32nd Annual Report, 1876

THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Aig ia ne
ison Association of New {Jork,

ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS,

FOR THE ¥HAR 1876.
TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE MAY 15, 1877,

JEROME B, PARMENTER, STATE PRINTER.
1877.
STATE OF NEW YORK.

No. 41.

IN SENATE,

May 12, 1877.

THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT
fon 1876,

PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK

Paitox Assootsttos or Naw Yous, ’
58 Buu Hoven, Aeron Pack,
Nuw Yous, May 12, 1877.5
My Won, Wacisam Doxsuuusun, Liewlenant-Governor and President
of the Smate
Ses.—In avcordance with chapter 163 of the Laws of 1346, we have
tie honor to present herewith the Thirty-second Asnoal Report of
tie Prison Associntion of New York, and rexpectfully to request that
ou wil Tay the same before the Leg.’ nee
Youryreapectfally,
‘THEODORE W. DWIGHT,
President
SINCLATR TOUSEY,
Chusirman of Baie. Comaitin
ELISHA HARRIS,
Corresponding Seorevary.

CONTENTS.

Urrionne a» Patsox Assoorarton.
Parnors, Connesroxnrse: axp Hoxomany Maca

can Goseurrnens 1m Cousttss

loront or Terasrmen,

Keront of Execonive Continence

Srava Parson rom Wout ..+...-0

iron om Loca, Contre

Paooneas ‘Towanns A Brera Svere oy Jatta ann Paisois
Ovnmenoworxo axb Uniteautmroiness as Cxbara oF Grist
Puisox Lrenanies, —Caravooure ss
Gana» Cuneivans.—Rervou-nors ax Ruvonseatons
Mrotonral-Skruon oP Hox, Joux W. Epxoxpa

Ruponr oF Gusunat AoEs®

INDEX BY TOPICS,
Revone ov Exsoorive Conereran:
The organization and progress of duties of the aasoclation
‘The movements of erlme in 1876...
Statistics ofthe prisons and penitentiares
Dates performed in pelons anc jolla the association,
Condition and faults of the county aie vest
Records of erlme— criminal statisties...
Corsectional industry.
Hoginnings of crime — juvenile ating
‘The State Indatrial Reformstory
Flabitual criminals...
Discharged prisoners ss.
Lifrares and fuetruction in prisona.
Commission of Investigation of Prisons... ++
‘The constitutional amendment relating to prions...
[A department of pubic justice required in the State.

Start Passox von Wonns:
‘Statement by the eorresponding serotary..+ - +.

Mrs. Van Costandt’s report.

‘Abmieact of discharged female prisoners, « table facing...
Reponrs oF Locus, Coweernnes:

‘Statistical sommaries of county jell report.

Special reporta of eominittes for eounties ...-

Pnookasa rowanpe A Berra Sect op Janta Axo Hovurs or Conieono:
Plea fora department of publ justion 66-08
‘The proposed Hse of Corvetion law...

‘The law for indeterminate sentences atthe St
‘The orgenie aot for the goveroment of the Btate Reformatory

4945
245

Conresrrs.

Ovencuowonxe axp Usigaurnvurxess as Causes o Cuan
Grime in Now York aud other great eltls.....-
Habiteal ernie z
Nurseries of crime fe great lies
‘Domestic Improvements diminish crime
Deseription of the homes of juvenile delinquents. --.
Rsconns ov Counts axb Paisoxs—Canercar, Sranertes:
‘Phe cours of record and thelr statitiee ---..++
‘The all records and rota of shri,
‘Special Sessions’ records,
Deseviptiom and staitica of habitual
‘Gaguestions and conehisions see...

finale.

Caratoane ano Ruibe vor Prsos Lrowantes:
Pan and preposes of the catalogue...
‘Ghusiication snd rales fora prison library
Blography os-scessseeees
History
‘Travels end explorations
Selenee and natural history
Special selonee and duty oe
Industries, lnventions and mantfactores
“Agricalsare and cattle.
‘Works of fition and ofthe imagination
Pootry -
Miagottancous....-.ceccessesee
Select religions tending. sce...
Jovext Dataxqorsrrs asp Cntto-Crnasata’
[Nature and purpose of the inquiry concerning ehild-eviminals
‘Refoge hoys aud roformacories...-. :
Soggestins for the improvement of Juvenile reformaiories...
Manontat.—Sxutce ov Hox. Jonw W. Bostoxns:
“An account of the Sing Sing prison as Judgu Kadmonds found itn 1845,
‘Eamon’ appeal for cs(leation and instruction in the prison
{ls descripilon of the abso of the lash in prisons aes
‘The ongasiaation of the Prison Assnolation of New York
forts to seca a constitntional amendment to provide a prison system,
Principles and. practice of prison recommended hy
Bamonds|

Ansa Raront of sie Omnsieat Aor
Description of the davies to discharged prisoners...
Dest ofthe de odoin pesunes

fsttistieal reeoeda of dishiaeged convicts
Gonation of by-premere in the Tombs =...
Statistics of agunt’s services in the eity courts

ust
105-105,
wii
us
urn

a5
136-107
168-107

OFFICERS OF THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK, 1877.

PRESIDENT.

VICK-PRESIDENTS.
JON 7. HOPRMAN, New Yor. CARLES 5. FOLGRR, Gen
WILLIAM Y. ALLER, aay. DORWAN EATON, Kew Fork,

(CRHTAS BRAINERD, «2 Livery street

WILLIAM ©, GILMAN, 46 Pine street

INOUAIR-TOUSRY. st Mans tenet, THEODORE W. MONRIS# Chace et
Yon D, CRIMI 0 led avons.
RICHARD L. DUGDALE, 4 Morton stret
ORL 1, RRGARDT, 2 trondwey.

[HUNRY 8. TERBELL, Js Wont Tenth sree,
‘MAURICE &. VIELE, ath

SALEM H, WALI tt Dae eb

GORGE 1. ERAMAN, 4 Brendes.

SSALIEM HL WALES, Chairaan

ssosnson 8 SULLIVAN, Gren
amie om Dicharyet Comite
STEPHEN CUTER, Ctatrman.
amos Prien Dice.
[ORORGR M. YRAMAN, Otoirman

Ian

LIFE PATRONS, CORRESPONDING AND HONORARY MEMBERS.

I, Live Parsons,
By ths eontribition of $80 or mor tt one te
Joux Dav Worn.”
Mis CL. Wurm,
Mrs. AT, Stewann,

TL Connesroxome Menxne,

AM. Charles H. Lucas, Member of the Tnetitate of France, Chateas a la Rongtre,
pres Le Bourges, France.

MI. Auguste Frederic Demets, Director of Mattray, 92 Rue dela Victoire, Pati,
France”

‘Jobn Stuart Mill, Hog., Blackheath Pare, Kent, Bogland*

M.A. Come, Doual (Nord), France

Bir Johm Bowring, Claremont, Exeter, England.”

Count W. Sollehud, Minlsty of Justice, St. Petersburg, Rosa.

‘Matthew Davenport Hil, Fig., Bristol, Rnglad.*

Frederic Hil, Eeq., 2 Thurlow Road, Hampstead, London, England.

RL Hon, Sir Walter Crofton, C. B, “Tae Close” Winchester, England,

W. L. Sargant, Birmingham, Fngland

‘Hon. Prancis Lieber, LL. D,, Prof, Politiea| Selenee, Columbia College Law
Schooh, New York, and Corresponding Metber of the Insttate ot Prance.*

‘Alfred Aspland, F. R, C. 8, Dukenfeld, Ashton.under Lye, Ragland.

Hon. Geo. W. Hastings, LL. B., Worcester, England

Samuel G. Howe, M. D., Prinelpal of the Inssiution of the Blind, Boston, Mass.*

Dr. G, Varrantrapp, Eraakfort-on-the-Main

Mary Carpenter, Red Lodge Reformatury, Brisol, Bogland,

Mies Dorothea L. Dis, Boston, Mass,

Hon. Charles Samuer, Boston, Mass."

F.B, Senboro, Concon, Mase,

ZB Brockway, Elmira, N. ¥

Rev, Fred, H, Wines, Springeld, 1,

Hon, Andrew Shumoa, Chieago, Ul

Joun G Lyte, Philadelphia, Penn,

Gridley J. F. Bryint, Boston, Mass.

Baron Franz Von Holtzendord, Prof. Law in the Royal University, Munich,
Bavaria

Mons, Gonnevil e Munangy, Cour of he mona Oo of Paso. 7
Rue Penthievre, Pats, Fr

Signor Maino Betraoi Scalia, Kospector General of Prisons in the Kingdom of
Taly, Home, Healy.

4. J. Healey, Beq., Local Gov. Board Inspector, New Government Offees, West
rminsicr, London, England.

x Lire Parvows, Coxrrsvonping axp Honorary Mennens,

Major E. P, Du Cane, Chaisman Directors Convict Prisons, 44 Parliament atroet,

London, England,
Paris, France,
Marsalis, France
tor of Penitentiary, Neuchatel, Switzerland

Richard Petersen, Director of Penitentinry, Obristhina, Norway.

A. Meredith, Bsq., Ottawi, Dom. of Canada,

Hermann Adami, LL. D., Bremen,

Alfred Field, President Chamber af Commerce, Birmingham, Ragland,

ev. Sidney "Turner, Inspector of Reformatoris, 15 Parliament street, London,
Bogland.

