, the prison ranks are filled, and a

committed while the prisoner was

wretched, squalid population constantly adds to ons dangers and our
sysponsibilities, ‘To edueation for the young we must look as our
only hope for the future, aud humanity and.
apply the remedy while it is in owe pow
ort of the eriminal class is far heavier than would be the training of
the children, “remembering the fullibility of owe natura, the best
must stand in awe when they think what they might themselves have
doen under the pressnro of similur temptations,” and should labor
to help lift up the masses
Oue suggestion may be in place heres it is with reg
employment for the benetit of the convicts themselves.
‘can embroider, crochet or knit, and after their hours af work in the
contract room or state ehop sure over, thero remain, particularly in
mmr, some leisure hours when this “fancy work” might occupy
them. If materials contd be given by frionds, or better, could the
atate devote a trifling sum for their parchase, the products of their

est oall pon ws to
‘Phe burden of the sup-

industry might be sold to visitors, creating a little fund for those who

© the prison penniless, sve for the pittance the state gives to
retnen th Te may be that among them are some
who could make light baskets, work at wood-earving or the Like, were
the materials given them, In the eontract shop, there is pagment for
over-work, and the industeious convict cun earn a small sum. ‘There
ie no such opportunity affurded in the state shop, and this, although
probably it cannot well be avoided, is manifestly unjust, and these
unfortunate women are keenly alive to the very shadow of injustice.
‘There would be an incentive to labor could they bat know that the

124 ‘Tmurers Awxvat Revoxt oF THE

proceeds would be their own, and while busied in the handiwork thet
females enjoy, they would have loss time for evil thoughts or deeds.
‘Dhe visitor hopes that the association will look favorably upon this
suggestion,

Ti would be unjust to close this report, without some reference to
the quiet, orderly condition of the prison at present, due mainly to the
able, efficient care of the matron, Miss Johnson. While every rule is
strictly enforeed, and discipline rigidly observed, Miss Johnson does
all in jer power to help those who desive to be ielped to behave int «
proper manner and, in every way eonsistontly witi the laws that govern
the prison, protects the yo
tion with those hardened offenders who desire to drag them dowa to

from contamination by assooi-

their own level. "The visitor gratefully acknowledges the courtesy of
all the officials and the efficient aid rendered to her in this work. Ta
conclusion there remain two questions Hint mst, sooner or later, be
answered. Ist. What ean he done for the yonng in crime; cannot a
reformatory be built, withont delay, where they may serve ont their
sentenees With some hope of seform ? 2d, Cannot the state propare a
home for the discharged female couvicts where they may rest for a
Tittle time, aoqniving, while there, some knowledge to St them for
honest labor, and encouragement to become once more respectable
Sine Snxo Feaarn Paicos.

‘Total number of cells 108; number of other aleeping rooms, 2.
Capacity for inmates. . = a
‘Total number of inmates at date i
‘Total nember of inmates under 17 years oli
otal numbe
Total number of inm:

‘Teval admissions in 1873 and 187

Number of convicts now ander life sentence

‘Number by commutation of death seutence “
What unmber of the inmates have betore been in prison
Number who had not a fair common school education
Number unable to read and write at time of admission,
Number who had useful trade

‘Principal trade tanght in this prison, coat making.

Of the 85 who have not a Zair common school education, some can
read only, the larger half can read and write alittle. Of the whole
number, 193, only 14 have what can be called a fair common school
education. A large majority have been intemperate and led dissolute
lives.

Prison Association op New Yonx.

Convicts who have left from October 1, 187%, 10 December 81, 1814,

NATIONALITY. I ontMes,
51 | Laroeny

Burglary

a f Felonious assault.
‘American, coloted <1! Pickpockets
English. is

Danish 2202022000001 2| Murder.
Canadian |

Total
Total.

Serving 1st term
Serving 2. term
Married... , Serving 8d. term |
Widowed’ - Serving 4th term

Single a
‘Total, mans

Returned to prison.
Sent to aeylam «1.
Age under 20, | Pardoned...0..2.
Between 20 and a Reversal seutence 11)
Between $0 and 2. Died

Infants died? 1!

Between 61 and 63..

sca
ott December, 189
Mareb, 1804

Gnpel sie fil fem,
Pew fost any commutation.
Intemperate...... “f tat
‘Tompernis Cannot read or write...
Oplain eater ade

Can roi and i
‘Total 2

‘Total.

NROLFOTED SOURCES OF ORIN.

‘The entailment of evils depenids upon the same comprehensive nat-
tural laws as the entailment of virtnes and beneGts in femilies or in the
lineage ofeommanities. ‘The hereditary tendencies of parental inebriety,
Jasciviousness and any ruling passion, no observing physician preteuda
to doubt. ‘The direct entailment of specific vices, passions and extrar~
agances in the parental habits and character admits of comparatively
easy methods of demonstration. yen in respect of certain forms of

126 Tuinrrers ANNUAL Report ov 710

rime against properly and the person, the tondency to hereditary
entaiment of the viefons quality of the parent has long been an
admitted fact. But in analyzing the records and history of erimes,
and the lineage of eriminals, th sonreos and apparent agencies
Which seem to be combined in the development of erimes and of exim~
final chanicter aaturally present the statement of motives, pussiox
exigencies and some quality of depraved mental and moral nature as
the total a taneo beooght-about the
crimes which the laws punish aying and of
stating the eauses of crime we need find no fuule, though it falls fur
short of reaching down to the fundamental faets upon which rest those
‘relating to the chief crimes and erime classes whieh
must be understood in order to enable society to frame laws and

the motir.
first, the alleged motives and causes seen
be inadequate or equivoca db
criminal persons generally evinee a disorderel proclivity to pan
kinds of crime, and to extreme hazards incident to criminal acts, utterly
coneilable with the logie of supreme motives and
is observed to be trne botl of the oviminal aets of sudden or pas-

sionate impulse and of contrivance and devised method

Such proclivity to crime is not necessarily evidence of disease,
‘onght it to be treated as isresponsible insanity, for it is the onteome
‘and unbalanced conditions in the physival, mental
s themselves in_whom the
ysical and mental ability to ceaze todo evil and learn to do well still
"To discover the nature, the bearings, the incentives and the most
effectual means of remedying or cantrolling such defective and dis-
ordered proclivities to crime and to other injurious and debasing
courses of life, isa duty that underlies the comprehensive application
of agencies of an educational, disciplinary and preventive kind which
the welfare of society ond of these offending classes alike require
With these facts clearly in view, Mz. Deopars, a member of the
Bxecutive Committee of the Association, while pursuing aspecial duty
of the sub-commitice on detentions, has followed out a most instructive
Tine of inquiries into the entailment, special results and costs of the
criminality, panperism and degradation which has followed the negleot
of public duty toward offenders and unfortunates in a single county,
tnd in the lineage of seven consecutive generations. —[H. H.]

Prisow Assootariox or Nuw Yous. 127

‘The following is the schedule of Points of Inquiry mentioned by
Mr. Duepats in his report of jail inspections:

Soneouus A.
Prisoner, No, — of List
[or the record of pritonors examined by representatives of the prison sso-
lation and iss loos! commiticor Each of these pages is designed to giva an
‘count of au individual oses in which causes of crime can be stated, ‘These
records are devved in all the important casee af erime character]

‘This prisoner is acautad of te following crime

has bean {ays ip this prison, and now awalts
[Write if sentenced; under trial; waiting trial after indictment; or waiting
indolent
‘Soolal History and Family Taining
Does thie person represent a family oF nese kinsolk who have been secaaed of
tho same or similar offenses?
What has hoon the characterste class of offenses snd misfortunes suffered by
these kinafole?
whe Hines and fn
What i ascertained concerning, fo
\ed to the perpetuation of thore offenses and minfortunea?
oe following, wi.
Sthool Biuoation,
Does this person read and write intelligently ?
Slate what is knowa of the edcatlon and moral culture of the family fn the
present and presious generation?
“Has this person a fair stock of usefol knowledge?
What does he (or she) eay of the wre made of spare time inthe past years?

Faduatrial Training
What trade or other oecupatiow has been filly lesrned?
Reasons given for the defect in the industrial traning ?
What wishes and roquosts are now made by this person respecting further
‘dgcation and training with refereiioe to s life of wast industry.

Trebriety,

‘Does this person eonteesfkequent, ocessional or periodical drunkenness? If
9, far how many years past?

‘Wore futher, mother, grandfather, grandmother, brothers sisters, and any’
‘other kinsfoll, known to be addicted 19 inebriety ?

[Cross out each of those wards that are not charged with inebri
smother, sisters)

Please incort the necessary memorandum of fasts which rolate diretly to the
hereditary ontailmont or succession of inebriety in the faaily line,

128 ‘Tarerere Axxvan Reporn.

Panperiom and Indolenc,

‘Was this person receiving public chavty, and in what forms, previous to the
offense that ed to arrest?

‘When and where had he (or she) a xed home?

[And when and how onfixed or vagrant?

‘Whar branches of hie or les) family are known to have been pauperized, or
twhave ivedin idleness and dependence in the present or the previous generation?

Physical and Mental Incapaciis,

Mention the nature and extent of bodily dlgcase or defects in his person
which produced positive inespacity to labor.

Je epilepay  (Caling-sickness), chorea (St Vitus’ dence), constitutions,
ayphils, or eny mark of hereditary insanity, known to exist, or have existed in
this person, of of the fothor, uother, sister, brother, uncles, aunts, grandfatherl
or grandimother?

[Grote the names of the diseatee thet are not present, nd Indicate by letter
‘over the names of the person oF proper Wiasfalk the partienlar diseases ascer-
tained, as —fathier— that ia, tho father had epilepsy, and became insane]

Trdemeated in any degree, oF if Laring but x small or deformed bralo, or with
any marked deformity of Bodily organisation: if consumptive, of rickety oF
It addiowed to known vieos or dangerous habits, sueh as oplam-using, pling,
debauchery, eto. or, #f the vietim of ay personal injuries and abuse from
others, plense describe the fact aa you Gnd chem,

Religious Training and Moral Principles,

‘Does this perton acknowledge obligation to divine and supreme law oF the
{njarious.or criminal netnr of wets like those of whieh he (or she) stands accused
snd on which aerected?

Dit he (or she) hove religiowe and moral parents and a decent home, with
moral and religions tesining in youth?

“What speval impairment of the conscience or moral sense, end of the will
appent 10

‘Notice if the mind is wholly uniuformed conceraing the requirements of

divine laws; or of the ordinary lawes end obligations of society ?

Descriptive Record of the Borzon.
Name (or the No, and sex), Age,
Social state as respects conjogal, paternal or Sli relation,
oeupation, + of parents,
Birthplace (ang, if foreige, how long in this country). Su this state
years, Tr. jal tho lima, and saontha in all before for
the seme kind of offnse as now chargod. Has beeu times in
state peigon (02) penitantary.
{For the farther record af the prion bistory of this person see No, in tho
cual list]
erares:

REPORT OF SPECIAL VISITS TO COUNTY JAILS FOR 1874.

By RL. Duanane,

In July, 1874, th undersigned, having been appointed a committeo
of one to visit thirteen of the jails of the state and report thereupon,
‘made a tour of inspeetion

Uw spring of that year the corresponding secretary had prepared a
scheduto of questions to bo filled ont for each prisoner, which included
items about the heredity, the education, the diseases, the industrial
training, the moral and intellectual eapaeity, the panperiem, the erimes,
and an estimate of the probable fate of the person questioned.

With this schedule in hand, the work of examining prisoners was
begun,

‘The inmates of the jails of the following counties, Delaware, Dutohess,
Rockland, Richmond, Schoharie, Otsego, Westchester, Green, Suifotl,
Ulster, Sullivan, Queens and Columbia, were cross-examined on the
oiails of their lives, and the following notes are transmitted :

pursuance of that appointment. During

Doromese Counry Taz.

At date of visit m July, 1874, thore were only five persons in jail,
threo men and two women. For drunkenness, four, contempt of court,
one. ‘Thoy were all of the stereotyped pattem, which are well known to
those who are in the habit of visiting the prisons. ‘The visiting com-
mittee of this county is active, visits the jail froquently, and has got
members who display groat skill in dealing with offenders.

Danawane County Jar.
Tuly, 1874,

Tn this jail only one man was found, committed for drunkenness.
Tn this county, which is mountainons and sparsely populated, com-
paratively little crime is committed ; but the emallness of the number
Jeponds in s sensible degre upon the difficulty of arrest and tho costs
and risks of transportation, many farmers submitting to petty depreda-
ions, which, in amore densely populated district, would lead to the
arrest and conviction of the offender.

[Sen. Doe. No. 78] 9

‘Tureery ANNvan Ruvour or THE
Rocktann Counts.

Tn this county the persons incarcerated in July, 1874, were as fol-
lows:
Assault and battery .
Disorderly .....
Drunkenness
Marder

‘No wousen.

Neither of the men committed for murder would speak a single
word, and one of them would not even move within sight In this
‘county more than one-half of the commitments are for drunkenness.

Ricewoxn Couxry Jan.
Visited October, 1874.

Dronk 2 Debauchery.

Assault to vavish Receiving stolen goods

Borglary- e

Petit laresny ees Total .

Palee pretenses

‘Number committed one or moze times before. -

In the ose of assault, the boy, about 19, is insune, gradually falling
into idiooy, and is irresponsible,

The cases of petit: larceny ave of the usual type, but three of the
burglars ate daugerous criminals, who hare been daring contrivers of
‘rime, one of them the notorious “Shorty,” who had a portable dis
tillery in Sing Sing while serving ont his last sentence there.

‘No very young offenders were found, the youngest being 18,

Scuouantm Couxry Jar,
‘The number in jail wore few and for the following offenses:

Forge 2 | Attompt at rape.

al pres
‘ " ‘Total

Burglary
All males.
‘Number who have been committed before.

‘One young offender, 19 years old, confesses to eoven burglaries.

Prison Assooiatiox ov New Yous. 11

‘he principal offender in the case of forgery is aged 30. Ho is an
‘unintelligent man, a laborer, and two years ago was sent to Olinton
prison for a like offense, forging an order for $10. ‘This teoond offense
is for the same amount.

‘One of the curious features of the ase is that he ean neither read nor
‘write, and on both occasions was obliged to get some one elge to write
out the orders. This he did by inducing boys, under false pretenses,
to write them for him. ‘The avcomplice in the present instance, boing
a boy of 14 years old, was discharged on examination after a few days?

Orssco County Jar
‘The commitments here were only five, as follows:

Bigam 1) Murder.
Beeilog salen gos 01!

alee pretenses = : "Tota
Petit faseeng. 00000200001

Coumitied before...

‘The man who was waiting trial for reoeiving stolen goods hes served
afive year term in Auburn for burglary. ‘The case of petit larceny
was clearly-one of vagraney, the man who committed it being a tramp.
‘Pwo out of five could not read or write.

‘Pho new juil now in process of erection bids to be one of the beat
in the state, and was greatly needed,

Weeromerse Oousry Jats

‘This was visited in September, and persons found 26,
‘The offenses for which committed:

AWATIING TRIAL SERVING SENTENCE.
Drankenness ves 5 | Grand latoony
Assault and batioyy 020204 | Bunglary
Derauchery = 1) Vagrancy
Pout lareoay

Of these, were males and females.