‘Florence Hil, Bristol, and 65 Wimpole treet, London, Hngland

Jounn Margaret Hil, Bristol, Hngland

Pr, Brana, Director of Prisons, Deamark

[LL-Gol, G. Alucchinson, ©. 8, Ly Inspector General of Police inthe Punjab, Toda,

A. M. Dallas, M. D., faspector-General of Prisons in the Punjab, India

Florence Nightingale, South stret, Londoo, Bngland

Hdwin Hill, Beg, 1 SL Maris square, Rogent’s park, London, England.

‘A. Angus Groll, Haq, Roehampton, England.

Fr. Ad. Roepstorf, xtra Assistant Superintendent of the Penal Settlement, Port
Blair, India

William Tallack, Seeretury Howard Association, 5 Bishopegate street without,
London, Kogan,

Hon, W. Soldatenko, Director of Prison Commission, St. Petersburg, Rusia

Prof. Henry Hartshorse, Union Springs, N.Y.

LIL, Hoxonany Mens,
1, By Bltion,

Hon, Joha W. Edmonds. ee New York,

enateloe N. Havens

Peter Cooper...

8. By Contribution of $100 af one time,
George B. Archer «.. : i
‘William Aspinwall

William BL Astor

Jad, Astor, Jr

William Booth.

Alex, Hargraves Brows, ML P.

James Brows.

HK. Bal

Jahn Caswell

‘Semaine! Cadwell.

award Cooper ++

ALB. Conger ..

William B. Crosty..

HK, Coming

‘Willian . Dodge.

Liverpoot, Rog.
Now York,

‘80

do

a0

do

I8yb
1mm Parsons, Consnaronbine ano Hovonane Mexeusa. x

Wittlam Butler Dimean Now York.

John Taylor Johnston,
Games Lenox

Miss Lenox

Miss Lenox

Peter Lorillard

Allan McLane
Samuel F. B. Morse*
George D. Morgen.
‘Adam Norrie

HM. Olyphant

Daniel Parish...
George D. Phpe ©
Joba A. Pullen

W. ©. Rkinclander.

©. R Robert

©. V. S Roosevelt.
‘Too, Roosevelt

Adan , Sackett
‘Joseph Sampson

3. F. Sheate

Misa, Mary Shento,

©. H, Shipman sss
Henry M. Sehietfetin
RL Stuart :
Alexander Stout.

James Stokes »

Joniehan Sturges

Dre, Catharine 1, Spencer
HS Terbells.. vee
Alex. Van Rensilaer
George 0. Ward.

Solemn HL. Wales.

IW, Weston

Samual Wille. sss
Rev. B ©. Wines
Join Davia Wolte®

4. Welter Wood.
Winiam Wood.

Dr. Blisha Haris
‘James & Seymour.

ao
Aubura, N, ¥,

sii Liew Parnons, Conawsronvixa 4x0 HONORARY MANBERS.

Joseph Howland
Mea, Joseph Howland.
Rev. N.8.8, Beman, DD
Rev. Dr. Daslng,
‘Thomas W. Oleott,
Brastus Coral.

Mrs. 0. L. MeLanahi
Sinclair Pousey --.. =
Francis George Shaw. —
George D. Phelps ..evo-.- UES asewaren

Matteawan, N.Y.
‘do

Weai Now Brighton, 8. 1s.

ley

LOCAL COMMITTEES FOR CO-OPERATION AND CORRESPONDENCE.

Alloy county: waidenos, Albany —Maunsce K. Vague, Wigase Law Laas,
Rov. ores WW. Cuanx, Ebwany Savacm Kev. terwone,seorary
ditguny const; liga aguleeccds Bune, De We, Me Boorse

‘dons, Briendaiip— Hon, Aniuan d. WaLtocaN
rope county: residence, Binghamton 8G; Hiromeaey, Br. Zon G. Oxrox,
Mates Whopre, Sante Melty BN. Loony A Nowy He. Row
No Paty, He Ke Chain, Susan d, Tass
Cattaraugus county: residence, Lit Valley — Anrmun H, Hows, Dr. I, Pwoxtay.
Cayuga county: residence, A Muss Penny, Dr 8 Wrutanp, Hon, W- B.
"Woot: Besos Cr ua foun Osvonse, Danni Rv Ativan, Mex Mi
Posty, Mm D. We Auswaiko, Rot. Witte, Bomoune, D. D.. We. G. Wisk,
Ghants P. Foun; recldenes, Fair Haven — fon Gsouar i Boer,
fosidonge, Mayvilo “J. H. Maa, Watasase Onace ; re
a BM snes, Westeld~ Avrunb PATTERION 5
fellithce Jamenows Hon 'C. Bansros, DEL Ware
Organs ony ttn, Sintia Dr, WC. Wes, ZB Booms. J DB
De isons fev, Gi, Medmuont, Be HL Squanny Dé. ina
Hii, De Kawase, Baupesox Hue, Revs F. G Hone
‘gna county: selene, Nore —Tanac Nuvo, Dr, H.K. Bauuows, De
tinton county residence, Pitsburg — Hhuxwy Ons, GM, BuoKwini re
‘lence ‘Koonville=Hfon’ Henny KixostAn, 2
msn soni: tldem, Basen". 8 awe A. Coo, ons. wren;
(0: W. Gunuuko, W Suctiz, GW. Posseor:
Comand coonty : residence, Cortlandville— Hoa. Hoxanio Bautano, Fuaxx
Bigs, Dr. Funnexton iixom, lawns 8 Hogertzons residence, Homer~ Hor
‘pxsronp, Dr. Caen Guise,
Dey or oouny  tefence, Delhi Dr. Prune Jacons, Rev BB. Rowan De
‘brit Mans, 'T, W. Buows, Gen, Penis Tacos, Je, 0-8. Panwa, Ma! W
Hi Ghatwou, Mis, F dacsne, dr, Alte W. Youwand
Dusen county: reidenes, Poughkenpale Hoots, Jt, Joi J. Pate, De
'Bowans #. Pues tees, Boson Prare
tg ey | saci ans Ee Wafer Fa: Ions, PJ, Fone,
‘Dredoww b flttiy Davin Paon, A. 8. Hnvatir, MD. Mes A. MePAenson:
Eiyex county : residence, Hlzabushiown—De. 8, E, Hate, A.C. Hano, Anat
‘Ponte, Honant W. Laivisoston.
Franklin county: repklnce, Malone —Dr, 8, P. Lape, Hon, W. A. Wane,
fata, JouN J. Guile, Hon. J.B. Bason
Fulton county: reldency, Jghngiowa — Hones: &, Sven, Jacon iexroH; et
=) loversvills U. ME. Puce, JouN PuuGtsox, DE. Roam: beac

epee, _giinty = residence, Bathe De L. B. Cores, Prof. G. Prszin, (.

gone coupty : rldenes, Cael Gronoe HE. Pexrieto, Hexny ©, Habba,
i'Hstaiy, Ms Ai B. SeuaceR

nn ee a
ee os

Locat Commieens,

Herkiger county: residence, Herkimer —Davio M. Davratone; residence, on
esametos, Cranks Boss
Jefferon county: residence, Watertown — Rowand G. Kevas, Suse ML Anais,
“foun F: Morfur, Josian B. Monte
ings county tence ee Rev. Jp G., Base, Bone D. Bunt, Key
i, ren, iB, Wabswonrm, Witazan 0. Melua, Janis
Suanawi Tone FP BOF aman be, Wieano Hsooi, Roma
Muon, Akonew A. Sutin, 3H Honastr Bukas, M. De
Lewis county: residence, Lovvillo—Dr, P. B. Hover, Bev. G. bz Roor, Daviw
‘Siawaly, Gannowt: Hovss, Davao it: Warson Tatdoice, Croghan Hon,
Watsae Wi
Livingston county: ristdonoe, Geneseo — Dr. W. E- LAUDERDALG, F. Du Ware
‘Wann, Dri Bisebss, Prof Steen G, N. Seance:
Madioa county residence, Noniaule— D, D. Cuass, 1. P, Mane, Lucres P
‘Guan j renflenss; Oncta We Wanton
Montgomery county Terence, Fonda 'Wasaax D. Sewoowenarr, Wiustse

NSomwerom, ev. W. Paorinaorran

Mogrog eqony teense Kachenter— How ss Be. Sunes, De W. Ls Bax,

Be HW Dads, Dr. V. Saupe Gen JW. Marra 2 Ba, Jana
‘Srewaimy b 8. Fuiaon, Guact Van Younis, Pusovcas Bacon
Sonne Biss Vien, irs Wats

New York: Tr : Assoctartox’s Oonnerrress ox Devarrioxs axp Discmanom>
Proms,

Niggora county : residence, Lockport —Cnamues . Kunow, YL H. Women,
‘BES: ByHawowann Mit. Jk Brctan, Haatty Tometon, Mis, Woe xowLas,
Mie ie % Bannren

Oneida county residence, Utica — Col. Tika. P, Coox, Hon, Wnt. Bacon, Tons
= Bowny Heremeneox, Citas. H. WARREN, BDwiN TOW ; Tal
Senco, Home—Sito G- Viscum, A’ P. GooDunooats

Symow =. Hop. P. Bunss, Rev. Own Mian, Be

Ongndaga county sre
BW ion, Rov. ML BaD, De

‘mt Br Me. Bese
E Hi, Gn "thuoty iowa, MW flare, ‘Toionay it Boutan W.0

ivooe
fy ener Dancoen, Di. BB. Vax Di, Wari
Odes more: eters Semmntuise ook ener uaa: oreay
W. Dixsox, lite De. H. Jewuty, Pret. Eowanb Teun, Hon. Jawus ©. Sart,
Rov. il Annes,
‘Orange cgunty : reldence, Gosden —O, & Munmnn, De. Wat 8. Towsaeny, Dr
Tromraon, Dr HH. Ronpwox ; resdenct, Newburgh —Dr. Tk V
Bionsvonr, Gaaste Enon, Rev Wantizis Ditch, Waste MeCana. re
dunce, Middletown —Hoa- J. D. Pituxs, Hon. JG. Wanux, Dr. Hit Smee

Organs county: zusidonce, Albion —Hon, B. K. Hans, Daxtsl, W. Pere, N.C.
Hoare, 0.