‘Three boys were found, one 14 years old, charged with burglary, «
wild snd unmanageable boy, whom his parents cannot control, He
thas been in the Catholic Protectory for two weeks; should think with
propor training he would make a bright, active and usofal man. His
health is sonnd, his mind clear, but he is ignorant. ‘The other two

132 ‘Tuuenera ANxvAL Rurout o THE

boys aro 15 and 17, serving sentence of thirty days each for stealing
peaches. They are both idle boys, who ueod to be put to work instead
of being sent to jail. ‘The woman who committed infanticide is no
doubt insane, Her ehild was born in the road, withoat any attend-
ance, and was destroyed, ‘The mother is intemperate, and she is e0
deeply diseased by debanichery that her mind hat broken down, and
Jeaves her irresponsible for killing her chili, which protably would
not have lived many weeks at anost

Tpon counting the number of commitments sinee the beginning of
the Year 1864, they were found to he 600, of these 126 were for
vagruney, aud 470 for all other offenses, showing over 21 per oent of
vagrants. ‘The books of the sheriff are the fullest in detail which
Jou committee has found, and are the best kept with one exception.
Tf all sheriffs books coald be equally well kept and ample they would
bbe of great value.

Gneexe Counry Jat.
{n July, 1874, at date of inspection, there were in jail for
Drankenness sr 2 | Ass and batiory with i

Petit larceny: Ta [tent to ki.

Burglary von

One of the burglars who planned and committed the Mrst of the
series of masked burglaries which occurred some two yeays ago, was
here waiting trial. He has since heen sentenced for 20 yeurs.

"The throe enses of petit lucoeny were boys ranging from 1A to 1%,
one of them the son of « physician, ‘They had systematically stolen
chickens to pay for games of billiards, beginning with stealing eges,
and ending by taking fowls.

While the boys received each 90 days, the reeviver had to enter
bonds in 3600, the reul and the greatest. culprit thns receiving no
punishment. ‘There are many anomalies in the administration of
justioe.

In this county this committee has not been sufficiently active.
‘Phree additional members are recommended.

Survoux County Jam

Siptomber, 1804
At date of inspection there were in jail: si

Violating game laws 2 | Debauchery.
Post larceny. 2 me
DT] ota
1

Namber of males, 63 females, 1

Pnisow Assootatoy or New Yorm. 133

Of these one has already served a term of two years in Sing Sing
Jor burglary, and is well aoquainted with the leading burglars of Now
York city.

Useven Couwry Jat
Truly, 1874,
In this jail nine persons were found:
Burglary esecesesese 2 | Vagraney .seses
Grand laresa
‘Ageaule and Batter 1) Total ........
Witness -- \ 1
Assault and bai. ind bo Yall, 2

Males, 7; females, 2

‘Pwo had been committed to prison before on various offenses
‘Three were children who were sent to the house of refoge, and ono a
witness who was subsequently gent to the house of refuge for de-
Danchers.

Sosuivan Coury Jan.
August, 1814.

‘There were seven persons in jail at time of inspection.
Drunkenoess.....+++ 21) Assanlt and battery
Kinbezslement ae
‘Arson. « :
issue and “bad. dak to ke,
‘Attempt 10 rape

‘All these cases were waiting trial, except those for drunkenness, for
which sentences were being served.

Onsxer County Jam
Tuly, 1844,

leven persons were found in the jail as follows:
Drunkenness Debauchery...
Poilt Iareen
‘Assaule and bay Total «
Burglary »

Males, 7; females, &

Quezns Comme Ja.

‘This jail was visited Inst October during the torm of the court, Of
those confined, the following particulars:
Drunk and disorderly 6 | Potit larceny. .
Assault and babtery- Ralee pretenses
Marder... — Debauehery
Attempi: at rape Drank .ssvessesee
Burglary
‘Horse stealing’. Total
Grand lareeny.
‘Males, 26; Femalos, 8; white, 28; oolored, 4; sont to state

134 ‘Yuuurera ANsvaL Rerour oF rx

‘The man committed for murder was an Tialian who Kew nothing
of Bngliah and ould not be eouversed with

‘The cato of an attempt at rape on a girl 10 yenen of age was reused
to one of assault wad battery, for which 00 days sentence was given,
‘The man wus 95 yours of age,» painter who worked on an average of

iy four dos smewhat inteligent, but who coeld not read
or write, A colored buy, 21 years oly charged with petit laroeuy, had
dinedy sieved aig Whn.3n she house of efor ou Raadills Uaeod
Ho waa tent thew when 15, and hed boon dieshargia only a fow
ronal “This eae vas epesilly noted, fort seemed fo pour somite
tee a severe. comméntacy oo tho value” of the cangrepiee system 16F
reforming the juvenile delinquent, *

OF the total number, four admib having Veen committed before for
minor offoses, bu! the probabilities are thst at least one-third have
Teen in. jall before, the worst. “rerolvars” aro Hose who make
soot pretense of being locked mp forthe Rist time, Indeed these
{rent cormittals for terma mngiag from 10 to 60 day
ceded by a dctention of thves months is @ not valmportant,

‘armaestl palparisGon cf € ga uifuber of tn ragiaot tal eae
Sriminel slase. Tt would seem that any offes which only deserves
10 days ought nct to be punished, and any offense thot deserves 60
ought to nave very mic longer fern tobe served out where indas-
trial training can be given. aud character built up instead of bela

wrecked, 2a it is in the county jail. ” *

Conuwata County Jaua

‘This was visited in July, 1874, and soven persons found.

Malicious mischief......... 3 | Robbery .. 1
Debauehory Saf oa . =
Burglary 8 1) Total 7
Grand larceny. 1|

Males, 4; females, 9; number recommitted, 2.

‘Two girls were here found committed for malicious misohief, one
12 the other 15 years old. ‘These two givls were committed together,
Dnt as the younger one had been led off by the elder one end was,
moreover, not a vicious child, the gentleman who had brought the
‘complaint against them, of his own accord procured the discharge of
the younger one,

‘As to the condition of the js 5 five of them were well kept,
those of Westchester, Suffolk, Dutchess, Richmond and Schoharie, the
rest were passably kept, exeept two which were very filthy. That the
jaila are not all kept olean depends, to some extent, upon their fanlty con
struction whieh facilitates the uncleanly habits of the prisoners. Tt is
‘probably needless as it is useless to reiterate the complaints to be made

~ Pnisos Association or New Yous.

against most of the jails visited, for there is very little hope that any
expenditures will be incurred by the supervisors of the various eoun~
ties to convert their pest-houses into rational jails, ‘The hope is
to be entertained respecting them, exprossed in the words of one
of the judges, thet on some occasion when they are empty “the
lightnings of heaven will strike them and scatter them to the four
winds.”

"Phere is a marked contrast between the old and the mew jails in
respect to different sorts of disadvantage which render them equally:
obnoxious, In the old jails additions have been built from time to
time co that there are different eets of cells pretty thoroughly separated.
from each other. ‘Thus, ¢ separation of the sexes and of the children
is possible in some of them, whereas in the new jails no such provis-
fons heve been made, and we find men, women aud children huddled
together. On the other hand, the sanitary condition and location of
the old jails is much inferior to that of the new ones.

Tmagine a large inclosure with a roof, in the center of which is a
pile of cells in tiers, built back to back like a honey-comb, and made
accessible by narrow iron beleonies, and you get a pretty clear idea
fof modern jail, in which design the whole resources of architectural
ingeuuity are oxhausted after baving settled the problem, “bow closely
ccan prisoners be packed.” have said exhausted, Lam in error, the
honey-comb style of “ cell formation ” bas been outdone by the octag-
‘onol. In this, the architect, ponsively passing through the long cor-
Vidors of penal institntions and studying the masterly problem how to
pack, reverted to first principles by asking the question, “who to
‘pack? and, on inspection, discovered that ‘« who” was broader at the
shoulders than at the heels. So, an inspiration. ‘The economy of
space couli be secured by building grand central ” ventilator toserve
ss cone, around which to group the tiers of cells, and into which
the prisoners could be Tuid by the heels stowed in an orderly way in
three comered beds, Now, that is the way to trea great moral ques-
tions.

Coming back to serious considerations, let us see what classes of
peopl mnay become inmates of a county jail. Criminals of the worst
fypes who have committed every “ doviltry ” that human passion can
devise, the licentions, the vagrant, the first offender who “ stole peaches,"
those who have been repeatedly oonvieted of orimes, and those who
never have committed any; witnesses, persons anjustly accused, irro-
laimable prostitntes, and little girls of twelve years old, boys some-
times as young as nine, and, to cap the climax, infants at the breast,
‘who are entered on the sheriff's books “for safe-Keeping, thirty days.”

Tn one of these jails where there are thirty-six cells, a8 many as 140
persons have been locked up at a single time. Of conrse, one-half of

136 ‘Turerrerm ANNUAL Report OF THE

them had to be loft loose to prowl about the passages, ranging along
the galleries, and it is eady to understend thet the jail had become a
tower of Babel thongh three stories high. Under these conditions
of liberty, every form of lioense is practiood, girls aro ineulted,
boys ate traiued to the spectacle of unbridled intersexnal excesses
which the bars of the prison celle do not prevent, and pandemonium
prevails.

If there ie any class of penal institntions which require the sopara-
tion of individnals to prevent contamination, it is the county jail, and
the frst object in the plan of the building shonld be to secure separate
cells for each, s0 constraciad that there could be no moans of mutual
corraption by sight or by spesch. Instead of w central block of cells
which gives « minimum of cell accommodation to the space inclosed,
reduces the light and converts the indeoencies of one person into tho
corruption of twenty, the oells should be built up against the outside
wall, the doors be so thick that neither sight nor sound could pass
through, and the exteraul wall be built with projecting ledges that
would prevent communication extemally. ‘Then the wide passige way
between the two rowa of cells could be used for a promenade, different
classes of prisoners liboraved at diferent times for purpose of exeroiae,
‘and the innogent witness not fozced to consort with the felon. fa this
‘way the letter, as well as the spirit, of the act of 1847* could be oar
ried outand relieve the alieriffa of the state from being forced to
violate the Taw.

‘There is nothing new in this suggestion, for in 1845, at the Prison
Congress, which met at Frankfort-ou-the-Rhing, among other reso-
Tntions passed was “the system of continued solitary confaement
should be appliod to eonviets and prisoners serving only fora shoré

‘A mode of relief and of classideation for the jail population has
‘been adopted by several counties by contracting with some penitentiary
to take charge of convicts who are commitied for 60 days and
upwards, whieh has the tiple advantage of decreased oost to the
county for maintenance, relieyos the jail of an excess of population,
and sends the persons convicted to where they will be employed at
some kind of labor. The counties of Ulster, Suffolk, Queeus, Greene
and Rockland would find ét an advantage in every respect ta enter into
contract with some penitentiary to receive its minor offenders at a
stated priee per week.

‘Turning from the question of jails snd jail mismanagement, we
hhere present a table of all those of 20 years of age and ander, who
wore found at date of inspection, numbering 25 males and three

"Boo Revie Statutes, park chapter elo art

Prison Assocation or Naw York. 1a

females. How they came into prison is pretty clearly indicated by the
record. Of tho twenty-cight individuals, sixteen haye lost one or
oth paronts, six had intomporate parenta, eight were absolutely idle,
‘venty-one had no trades, and ton no ocoupation ; aixteen ould neither
read nor write, while six have been committed before from one to
twelve times

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Pnisox Assoorattox or New Yone. 139

the significance of these faote is that they indicat in the most
positive manner how great has been the neglect of these children.
‘The whole lesson concerning the crime olass is contained in these par~
ticnlars. Idloness, neglect and temptation are tho three sides of the
precipieo that engults them.

‘Dhe jguoranco of some of them is astounding. Fony do not know
theiragrs. Fonr hare been stimnlated to theft by gambling. ‘Three car
tuinly,and seven probably, are the children of harlots, One led an uncle
who taded off his wife aud children to another man for $37. But
the one who, out of his very stolidity, utters the most eloquent con-
demnation of our entire penal system, is a boy of 20, who, when
tasked why he had failed to learn shoemaking, answered: Becauso
‘wns Jearned in the penitentiary.” And thie utterly unoonseious satire
ia spoken of one of the best- managed of our ponitentiaries,

Sescran Sropy ov Cxpoe AND PavrumisM AS PRESENTED BY THE
“Jugs” Paviiy.

No apecially striking cases of criminal careors traceable through
several generations presented themeclves till county was
reached, Here, however, were found six persons, under four family
ames, who, on inguiry, turned out to be blood relations, belonging to
a long lineage, reaching back to somo of the early colonists, and who
had intermurried eo slightly with the emigrant population of the old
world that they may be called strictly American family, ‘They had
lived in the same locality for generations, and were s0 despised by the
reputable community that their family name had come to be used genar-
fenily ae a torm of reproach.

‘That this reproach was desorved soon became manifest. With com-
paratively little inquiry, it was found that out of 29 adult males, in
ages ranging from 15 to 5, the immediate blood relations of these six
persons, 17 of them were criminals, or 58 per eent; while 15 were con-
vietod of some degree of offense, and roesived 72 years of imprison
ment, Faller details are shown in the table below, the name * Juke?
sianding for che blood relations of those found in the jail, the capital
X for relations by marriage,

‘Qunerierd AwNUAL Report ov THE

SABLE L
Showing Orime in the Ilegitimate Branch of Ada Juke.

pire

‘The crimes and misdemenors they committed were assault and bat~
tery, ansault with intent to kill, murder, uttompt at rape, petit lareony,
grand larceny, burglary, forgery, eruelty to animals. With theso facts
in hand, it was thonght wiso t% extend the investigations to other
‘branches of the fumily, and for this purpose measures wore taken to
seareh more thoranghly,

‘The sherif? communicated the names of two physicians, both
life-long residents of the eounty—one of them 84 years old, who
hhad beon for many years town physician. ‘These gentlemen gave your
committee the geuealogiee of most of the branches of this family,
furnishing many particulars of the individuals composing them. ‘This
opened up a large field of study. so large indeed, that at the time,
your committee had no ides of ite extent and till less of the variety
df information which an analysis would yield.