Oxvego county : nso —Hon. 0. J. Hannox, @. C. MeWuownen,
owas Baca ra S°Gotl G. Motaavox; rtdones, Palskl-— Raw F
Ponsten, Dre A. S. Le

ego county  rerkenoe, Cooperstown — Kumeu Pamars, Dr. i, Larunor, 5
OES, G.'E Kun, Mics Susan Corn, De. WR Baste

Pugam county rnence,Carmel-—Hio. W.  CuAPr, Je Dy Laem, De A

Qusens county :resldense, Manbased OF Hoses, W. TL Onprapons ret
donee, Hempstead Teer. We Il. oo ‘Dr. Join aL Thavineon res
ence, Westhory —Onivier Tires, Hesntevaa trea: reakdence, Glen Cove —
Hows ACH idence, Astoria Rev. Wastaxoros Roma, Blise

J.D. Taasic; residence, Long Island City Dr. Z. D. Duta,

Lovat Comurrrans. x

Roper county: fsidonrs, Troy — ANAS B. Moue, HW, Hocaswox, Dr.

ms, Hov. NB. Retox, Rev. Woe, TRYIN, Sabet. Bowain,

Nichmond county residence, West Brighton —Biow ann Mm 28
mu enc iioyd Bazaar Gunny, Be Es Musaon
‘Sonne’ stents 40 A Woon atioe es
oekland county eene, Stony, Poa
Sin = Anonso Wauuth redtenes, New Cay
‘Woo, realdenen Nyack aur Cons, Teen Tomkins Cove Wann
Snuatiehrs Bios Wooo
Sagoge py deen Dalen Spa. MC Yinomma 3. W, Honor, De
Woouons Luseny wesiiente Sarco Speiogs
Warrine,fimaic Wan, Ose F Sarees

Senos enn: esdees,Waterion — on, 8, 6, Mabuay, ey, W.D. Dor, De

SH, Gimpies reidanes, Ovid ~ Hon: Geonae Frases,
Jiabans Bek Bouriae

Schoharie county: residence, Schoharie — Rev. Jacon Hex, Tuomas W. Zen, J.
Schenectady county: residence, Schenectady —Dr. B, A. Moxens, Hon. W.
“ie Baxotns, 8.8. Howie if ami
Sehuylor county: rndence, Watkins —De. Mf Pacwnr, Onan T. Axons
‘Pideoesace Davies wtdence, Heriot Dr Neon Nivinoe
8 Layrenc cunt ence, Canton — Gao, Ronn, Rer. Js Gannus,

ein Did 6: Pasrins roeidance, Opdcusburgh Dr. Samara,
Re Parvin,

Siouben county: residence, Bath—Gux MoMasenn, % > Pango, Rev. 0.
‘own Nv Sanne’ tats, CF, Resour’ watddnee, Henigondoport
Be Goo: Hoorn, ridenes; Gning-~ Dr HG. ay, fre, Dr News. A,
Sufolk, const ; residence, Riverhead —N. W, Foun, Dr. RH. Basan,
“Puowss Coon, SO. Weise
Suge comty: ide, Mona EA. Mantow, Onanuis ¥. Cavany;

wlddase, bane Dea Ma Mon

Tioga county: residence, 1, Wann, Rey J, A, Oman A
cow: Rusanine Wont, 1 Gustin GB Govonicn, A Contin,
Biotin, 3 We Eason
‘Tompkins county: esdence, thea —Prof. Wo, Oxaranse Resse Hon. Aum
Te Spt Pick Tas ams Pook Winstaw B. Wuson, er. ev Sean
finn WO. Wrexony WB dos
er bee ors vaaec: eingate —tres tame ranger ae ay
lRurxoune} residenos, New Palte—Dr. C. W. Davos residence, Whitoport—
iSxorp Donec
Waren srumiese Geonge— Dr. Corea, Same R ARCHIBALD,
"hina
Washington county: residence, elom— I @. Atwoon, Zax Brasmmmin, F
SWokcove Ck lawns
Weyme county zones, Igons—De HD, Vonmuno, Jon Ie Coin, Wi
‘Yar Masta, Omantan Hints residence, Palmyra Iscx0 Bronson, La Lo:

Tis Pit Sexton, Crenems bicLomn' residence, Walvorts Hon Lome

BT yocwane

Westchester county «residence, White Plast —Dx, H.  Somuin, M. Puyo-
sts FR vi Rt aden Sag Sng Dr. Gr Pei ra
Ecitbhua kt Vie Conmeaso, LG. Bostwice, ®

igen enn syeteny, Weg Hon. Aerares Pua, Hon Wa 3
‘Mout, ©. B Boxtox, Hey, J.B Nassao, Key. J. V. Srmvatn

Yates county: wsiaence, Poon Yan—Mrwow Hast, Hon, D. A. Ov Bae
Fon Shae Gaon

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

‘The Prison Association of New York in account with William 0.
Caiman, Tronnurer.
18t6. Gr
January 8. By balance of old account.
187.
January 2. By donations received to date, as per lst.
"7 ® By amount received from the Board of Appor-
‘ionment throngh Hon. A. H. Green, com
tellers. : SERGE

$1432 "20

2,071 00

1877. Dr.
January 2. ‘To cash paid for prison visitation and inspec
¥% Mion and reli of discharged prisoners
‘To cash paid for rent, fuel, printing, clerk hite
‘and other incidental expenses. - .

To balance on hand to new account.

$4,503 83

1,964 03
3)709 75

1877.
January 2. By balance of old avx

. C, GILMAN,
Treasiirer.

BE
‘New You, January 2, 1877.

DONATIONS, 1876.

Brown, Aloxander I

3, JW :
Sohn Taylor 202000001
Marquand, A.
Murray Fond 2200000000001
Phelps, George Boo 2.2 oot :
Stewart, Mis. A, 'T, por Judge Hilton...
Stamford Manufactiing Co. ...+++++
Schieffelin, H. M....
‘Titus, James H..
Wolfe, Miss ©. 1,

Jeol

Association of Dew York.

Prison

Trirry-seconp Annvat Report

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

‘The Hxeeutive Committes respectfully submits the report of this
Assoointion for the year 1876, ‘The thirty-two years of labor and expe-
rience in the duties which its founders and the State assigned vo the
Prison Association, reached 2 significant result at the close of the year
1876, in whieb, by ® popular vote of the citizens, the plea for a com-
leto change in the State prison system was triumphantly confirmed.
‘The centralization of the system under one responsible head, to be
designated by the Governor of the State and confirmed by the Senate
fora long term, for the present has practically removed the management
of the prisons from tho realm of partisan polities and abuses.

In the present annual report, a brief record of the daties performed
by this Association dusing the year will be followed by a teview of the
condition of the penal and reformatory institutions in the State. ‘The
Guties which are performed directly by the officers of the Association

plemented in a successful and very
.seeptable manner by organized committees, which servo as snxilisries
Jn the several counties of the State, The list of these committees is
given in this report. The gennine interest and good influence of these
connty auxiliaries are justly regarded as the basia of that kind of progress
and practical completeness in the publie efforts to improve the penal
system of the State, and to repress and overeome the preventable sources
of erime, whioh the people most. need. ‘The great and increasing num-
ner of criminals, the overcrowded state of prisons, the inerease and reckless
depredations of habitual and professional oriminals, and the presence of
groat numbers of young and nomadie offenders who aro mildly termed
tramps and vagabonds, as well as the overflowing houses of refuge and
other institutions for juvenile delinquents, naturally tend to awaken
deep coucern regarding the causes of disorderly and oriminal life by
which the ranks of the dangorons classes are kept up. This increasing

have, for several years, been

2 Tarareseconp Anxwan Report ov Tae

concern for preventable eauses of crime and for the saving care of
children who are in immediate danger of falling into disorderly courses
of life, constivutes an important clement in the general increase of popu:
\ge of the sources of crime. Dismal as this department of
‘and of publie duty would be, in the absence of meanc of
roroue and provention, the fields which bear their’ fruits where once
were brambles aud deadly miasmas, do not more truly show the rewards
of human effort and eultire than do the reformed and well-ordered lives
of those who have coased to do evil and learned to do well attest that
the culture aud correctional treatment of young offenders and the
reformatory discipline of erimival classes trausform them into useful
citizens, The present force of the depredatore and disturbers of society
can be reduced very greatly by such means. Experience abundantly
proves that caving and reformatory measures pay back to society a
huundvedfold more than they cost. The work of this Ascociation is
based upon the fact that ic is better to reform, to prevent and to save,
than is is co destroy, and that whatever shall be found hopelessly
‘wrecked in the vast numbors who areconsigned to penal and eorrcotionsl
treatment, should be so carefully studied as to make the lesson of heir
destruction a source of wise and timely efforts w prevent the causes of
criminal and disorderly life. ‘This view of duty on the part of the
Association aud its committees, imparts the vigor and steadiness neces
sary for the attainment of permanent and effectual influence over those
chief causes of erimo which operate alike in the minds and lives of the
offenders and in Ue organization and cominon life of communities.