Having brought back to New York 2 very incomplete genealogical
tree, inclading nearly 100 persons, it was thought wise to push the

ose a return to the county was decided,
"The fuets that had been first
collected, however, both suggested and necessitated some modification
of the ourvent siatistioal method of studying social phenomena, by com
plementing it with a parallel study of individual cases reaching into
causation, and thus eorreoting its possible errors, Even where the
figures of the statistical method are reliable, a great deal too much
confidence has beon placed on the supposed mathematical exactness of
ita conolnsions, and the force of its cumulative tastimony, for they not
infrequently mislead the mind into the beliof that eoineidonces are
therefore corrclatjons, Now, tabulated statistics, which deal only with
aggregates of facts, are entirely inadequate to the thorough presenting
of the sequence of phenomena in a domain of social stndy, which is

Pnisox Assoctaton of New Yons, prt

presminently of a psychological and biological charactes, exhibiting
endless shades of difference, each shade producing, at several removes,
widely diverse effects
“Infinitely various as the constitutional idiosyncrasies of men notably
are, itis easy to perceive how impossible it is that statistics should
ever give exact information concerning the cauaation of insanity: here,
‘as in s0 many instances of thelr application, their value is that. they
settle distinctly the existence of a certain fendency, so to epeak, which,
‘ones fixed, aifords # good starting poin
researches, they indioate the direction of fature investigation®,” ‘The
same remarks are equally applicable to the study of the pathology of
social disorders, many of them resting, as they do, aolely upon organio
disease of the body or mind, and therefore, requiring a eritieal ex plor.
ing and analysis of constitutional habits. By a modification of the
original schedule prepared by the Corresponding Secretary —a modi-
sation not of the original matter, but one affecting the form and
adding the clement of time— it was easily adapted to the objective
point of the present ingnizy, the study of the sequence of phenomena,
as ect forth in criminal careers, to discover if there is a law in the evo-
ution of crime, knowing which, it hecomes easy to institute measnres
aileqitate and appropriate to the extingnishment of dereliction.
‘xporience showed that uny given series of social conditions—~as hon=
‘hildhood, criminal maturity and pauper ol@ age which might ocour
in the life of « siugle individual — might algo be stretched over soveral
generations, exch step being removed from the other by a generation,
and possibly, in some casos, by two, With this illustration, it will be
seen that the nature of the investigation neoessitated the study of
families through suecessive generations, beeause only in that way was
it possible to reach the entire fucts embraced in the two main branches
‘of inquiry into whieh the subject nevessarily divides itaelf; the heredity
that fses the organie charactevistics of the individual, and the environ
ment which affects modifications in that heredity. It reduces the
method of study then, to one of historioo-biographical} analysis, and
ables us to judge of the cumulative effects of any condition which
has operated through saccessive generations ; heredity giving us those
elements of character which are devived from the parent as a birth-
right, environment giving us all the events oecurring after birth which
have had an induenee in the shaping of the individual career.
Heredity and environment, then, are the two parallels between whieh
the wholo ce on of crime and its treatment stretches, and the objec-

142 ‘Tuerere ANNvAL Report or THz

tive point is to determine how much of erime is due to heredity, how
meh to environment. ‘The answer to this will determine the limits
of possiblity in the work of amending vieious lives, and further, will
indicate some of the automatic methods which the organization of
society sets in motion, which, without this special design in view, never-
theless have the effect of changing criminal careers into usefull ones.
‘The study of such spontaneous social activity will probably repay
study as models to be followed in dealing with the criminal and
dependent classes.

Now, heredity takes two leading forms that need to be contrasted ;
consanguinity and the crossing of siocks; each presenting diverse
results, ‘The environment may judiciously be divided into two main
branches: the surroundings which throw families into criminal careers
and keep them in that grove; the surroundings which take them ont
of criminal carcers and Keep them ont of it. ‘These two natural
divisions, with their subdivisions, form the key-note to the presen’
inquiry. A reference to the four charts accompanying this report
will show how tho events in the life of one parent may influence the
career of the children, and likewise enable a strict comparison to
be made between the lite of any individual and that of his ancestry
or his posterity, 60 that any charnoteristic which is hereditary will
thas be revealed. On the other hand, the environment of each go
ration ean be studied, the changes in’ that enviroument ean be noted,
and the results of the same can be ascertained. We cau then know just
what ia che warp and woof out of which the life of any given indi-
vidual is woven, and, given our cloth, we know what cloak we ean out
out of it.

For the purpose of convenient illustration, the treatment of the
facts are arranged according to the following’ diagram, which, how-
ever, is not intended to present a generalization of the facts them-
selves, ‘Taking a general survey of the leading characteristics of the
particular family under consideration, the arrangement is 8 follows :

Coxsancursiry,

Prostitution 4 legitimacy.
Exhaustion. g Totemperance.

Disease, é Extinction.
Nor Coxsaxaursous,

In other words, we find that fornication, either consanguinons or
not, is the backbone of their career; flanked on one side by pauper-
ism, and on the other by crime. "That the secondary features are
prostitution, with its oomplement of bastardy, and its resultant
neglected and miseducated childhood ; exhaustion, with its comple-

REDUCTION
RATIO
CHANGES)

WITHIN
TITLE

CHART 1. The legitimate Posterity of Ada Jukel with the Per

leteeeee Re

|. The legitimate Posterity of Ada Juke, with the Persons they Married.

i

|
ST —— paisow Assooration or Naw Your. 148.

ment intemperance and its resultant unbalanced minds, and disease
with its complement extinction,

The * Jukes.” — As the point of departure, and forming the first
generation of the family which was found in the county jail, was a
man who shall be called Max, born between 1720 and 1740. He is
described asa hunter and fisher, a hard drinker, who became blind in
his old age, entailing his blindness upon his children and grandehil-
dren. He had numerous children, some of them almost certainly
illegitimate. ‘Two of his sons married two out of six sisters. ‘These
six sisters were born between the years 1740 and 1770; from what
parents and under what circumstances it has been impossible to
learn, Of one of them no reliable account was obtained, but the
progeny of the remaining five has been traced with more or less
exactitude through five generations, thus making the total heredity
which has been enrolled stretch over seven generations. ‘The num-
ber of descendants registered includes 540 who are direotly related
by blood, and 169 related by marriage or cohabitation ; in all 709
persons of all ages alive and dead. ‘The total number of this Tineage
Teaches to probably 1,200 persons, but the dispersions that have
occurred at different times has prevented the following up of many of
the lateral branches.

Yo distinguish those who are directly descended from these five
sisters, they will be spoken of as belonging to the “Juke” blood. As
the heredity of those who enter the family by marriage is in most
instances not well traced, these persons will be spoken of generically as
“the blood of X.”

Consanguinity. —In order to trace the relationships more easily, each
of the five sisters will be respectively called by a name (assumed) begin-
ning with the first five letters of the alphabet, which letter, in the text
and the charts appended, will be used instead of the full name “Ada,”
“Bell,” “Clara,” “Delia,” “ Bifle,” and individuals ontside the line
will be marked by an X.

‘The children resulting from any given marriage will contain all the
letters which represent their ancestral derivation, each child being
numbered. ‘Thus (see Chart I), (1) b. m. A. 70 x (6) L £ B. would
mean that the first child, a bastard male, of Ada, age 70, married the
sixth legitimate female child of Bell, ago unknown. Passing to the
next generation we should get (1). m. A. B. x £. X, the first child, a
legitimate male of A. and B., married a female whose antecedents
are unknown, but if they were known it might then be changed to l. &
X, legitimate female of the blood of X. Passing down to the next
generation we should get (2) 1 f A. B.X.—=(1) bm E. XX.
which means the second child, a legitimate female, of A. B, and X,
cohabits with the first child, an illegitimate male, of EB. X. and X.

REDUCTION
RATIO
CHANGE(S)

WITHIN:
TITLE

Prison Assocation or Naw Yorx.

‘A glance at the table I shows

1. ‘That the lines of intermarriage of the Juke blood show a min-
imum of crime.

2 ‘That, in the main, crime begins in the progeny where the Juke
blood has married into X.

8. ‘That the illegitimate branches have chiefly married into X.

4. That the illegitimate branches produced a preponderance of
crime.

5. ‘That the intermarried branches show a preponderance of pauper-
ism.

6. That the intermarried branches show a preponderance of girls.

7. That the illegitimate branches produced a preponderance of
males.

Harlotry.—The distinetive tendency of the Juke family is fully
displayed by the statistical exhibit herein presented; for the most
notable figures are those that relate to harlotry and bastardy.

In the following table all girls of 14 are included among the mar-
riageable women, because there are at least two mothers under 15
yeais of age. Under the heading of harlots are ineluded all women
who have made lapses, however seldom. ‘The term is not used
synonyniously with prostitute,

TABLE II.
Harlotry in the Juke Blood.

Gen.2.| Gen.. | Gen.4. | Gen.s.

Fa
5

3)
rae of haslotry: 2 | sre] a,

‘The variations in the above percentages are accounted for by the
fact that all the sources of information have not been exhausted, | A
full account would no doubé bring them more nearly approximate, and

reentage of harlotry. How enormous is this per-
centage, amounting to a distinctive social feature, is demonstrated
on comy vith the average prostitution in the community, which
has been estimated by good authorities as only 1.66 per cent. These
figures are probably too low, and supposing them to be 1.80 per cent,
we find harlotry over twenty-nine times more frequent with the Juke
women than in the average of the community.

Making a comparison between the women of the Juke and the X
blood, we find:

Juke’s; marriageable women, 162 ; harlots, 84; percentage, 52.40.
X blood, marriageable women, 673 harlots, 28} percentage, 41.76.
[Sen. Doc. No. 78] 10

16 ‘Turattern ANNUAL Rspour oF THE

Having the figures that establish the eoxnal habits of the women of
the Juke family aud their secompanging tendency, we take ap the
question in its details. In the following study of Hiccutionsuess, the
res of the women have, by preference, been chosen, because the
maternity ig more easily established by testimony, is much more
significant of the gooial condition of the whole class, und more pro-
fondly aifects the next generation.

civen «table in which the marriageable female cbildren of
Clara, who was chaste, ate comparad to the murriagesble female: chil
Gren of Ada, a harlot, divided respectively as to the legitimate and
{Mlegitimate branckes. Tn this table the children of Clara are divided
{nto two classes—the first coltumn being those who marvied into Xs
zecond, the total nember of her children, ineluding those who inter-
married with the children of Ada and Bell. It will be seen by this,
that the perec you pres from left
to tight, the firse column showing a lower percentage thin that of
the average of tho Juke blood, the others increasing us yon proceed
to consanguinons marriages with the children of 3 a Bell, to
the legitimate children of Ada, to the illegitimate children of Adu
From this point ft chustity ig a hereditary

fe possible of entailment, aud vice verse.

TABLE No. IV.
Showing percentages of harlotry.

Bums of mgciageade momen

Roatitiss

co,

5

‘This table, however ilasteates ow the satiation! method may lead
‘an investigator into the eror of supposing that a coincidence is a
correlation, for, reasoning from the figures, we sce plainly that it

Prison Association or Naw York. ut

emonstrates the foroe of heredity, the chaste mother bearing a progeny
more chaato than the wnchaste mother, and tho legitimate branch of
the tinchaste mother being more chaste than the illegitimate branch.
To study out the cussation, we go back to the clementa, truce several
‘of the most atviking lines of harlotry, get elementa which are not to
‘ue found in the table, and eee how fur we must modify our frst
jnpressiou on further analysis,

Case 1, Taking wp the legitimate branch of Ada, which intermarried
into Bell and Clata (Chart I), we follow the heredity of legitimacy in
Tinos ix, eight and ten, generation five, ‘Thoy are three sisters, children
of (gen. 4) alegitimate father B.C., and achasto and legitimate mother,
‘A.C, whose mother C. (gen. 3, following the mother’s side) was a chaste
‘and legitimaie daughter of Clara who was chaste. Going back to the
futher (gen. 4), we find his _mother (gen. 3), was a chaste, legitimate
danghter of (gen, 2) Clara, ‘The parents, therefore, of generation four,
vere of chaate descent on the mothers sids. ‘Tims, the original character-
istie of chastity seems to have descended from Clara through two
‘amanches, A.and B,,and heoome concentrated in the three sisters under
consideration Farther, we find the sister of the above three, in line seven
to bea prostitute, nd in going buck npon the heredity, we find in gen. 4
that the father’s father was the licentious, though legitimate, son of Ads,
a harlot, and on the mother's side(gen. 4), the father was the legitimaze
eon of Boll, a harlot, According to the Taw of heredity, it ie 9 logi-
‘etl deduetion to make, that line seven has reverted to the ancestral
types on the unebaste sides. Respecting this caso, very litte reliable
{information has been gathered abont the environment, but it must be
noted that the mother in generation four was one of seven sisters, one of
whom was idiotic, aud no doubt licentions, and five others, harlots, one
of whem keeping a brothel; while, on the father’s (see Chart ILL, geu,
4, ine 82), there was one sister who also kept a brothel. Whether this
pair emoved from the vioinity of their relations has not been learned,
land what were the other particulars of their career ere unknown,
‘This case looks more like one of pure heredity than any that have
been traced.

Caso 2. Taking line 18, and following the heredity, we have (gen.
) two illegitimate children ofa white woman. One of them was a mul-
aito girl, who died at one year old of syphilis, whose mother (gen. 5)
vas @ bastard harlot, afftioted with the same disease, whose nother
(gen. 4) was a harlot affictod likewise in the constitutional form, iuher~
led from her licentions father, whose mother Ada, (gen. 2). was @
harlot,

Now for the environment. ‘The infant girl who died was con
ceived by the roadside, and born in the poor-honse, Tts mother (gen

14s ‘Tummy Awsvat Reront ov we

5) was a vagrant child, her mother having no home for her, and, a0
neglected wis she, thné at seven yours sho was committed to the
county jait fora mizdemeanor. She was ille, dies

for thnk reas cout gor noses ack f avnd 9s she manst live,
fell into the practice of prostitution. Her half

Megitimate child, while other relations

example ef prof Her mother (

then colihitel with the man w

When this man went to the war fs

followed the esample of her other fou

Kept s brothel, Going back to the later (ge. nd hin

rel er, anil she

ier in the war of 1812, very Tieentio

married milattocs. As this was at a time wh
the social condition under whieh dls con
rave boon bighls yeriei
an envivoumnent fu three generations which corr.
s to the heruiity; this environment forming an example to the
zenorition whick mnst have beon sufficient, without heredity,
to stimulate lieeutious practices.

to the illegitimate branch of Ada (Chart 1),
in Hines 40 and £1 (gen. 6), who are
¢ children, whose mothers (gen. 5) were sisters,
te, jon. 4) wore legiti-
ate and chasto shose mother (gen. 3, folowing the fathers
Jegitimate and chaste, whose mother (ger, 2) waa Adu, a batlot
(gen. 1), her motiver (wen, 3) was a Tegitimate

whose father atid so

Towing the wo
child of Dela, « har "
their emploger aa alvage reliable, and. doing’ tele work for tho time
prailaed: ‘The oldest brother, who is a mason, has amassed.
P
£2000 at hie trade, which he has invested in owes and fot, He
aa ing bale to generation 2, we find the
radeon solorily ination who wopurabd.Kimelt from hie
expresed: Three eaters ud onv sietr-in-law, harlols, and the other
Siaterilnw a brothel beeper; of the four men, ons brother Kept a
te tabie thet he Iaadide aoneracred eee
Sears in tate prison for forges. This pair ths mensurably protected
Htemactves avd their progeny from the enviroment of eight con
teminating persons, all immediate relations, whose lives were, with
few esceptions, quite profigate, Going tack to geusralon 8, we have

RY

no account of the environment, save that there was no prostitution,
While at the head of the line, wo again end with Ada on one branch
tand Bell on the other

In this case we again note that, in the fourth aud ffth generations,
while the heredity is mainly of the type of chastity, the environment
has also been favoral

Paison Assooratiox of Nuw Youn, ug

Caso 4, Taking line 34, we have (gen, 7) an illegitimate child,

whose mother (gen, 6) was a haslot, whose mother (get. 5) was
tard harlot, whose mother (geu. £) was @ harlot, whose fuer (,
‘was a hastned gon of Ada, a harlot, while his wife (gen. 3) was the
legitimate dunghter of Bell, a and following up
from the f is futher the illegitimate son
of Bell,
Parallel to this we lay the story of the euviroument. ‘The mother
of this child in the 76h gonoracion is the daughter of a prostitute, who
Ueathel wher that daughter wus only ten yenrs old. Te is stuted
ie poor-masters that, npon one occasion, the danght sr applied
to im for oniae relief to maintain the above child. She mule a
charge of bastardy agains a certain man, whom the poormaster was
called upon, in virtue of his offiee, wo prosecute for the maiutenauce
of the child. ‘Lhe ease was lost, and after the trial was over in the
magistraic’s office, the male witneses adjourned to a neighboring bar-
room, In this bar-taom, and for a few dollars, the mother (gen. 8)
‘euuscd hor daughter to retmst the story pnbliely. Going back to the
4th generation, the testimony is not so complete, ouly that the father
was dissolute, and that the example of the other sisters no doubt, bad
‘an influenes in blunting the sonse of purity, while, in the two gener
ations further tack, the testimony is not sufficiently definite for the
purposes of the present argument,
‘Mere, again, enviroument is in the line of heredity.

Case 5. The most striking case ofall is line 25, for in it we fnd bas
tardy in every link but one, In generation seven an illegitimate girl
six years old, whose motor (zen. 6) was an illegitimate harlot, whose
mother (gen. 3) was a harlot, whose mother (gen. 4) was illegitimate,
‘married 1o a hustand (gen. 4) whose father (gen. 8) was illegitimate,
wh 5 ) was Ada, a harlot,

The environment in this ease siands thus: The child is the offspring

150 ‘Pummere ANNvAL Reront oF THE

of jncestons relation between her mother when only 14. with her
own uncle, sho had served two terms in state prison, thus showing
the intluence of her surroundings, ‘The mother (geu.5) kept a brothel,
and it was no doube within it ore that the girl was contami
nated. Going buck to generation four we Bnd the parents keep a lov
aram-shop which sh hone of assignation,
‘As in the other entes there ia no environntent traced beyond.

this again the enviroment rung parallel to the heredity

Cree 6, Now we take « quite digezont ease, where the heredity and
the environment have both heen in the seme direction np to a cortain
age, and yet the carver of havloty has not been run, Tf Tine 80 is fol
Jowed up to generation five, we tind the git] to be the sister of the
‘woman in exte 5, mentioned abors, who kept. a brothel and whose
heredity has been (need. Substantially, Hie onsironment was the same
1s that of her two sisters who were both

followed them up to hier fftcenth sear is shown by the fact that inv 1862
we find her, together with her sister, armsted for vagramey and looked
up in the county jail for two days. AL this poin

ronment changes. She marries a Germae, a cement umer by tu
a steady, industrious,
legitimate ebildven inzo the world and takes the position of axepw
woman, Iu this case i> is plain that the change in the environ)
hhas supplanted the tendeney of the heredity. ‘The ease now is to be
watched to see if, in spile of the environment of a reputable home, the

, however, the envie

plodding man, sctiles @own into @ home,

danghter of this woman, wow 12 years of aye, will revert to the anees-
tral characteristics, and change what now seems to be an argnment in
favor of the poteuey of environment into an argument proving the
prepoteney of heredit

If prostitution wore merely a private vieo, confined fo the individual
practicing it, there wonld he no special season fey its heeoming a ques
tion for the
this subject has upon &
the fact that it
from want of training, develops adults without
‘and withont » proper esive for the approbation of
the seputable portion of the commmnity. Such children, beginning
Tite ns vagrants, oon become thie
the county jail where they go futo training for heavier operations in
crime, and nally graduate as experts, who become leaders in their
‘urn, indoctrinating a new generation, born, bred and trained under
the same eonditions as themsely

‘Now, npon looking over
find 18 of thom subsequently married. 1

whieh
evimne arises from
edeated ehildhood, which,

‘of moral obligation,

without selF-resper

aggregate of harlots numbering 84, we
smueh as in the $4 are

Patsox Assootarton of New Yonx. 351
incladed a number of girls under 20, somo of whom will yot marry, it
would be fair to estimate at 25, the number who will mary and avoid
a prostitute career would be 29.76 per cent of the whole number of
harlots, o newly one-third, and this apparently in the fuce of the
fore of heredity. In view of these facts it might be éafe to say that
tho tondenoy of marriage ia to extinguish prostitution. When we
take into consideration cage 6, line 80, who beeame reputable wife
in spite of her heredity and of ker environment by simply being mar-
ried at fifteen years of age, tho question presents itself whothor early
among a claes similar to the one we aro studying, ja not the
fons and, therefore, most efficient means of reducing the erop
nals and panpers,
Passing to the comparison of harlotry to peuperism and orime,
we find (s00 tablo VI, page 155), as respects pauperism, Ist. That
of males receiving out-door relief there are over 20 per cent, of women
a little under 18 per ents reesiving alms-house relief, males nearly 18
per cent, females nine and one-half per cent thus there is a prepon-
doranceaf miales helped hy charity. 24. A glance at the charts will show
‘that in the majority of eases the women receiving out-door relief, being
married, follow the condition of their husbands. 8d. Where the women
are single « large proportion of them get aasistance during the child-
bearins period ouly, and only then. 4th. A number who have become
widows huvo ceused to get relief and simultaneously taken to haslotry.
‘Thus we find that, although the rates of wages of women are much
below those of men, the application for charity is much more frequent
among the mea, On examination it will bo seen that, in families
where the brothers are recetving relief and the sisters are not married,
those sisters are many of them haxlota.

‘As lo erime (sue table LX. page 166), we find that while there are 34
male offenders, many of them committing very high crimes, there are
only 16 fomiles who committed misdemeanors, in all cases but one
very slight. But npon the other hand, if you look at the familios in
whick crime is found, there, where the brothers commit erime, the sis
tera adopt prostitution, the flues and imprisonment of the women
being uot for violations of the rights of property, but mainly for
offenses against public decency, Indeed, it would seem as if, in the
effort which this family has made to make fta living in the direction
of least resistance according to ite own views as to what that- dineo-
tion is, the brothers have found it either in panperiam or in orime.
‘The sisters finding in prostitution # more Iacrative oareer than pauper
jem, and a more safe and easy one than crime, have thns avoided both,
in a measurable degree, Taking into further consideration that the
‘women ford indulgences in a career of harlotry which their brothers
could only obtain by purchase with the proceeds of their thefts, itis «

‘Tarmrrent AXSvAL Repour oF ta

erence to make that prostitation in che women fe the analogue

of crime and puuperism in the male the diference inthe carers being

fod that they pield to the same gover eformalory trentuont —

to formolating a fow preliminary iuduetion on the subjcet.

1 Harlotry may become a here tie, and bo pexpetne

(Gee cate 1)

rent which rus parallel to it, the tvo souettious giving enmulative
Where tier is chastity fn the heredity, the same i6 also accom-

ri he hevedity an in the direction
riots, (0 un : seiently eanly

period, the carer of prosliition 1 1 the sestal

Tatil amended. (Be nwo 8)

@. ‘Phat prostitetion in the woman 19 the analogue of exime and

pauperiam in the
Tiegitivnacy.— Tn aisenssing the question o

that ont of 885 children born 925 wore Tegitima

imate, anil Sb were unknown, Diseanting from the computa

Sk -ho are nob agcertained, we got 23.50 per cent as the proportion

of illegitim:

TABLE V.
Megitimacy

otal numb of eiren...
Of Tegitimste Diet

OF illegitimate birth

Per cont of actords to foal mambo
Per cent of Istana to legitimates

From this it ap it there ie wn exooss of girls ovor boys among:
‘the legitimate, while there is am oxcess of boys over girls among the
‘Megitimate, and when we compare them by percentages the illegiti-
mate boys are twice as numerons as the girls.

Prison Assooratio op Naw York. 153

If the objeot of our inqniry rested here, and a generalization upoo
the above figures were made, based on the conventional and generally
acceptad effeots of illegitimacy on the question of erime and pauperism,
the conclusion wonld he inovitable that the above figures explain the
eauso of pauporisia and erime, The facts being at haud, it is perhaps
safer to enter into & more minute inquiry.

Passing from the consideration of aggregate numbers, we now come

lysis of partientar ease
five Juke sisters three are known to have had illegitimate
on, Ada, Bell and Delia,

The two bastards of Delia were Iazy neer-lo-weels, who never mare
ried, snd are not known to have hid children; but little has been
gathered respecting them. OF her legitimate ehildzen one, a girl, was
the moder of criminals, and ia the only line in the legitimate branches
in whic erime is found,

OF tho children of Ada (see Charts I and TI) the oldest was the
father of the distinctively eriminal branch of the family. ‘Two of his
sons, though nover gout to prison, wore notorious petty thieves and the
fathers of convicted criminals, while two of their daughters were the
mothers of oximinels, None of the legitimate children or grande

2E Asta are Known to havo been erimminals,
ile the children and grandchildren of Ada’s oldest were
criminals, the majority of them were legitimate. ‘Thus we find 10
cs und 5 ilegitimates among the descendants,
children of Bell (#¢@ Chart IL, gonoration 8), the fret four
mulattoes, ‘The three hoya were, on
more suesossfil in Tifa tian the average of the Juke family.
three acquited property, the youngest being the father of one
also acoumluting property. OF the
I the earlier members of the Juke
family, says: “He was the best of his generation, being honest, sober,
‘and in every way manly.” On the other hund, Chart TV, which gives
fone branch of the postority of Eile, almost all of whom are legitimate,
shows a widesprend and slmost unbroken record of pauperisin.

From these considerations aud others which are uot stuted in the
review of individual cases, iseaase they are ouly repetitions of eases
‘which are related elsewhere, it follows that illegitimacy is not neces-
surily the cause of evime and panperism.

Preliminary Induetions. 1. Among the first-born children of mar
rlages, the female eex preponderates,
2 Among the first born bastard children, the males preponderate.
8. It is not illegitimacy, per se, which is dangerous, but the environ-
ment of neglect Which attends it, that is mischievous.

154 Turan Axxvac Raroxr oF THE
4k Mlegtimates who are placed favorable envirommen! may 510
nate childzen iu the sume environment,

coed in life better than legitim
Distase axp PAcPEnisnt
contiousuess, and as inseparable from i

th are distinctive of

with the present
iam, so in studying the

whieh
investi

Running alongside of 1
legitimacy, are. the diseases
proviuce soeial phenomena closely const
gation. In the wake of diseas
‘physiological
questions in
mneasure, upon the a

Before taking up the statistics of disc
toahow the genera! tendeney of the family to pauperis,
Shady the cvuses that produce that condition.

J atates, it is 2 biolo,

fhnded, ia the consideration of pauper

aig furnished by the study of ital for
ce, we give those of panperism
before we

‘TABLE No. VI

Of pauperism, show

| Batons

0c Bore

corr

156 Tmnment Axsvan Revour or 18%

Comparing the alms-honge relief of the state at large with the Jukes,
acconding to seses, we nd there is seven and a by

sm among the Juke women then among the

state, the Juke men are over nine time

avertge for both sexes of the Juke and X blood mixed gives six and
threequarter times more panpers han the aver

According to the records of

Found as iumates azo in exe

as 100 worsen is to 110 men; of

Dat when we Fook at the alm

are inverted, the women.

‘the Jukes follow the general Iaw of praperism a

fof the sexes, the X blood shows u reverse relation.
present inquiry dovs not shov z
preparation of this report; not an accident is proved by

has been revuled ouly dari
the fact that the ont-loor he same wolutionship, though
in n Jess degree, the ratio 3 :. to 40 aner

“We now take up the question of soations and infos,
in their relations to pauperism, first presenting the general statistics
in Table VEL. In this table the children who have died of diseases
inherited from their parents and who were buried by the town are not

included.

TABLE VIL
Tet of Diane, Malformations snd Injuries

So we find that, while dhe percentage of pauperism for the whole
fomily is only 22.22 per cent, the percentage of pauperis among the
ick and disabled is 66.47 per cent, In one case the hereditary blind
these of one man coat the tow 23 yeare of outaloor Telief for two
people anda town butial, Another case of hereditary blindness eost

Prisow Assoctatios of New York. 157

eight years of outdoor relief and three years of poor-house, with a
town burial.

But the disease which the above table shows as the most eommon,
ss it is by all odds the most destructive, and the most subtle and im-
Ponsible to eradicate, is sybils, He, agais, we teat the valus of

agutegate statistics ag au index of a soetal tendency.

“Tn ths exhibit sxe onmmerated only the eases properly vouched for
by competent physicians, o7 20 notorious wa to be widely kuown, or
directly drawn from (he tecords of the poor-honse.* Hi
the proportion of those blighted by it reaches 10.86 per e
ereentage does not inolade alt of the victims of this class of dise
orders. On the authority of physicians who kuow, from 23 to 30
ber oet ane tainted witn this discs

‘when looked at in the aggregate,
thay ore werk an compared. tothe Towon wbich te pointed hea we
anulyze the lines along whioh this disease runs, und note its devasta-
tion of individual euroors and its pauperizing influence. If it were
merely the recont of so many human beings who have simply died,
it would Jose most of its signifeanees but in view that this ie the
record of so many who have lived maimed lives, maimed in numberless
‘ways, entailing maitied lives full of weukness, which is wretchedness,
eapping the vitality of innocent ous to the third and fourth genera
sions in a constantly broadening stream, ani breeding eomplex social
Uisorders growing out of these physiological degenerations, the ques
tlon grows into larger and more momentons proportions the more
minutely we look into it,

Case 7. Chart, IL, generation 4, line 24, is an idiot girl tainted with
constitutional afphilis, ull sisters being likewise affected, ‘This was
the legacy of a licentions futher who contracted the disease before

war of 1812. At the age of eight ahe drifted into
the poor-honee, remnined eight years an inmate, aud whether she was
remored or died the imperfect Yecords do not show. She is prob-
ably dead. Mer father was an inmate of the same alms-houso twiee,
ab the age of 45 and uguin at 5

“his is a ease of absolute heredity, the panper condition depending
ou absenee of intellectual power the direct effect of physical disease
Here, tho relation between mind and soeial condition ia clearly seen,
for idiocy has been desoribed az “arrest of development” t chiely of
the brain and of the nervous eystem, brought about by diverse causes,
the most frequent of which is sorofulous or syphilitic disease in the
parenta, In this we tnce the direet couneetion between a social

‘thes tier not more re bewn eeaenta

‘Water ken award Sosy Nosh pad

158 Taurens Awsuat Rerowr ov 18

gradation, alms-hovse pauperism, andl physiological degeneration,
fhe efect of ineufiieat netition during. the aotiiatal fe of an
infant, eaveed by apphiitie virus. *

dew ia the ofgival cause of this wocil eouditon: “This gi (Ath
gamble) n Bees G4 ie alata 6s duly WHA gone rua
ella tha sei werk einded and lid 8g out of eight of
Dildren dying young, at the vitally ofthe sureiving evo gil Leng
Impelred. Here wo tec ie hori of deere dveoly, and here abe
we toc oot prints of panpuiam folowing ih» grocatinn having
Teen wippe, dat overlenped generation being fa te line of the oldeat
ch

'BuL it we truce the envzonmoit, wo nd the parents of hia gis Keep
4 oie os 7 sn ner woah phous aoe,
robely for waling the sets porauing her aling, Tere ue env
Fonmont hasbeen Sa the dretion of the heredity abd eantrtiad to
fantally to te soil condition ofthe grandfather, panera,

Soma, pp 40 a,

PRisos Assoctation or New Your. 159

ness, in the third, fourth, and sixth generations; and youth, another
social eqitivalent of weakness, in the fourth generation, have brought
with them the call for publi chatity, the acknowledgment of

‘there is nothing which might be distinctively called
hereditary panperism, but there is obviously a condition that ivight
easily become s0 were it not that death inexorably closes the eareer,

Case 10. Line 18 is a girl 12 years old. She is illegitimate, her
mother being « prostitate with her eonstitntion broken by syphilis,
Eleven years ago her mother died and she was sent to the poor-house:
From theneo she was adopind by a lady of wealth aud is looked ‘upon
Uy some of her relations as having a brilliant future. Here again wo
find disease bringing with it death to the mother, pauperism to the
child, But in this case itis at a second remove. ‘This aguin is a case
of svealmness, its form youth,

Tt would extend this report to wearisome and unnecessary length to
give every case, Suffice it that other cases ean be found upon the
charts by trucing the lines and studying them ont,

So far we have looked only at instances where disease and panper-
ism aro immediately related, we now turn to another glass of eases,
where they ate less direot, but not Jess significant.