‘Tue Ruconven Movzwers ov Came 1x 1876.
‘The records of crime in the State of New York the past year show
that, so far as Courts of Reeord are concerned, 9,882 convictions were
reported by county clerks, Out of this total there were at least 2,276
‘eases in which the natare of the erime ranked as 8 State prison offense.
‘The increaced number of convictions occurred chiefly in the class
crimes against property, and, apparently, this increase was in burglaries
But the deficiencies in the official returns from certain counties prevent
any exact staterient of the statisties of crime, even for the Courts of
Record. ‘The eases of State prison offenses are go distributed between
the diree State prisons and the sis local penitentiaries, that the places
and results of imprisonment cannot be reported at any one office in the
State or by a public officer. ‘The various statutes under which females
‘and the greater part of eonviets under twenty-one years of age, convieted
of felonies, may he sentenced to local penitentiaries at. the disoretion of
the courts, serve to break up any continuous official records of the
great dumber of the State prisoners who are sentenced to penitentiaries

f
lore
Prison Assocratron ox New Yoru, 3

‘There were 3,982 convictions reported from Courts of Record, and of
persons so convicted, there were only a little more than 40 per cent
sentenced to State prison, while of these 8,582 persons so convicted, a
little less than 30 per cent, were sentenced to local penitentiaries, -Thie
corresponds with the court returns in previous years. In the year 1875
there were reported 8,439 convietiona by courts of record 5 aud of that
number there were 1,528 sentenced to the State prisons (forty-four per
cout of the Courts of Record totals) while 977 (twenty-nine per eent)
were sentenced to penitentiaries, Less than twenty-five per cent of
the total number sentenced in Courts of Record in this State suffer a
euaty of fine o jit imprisoament and fines

ke State prisons contained 3,632 convicts (*) on the Ist day of
January, 1877, distribated as follows: pen Jian aowceysot
Iu Auburn prison.
Tu Clinton prison... 22.20. .
In Sing Sing prison (males)
Jn Sing Sing prison (females)

‘Total

‘The six local penitontiaries reported at the close of last seal year 3,712
oners. Nearly 600 of this number were felon conviote whose per.
soul aud eximinal records belong with thoso of the State prison classes
1d ought to be kept with them. ‘Tae numerous laws and amendments
of law under which the penitentaries are now made to serve as auxiliary
State prisons, may soow justify such an extension of the State's wap,
iion as will bring the State conviets in these local institutions urder
4 system of inspection and. official record which will be ecaentally
entical with that adopted for the State prisons. ‘The tables on the

next three pages exhibit the prison and penitentiary statistios for the

Tot vate naatent he Apo fr Saat sen who eH Geto

‘Youn tome Decennee

ea

ah

now in the State prisons, and the 3,000,

the six penitentiaries, t may be impos:
sible to say which of these great groups of offenders is the most
Aangerous to society or which the more amenable to correctional treat
ment. ‘The prisons and penitentinries and their respective classes of
prisoners are co-ordinates of each other respectively. ‘They eontain,
however, far the greatest variety of character aud personal or social
conditions represented in the offending classes, ‘The beardless lad, the
‘young ruflian, the ignorant as well as the edueated experimenter in both
petty and daring crimes, the most despicable habitual criminals and
their novice pupils, the passionate and the brutalized, the degraded and
the spiritlest wrecks who, in their repeated imprisonments as felon
Ihave lost the energios and will-power of their once dangerous manhood
or womanhood, are found working and lodging side by side in each of
these local penitentiaries, ‘The State prisons present a more practicable
field for effective discipline then can-ever he exemplified in the incon
gruous masses of prisoners in the penitentiaries, yot it appears that,
under the influence of well organized methods of steady industry, at
least three out of the six penitentiavies have, for several years, excelled
‘the State prisons in good discipline and the relative value of Ibor to
cost of maintenance,

B
5
5
a

FH
3
2
3
>
3
s
2
>
F
=
5

York, for the fiscal year 18%

{

0 of N

Persox Associaton or New Yous.

‘oomyg)

“egonr

aha Ho ay

89325 | E8u

‘Tos seme of pianist clo of yun,

Turery-seconn Anscat REPORT of THB

Dorms ar ture Srare Prisons,

At Auburn the chairman of the committee of this Association bas con
tinued his attention to the interests of eonvicts abont to be released,
‘The facilities for obtaining employment for discharged men have been
less than in provious years, but the interest of the local committee has
not been intermitted.

‘The prison at Dannemora has been regularly visited by Mr. Henry
Orvis, of Platishurgh, on behalf of the Association, and as many friend~
less prisoners have been guided to employment as possible, Lodging
‘and friendly counsel have been offered to those who needed such kind
ness on artiving at Plattsburgh from the mountain prison. Some of the
younger men who were helped to employment during the past, fonr years
have steadfastly dono well

‘At Sing Sing the effort to conduct young prisoners on their release in
any other direction than to the cities of New York, Brooklyn or Albany
hhas continued to be obstructed hy the power of the habit of criminal
association, which, both in the prison and in the cities, destroys the greater
part of young conviets who have been admitved to that prison, ‘The G
eral Agent of this Association in the ity has devoted much of
to the difonle duty of reeciving discharged prisoners, and guiding them
out of the city to whatever employments eonld be procured for them,

Dorms ar te Jans — Locat, Cosmurrrnus.

‘Phe Uist of committees for the several counties in the State (pages
xi-xiil}, shows whot personal co-operation is given to those duties,
‘which, in every county and city and at every jail, may be desired on the
part of authorities and by the conimitteos themselves from this Associa.
tion, Certain details respecting the work of these committees will be
given in somo of their own statements as appended to this report ; and
other statements will presently be made in subsequent pages relating to
the jail. Several of these local oommittees have awakened useful and
widespread interest and effort for the repression of causes of crime in
their respective counties, and also pnt forth useful eireulars for inform-
ing their fellow citizens in regard to the leading questions on which
‘action is necessary for the prevention of erime, and for the improvement
of the prisons and enlargement of reformatory work.

‘Those local services of comnty committees are performed with dovoted
alacrity and are. ‘There are fow jails in the State which are not visited
weekly by the local committees, and in which the inmates do not receive
‘thoughtfal attention to their physical and moral interests, Libraries and
reading-matter are supplied in several of the jails, In one instance the
committee established a Hbrary of 100 carefully selected books; in

Prison Assocranion or Nev Fore.

another the committes has maintained a library by monthly contribu
tiont of books and magazines, and in another still, for the past four
oars, every unlettered inmate has been taught the alphabet and read-
ing by the committee, and the Board of Supervisors has made tho aecond
appropriation for the maintenance of the library. ‘The detention of wit-
nesses and childven in the common. jails is receiving deserved attention,
and the act of Apsil 21, 1875, providing, permissively, for the separate
tention of unconvicted women and children, as well as of witnesses
apart from the common juil, is beginning to produce nseful results.

Wonk o* tin Gnemnat, Aor,
Detention Department.

In the cities of New York and Brooklyn there sere 119,076 arrests
und 76,005 commitments hy the local anthorities in 1810. A statistical
fatement in a subsequent section of this report shows that there were,
daring the year, 6,994 persons committed to appear before the higher
oars, while 2,447 youths were committed to reformatory institations
by polivo courts of New York city, and that the district prisons
ltd 7,207 persons in temporary custody. ‘To as many of those
prisoners and detained persons ax the General Agent had occasion to
vist, he conveyed such counsel and rendered auch aid as the purpotes of
this Association permit. ‘The chairman of the Executive Committee
also continued to visit such of theso detention prisons as duty required.
‘The groat number of strangers and ulterly friendloss persons whore
arrest aud detontion ander cixeumnstances which watrant and often render
necessaty an appeal tos competent adviser im negard to their minfortanes
And etPors, oF in regard to important social and family obligations which
concern them, render this branch of the General Agent's datis essential
to the welfare of many, who, throngh his counsel and aid, can be saved
from Squoming, # innocent, and from forther errors and a criminal
catoes, # indeed st once to tim to a course of rectitude, A consid-
sxable proportion ofthe 462 persons whom the Agent advised and sided
in tho Tombs, were of the Intter class, and the 124 who were defended
jn oom by him, as the Tegal counselor on behalf of the Aasooiation,

ther of this class or innocent of criminal intention,
Dischargad Prisonere’ Department.