Caso 12. Taking (1) bm. A., generation 3, Chart, 1, and passing
to the first child, line 1, of the next generation, wo find 8 man
whose wife died of syphilis, when he was 63, At that age he had
become an habitual drunkard, and, although @ good workman, became
idle. “He obtained ont-door relief about that time, and since then for
‘twenty years has been a charge upon the town, but he has never boen

in the poorshouse. On the death of the mother, the 4th child aged
M4, the 6th aged 12, the 6th aged 8, the 7h aged 7, the éth aged 4,
and the Sch child aged 2 years, were sent to the poor-hoase, and there
remaiued 4 years, ‘Two years after the mother's death, the third
child goes to the poor-house at 17, and is immedintely bound out to a
farmer, while the two eldest, being retpectively 24 and 29, are not sent.
‘Here again we find youth, which is the social equivalent of weakness,
consigns the child to the influence of the poor-house, while the elder
eseape it by reason of their strength, In this case the death of the
‘mother by disense, induces pauperism in the offspring. Here the
tendency of the youngest child to be panper of the family is
‘Mlustrated.

Giuso 12. ‘The second child (1. £, A. B.), a girl, seems to be an ex-
ception to the rule laid down, for we find her, seven years before her
mother’s death, and at the age of 18, one month in the poor-house, to

160 Tyummers Aswuan Rerort or THE

1 bos, into the world. Here the

Dring her first-bora, an illegitimat. Ho the worn te

bring neti proces fhe socal ea

Pte eel ot panpeiom,
ass, Thi similar in some expels to case Tn, Chas. T,
Coe at YL £, Avy we find a Jogitimate danghter who marries
f the evyith the tree youngest children yylace
ae eu ehivzen of the fous ge~

generation
w mulatto
‘ceases to mairitain his fail

oF the poor hor

fhe fourth edi bor

tration, we find the older ove

Sie me, no doubt Because seit ses
fhamadtee

ay reeanse of in

watent of ek

I tn notice that evses 11 and 13

hl js to become the

The

ices the panier, theebildlren becuse
vibty to esea bread for a Jarge

foot ea oe pooe hous, erect

fas ance re tonto

lage, She lias then formed an alfeetion

Bact ita Ue pow lett non ste ss

of decline Uipere ae began theim, ‘The older ebildren,
aig to ae

te people,
to feel

the weak
pared her to end her dae wher

Tye ow ake op a aie
Fane et orm of prot tetas

+ elass of eases, to show chat the tendency
pauper of the family, adding by that
‘means anoth at proposition.

ft est born of generation third,
Case 14, Chart. 1, children of the dest it bie

F Th
compared 0 er ea 9, his next brother ak 36, andthe youngest
claim for Duta, indicating a power of resistance greater in the fre
claim fr ona icaing a power of resiatance greater jo ehe fet
Sea ee pte

mitted for debanchery
"Phat the youngest ch
ably, to his having married a wi
fndustrions, the wile of
‘conditions of weakness pro

fl, and she is the youngest

id resints better than the fifth

iw owing, prob-
who was healthy and somewhat
the eldest. brother's being fat and syphilitiey
ducing slothful habits,

PRisox Association oF New’ Yors. 161

Case 15. Passing to Chart III, and comparing the eight children of
Bell, the first four of whom are illegitimate, we find the fourth and
the eighth child ase inclined to pauperiam. | This aeema to contradict
tho rule that the youngest is the pauper of the family, but we must
take into consideration that the filth child is the son of legitimate
marriage, and may probably be the first child of his father, 6 that the
continuity of the line is broken and gives us two ets of examples. ‘The
eldest children of each set are self-supporting and independent, the
£legitimates being the most so.

‘New comparing the age at which the out-door relief begins, we find
the fourth child applies at 66, three years before his death, when he
receives @ town burial, while the yonngest applies at 5
onteide relief for 23 yeara, when his earcer
‘The fonrth son aequirad a farm of 60 acres, Was industrions but rough,
und intemperate in his older days, His farm was lost, and he
ied promatarely. ‘The cighth son never acquired property, was tom-
erate, but blind for many years with cataract and died of old age.

Tn both these cases we find the social equivalent of weakness, iu-
temperance and blindness, both morbid physiological conditions pro-
Aisposing to pauperisin, but there is no alins-house pauperisin,

Case 16. Passing to the children of the foarth child of Bell (gen. 4,
lines 4 to 14) we find the oldest eon (line 4) independent, industrious
land prosporons. The second (line 5) receives ont-door relief from 65
1 hia death, the sixth (ine 18) gotting it at 38, and the seventh at 20,
‘entering the poor-house at 40 with her two childro

“Hore the sme tendeuey is to be found as in other cases indicated.

Caso 17, Now wo turn to Chart 1V, analyzing the progeny of Efe,
In the third generation we have traced only two persons, a son and
danghter. The son, in his S7th year, entered the poor-house and died
there in 1859, aged 90. ‘The danghter married into X, who, at the ago
of 40, beoame an inmate of the poor-honse for a short time. The next
account we have of him is that at 80 he was again in the poor-house,
where he died the following year ; the reoord of oxt-door relief which
he received being ansong the years which could not be obtained,

‘Taking the next generation of this daughter, and comparing her
male children, we find the firet boy, aged 64, gots ont-door relief at 80,
the sevond st 42, the third at 24, the fifth at 24. If we take the age
of entering the poor-hoase we got frst child 58 ; seoond, 47 ; third, 23 5
fourth, 423 the discrepancies are owing partly to the records being
imperfeot and to the botter character of the wie

Line 1, generation 8, Chart IV, presents an excsption to the general
rule. ‘The consideration of this caso is postpone. till we enter on the
relation of pauperism to orime, for this soeming exception brings into

TSen, Dor, No. 78] it

382 ‘Tumurcerit ANNUAL Reront OF TH

relief other relations which can beat be appreciated when we have dis-
used the question of erime,

Case 18. Now we take up the question of the heredity of pauperism-
fos this ig an essentially pauper family. Taking Tinos 8 to 13, inela”
wre we Gnd in generation 6 six children in the poor-honse; going
Tack “to the nest generation, father in poos-house; going back to
eueration dint again ve nd the poor-houe. Such is the beretty

‘The environment of Ue ifeh generation was, that at che dine S07
‘entored the poor-house the father was serving a term ia the county
sui'for breach of peace, the support of the family was gone, with th
sejalt noted. The environment beyond this is not knows.

> of dw ngage flog prin
3 is of facts,

eration ajcace a debility wbich enter most Ingeyin the prodao-
: 5 Panperism in adult age, especially in the meridian of life, imdi-

envirvament. vai
pauper follows men more eeqrently than women, indicating

tions of gradations 0

‘may not be modified by the

‘denoy to hereditary pauperism.

ic erism of ebildhood is an accident of life rather than

i
ene aa eens :
nei carne endanay Lo become the puxpe of So
‘mil ce youngest childcon ave more ikely to become the mates
: ge a arma Fans

‘of the poor-house

‘than are the older ones. ,
ioc Mihat euch younger ebildren, who romain inmates of the elms

§
i Puicon Assoctarion oy Nuw Yorn. 163

overtakes them, and domeaticate there moro readily than older chil-
ron whose grester strength has kept them out,

LL. The children old enongh to provide for themselves are forced
bby necessity to rely upon themselves, and in consequence are less liable
9 become paupers in old

Tn consideration of the last two propositions, which practically treat
of the question of environment, and show how great sn influence it
has on determining the carcer, your committee adds a twelfth propo-
sitica, which is dogmatically put forth, althongh not fally sustained
by the fuets ennmorated in the present study.

12. That payperism whieh depends on social and adueational disa-
bilities, and not npon deep-seated constitutional disease, can and must
be prevented by sound and felicitons measures of adminietration that
‘vill conform to the measures spontaneously set in motion by society,
and for that reason generally acceptable as they will be efficacious.

Tatemperance,—Tt will be said of your committee, “You have treated
of crime and of pauperism and you have said nothing whatever about
the one great and conspicaons ease of both, intemperance.”

"The answer to this is, that tho importance of intemperance as a
factor in evime and pauperiam, is not denied, and that in the investi-
gation it received a place in the inquiries which were to be made about
the oarcers of euch individual. But there were certain considerations
which mace him hesitate to accept the carrent opinions as to the part
which ardent spirits play in the carnival of erime, ‘The temperance
agitation has for many years taken a partisan character and become

Jement of politics,” with thia inevitable result, that the diseus-
sion of the abject as been shifted from the domain of dispassionate
observation into that of sentimentalist agitation, the conclusions
arrived at being of the nature of hasty deductions from cherished
opinions, or equully hasty and equally erroneous inductions from
fnrelevant facts. In visiting the jails it was not unfrequent for
‘criminal to eall bim into a corner, and, in a semi-confidential tone,
ask whether he wished to know what was the cause of the prisoners

this vas a main object for making visits to the jails am
affirmative answer was given, when, with greut gravity, the axiom was
propounded, “It wasn’t me, it was ram did it.” Tn other words, gin
was the responsible Blue Beard who held the Key to the socrot cubinet
of assassination.

Thus it happened that while the current opinions could not be
accepted, beoanse they gave no adequate reason for the phenomena,
and beoanse they negleoted to give many phenomena that might be
fatal to the theory of the agency of rum in the drama, other explana-
tions presented themselves as indicating a more correct conception,

108 ‘Dureera AwwvaL Rupour oF

tio ec ie chrono ost Slsng ti ae
Tun borers Prout the agguagia pics’ Cfo pug i the

Comparing temperance and intemperance.

“aK > thy ave not Tieen-
see ny tle Ea Sis coun le eis uation ohisb hel Week
han on other points; and. tbe oxdar of Eine fn which Townes
ud dlrcae bayo takin plaoy ee ralaial  Craubainam hon 5
"OE the thro who wore Viuntions before they became intemperate,
ne = a strious in early life, wceumulated proper 4 hs of
righ courier erament, and in his youth licentious, le
bt laws ee te here Dt he il me «
Sroular fo wsise WN; lok Sls proper, and aid 98 soomstaes a
ae ae we find licentiousnes
Stott ef covet plan no the dct
Me, was a sot nd lrastened his death by his exoesces in dein "Phe
ORNS Lana panee on 88 niu 0) 1B AC OI SI ga
iin Gal Orage oe ceca ae the ie
Leesan wenn, ried, and left off her licentions
Sabin Bunlip aou vepseid ms doleg Ute pies to aevtkouane
oo

youth, dvunkenness when the

(Soy

Paitox Associanios op New Yors, 163
‘The law shadowed forth by thia
ness has preceded the wae of urd
exhaustion that made ‘tiumlante
intemperance itself

scanty evidence is that Hcextious-
t spirits and cansed

catigation will show thet certain diseasea aed
siconters preceded tho appetite for stimalants, ant eee one
went gate of their use is the antecedent: phyveat exhaustion ; the
remedy, healthy, well-balanced constitutions
ii Als rlew should prove correct, one of the great points in the
per {und criminal children will be to pay special stone
to sexual training, and to prevent and
have come to them a
intemperance will be a Jon
use to be a te
by hygienic train
‘quate to the subj

Fie heltts that need special observation eeu ie bere age has
Gelitium tremens shown itself frst, what age hastuce intemperance
rabies gGenfimned, what age drinking began; what wens ae” sexual
ablts ab vations periods, especially in youth: wherhee ‘any deop-
sendy tease hse preceded the intomperate habita’ whether exoeasive

pata or Inbor has exhausted the vitality; whether these are

what is the temp
answered hy as

ree acc ci, the table here appended, as only ofteial records of

ber of amare tv principal cansos for the suallnces of tha nee

one enses Deed explaining. AB respacie orimes, the mene
th earlor means e*8mined abd this reaches back only to leony
tig cutee records, your commitice was tld, are dows in oe ee of
crgantnty clerk's ofiee, under the coal Co get ful eerna es the
crimes of the Juke fami cords of three other counties
pene examined. “As respects misdemeanor, thess are te be fonna

in the books of justioes of the pence and the books arden sheriffs, both

$f hich ave almost all destroyed or laid awny in private hhands, packed
‘in barrels or stowed in garmets, and are inmeceanttre

166 ‘Qmienera ANNvAL Rerot oF THE

TABLE IX.
Grimes against property

ae
‘otal. ee

amber of oneadern, {882

Aten and batery oe 3G

meta daanonete BH
Y

ype
umbor of otenders | 2"

1 be fornd thut erime runs chiefly in

ee iy appears after a

By refercu a
the egitimate branes, and cat oxime oi
riage of the Juke biood into 3 a

WK the first place, the ilegitimates are the oldest children of ‘th
respective mothers, Ada, Bell and Effie; studying the Sd gener
Tiog of these three we find that the bastards ef Delia had no children,

this leaves only the bastard offepring of her other two sisters,

Parsox Astocration ov New Yors. ter

Case 19. Tako Chart I, generation 3 line I,we get an intermarviage of
‘cousins and the appearance of crime seems to be postponed for a gon-
eration. The word © seems” js used because no crime receiving pune
ishment was committed; but there is no doubt that the two eldoat
sons of the next generation were both petty thieves, one of them an
‘expert sheep-stealer. Coming down to the noxt generation (Sth) we
find the criminal ehildxen to be where there is a cross between the
Juks and the X blood; but we also find that the oldest male child of
the fourth generation ia the father of more criminals than the seoond
male child, while the third male child, who is also the youngest and
has intermarried into the Juke blood, is the father of honest children,
‘Dhe figures run thus: Ist sou, 7 boys, 8 criminals; 24 gon, 6 boys,
2 criminals; $4 son, 4 boys, no criminals,

Moreover, comparing the children of the Sth generation by tamil
we find that itis the older brothers who axe the eriminsls and uot the
younger ones; while, if we trace down line 1 to the 6th generation,
Wwe find the heredity of crime seoms to ran in the line of the oldest
child, and that the males preponderate in those lines.

es,

Case 20. Taking the ilegitimste progeny of Bell, Chart III, what,
owe find; that the preponderance is of males, and that. the three
oldest childron are honest, industrious and self-supporting.

‘The reason for the honesty of the first-born children will be dis-
cussed further on. But when we come to the foarth child we find, what?
‘Dhat he has married outside the Juke blood; that he is not « eriminal
himself, but that among his children are found criminals. ‘The old-
est of his boys, as in the provious generation, was industrious, He
nutrried, emigrated to Penusylvania at least $0 years ago, and now
owns a farm and is doing well

‘The second ohild wat a farmer and industeious, lived to 70 years of
age aud ucither committed erime or went to the county house, but
reocived out-door relief at 65 for years. ‘The third child did tolerably
well and had no criminal children, they being all girls. ‘The fourth was
criminal and died of syphiliticconsumption ; the fifth was the father
of a criminal ; also, tho sixth who has recoived outside relief wt 38 yeara
of age, while Uhe seventh, and last, was @ harlot and an alms-louse
pauper who died of syphilitic disease.

Here wo soe exime immediately follows the cross of bloods and that
the criminal ia born before the pauper of the family, as we also have
seen that the honest is born before the criminal. Té now remains to
follow soveral lines tracing the heredity of individual eases and laying
the environment alongside,

Case 21. Chart T, line 1, generation 6th, gives a boy 17 years of
age, who has served six months in Albany Penitentiary for potit Ian-

Tw

16s RTH ANNUAL Reponr oF THR

cceny, his father (gon. Sth) has been twice in county jail for assault
and hattery, and is now serving a five year sentence in state prison
for a rape on his niece in her twelfth year, Going further back we
find the father was a petty thief, though never convieted. ‘Chis ends
the information as to the heredity. Now as to the environment.

‘The adults of thie generation (ith) lived ina settlement mainly
‘composed of their own relatives, situated in the woods around a chain
of lakes. ‘The greater proportion of these people having reoourse te
petty theft to help out their uncertain incomes, going on exeursions
of several miles during the night, and robbing’ hen-roosts, stripping
clothes lines, breaking into smoke-houses and stealing hams, corn,
firewood and wood with which to make axe-handles, baskets or chair-
Dottome. ‘Phis general eondition continued during the boyhood of the
Anh generation, only, they being bolder, more experienced a
enterprising, and the general wealth of the communi
monsly increased, their fi
grave than those of the previous generation.
generation wo find the boy of 17 is sudden
his futher being sent to Sing Sing. He is in want, his mother g
the poor-house with the younger children, while he takes ap the life

int, picking up his living as he best can, Want, bad com-
‘pany, neglect form the environment that. prediaposes to laveeny. He
will not go to the connty house with bis another, he feels it is more
independent to steal and take the risks. Now sef-relianes, no matter
how wrongly it asserts itself is an indication of power. In these
‘three gencrations we have traced an environment which predisposes to
‘crime snd corresponds to the heredity.

Cage 22. Now turning to line four of the sixth generation, a boy 19
years of age throws another hoy over a olift 40 fect high, ont of mali-
ious mischief. ‘This boy is the second illegitimate child of h
mother, but probably not of bis father, which latter was the frst ill
gitimate child of his mother by X. This case then seems to follow the
rule that the erime follows the lines of illegitimaey where the Juke blood,
marries into X. ‘There is no evidence that the mother was a criminal,
‘but her father was a petty thief as shown by Chart I. Such is the
heredity.

‘The environment, a home the scene of violence, debauch and
Gronkenness, father and mother both intemperate and idle; the
mother becoming the procures for her eldest son of a child 12 years
of age, whom that illegitimate gon sodnces and is forced to marry to
prevent criminal prosecution ; the first om of this child forming the

‘third bastard in the liue of heredity, Here we have an environment
corresponding to the heredity.

me AssocraztoN oP New Yorn. 169

Case 22. Live 22, generation 5, seems to be an exception to the
rule that the oldest is a criminal, but it is only a seeming exception,
We find the secoud son was engaged in a burglary at 12 years of age
with his older brother, getting $100 in gold as booty. ‘The boy was
caught but the leader in the crime, the older brother, aged 19, exeaped.

t was a sailor, and so it is impossible to get uny reliable
‘information about his career, but it ia evident he was a leader in orime
‘at an early ago,

Of nes 88,34 and 97 in the Ath generation, brothers and sisters
we find th oldest ton commits e bomior ef shoves ang
tnurder, bub ho eacapes spn the cae above, ‘The seerea mont a
ins bicome the eostrverof the enmea hinh the think Galea
ins cred into ees, sd for which be he oeuly recived 93 seo
senlenes of mpisomment, In this eos the olde sea wesc ea
gent the oldest aha
10 the times commited by the gitinate ban of eh Juke
omily ne chat has buon made, only tht the sue genoa se ans
good, that the eldest is the evizinal of the family, the poameee an
anes ie
Prelinioayy conclusions reached sespetingexime
1. That ths bilon of erie is foul fa te tag
8. That those sear of crime found inthe legitimate Tinea are
found chiefly where there have been crosses into X. © ae
"hat the eldest child han taudenoy to be the eximinal ofthe
innit
‘hat erie chilly follows the mal Hn
6, That the longest Hines of erm are along the Hing of the ldct on,
7% That crime as compared to pany is sii
Bhat fo

imate lines

‘The ideal pauper is the idiotie adult who never could
will be able to help himself,
ment of doath. The idk
of life who so skillfully contrives crime on a lange scale, that he esoapos
detection and succeeds in making the community believe him to be
honest as he is generous. Between these two extremes there are ends
Jess gradations whieh gradually approash each other, till at last you
reach a class who are too weak to be dangerous eriminala, and too
strong to be alms:house paupers. ‘These men prefer the tisks and

and never
may be justly called a living embodi-
riminal is a cowrageons man in the prime

170 Tamrere Awsvan Repoxr of rue

excitemonts of criminality and the confinement of a prison where
‘they meet congenial company, to the seourity against want and the
stagnant life of the alms-lou
‘Po more fally illuscrate this we give ‘Table X, in whioh is made a com-
‘parison of the distinctively criminal branch of Ada, with the distine-
tively panper branch of Effie, so that the difforeneo ean be contrasted,
Tt will be suen that while the eriminal brinch ehows 35 per cant of owtt-
door relief and 21 per cent of alms-house paupers, with 60 per ent of
the panper branch shows 61 per cent of ont-loor relief, 88 per
of alms-house panperim, snd £8 per cent of crime. But when
we come to study the intensity of crime, we find that while nine of
fenders of the line of Ada have heen sent to stato prison for 60 years,
only one has been sent for five years of the line of Bile. Again
contrasting tho orimes aguiust property, aguinat person and vagranoy,
the percentages show great Anetuatious, While Ada’s offspring p
petrate 64 per cout of crimes against property, inolnding burglary,
{grand larceny, and highway robbery, EMe's only show 30 per cunt, the
highest crime being petit larceny, which ie th rime of the
other brancli. OF the crimes against the person, the children of Tie
show a preponderance, 30 per cont, compared to 28 per cent, while the
offenses compare on the one hand as to intensity; murder, one, attompt
at cape, thrve on the other, attempt to Kill, one, Whoa we come fo
s, the percentage stand between Ada’s
16 per cent to 46 per eons, and for vagrancy us

lowest

2 per cont to 88 per cont,

‘Comparing the criminals of each bras
all of Eiie’s axe panperized, only 85 per cent of Ada’s. have received
outdoor relief, while the alms-house pauperism compare ns 28 per eent
of Ada, to 8? per cent of Ele. Looking stil closer and comparing
ages at which relief was reosived, we find only one of Ada, to five of
Eiie, reovived out~ioor relio? under 25 years of age, while two of
‘Ada’s resisted application till after 95, and one after 45, while every
fone of Effie’s seven criminals was a pauper before 35, in point of fus
at 30, Tho contrastas to the alms-house pauperiam appears much Tess
than it really is, for, while Ada’s account has three children in the
poor-honse whose ages range from four to ten, [fies are all sdults,

hk to each other, we find while

raging from 23 to 56 years of age.

From this comparison, it would seam that the distinetively pauper
stock is lesa aggvessive thin the criminal, that erimes of contrivance
tare characteristic of the criminal branch, while petty misdemeanors

are the chamacteristie of the pauper criminal.

"ABLE X,

Shotwing the contrast between the distinctively pauper and the dietinetivl

ly oviminal branches.

Prison Assoctariox or New Yous, am

rs a=
ei, |e ee

seas ot span sil |

mt 8

ieee

ore]

st sampcarcoqang | = =o =
i

‘lo ae >

|-s: woos asec S'tay | @ HR

ome sos amot jo Bite | 2G ER

[hee

A
| ee eel
8

“yu99 204 |s3

[|
| rr

‘worms zo equine won|
4

adit]

Freel

geal

Bagg

pete

(85868

B |
it
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a
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sown vena | FE

Paisox Ascoctatios ov New Yous. 18

Case 4, Having summed up the evidence on pauperism and erime,
we now turn to Chart IV., generation five, line 1, and find an indi-
vidual who forms au example of the transition between the two. He
is the illegitimate first son of a first son ; what his early childhood
‘was has not been ascertained boyond this, that he was not the jamate
of an alms-house, His youth was licontions, for at 18 we find tharhe
is aflioted so soveroly with ayphilis, that his foot has remained per
manently lame, and at 4L years old, the time when he waa acen, he
walked with abalting step. ‘The records show that at 23 years of age,
he got outside relief; at 25 potitareeny, county jail; st 30 petit Iar-
eny, no one prosecutes ; 32 out-door relief one year ; 83 prosccated
for bastardy. Te is believed he compounded this suit by marrying the

al 38 outuloor relief; at 41 potit larceny, county jail 30 days;
assault aud battery when drunk, ooauty jail 20 days. ‘Phis year he
was seen by your commitize at the honse of the poor-master, making
applieation for an uxe to do wood-chopping, bringing a friend along
toask fora pair of boots. ‘The axe played the ostensible part of
honest intentions to work, 20 that the boots might be forthooming.
Both were denied, and justly.

‘This man etands as the type of a large class who have pluck enough
to steal, but not grit enough to wock. Ho is fill six feot high with
Dbroad shoulders and a wide chest. If it were not for the lameness of
his foot, whieh oauses a stooping over, he would be # magnificontly
proportioned and well-balanced man physically, and, to an ordinary
‘observer who aid not know he was profoundly affeoted with ayphilitio
Aiseuse, he would be oslled an uble-bodied man. His head is small,
his complexion clear, his temperament billows, his eyes w clear brown,
bats n spe of all these favorable fates the manner and habits of
the man are those of an essentially inert and indifferent

Satria taal in Boom poaen ub psctaney oF a AAT
and the weakness of an invalid, as if it might be a conflict b
vitality and death, but the side upon which the balanos must
desided at 13, He cannot escape being an alme-house pauper except
by the interposition of sudden death, because the disability under
‘which he labors is a deep-seated disease, which, year on year, with
cumulative foreo adds to his ineMciency. Althongh the eldest child
of his generation, he has reosived out-door relief al an earlier age than

brothers, his disease standing xs the equivalent of weakness, and
inducing an apathy which destroys both physical activity and pride.

Preliminary indwetious on the valations of orime and panperism.

1. Where a person oscillates between the poor-house and the jail i
raises a presumption there is either constitutional disease or an ontail~
ment of weakness ftom the parents.

2. That with tene oriminals pauperism either occurs in old age or in
childhood, and Is not synchronous with the torm of the crime career.

174 Tarerern ANNUAL Report oF THE

3, That the misfortane of one generation which throws the children
into an alms-honse may lay the foundation for a oriminal career for
that generation if the children are of an enterprising temperament,
‘but paupers if of low vitality and early licentious habits.

4, That the erime of one generation may lay the foundation for the
pauperism of the next, especially if the children thrown into the alms-
house are girls, and remain inmates long enongh to become mothers.

5. That panperism is move likely to become hereditary than crime,
because it rests upon orgunie disabilities of mind or body, as insanity,

‘consumption,
©, ‘That criminal careers are more easily modified by environment,

because crime, more especially contrived crime, is an index of capacity,

and wherever there is capacity there environment is most effective.

7. That rape, especially of little girls, is a crime of weakr
when occurring after the meridian of life has passed (from 35 to 45)
marks the decadence of vitality and the consequent weakening of the
will-power over the passions.*

Relations of Honesty, Crime and Pauperism. Tt has already been
noticed that the illegitimate children of Bell were industrious and
honest, and that the eldest, a mulatto, was “the best of his generation,”
Dub the fourth child was the father of criminals. On following down
to the next generation of this fourth child, we find the two oldest
children honest, the Grst one acquiring property, the fourth one a
criminal concriving crime, and the two next childven the parents of
crimivals, and that the youngest child is a pauper. ‘The order then
seems to be that in the most vigorous branches honesty and industry
ave the tirst in order, erime is second, and panperism third. ‘Phe order

may be thns stte
In Charé TEL, lines 1 to 16, third generation: 1, Honesty and
industry, with honest descendants; 2. Honesty and industry, with
descendants honest, criminal and panper, in the order named. Fourth
generation: i, Honesty, industry and snecess ; 2. Honesty and indns-
try, withont success; 3. Personally oriminal ; 4. Non |, bub
father of criminals ; 5. Non-criminal, pauperized.

Now we look at Chart I, lines 1 to 13, children of generation 4.

Fourth generation: 1. Criminal, and father of eviminals ; 2. Crim-
inal, avd not father of eviminals, reform, with a resnmption of honest
labor ; 3. Non-criminal; 4, Pauperized.

‘Taking the third child, generation 4, Vines 22 to 32, and analyzing
his progeny, we fin

Case 25

Generation 5: 1, Criminal; 2. Criminal reformed ; 8. Non-crimi-
nal; 4, Pauperized.

+ For farther substantiation of this see page 175 of this report,

REDUCTION
ates

CHART II, The Lfgi:mate and Meqitimate Posterity of Bell Juk:

ha Mogitimate Posterity of Bell Juke| with the Persons they Married.

elisa 4) sone nese wen =e

rz

Person Association or New Yorn.

Case 26. Now we make a closer analysis. Tako]. m. A BX, Chart
I, generation 5, line 1. At 30 years of age he commits grand larceny,
and is committed to the county jail for ninety days. From that time
he gets no more committed till he is 49, when he is sont to Sing Sing
five years for rape of his niece, 12 years old. In other words, during
the prime of life, when the judgment and the will have most sway
over the emotions, the man’s tendeney is to give up erime and live by
industry. But after he passes the prime we find him committing a
crime of weakness, and it will repay to study it carefully.