‘The 1219 prisoners and families of prisoners who were advised and
sided by the Agont of this Association, in the city of New York, pro-
sented a smaller proportion than usual of persons who cout be success

fally sent to employments far away from cities. ‘Temporary aid in the
nature of clothing, shelter and meals, was extended-to more than half
of the whole number (1,213), whose names were thus entered in the
Agent's office,

Turrrssconp Anxvar Report or rae

Jams — County Prisoxs,
ion of tho county jails is reported so Laithfally by the local
‘that the statement which will be appended in. subsequent
pages concerning a few of thom will correctly set forth the more import.
ant facts in regard to the evils which must be amended and prevented
in the management of them,
tion of the jail system, and in their respective counties they would
austain any necessary expenditures which the Logislature may direct,
whenever the State shall have provided an adequate system for the safe.
eoping of the classes now admitted into the eommon jails; but this
problem of reconstrvction of the jail system comprises something more
than reconstruction of county prisons themselves, and it will, in all
probability, comprehend the disuse of them as places for the expiation
of sentenees for the neatly 400 offenses now punishable in them.

Jails, as they are at present. occupied, must be superseded by Houses
of Detention and Houses of Correction, the former being exclusively
Aesigned for, and suitably adapted to, the safe eustody and decent resi
dence of persons held for appearance in court, and the latter being
adapted as well to self-supporting industries as to the safe-keopi
Deneficial discipline of all classes of their inmates, Each
necessarily continue to be burdened with a wholly wusustaining system

‘The citizens desire the complete renova.

of mitable Houses of Detetition as a requirement of public justice in
the process of discovering and convicting offenders; but that the com
‘mon jail should be any longer used as the place for expiating offenses,
or beregarded as offering any facilities for correctional and reformatory

is convicted of any of the mumerous offenses which

sable in the jail, is not reasonable. Experience end
all the considerations of economy, as well as of morality, unite in
requiring that these Houses of Arrest. and Detention—the present county
jails —shall cease to be used as pluces of penal expiation or for the not:
nally correctional treatment of offenders. Kvery year upwards of a
hundred thousand (100,000) are admitted to the county jails of New
York; and of this number several thousands expinte their sentence of
jail imprisonment — a penalty whieh signifies the most loathsome bodily
indolence and“mental vacuity, and which leaves the offender in a worse
condition, physically and morally, than when the court pronouneed the
sentence, and whic imposes upon the community greater harden:
perils thaa such demoralizing confinement ean possibly have prevented.
‘The existing system of jails, end of the petty courts which, by sum
mary proceedings and otherwise, keep them filled with convicts for
minor offenses, is not an American device. It is an utterly impracticable
and unenlightened system, unworthy of the present state of civilization

Prison Assocraion or New Y ors.

and unadapted to the purposes of public justice, and it was handed down
to this State in Colonial times as a heritage from the mother country.
he eanses that have perpetuated the common jailyto serve the same
uses as the gaol and bridewell of previons centuries, have alzo, at the
same time, entailed a eystem of minor courte with suramary powers to
commit as well as to eonviet, and to sentence in such manner as-to fill
jails. Traditional forms, that have been followed for eenturies and
ich have the force of ancestral usages, have to be

come before these absurd methods of vindicating the Iaws and repress:
ing evime will be superseded by the tealy correctional and preventive
‘measures which best serve the purposes of public justice and promote
‘wholesome results of penalties or discipline.

‘The sixty-seven (@7) jails in this State, which are ocoupied as county
prisons, continue to exemplify the same demoratizing and inconsistent
methods of treating common offenders which these jails and ola English
models of them exhibited before the experience of disciplinafy and
reformatory means had heen brought to bear upon the classes of offend
is that were sentenced to expiate in jail all kinds of wrong-doing, for
whieh such shame and discomfort were the traditional penalty, but
nover the adequate remedy. The testimony which the local committees
of this Astosiation present year after year, concerning the pernicious
vile that ate inherent in the jail aystem, confirms the opinion that the
‘ime has come when reasonable and harmless methods of separate deten.
tion for uneonvieted persons in custody, and correctional treatment by
self-supporting industries for all eonviots who are punishable by impri
onment in a county prison, should, as goon as practicable, supersede the
common jails. ‘There certainly is no reason for perpetuating a system
‘that is so pernicious and costly, however convenient it may be for tom
rorarily immuring the great number of vagabonds and minor offenders
whe, more and more, annoy the peace and property of the people when
‘out of jail. The reforms inaugurated in the common jails and prisons
by Howard, the correctional methods of isoiplino by habitual industry
and instruction ag illustrated im American penitentiaries for minor as
well as more obdurate classes of convicts under a Pilsbury, a Brockway,
‘a Captain Felton, and a Cordier, and under somo of the trained Masters of
Houses of Correotion in Earope, conclusively demonstrate the superiority
of industrial discipline over the old methods of expiatory confinement in
county prisons. Yet the jail, which Sir William Johnson constructed at
Fohustown in 1766, and numerous other old county prisons in this State,
continue t6 zemind of the old ideas of expiation without means or even
an effort for coreectional treatment. Unfortunately several of the jails ;
which have beon erected during the past fifteen years perpetuate most off
‘the faults of the older ones both in structure and uses. Witnesses, chil

12 Turery-snoonn Avvoat Revorr oF 2"

dren and women, inebriate vagabonds, potty offenders, habitual eriminsl:
and turbalent misoreants continue to enter at one door, to be gathers!
in unventilated corridors and allotted to dismal quarters, with litte
regard even to the statute which preseribes the separation of the con.
vieted froin the unconvieted.

‘The fallacies and evils in these common jails are coincident with those
pertaining to the primary coarts, ‘There is no eentral source of super
vision of the county jails, nor a@equate authority in the magisteacy
and higher courts to discover official negloet and to enforce Iaws relating
to jail-keeping but, om the other hand, the magistrates and courts se
the jails as they find them, leaving the management of them to the
sherifiy and the reformation of that management to the people, ‘There
now exists a disposition, on the part of the people, to procure @ thorough
reform in the jail management, aud, as it ia radically defective, to seck
‘out a better system; and, while pursuing this line of improveinent, cor
tain essential changes in the primary movements of public justice rust
bbe greatly energized, and also be endowed with considerable diseriminat
ing powers. If oomaty prisons can be brought under reasonably. central-
fzoa supervision and strict rules of administration, then may the magie

attorneys be held to a rigorome
‘The continual watchfulness and

trates, the lower courts, and the distr
accountability by a central author

appeals of the local prison committees are opening the way for a coi
plete reformation of tho jail-system, and, whatever may be the methods

ultimately devised in this State for the detention of persons under arrest
for minor penal custody and correetion, no system will be adequate and
suitable which does not provide, atleast as well as that of France or that
of Holland, for

Houses of Arrest and Detention,

Houses of Correction and Justice, and

‘Chambers for the safekeeping of persons who shall be held in custody
entirely separate from others for brief poriods.

Besides those facilities, which, until now, the county jail atone is
erroneously suppor ools for juvenile
offenders, will need to be made more and more accessible, and’ com
pletely adapted to all who should be placed in them. Even if for the
present, the common jail, in many of the rural counties, must be used
for the donble purposes of detention and of penal correction, the separ:
tion and distinot treatment of these several classes (while kept under the

sd to offer, the correctional.

same roof or within the comnty jail precincts), is a duty never to be
neglected by the sherif’ and supervisors,

‘The law passed in 1875, to provide for the separate detention of wit
nesses, children n, apart from common jails, while awaiting
final action of the courts in regard to thom, simply permits the Board of

sad wor

Prison Assoorarion or New Yore. 1B

Supervisors fo make separate provision for suitably keeping such persons
while in custody. ‘The sheriff and the Board of Supervisors of Oneida
"first to offer full compliance with that law, and the results
lave heen so satisfactory, and the inlluence so beneticial, that the prison
committee for Utica have undertaken to urge upon neighboring coun-
sigs the duty of insti
sv provides.”
‘All the movemnents of police authority and all proceedings in the name
of justice and the public peace, should be adapted to repress and prevent
rinae. The prompt, diseriminating hand of public justice
should speedily overtake and pnnish the guilty; but the numerous per-
song who are held to testify or to defend themselves for being accused,
sould not be compelled to share the shame aud annoyance of conviets
Henoe the law of 1875, which permite the sheriff and the
ypervisors to maintain @ separate system of custody for the
three classes of unconvicted inmates of county jails, showld he manda-
vory, rather than permissive; and if, as in Oncida county, the separate

the same kind of improvements as far aa the

rain and wisely

themselves.

apartments and classes must be provided for under the same roof, still
he separateness, decency and miaral sccurity of those so hel@ can fe
enjoined.
‘The local prison committees axe preparing public opinion for the
desived reorganization of the county-fail system; even in one of the
‘most indifferent of the rural counties, the committee reports the following
uts, and haa published them in that county:
jl i looked upon by the inmates as a comfortable boarding-
sro they are fed upon roast beet and coffees have nothing to

[Law of oe Fors 15, tiger ee

cr purchaee, a tite plac or places other haa common Jollee the sale and proper horping, and

cj mon ed nae ine asd tl ean pone

sia he a oe erecy pes el Sra ee == —

Te Ther neck county ble chrge an costal of wack hogs hints of etnton,
conmen nl

art Turmte-skcoxn AxNUAL REPORT oF THR

do; all bills paid and no questions asked, and they are let alone t
recover from thei last debauch and prepare for another when their
term of detention is expirod. All this is very plain to any one who
observes the commitment and discharge of the same persons, time and
again, and they will alto see the shamefulness of the system, and its
utter destruction to character and hope of vefarm. As an example of
the latter results of this system, or entire want of what should be a
rigid system, in a community calling itself Christian
‘were sent, for the first time, to our jail for petty offenses, upon short
terms of sentence. If they had been under rigid discipline and hard
work, earning their liberty only by hard effort, they conld have made
ecent men; but they were merely shut up from time to time, getting
‘worse each time, throngh evil association, in the jail itself. No effort at
reform was, or is ever made, and no chanee for such an effort, ‘There
was nothing done to arouse their ambition or to help them up, and they
became very frequent, indeod quite regular, boarders at the jail. Ac
the end of four years, one was sent to the penitentiary, a worthy grad:
uate of this school Zor crime; the other still continues a boarder in
the jail.”