‘The order in which the corebral functions are developed are : 1st.
‘The nervous centers of reflox action; 2d. ‘The sensations; 3d. The pas-
sions and emotions; 4th. The judgment and the will, which come to
full maturity at from 30 to 33 years of age. The order of their decay
is in the reverse order. Now, upon looking over the statistics of the
crime of rape we find that, for the young, the ago of maximum passion
is 27, before the full development of the judgment and will, that the
fewest occur between the ages of 32 and 35, the age of maximum will-

: but from this time we get again an inerease in the pereentage of

this offense. And why? Because the will, which is the moral gov-

says sooner than the erotic passions, and the man’s mind has

lost the moral balunee which it possessed at 35, hence the fact thatoppor-

tunity becomes temptation. But there is a still farther lesson to read.

‘The circumstances which led to the particular offense were, that his

niece accompanied this man upon a fishing exenrsion. Now, fishing

an employment requiring labor of either mind or body, and so

ing to prodnee the crime — idleness,

which left the full vitality of the man to pour itself in the direction of

licentionsness. Leaving the collateral lesson here inserted, we call

attention to the fact to be noted in our chain of argument, that being

punished for an offense at 30, just before the meridian of life, his

aareer is amended during that period, but he breaks ont into another
form of crime at 49, as age approaches, with its attendant weakness.

(uso 2. Take line % generation five, brother of the above, At
22 he was a boatman, and in company with his brother-in-law he
commits « burglary, third degree, for which he serves sentence of three
years in g- ‘This man again coming ont at 25 years of age,
ceases crime and becomes an honest laborer, abandons boating on canal
which is a vagrant occupation, and sottles down. He is now deseribed
by his employer as a steady, civil and telinble man. ‘The three years

inuonslabor in prison have prodaced steady habits,

Here he gots industrial training before the moridian of Tife, and his

ly amended.

Turernerd ANNUAL REPORT oF THE

Case 28. Vhe next brother, line 8, begins his career with petit
larceny at 12, with 60 days in county jail; petit larceny at 21, county
jail 90 days; grand larceny at 21, Sing Sing three years. ‘The proba-
Ddilities are that between 12 and 21 he committed ‘offenses elsewhere,
At 36, tried for shooting at horses. His ease has not been fully fol-
lowed; whether he reforms is to be tested, but the probabilities are
against it,

Case 29. Passing now to the cousins of these men, from lines 22 to
Tine 22, the oldest has not been traced. Line 25, we
sting his brother in a burglary; at 17 serves two years

in'state prison for burglary; at 22, two more years for breach of the
peace, no doubt the severity of the sentence being mule to cover two
indictments for burglary, which could not be proved bué which he no
donbt committed ; ab 24, burglary third degree, Sing Sing three yea
It is said that the total years of imprisonment he bas served in Penu.
sylvania, New Jersey, Vermont and Rhode Island, has been from 13 to
14 years. In Clinton prison he learned izon rolling and algo indus
ong habits, for now he has moved to another county, rents a quarry,
and employs men to get out flag stones.

Here again before the meridian of life is passed, the edueation of

lnbor, together with the experience of « riper age, produces an amended

Case 30. Line 26, brother of the above, at 20 years, county jail 80
days for assault and battery ; at-21, county jail 30 days for same offense ;
at 22, Sing Sing two years for burglary third degree : at 31 he moved
into the same county as his brother above mentioned, purchased a farm
and works a quarry upon it; is worth $5,000 at 87, and the testimony
of persons who have known him is, that * he is considerable of a man.”

Now this line of facts points to two main lessons; the value of labor
as an element of reform, especially when we consider that the majority
of the individnals of the Juke blood are given to interm
tries, which can be dropped at any moment the desire comes to go and
ish, or gun, or take a spree. ‘The element of continuity is lacking in
their character, enforced Iubor sooms to have the effect of supplying
this deficiency. But the fact which needs also to be observed, which
is quite as nmportant but which is less obvions, is, that crime and hones
run in the mes of greatest vitality, and that the qualities which make
contrivers of crime are substantially the same as will make men suc-
cessful in honest pursuits. In all the cases above cited we find burglary
is the preponderating crime. This crime requires a strong physique,
a cool head. x good judgment, and a y backed by pluck. All
these ave qualities essential to any successful eareer, aud the reform of
these four men simply shows that there is such a thing as interchange-

REDUCTION
RATIO
CHANGES)
WITHIN
TITLE

CHART IV. One Branch of the Posterity of Effie Juke, with the Pe

Joh of the Posterity of Effie Juke, with the Pefsons they Married.

PRISON Assoctat:on or New Yors, ww

ability of carvers, the solution of the problem of reform being, in such
eases, tle question how a new ditection may ie given to the activity of
the fivulties whieh are employed in x bad direction, Tndeed, so trte is
this view believe tobe, it is sufe to venture the position, that all erimi
i-minel aud buy who enmumit crimes of contrivimee, aud
not passed the meriutian of Tifa can be reformed ifenly judicious
jolie in time, and they are, after leaving the reformatory,
thom strive for the
gon opinion yf reputable poople. Te rests on the same himnan nature
Where there is vlality, there morality ean be organized and made a
constituent part of eharneter,
With the criminal class gambling is widely prevalent, ‘Che risk
hho espectation of winning the stakes, the exeitement of ancer-
re listures which are attractive to them, and these are the
‘sti amusements whioh might be expected of the temperament
< ofa min who ehooses, by preference, to engage in intermite
siry. But the exeitoment of gaming is exhansting and draws
alily iv a direction whieh ig of no benellt to the community,
this the leentionsness of the class and wo have « large share
of wasted energy. Any method of dealing with eriminals, then, which
would dirvet this waste power into ather directions woall proguce an
mendesl career. ‘The whole problem stated amounts to this: given
certait amount of vitulity how shall ib be expended so that thy eom-
manily shall wot suffer injury. If, by training, such modes should be
closet np, wat only could the energy of the criminal be weed for other
purposes, Hut it would be so used, for life is activity of some sort, and
Will assert itseld by ellort of some kind,
This lor erimo: what for the pauper? With him there is less hope,
bbocuime loss vitulity, und he is, thevefore, much less ianpressibte to praise
; to example or ambition, But with the panper is almost
Wi Tiventions indulgence in some form. Here we have
Itios of his case. Now, virility is a mark
«sexual Ticmitiousness an index that there is yot vital

sesh, We yong Is SnAELTf pote forts ballet Up ee

jection of the passions to the dom
forces, so to spwaky for expenditnre in other directions, Hard, cone
tinuows labor, checks the exotie passion, prevents waste of vitality in
that direction. tends to deoreaso its intensity by substituting reticonee
for indulgence, and in the course of time, may enable bim to form
habits of industry that will have become organized as part of his ehar-
‘acter, and prove thst pauperism can be eontrolled by controlling the
passion that tends to perpetuate it hereditarily, perhaps moro than
all other causes put togethe:

[Sen, Doc. No. 78] 12

us inncere ANNCAT RevoRr oF THz

‘The Formation of Charecter-—Thong, it, wonld seem, where there is
heredity of any © y might
amos: be si, a certainty, to produce an environment for the next
generation, corresponding to that heredity, with the effect of perpetu-
ating it.

Where the environment elwnges in youth the charactoristies of
heredity are measurably altered. h shesu

‘his bringe ns to the question ef edueation, and in treating the snb-
ject it must de clearly understood, and practically accepts, that the
‘Whole question of crime, viee, andl pauperism rests strictly and fandae

mentally upon  phystolog: anid not npon a sentimental or

even a metaphysical ove. ? ia take place not beaten

there is any aberration i me, ut in enseyuence of
their operation : unsanitary conditions,
: developmen

some point,

Civilization in which he finds himself placed, and that the eure for
Ginbalanced lives isa training whieh will affect the eerebmd eiaeKe, pro-
Gueing a corresponding ehange of career. ‘Chis process of atrophy is
to bo met by adfecting the individual by such methois as will relieve
him of disabilities which check the required cerebral growth, or where
the modifention to be induced is profound, by the eumubutive effect of
training through sueeessive grnent

‘We have seen that disense in the parent will prodnee idiocy in the
child's this is arrest of cerebral development. ‘Chat it will prodnee
teary death ; tis is arzest of development,

‘Beside these, arrest of development tales place in varios other
forms, ut different stages and under widely differing cizeumstances
Disease in the parent produces every degree of mental weakness even
Gown to idiocy in the ehild, Excess of the passions prevents mental
organization, and neglected childhood even, produces the equivalent
ariest of development; for, as in the case of the idiot, the arrest of
‘cerebral derelopment is eansed by want of alimentary nutrition to the
“rain ; 20 in the eatanght child we got arrest of cerebral development
eansed by neglecting to furnish properly organized experience vf 1
Hight relations of baman beings to euch other, which gives us a cor
responding moral idiot.

Tndoed, it may be suid that the whole process of edneation ie the
imilding up of cerebral cols. For the purpose of a coneise oxpla-
nation, it may be said that there are four great subdivisions of the
ervous aystem, each one of which presides over, co-ordinates and con-
trols a separate st of funetions. 1, The ganglionic nesvont centers
whieh connect the heart, lange and internal viscera with each other
dnd with the brain, bringing them into sympathetic action. 2. The

T  Prisox Assoctanios of New Youre. 179

spinal cord, which chiefly presides over the movements of the limbs
and body. 8. The sensational centers, which register the impressions
gathered by the senses. 4, The ideational enters, that enable us t0
reason, to think, to will, and, with this lust, the moral nature. In
tho order named wo find that the ganglionic conters ure, iu a certain
sense, subordinate to the spinal nerve centers; these, in thei
subordinate to the sensory centers; and these last are subs
to the controlling action of the hemispheres of the brain,
specially to the action of the will, wbiob, properly fashioned, vepre-
sents the goveruing power of the voluntary actions.” * Tt is hus seen
lat, while the mind is the last in order of development, it is the first
in imporcance. But we must also remember that “instead of mi
being awondrous entity, the independent source of power and self
sulicient cause of causes, an honest observation proves incontestibly
that it is the most dependent of all natural foroes. It is the highest
evelopment of force, and to its existence all the lower natural forces
are indispensably pre-requisite."

‘Thus tho will is last developed of the human faculties and does not
reach its fall growth tll between the thirtieth to the thirty-third
yoar. “Chis will is entively dependent for its outward realization
tapon that mechanism of automatic action which is gradually organ-
ized in the subordinate esnters—the enltivation of the senses are
necessary antecedents to the due formation and operation of the will."t

Leaving this branch of the inquiry we now come to the considera
tion of some of the English experience in the study of erime, Clas
sifying the total male population of England and Wales go as to
divide them into successive terms of lile as follows, from 10 to 15,
from 15 to 20, from 20 ta 25, from 25 to 30, from 30 to 40, from 0 t0
¢, fom 50 t0 60, it was found that age affected the tendenoy to.crime
in a remarkabledegree. ‘That the maximum of male criminals is found
hetween the ages of 20 and 25, wher the percentage of crime, as
compared to the total male population of the same age, is .77.02 per
cent, while between 50 and 60 the pereentage to total population of
the game age is only .16.94 per cent. ‘That the same law holds good
for women, but in difforent ratios, and that the tendency to erime at
each successive term of life above enumerated decreases from 20 years
at the rate of 33,833 per cant for males and 25 per cent for females.§

tus might be expected fro
operation of the law of cerebral development abore explai
15 to 20 the emotions and sensations are dereloped more fal
more avtive proportionately then they are at an older age. It is not
that tomptation is stronger, but that the will has not yet become fully

baadses 868, yaa
sa GHG. P. Netzon' Vial Seta, p. ak

180 Paruerere ANsvaL Revont oF 1

ranized, and, therefore, (ails to govern the conduct, ‘The formation
rt me hus been ehiofy through precept and,

example; exper

denial may lead to x frenre greater advant

formation of the character depends more upon exper

to be organized 49 as to be an efficient tuctor in conduct, and as it

grulually strengthens by wider experience, the grown man sees the

short-sighted policy of a criminal career.

‘By this it may be seen that the nucurel process of the :
of nerve tissue, which takes place between 20 and 33, when the full
Groth of the braiu is probably attained, is a natural and enormons
force, capable of a
criminal Jives. So Tong as there is growth, there can you produce
change, Per contra
‘the sensations, the experience, the habit of stendy

‘lopment

ing in. the work of reforming vieions and

artonetis gon Treat our aiopsal the mesns by which this will ean
weeMorelopad, orgunized aud nade steady, tit Hk cam Uhen aerve aa
ferred to new environment oe went ;
Here isthe prolable. explanation of the spontancons reform of
crisinale whore case are recited above. Tn spite of eatly training
res aE ity we fd in oor instances that the dicadvantages of
seated it have beeu weighed agit he avantages of liberty ad
Gn repute, and soa new ennese adopted witho
: vm to be that development is in the direction of
af eavironinent aod the valne of
vijeh emnoves obstacle, and to an extent, makes the
srcton ot lag resitanoe coincie with the established lows of soeal
Tak the station! proof ofa steals deorease of 89 per oot of erie
fon svery term afer 20 years of age, which, it has just boom argued i
seated for by the. growth of the wil’ up to matarity. does not
‘Sonus forthe decree after hatte ere the fact oolectel show
Ceo rt anon the tedeney is 40 yanpetiem, which is only
a ie ane of uty wid we have seen that the
waptial characteristic of aggressive crime is vitality; thus we get a
gradual substietion ‘ne eviminal to the not
pani thence t0 the pauper, which glide into each other 1m a0
aed sendy a provesion that the ratio of deorase In erime,
cencrting tthe cessive terms is steadily continued tothe end of
ie,

nny encouragement

Je

Prison Assuctation oF Nuw Your, 181

Intormitéont Fadustry—It has alveady been recounted that Max was
ahunter and a fisher. In his industrial habits, he is » type of his
descendants. ‘The great mass of them ave of the grade of laborers,
engaged in what aay be called intermittout industries, ‘This term j
applied to such occupations as are uot continuous all. the year round,
In looking over the lists, we find farm hands, brickmakers, quarrymen,
arial Inborers, etc. OF the whole number of men, uot 20 are skilled

il of these, 1 have learned their trades in state prison.
Now all the industries in which the bulk of this population are
enguged close in the month of November and do not begin till April,
thus leaving from three to four months of idle time, during the most
inclement season of the year, ‘The natural result’ of this state of
things ia, they fall into habits of idleness, and rely apon town help to
got them through the winter, or take to trampi

"Phis ductuating
ig full of all sorts of dungers to those who are exposed to it, and
tends to perpetuate thie social condition of the Jakes, and leads us to
consider the question ef industrial taining.
Industrial Training—Tiaving taken a roviow of the evidence ool-
eeted, it may perhaps be well to draw some conclusions upon the
methods to be employed in stemming the stream of viee and orime
which grows, year by year, broader, deeper and more threatening,

We have seen that diseaso produces a, dewdening effect pon the moral

nse, that intemperane rowing largely out of some form
‘of waning vitality, actual or potential ; that panpevisin is aleo mainly
wing to the same process of disintegration, and that the career of
the criminal fhuquently begins and ends in the poor-house, the middle
of lifo. when the vitelity is etrongest, being spent in depredations
upon the community.

Behind all this, aud ina certain sense ante-dating it, we find foruica-

tion, ewiftly followed by diseases that undermine the vital fore> aud lead
Aireetly to idleness in some shape. Farthermore, the evideuee gath
respecting intermittant industries shows that for consid
fof the year, the mule population is owt of employment,
Girect effect of idleness upon buman Uelugs is that the vital force
having ceased to be expended in Jubor, must tnd some other mode of
activity, and the mode which present itself as the most alluring is
sexual excess which brings with it, in the eon ‘yours, premature
Gucay in varios forms of diseaso, these Jutter bringing ia their train
fa condition of pauporiam. Another of the dangers of intermittent
industries i, that the time when the work ceuses is the winter when
the wages are most wanted to keep out the cold,

"The argament for early marriage in a previoas portion of this re-
port is strengthened by the fuet, that marriage brings with it the oares

rer ANNUAL Reporr oF Tm

182

ing the family, and this is Tnbor both physical

and obligations of
rua jn this respect upon women as

fand mental, which hus a salutary ¢
well as upon. mex

Tn the training of idiots, one of the greatest impediments im chang-
ing their covdition is found in the sevual orgasms to which they are
ia ich perpetuates thei wioticeondition, Now

ante the practi of Wh
the first ap the improvement of this class is to check their viee,
vee mye emploged about snacthings thot Himsa yale to
‘mo he re gridualiy developed by having them exer+
the estemal work etuentes what Tule they

to objecta o!

3 gf aint a ped

sanee of exeal aa
ee ep lf aleap at once withont chance of
ment. eis the duty of the nurse tomuke suru of that each evening,

ipy the patient the moment he wakes ju the

a i on to be drawn

nomings Withont ti
intharth expen of the il fre the dh
the indulgence or th

"The dre effec, therefore, of nal
uiventionsness and he secon ect wil
ee ro her standard 0 and the habjtof

votion of industry
ioe andl renoas

fmetion to. healtley periodicity

trial training Will be to reduce

a decrease in the eraviag

will express them:

industry whiel will enal :
will be forthcouting. In this way the log huts
ie are spawned will disappear. Ta.

separate sleeping
dually develop

forty hives where human maggots vi
their stead will be erectad hoses that will admit of
apartments for the sexes, he mental attributes will
fand asthetio tastes take the : .
sreat protiom i how is this change to be elfected ? Tn
hat a peril geney is envionment;
int deteriini .
Shoe withdrven from the indvence of suck home, and the
vemyger the child, after it is weaned, the better the chances of eucee
Te ental type of social

Jn the eccond piace, the family is the funda ;
przanfzation, and as we found it was necessary to take the family
Freat its generations, us the proper basis for a study of our subject, 80
r oo where the established order of society bas

Ihave we found, in those : :
spontaneously prodnoed amouced lives, that the family has formed the
point of departure. Acoopting this, then, as a lesson and a mod

Peritution that proposes to deal with the reformation of delinquents,

Puison Assoorariox or Nsw Yors. 183

rust adopt some schemo which shall embody this fundamental rla-
touship. Remorbor tha love of home and pride init ae two of
most powerfnl motives preventiog tagrey, and in ongantelng an
euvironment that shall perpstnate thee essential domestic setiment
Condeming the eongrogute system as inadequate to inspin thes
tsa, for iets contemplated that in a properly ordered stem of
reformation something ike general truinag of the flies must be
proved fox. Wo mist havo one trining schools ongeulaed sous to
Fnforn ad Ceslop the aiaes of toneh, hein sgt aml and at
to thatthe mn shal be tiled with fhe knowledge of thingy natead
GF Belge racant of evey hi of words. With
the use of tho felon will gradually be develope inteligence, and
thie etlgeice, tending to ativity in is own diecton, wil organisa
he caver of te individ so that cxfminal or visions courses wil be
supplanted more heathy aetvity. Tn other won, there wil have
THrery nfovmatory ahowld take for ite model of school training,
either the kindergarten edneation or thu method of objet learony
fone vnoication of thes which is practical. ‘The advantage ofthe
Kindergarten instruction rests in thiy tht it coherency tran the
senson and avukens the apis of acconntabilits, bung up oneal
organizes new shannale of abvity traegh which
witty nay apwead ial for the advantage of the individual aud the
tenet of tooity, and concurrently, endows enc indvidual vith a
fF Bie children of our crinioal pojatation. would, in 18 Jeers, shoe
iat, hy Ge grea dereae fn th nunber of commitments
"The results of tnining, above recited, ro not to be fouua in the

tissne and

ordinary reformatories conducted upon the congtegete system, aud are
still Jess fo Ye found in our ponal aud correetional institutions for
adult oi Indeed, so conspicuous is th
machinoey of punitive and reformat

failure of the entire

ry institutions of our state, that

we emnot eall these establishments the results of the wialom of our
generation, but rather the cumulative accidents of popular negligence,
inditleronce and Ey.

Whoth ial schools, as are here foreshadowed, shall be

estublizhod by ‘or by private enterprise, what shall be the atatn-
ng them, and what tho administrative methods
x them, are for another time and place to discuss, Suffice

the examination of the jails bo which sour evmmittes
thas been assigned, has profoundly shaken his faith in any institution
fas an agent in the reform of the erring.

188 ‘Dmrercste ASSvat Revour ov 1H

It is with this conviction he feels prompted to sy, that the chiet
reliauge mest ot be placot pon insieations of any kindy whether
Teluntary or atae, for the tendenoy of sh ie to break down the sprit
be indopentone and solevalianc, which are the moet potent anotives
fn mating n man eave for bins.
near the original seitiement of the Ske family, nd who em
with this casa me isto tea hom wih fm ne anon
weer evadcra promae made,” ‘This eablishes over tom ah
Tint tes them trust him ond when they got inte dient

canpite

come to him for adviee, He acts us their banker, encovrages the
save, anil iu the ease of boys from 43 0 35, who hav

‘ance of licentious women, ho interposes bis anthority and checks their
earver of Jicentiousness by establishing » hon of marnal

betwoen himself und the offender, the latter promising to diss

his conrses if his former conduet is not reported to

this way is established ad

means of 3t, a

incipient er

weeks, Ile is school trustee, kno
land never lets his relations with them fall into the weakness of patron-
fge. He has not taken up this work 2s n “mission,” but steiotly ae a

‘aeiness ria, who, finding himself plyeed where ke must eimploy the
rade laborers of his locality, deals with them oo the som alhy
basis of commercial conteaet, honestly carried ont and
Te is such a class of employers who are needed tr lead w

criminally incfined : mien who understand boman aatiry, rightly esti-
sate the diaulvantages of social opportanity whieh encompass pope
Tation of Jukes, and can make allowances for the shortoomings and
Frailties of i elise who are less evih in nature than th aired
in conduct. If such prudent perzons old be enlisted i
they would prove the most efficient of all reformers, |
would be secured under liberty, the most healthful of
social regeneration, aud the ouly ultimate test of
weain Use question of arhat measnres shall be adopted
fre Lo ulilize the labor of conviets, whether by alt

hat other expellient, are outside the olject of

Prison Assoctation or Naw Yous. 185

‘Having passed in roview all the different seotiona of the subject of
inguizy, we now make our generalizations as to the relative influence of
heredity and environment in the shaping of eaveers.

1. Where the organization is structurally modilled, as in idiocy,
insanity, and many disouses, the hevedity is the preponderating factor
in determining the career, but it is, even then, capable of marked
modification for better or worse by the character of the environment.
‘This is probably owing to the fuet that these carobral conditions depend
‘on ante-natal organization,

2. Where the canduet depends on the knowledge of moral obliga:
tion (exelnding inzanity nnd idiocy), the environment has more ind
ence than the heredity, becanse the development of the moral att
Dutes is a postenatal and not, an ante-natal formation of cerebral cell,

. The tendenoy of heredity is to produce an environment whieh
perpetuates that heredity : thus, the licentions paront makes sn exan
ple which greatly aids in fixing habits of debauchery in the child.
‘Phe correction is ehange of environment.

4. ‘The eovironment tends to produce habite which may become
hereditary, especially s0 in pauperism and licentionsnes

If these conclusions are correet, then the whale question of the con-
trol of erime and panperism become possible if the necossary training
‘ean be made to reach over twa or three generations.

5. From the above considerations the logieal induction seems to be,
that ensivonment is the ultimate controlling fuctor in determining
careers, placing heredity ilself as an organized result of environmont.
‘The permauenes of ancastrsl types is only auother demonstration of
the fisicy of the environment within Iimits which necessitate the
evelopment af typal charneteristies,

e deiuils given of the Juke family take in only a fraction of the

1 investigation into rime, its eause und cure, he essential

characteristics of the group are great vitality, ignorance and poverty.

‘They bave never hada training which would bring into activity the

tmsthetic tastes, the habit of reasoning, or indeed « desire for the ordi

nary comforts of a well-ondered home. They are not an exceptional

‘of people, thelr Tike, and it may perhaps be added with truth,

sive families, their like, may be found in most counties of this

is for this reason that an exhaustive analysis of this particn

Jur family becomes valuable, because the indnotions drawn from their

eurers are applicable to a numerous and widely disseminated class
who need to be reached by similar agoucies throughout the state

‘The study here presented is largely tentative, and care should be
taken that the preliminary generalizations announced be not applied
indiscriminately to the general questions of erime and panperiem, for
‘wo are here dealing mainly with blood melationa living in a similar

186 ‘Tauercert ANNvaL Revont oF THE

enrivonment, in whom the onder of events may bea hevwditary charac-
tetistie which is peouliar to themselves, and uot of universal applia-
tion.

Tt however, opens the way aud supplies the method for a atudy of
other classes of cases, supplementing and complementing it by other dis-
tinotive eategories which present a ifferent point of departure, either aa
‘where the progeny of indlucutial lauded proprietors lose their estates aud
fall into crime, of the children of people of enlture aud refinement be-
come felons; of again, of the eonverse of these, of children whose parents
were criminals, and who have re-entored the rawks of the repetubl

Different kinda of erime need special sind
trivance in their rarious fonns, as burglary,
education, as forgery; crimes uf Urutality,
mmrder ; erimes of cunning, as pooker-pioking,
fof weakuess, crimes of debauchery, erimer of ambition, ori

Pauperisn also needs a series, wndl

crime ‘need to he compared to each other und, respectively,
series, investigating the growth and permanence of morally developed
generations,

alysis of sue re indicated would form a

curate data enabling us $0
pronounce jd forth to eomiteract the
fnerease of crime, and eupplunt the empivieal method now in vo
by one of exact ant well-founded laws, derired from a pation
extensive study of ue phenomena calling for solation

"The views here expreeacd atv fully austuined in» paper nead. before
the National Congress on Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline® by
Sig. M. Beltrani-Scalia, inepeetor of prisons in It
ferime in those who commit it, he siys: “As L wmderst
tion, until we siall lave strdiod evime in its perpetrate
ite relations and different aspects, we will never be able to disoover he
Dest means to prevent or correct it, 1

be sindied in thefr outward man
by examining all the surrounding cizeumstanees, we shall discov
what we aim at—trth, Leacing aside all abstract speonlations and
‘uncertain theories, itis requisiee that in mond science, ve shonld fol-
low the same path that bas been go advantageously ray
‘of natural azience. ‘To this abject, in my opinion, onght to be

irocled all individual and collective efforts, because moral Suets, as
well as those which axe called natural fuets, have a cause a0 to be.”
fier going over the history of the disctssious on penitentiary

reform for the Inet 3 years, he adds: “Tho study of the prisoner

( — Pnisow Assoctatios ov Naw Yons. 18?

ie ho genet need il elt wer :
: ut 40 many yours of tll and dette
Wo have jst reac that point where wd shod Mave Senses
Decay afters mach ior, we have only eahed ta cae nee
Having disenssed the details of the subject under differout heud-
(able X21), that they be easily compared.” he line hendnt kag,
Fhgeal Ago? wll giv ory nem, e uum of ale oa
genertin oe purpose of compasion, All got Ld aed ows
ure incladed under that heading, bi anette

Pnisoy Assoctatton o New Yorx.

oor
“poste

‘Turmstern Awsvan Reo

190 Tuanere Ayswan Revoxr oF 7

Passing now from the actual record and making an etimae 5 the
entive family, based on what is Known of those who2e lives hare been
earned, the total number of perzons belouging to the Juke family,
fnoluded in the foregoing statement, re Bosides these, 123

hare beeo gathered sinne the text of this report wa:

enetal character of the adults Is about the sume as

Te all the collateral Lines whieh have not,
xe tabolated, the nggregite

sul, Now, ont of 700

1e poor-house or received.

been traced could be
would reach at least 1
persons we hare 180 who bay
Pit-door relief to the estent of 500 years Allowing that the best
Snembers of the family have emigrated, it would bea low estimate to
any th ditional 300 are, or have been, dependents, ald-
ag 350 years ‘making an aggregate of 280 persons under
panper training, reoeiving 1190 years of pblic ehmrity. “Great as
This is, it is vot all. Tn a former portion of this report (page) it
thas stated the pauper records cover 255 years, of which only 64 years
Could be consulted, the diftienities of getting the remining 101 years
being, in most cases insuperable, Allowing that these LOL years would
yield as many yeare of relief as the G4 which have actually bee
300 years of relief. ATiow~

searched, we shonld have an agg
i the anm expended

ing 150 years of alms-house
aque 815,00, and for door elie, wt the moderate
rate of 819 nditaro of 847,250
in 28 years for this single family, 52 per cent of whose women are
hharlots in some degree.

‘Muking a like computation for the other items of the schednle,
allowing for all contingencies, the estimate may be thus ewmmed up

‘Total number of persons.

Number of panper

Cost of alms-honse :

Cost of out-loor re Sotees 82,260
Number of crimiuals and offenders. :
‘Years of imprisonment ‘ :
Cost of maintenance, at $100 & years... sess 14,000

Cost of a =. 28,000
Sumber of habitaal thieves, eonvioted and un-
convicted
Number of years of depredation, at 12 years each,
Gost of depredation, 860 a year...

Carried forward, jus nenonanee 129,450

PaisoN Assoorartox of New You, 191

Brought forward
Number of lives serificed i
‘Value, at $1,200 each. on a 400
Number of common prostitutes... sind
“Avenige uninher of sears of debaich....
otal suiner ot yes of etme
Cost of maintaining each per year
Cost of maintenance: ‘
amber of women specifieatly di
‘Average nomber of men each woman contamic

hites with permanent disease
‘Total samber of men eonaminated
Number of wives contaminated by above men,
‘Total number of persons contaminated

$129,450

Gost of gs and modical treatment diag Poe
of itt 8100 enh
rest of life

eine of 1 a aa

00 mata niga
cach cot each feat #1200. 1-0
‘Aggrans of elven wh id prewalardl
Aveige eno if of sa
Shen eh od St BOeeses eB
Number ot prmontion fs asad oe
Average est ofeach enn 100. cceeccensss vase 85600
Ghetof property destroyed, backal;brawie®=. “022 38,000
Avene copal employe in bows, any =

: a a

Compotnd interes for at Sear a 65 Sm) aateca
Char Usted by churehvesorresresscs ect 30,000
Ghonky obtained by beggingessscccescseeeee 5/350

Total... oe $1,028,600

Over a million dollars of loss in 75 years, caused by a single family

1,200 strong, without reckoning the cash ‘paid for whisky, or taking

One house; with foritare worth