‘The poople of this State are manifestly prepared to give eovdiel
approval and support to che complete reformation of the eounty jail sys-

‘tem, and when hegan, in the manner now proposed, chis great change must

extend to the methods of correctional diseipline of all whom the courts
may justly assigu to auch treatment, as well as to the entire reformation
of the modes of separation and safe-keeping of all classes of persons
held in custody. There is no reason for longer delaying the legislation
‘and tho organization of the system by which this most important
reform shall be made, in dealing with obvious sourees of orime, whieh,
hitherto, have existed in the jails themselves

‘Tum Recorns o Crnez.

In an appended statement, relating to criminal statistics, will be found

8 concise summary of the reoorda of crime, as reported from the several
‘ities and counties in the State. Tn that. summary there is no fact more
noticeable than“that the orimes against property vastly exceed the
‘number of those aguinst the person. ‘The latter class of erimes decreases
as habits of temperance and self-government in the individual members
‘of society inorease. ‘There were nineteen convictions for murder, nine-
wen for manslaughter, and 525 for assaults in various degrees; while
uring the provious year there ware twenty-four convictions for murder
forty-one for manslanghter, and 510 for different kinds of assault. ‘The
increase of convictions for crimes against property was of a kind that
should awaken inguiry in regard to the nature and causes of such

[87 *
Prisoy Assootarrox ov New Fore. 15

increase in these crimes, ‘The fact that there were 149 more convictions
in 1876 than 1875, for crimes against property, with violence, indicates a
special souree-of such increase. ‘This increase was exelusively in the
crime of burglary, and there is ample evidenee that the increase in this
line of rime is chargeable to the increase of habitual criminals, and
especially to those of the itinerant kind who are indistinguishable from
fhe common tramps who roam at large. ‘The pity and charity which
have thus far delayed the applications of much needed jadicis! and cor-
reotfonal treatment of vagrants and trampe in this State, are not
worthily bestowed by the people. ‘The Legislature will be compelled to
take action concerning these nomadic offenders, Still more urgent is
te necessity for curbing the lawlessnes of habitual Farther
statements will prosently be made concerning these clisses as leaders
snd propagators of erime and viee, One of the first practical results of

wrect and wdequate methods of obtaining and registering the records
of erime in this State, wonld be an exhibit of the direct relations of
vagabonds and habitual criminals to the most wanton and annoying
outrages against peace and property throughout the State.

‘The time has arrived when the interests of public justice, the neces
ties of legislators and of social economists, the pure mission of charity
and the public duty of invading the domain and nurseries of criminality,
require the aid of clearly-stated records and statistics of erimes and
prisoners, and of all ofieial movements and acts relating to them. OF
the three lasses of official returns made by county clerks and sheriffs,
imes and accused persons, the first by the county elerk,
concerning Courts of Record is, numerically, correct, or nearly 40, for,
under the sanction of heavy penalties, this class of returns must be made
ly that officer within twenty days after the conclusion of any Criminal
Courts

Second. The so-called records of Special Sessions or Justives? Courts,
tre very incomplete and erude;

‘Third, ‘The returns made by sherfffe relating to convictions of Courts
of Record, conviotions in Special Sessions in cities and Special Sessions
in counties, are the most inacourate and incomplete of all.

Of the records of county jaila and the six local penitentiaries; no
official returns are made to any office or officar in the State. ‘The records
of admissions and discharges from each State prison ate kept with
sufficient accuracy to enable the warden of the prison and the Secretary
of State to know the namo and, statements which each State prisoner
save on entering and on release, but there is no registered description or
history of the eonviet im any degree adequate for his perfect and certain
‘identification. ‘This faulty condition of State prison records may now
be corrected by the Superintendent of Prisons,

nals.

conceming

16 Darersnconn ANNUAL Report oF THE

‘The registration which the laws once required to be kopt in the county
jails has become so ireglan and incomplete as to be useless for any
practical purposes, exeopt in a few instances in which the jail-register
hhas been faithfully kept in accordance with the act passed April 20, 1866,
for that of December 14, 186%. ‘The former act having heen wholly
repealed by that of April 28, 1807, the law of 1847 at present preseribes
the mode of keopiag the jallrogister. The same law prescribes the
duties of jail keepers and the responsibilities of Boards of Supervisors in
providing the necessary facilities for the administration of jail regula
tions, and the classification and separation of the inmates, ote.*

Sheqommmenrs op oma Lawes oF tau @xiam Coxorertse THe Kaprene sem Baapeanix oF
(Ger, Sat, Pact TV, Cap, TH, THe, A 19

Ye. Ieebll ete duty of te kvspens a te aad penn to en th pisners cmt to thee

+ (

Parsox Assocrariow or New Yous, Ww

‘Pap Naw Jams.
In the counties of Chemung, Otsego and Queens, new county prisons
have been constructed, ‘These new structures are simply oellular jails,
of the old style, with some improvement in lighting and water-eupplies.
‘There ia no provision made in or about them for the industrial employ-
mont of their inmates; therefore they ean only sorve the purposes of
detention and safe-keeping. ‘The Second District Police Prison in the
city of New York, now ready for occupation, may be regarded as the
letely outfitted House of Detention in the State. It will in

mire and very benefioiafly supersede certain usea of the
“Tombs,” and as it provides for the classified and complete separation
of ita inmates, and also is supplied with water and ventilating shafts for
every oall and gallery, and with @ spaoions upper flat for sanitary exer-
cise, the essential features of that new Detention Prison may be usefully
examined by any persons who are responsibly concerned in the plans for
improved structures for like purposes. But, for all practical purposes,
in carrying into effeot the act of April 21at, 1875, for the separate and

reasonable provisions for witnesses, children and women, the example

0. The woepa’ of me tid pina sal repetiay havo power. w no he sper
‘he of aon oe eeiployed spon any of ths pable avenaen,Righraym, sits her
Inte eat wich ac pleoners sll be coud 6 in ay of tha ejeatngcoestin,

i serton, they sal Ye wal hind
‘Se hs Hooper lp eaeged with at

ritnnte and cheherva ofa praooercotvesed © Bu lag, Walch record bal exhibit the
aetter 10 ‘employed whee
Siar peo coving

(evans)
By wom coats,

18 Tanry-ssconp Anwoan Report ov tHe

and true economy of the Detention Chambers, in the city of Utica, for
Oneida county, best illustrate a safe method of complying with that
excellent law, while that example shows the shortest courso to the rosalt
esired, and proves that, even if compliance with a good law is optional,
where there's a will chere’s a way. As crime and offenders are griev-
‘ous burdens upon society, and certainly should never be viewed through

n atmosphere of artiatio attract
iveness, all jails and prisons should be studiously plain struotures and
the administration be scrupulously coonomical and severely just and
simple.

‘Tar Hanp-Lanon Sexrevon— Connuortoxas, Innvarny.

In overy Sessions Court the sentonco to “hard Isbor” is continually
being pronounced upon eonvioted. offenders, who are immediately
remanded to the county jail to expiate their crimes or misdemoanors by
loitering in idleness in the cells and corridors the appointed months and
ays, The nearly ten thousand yearly admissions to the six Peniven-
tiaties represent the clase of offenders who, in soveral of the counties,
‘are remanded to the jail to sorve out their sentence in listless idleness,
instead of tho stimulating discipline of Penitentiary institutions, Even
in sevoral of the Penitontiaries, the sentence to hard labor has only a
feoble significance, beoauise the industvies are insuficient and _unorgan
ized, and fail to be of the appropriate and disciplinary kind. ‘There
should be no failure on the part of the poople to insist upon and provide
for the most useful and disciplinary labor and habits of diligence and
uty for all classes of offondors whom the courts justly sentonce to hard
Iabor. The toil and the habits of diligence and duty by prisoners in
‘the Albany Penitentiary, and in the Chicago, Detroit and Allegheny
(Pa) Houses of Correction, have uot only deterred great numbers from
relapsing into offending courses of life, but, by the inherent and varied
influences of physieal labor, dutiful habits of attention and diligence in
their daily tacks, the body and the mind of the prisoner have beoa
induced to yield loyally to the latent aspirations of his manhood. By
all practicable means and good influences, the hopo

of being able to”live successfully by honest industry should be estab-
lished in the mind of the offender, though his offenses are such a8 the
laws usually visit with the light sentence of only a few weeks’ impr
‘onment and hard labor, Such sentences are almost uacleas, and even
tend to be pernicions in their effect, unless they establish the habit of
Dbsistenoe and the hope for @ uzeful Fife of industry. ‘The
experience of hundreds of those who have been discharged at the expira~
tion of their appointed period of discipline at the places of correction
above alluded to, has been that, instead of relapsing into evil habits

nd couseiousness

olf-reliant

" Prisox Association or Naw Youn, 19

and resorting to crime, they have turned directly into the fields of
the common industries, like Hood’s honest Isborer, “wherever labor

is no lesa physi
neneo; and experience abundantly shows that, in order to secure the
correctional and reformatory effects of penal Inbor, the term of its con-
finance should be long enough to produce the exxential bodily and
rental impressions on which the real correction of fanlts depends. To
fail to induce reformatary rosults in offenders who are subjected to the
penalty of imprisonment, is simply to exehange blow for blow between
‘the coutt-and the criminal, and unless the Intter is brought. to under-
stand the necessity or purpose of amending his life, and will himself
calist in the effort for this object, the chief advantages which society
gins by the imprisonment. of offenders consist in the temporary close
confinement of the offender, and a certain degree of deterring effect
which the dread of such penalties may produce. ‘The common opinion
of tnreflacting people is, that the criminal expiates his offense, or fully
stones for it, by a certain penalty ; and the habitual criminal scoms to
socept this as his theory of justi

On being discharged from jail or prison, he elaims not only to have paid.
his debt, but he pretonds to justigy himself ia reprisals and depreda-
tions, and thue to be, indeod, an babitual offender. Tho practical results
of common jail sentences, and of merely retributive ponalties of impris-
ontaent, as usually applied to perverse young criminals, tend to estab-
lish habits of orime. ‘The converse result would ensue if the penalties
‘were designed to reclaim the eriminal ; and if he were not restored to
society until he amply evinoed that he would respect the law. There
fs sound reason in the conclusion expressed by one of the most success
ful superintendents of a House of Correction, who recently said, as the
resalt of twenty-five years’ serviee: “A review of my whole prison
experieuce serves to confirm my confidence that, under a proper system,
with suitable facilities and skillful administration, a very large propor-
tion of prisoners may be restored to socioty as respectable and useful
citizens, and that the vemainder may be certainly restrained.”* For-
tunately, the Industrial Roformatory at Elmira is apparently destined
to give the needed exemplifieation of suitable faci

intention and improved Inwa and methods for the correotional treatment
of the guilty, Aided by the experience and lessons of that penal
Reformatory, the jail system and hard-labor sentences in this State may
yet be made what they should be, the means of permanently repressing

‘ion in a continued life of erime,

“toponth Repos of Detroit Hote of Corretion, 39 Z-  Brocwey,Sepvinendant,

20 Tumreseconn Avwoan Revorr o me

crime, and the places of seoure and morally beneficial safekeeping of
persons whom the laws may hold fora time in custody. Jails, as the
Houses of Arrest and Detention ; Work-houses and correctional labor ;*
local Penitentiaries and the State Industrial Reformatory, as they shout
be organized, may constitute a system of institntions for dea bh
the guilty ina manner worthy of the people. The State Prisons, being
now under competent supervision for the pradent development of a suit:
able system for the treatment of felou convicts, there will not fall to be

‘ain great improvements in their disoipline, and in the necessary
Kinds of grading and of separation for disciplinary and reformeatory
purposes, Hard labor and a wisely correctional treatment for the
Stato prisoners will prove as beneficial co them, individually, as to life
and property in the community at large.

Tux Beorsxovas or Crm —Jovewtie Duuiwquexts.
‘The good work of the Industrial Schools, the Juvenile Asylum, the
Houso of Refuge, the Protestory, and of Tranoy oilleers in the cities
of New York and Brooklya, is unquestionably helping to diminish some
‘of the great sources of criminal life in the Metropolis ; but the records
of the State Prisons, Penitentiaries and Criminal Courts in the State
show that the mean age of the total number of convicts on admission
is only about 25 years, and that at any census of the prisoners it is
found that more than ten per cent of them are under 20 years of age.
‘There were 970 prisoners under 20 years of ago among the 3,532 iamater
of the three State prisons at the hegimning of the present year (1877).
‘This is 10.47 per cent of the whole number in prison, Among these
were 15 boys and i girl, who received their sentence to State Prison
while under 16 years of age. ‘The convicts in the local Penitentiaries
present a still greator number ander 16 and between 16 and 21 years of
age. The census and records of one of these institutions on a certain
day recently showed that, 381 of the prisonors ware boys, who at the
date of their sentence were under 20 years of age.f ‘The inmates of that
Penitentiary on BlackwelPs Island at the time numbered a few les
‘than 1,000, While mere boys in the city are found thus to have attained
a perilous maturity in crime, and the correctional and reformatory insti
‘tutions for juvenile delinquents are quite overerowded, and the number
of proficient and habitual young criminals against property fill the
prisons, still there is evidence that some of the prolific sourees of orime
fare being diminished, at least in the city of New York. ‘The note at
‘be oatine of «projet of lam, a prseed in 2 Lagaintar, = Arerbly Bi, embodee
aoe esi rc or ei F
‘Bue aoe, pages #1 and #2.

Prison Assoctariox or New Yore. a

foot of this page presents a dark side of the picuure of the criminal
life in our midst, though the number of incorrigible offenders, even in
that large company of young convicts, would probably prove to be very
small ander such correctional training as the Industrial Reformatory at
Elmira will give. But the brighter side of the piotwre in New York is
presented in its voluntary methods of resoning needy hildren from the
ylorable conditions — physical and sooial —out of which the ranks
of the criminal classes are continually reinforced, ‘The increase of
youthful offenders boeame so painfully obvious more than twenty years
0, that new methods were called for,and fresh researches into various
y ality
on. Daring the late war, the number of youthful offend:
ox so rapidly inereased in New York city, that in 1864 there were 6,462
committed under the age of 20 years, and 2,260 wore under 16 years of
age} while in the fifteen years ending in 1676 there were 103,76 ebil-
aren and youth under 20 years of age committed by the courte of the
city, and of that number, 28,548 were under 16 years of age, ‘The
+ Mie abstract ows te age, eries an sentences of a young eonvits, who ware fm
the New Tonk Clty Penitentiary, Merch 1, 1877

Hi fe hee shal
ao | eae Si ae
=) adtanit with toteat|
— Se
=m iaseme F oft

aE ep Stam)
edt, a

SuMMeafannBdavonat

22

movement of crime and of judicial commitments in the city during the
‘past fifteen years is indicated in the following summary t

Tirerr-seconn Axwoar Revorr or 1s

2 a | iB) i a
3 a2 | | 8
Ee ae i a
£ aS ik &

During all this period, and even as early as the year 1824, the House
of Refuge, established by the Society for the Reformation of Juvenile
Delinquents, was steadily receiving as many sentenced children under
sixteen as it could accommodate; and in 1851 the Juvenile Asylum at
High Bridge, in 1858 the Honse of the Good Shepherd, and in 1868 the
Protectory were established as custodial and reforratory ions for
children under commitment from the courts. The Children’s Aid Society
from its foundation in 1855, developed into twenty Industrial Sobol,
six Lodging Honses for homeloa children, and system of mi

4 Kary 60 eiten under aistnn your of age were rusted from Rapa Ineo na other
time hone branche, anger the Commis Serrettone

‘Sgyand to he Protectoy,Snvenll Agta si other nettle, Desoto,
evn compan ith to ac roving pauper era Crom slmenowcs, A get mera
“ee were 909 cilien i he ety ximehoare egmeest at he ime tha se ook ee a
‘Batmacer there wore 608 oror Ave gear of ash, “The zsato pst f the ser ave were Gm
‘alto in artes tontalione by formal orders of pace atlas Ont 6 for oon, By toc
{ig te somber ofthese srl foran commie ext the tlle af ha cmient a
od Set tb dering rato eft aon eamoninnt wo the comtnent aca se pes il

‘aroot pour and uelotd eildrn, ay Jnl be crea forthe gain here witnazed i the aut

Prison Assocrarion or New Yorn,

923
At the end of the year

and family settlement of such children.

1876,

‘The N. ¥. Catholic Protectory had under its shelter.

‘The House of Refuge ou Randal’s Island had under ite
shelter . ss

‘The Juvenile Asylum at High Bridge had

"The House of the Good Shepherd for the Reformation
of Girls

And the Children’s Aid Society reported, beaides ite
twenty Industrial Schools, ete, that it had sent to
homos during the year .

2,921 children

‘980 children
‘790 children

448 children

8,980 children.

‘These §,420 children fairly represent the classes which, without such
reformatory care, would give a large proportion of their whole number
to swell tho ranks of criminals,

‘This brief roview of some of the evidence that various causes of crime in
juvenile have recived attention, by voluntary aid from the people, may
properly be carried on to a still broader statement of the fasts which lie near
the foundations of social life, and whieh relate to the housing and domes-
tie condition of the poor and igonrant clases in cities and large towns.
A statement on this subject is placed in the Appendix of this Report.

‘Tho registered revords of prisons and penitentiaries in this State
show that the ratio of youthful offenders has, for some years past, been
gradually increasing ; but, as the table on the previous page shows, the
ratio of commitments of youthful eriminals and offenders in the city of
New York has decreased in its ratio to total commitments sinos 1864,
whon it was at the highest. Though this is mere indication that
juvonile delinquencies, child vagraney, and youthful erime may be
temporarily checked by the beneficent institutions which are with:
Arawing many thousands every year from the perils of the disorderly
life of the streets, the measure of the reformation and permanent reseuo
of the veoruits of the prison classes must be determined by the number
who have actually heen lea to geck che ways and means of useful life.
‘With this fact in view, the Exeentive Committee of the Prison Assooin-
tion does not hesitate to reassert, as its cardinal dootrine in relation to
tho prevention of otime, that virtaous and healthful home life, especially
for the poorer classes of our cities, and tho instruction of overy child,
particularly of every one that receives charitable or correctional treat-
‘ment, im an occupation alequate and adapted for a useful seli-support
ting eareer, constitute the true preventive agencies against o1

‘Tax Scare Ixpusrmiat Revorwarory ar Enoa.

‘The highest hopes and most advanced purposes and plans, in regard’
to this reformatory institution, seem almost sure to be realized. ‘The

24 Turavy-skoonn Awnvat REPoR? oF THR

action of the Legislature during the year, for the completion and open-
ing of the reformatory, has been most enlighteved and magnanimous.
‘The new legislation, appropriations, official appointments, and all that
pertains to the inauguration of the institution, and to its official manage
ment, have boon so manifestly tree from any touch of partisan or
unfriendly hands that every presage is given for the good-will of the
State to this most important penal institution. Originating, as this new
purpose and comprehensive plan for a model correctional prison did, in
‘the counsels of the Prison Association, and having now actually been
rescued from all misdirection after six years’ patieat waiting, the public
concern for its success, and especially for its influenee apon the penal
system in the State, and in the entire nation, is very great and will
steadily increase, ‘The fact that iv is to be not only the first penal
institution in this State for testing the utility of the indeterminate
length of the term of imprisonment and all the merits of the mark
aystem of credit records, aud that it is not only a graded prison in itself
But is to have a gradational or disciplinary relationship to the older
State prisons, imparts to the entire seheme of this new prison the utmost,
importance as a comprehensive and well-considered experiment in a
field equal in extent and importance to that which

has suecessfully occupied in Great Britain and Ireland. Fortunately,
this great work in New York not only enjoys the cordial support of the

State Legislaimre, but also has secured in Superintendent Brockway the
dovated genius and experience of @ truo prison-keeper and saver of
erring men. Difieult.as the task of the chief officer will be, and great
as the responsibilities of the managers are goon to become, this highest
measure of work should be witnessed in a greater degree of repression
and saving from erime than has been possible in othor prisons, and also
in the influence it shall exert upon correctional and preventive measures
throughout the State. In concluding this statement, it becomes the
Prison Association to expross its appreciation of the signal interest and
good-will of Mr. Superintendent Pilsbury who, in bis dual eapacity as
the head of the State prison system and the President of the Board of
Managers of the State Industrial Reformatory, olfers to the latter
{institution the leyal devotion of whatever time and eare he can give.
“The laws governing the organization and management, and a brief out-
line of the application of the prineiples and method of the indeterminate
‘tentence, and the “mark aystem of eredits,” will be found in the
“Appendix of this report,

Srncrat, Dexa vor Graven Prisons.

‘The three State prisons may, at a futuro time, admit of some degree
of grading and classification, which the Superintendent may find prac-
ticable and advisable; but there is urgent. need of some modification of

Prison Assocation or New Yor,

the Penitentiary and Staté Prison system, which will adequately provide
for the young criminals who, after repented convictions and imprison-
ments, have become so mature in criminal character that they require
special discipline as habitual eriminals while yet in their boyhood, ‘The
State Reformstory at Kimira is justly precluded from attempting to
‘veat thia class aa young felons, The local Penitentiaries receive the
larger number of them from the courts, and the two Houses of Refuge
admit such as are under 16 years of age—not infrequently at groat
peril to the peace and welfare of the classes which are reformable in
the Refuge schools and workshops, while many others are consigned to
the State prisons. ‘The 870 convicts who were found in the State
prisons on the first of January under 20 years of age, and the 361 who
were in one of the penitentiniies at a later dato, tell of @ great want
that must be met in the State Prison system, ‘There were 18 long-term
Voy-prisoners in that one penitentiary, whose age would have allowed,
but whose records of crime might reasonably prevent, their admission
tw the House of Refuge; and of the remaining 343 under 20 years of
age, there was a large number whose repested convietions would have
precluded their commitment to the Elnira Reformatory. Indeed, no
Jess than 54 out of the $81 boy-prisoners in the penitentiary had a record.
of provious torins of imprisonment there ; 69 of those young prisoners

‘These facts
plainty indicate the necessity for placing such young criminals under a
special kind of disciplinary aud industrial and instructional training,
which may not be best. adapted for adnlt State prisoners, and certainly
cannot be conveniently provided for in the House of Refuge. In their
Sist annual report, the Managers of the Society for the Reformation of
Juyenile Delinquents (House of Refuge) state that “the Legislature
wisely fixed the limit of age for commitment to this House at sixteen
years; for, although there was risk of finding hardened oriminals among
those who were below it, yet the danger to be enoountered from receiv
ing at all those who were older was too great to inonr with safety. It
hhas come to be the opinion of carefial observers that some of the most
\csperate criminals are to be found between the ages of sixteen and
twenty. ‘Their passions have been uncontrolled, and they are reckless
of consequences. It was nover designed that such as these should be
brought into contact with the juvenile offender only beginning a course
of wrong-doing, but, on the contrary, that they should be wholly sep-
arated. Yet for some years past, through deception practiced on the
courts, porsons several years older than the limited age, who were deoply
depraved, have found their way into the House, where disorder and
Violence have brought disturbance, with damage to property and dan-
ger to human life. They have had places in our schools where there

wero sentenced for burglary, and 43 for grand laroeny.

26 Tummrrseconn ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

‘aro no manacles or guards or weapons of defense, and have there sud-
Genly sprung upon the teacher, wholly unsuspicious of their purpose.”

‘In the development of the improved prison system, a8 now inaugurated
in this State, there will be urgent, cause for providing as soon as prac
tioable for the separate and special penitoutiary discipline of this largo
‘dass of precocious eriminala who, by their proclivities to and repeated
enpetration of crimes, are already recognized as the young habitual
‘criminals in the State,

‘Dar Manrrvar Canervans Acr.
‘The purpose of the Legislature in enacting the law known as the
Habitual Criminals Act of 1873, has beon completely defeated by causes
which ought not to be insurmountable, ‘The diffoulty experienced in
identifying individuals of the professional or habitual crime class, and
bby means of such complete identiffeation, holding the individual in cus
tody until the action for his commitment under sentence is obtained,
may not be overcome until a * deseriptive list” for personal identifica
tion is made out in every felon prison, Yet there ought to be such
amendments in the law as shall enable peaceful communities to obtain
protestion froin the itinerant felons who defiantly roam at large in the
browded thoronghfares and intrude into assemblages and public places,
for in gangs hang abont villages and publio gatherings, until by masked
burglaries and other wanton outrages, the misereants startle whole
neighborhoods and rendily eseape with their designed plunder. ‘The
Legislature of 1878 may find it practicable to amend and give full effect
‘to this now uaused law in connection with certain important amend
ments of law by which adequate sentences and special discipline shall
bbe awarded to repeatedly convicted felons, In a circular to the county
‘connnittees, the ofivers of this Association say “that professional crim
‘nals now constitute such a large, desperate and organized array, as to be
fsimost secure against the proceedings of the criminal law, and the
habitual criminals Act of 1873 has, to the shame of the State, remained
a dead letter.” A committee in the interior of the State reports that
“many burglaries were committed, and the citizens, generally, became
alarmed. The-suspected burglars stood on the street corners every day,
fand made no effort to conceal themselves. Owing to the lack of po
tive evidence against them, no effort was made to securo their arrest
under the ‘habitual criminals Aet,’ The police authorities were told,
by lawyers of distinction, that no proceedings could be maintained
under that statutes that, while it was general in its phraseology, it was
‘meant to be special in its application, and could not be properly enforced
here, The burglars enjoyed immunity from arrest, on the ground that
there was no evidence to warrant their detention, until a masked burglary

noe

Prison Associazion or New Yorn.

of peculiar atrocity was traced home to them. Some arrests were mado,
and three members of the gang were tried, convicted and sentenoed, each
to eighteen yoars’ imprisonment.”

Pablio registration of criminals may not be entirely practicable in this
State, or even for the nation; perhaps it will never be desirable except
as regards the habitual and professional depredators ; but the latter
‘ought to be publicly registored in every State. Well may the citizens
of Now York repeat the remark of Sir Walter Crofton,“ . . . It
is within our power to remove the blot of having it recorded that very
many thousands of ‘habitual offenders? are making erime their voca-
tion, and are setting the laws at @eflance by means of their immunity.”
‘The Prison Association invokes the action of the Legislature upon
some wellmatured project of law for the treatment of this most dan-
gerous of the dangerous olastes.

‘Fone Stare Patsonnns,

‘The report of Mrs. Pierre Van Cortlandt for 1576, 8 hereto appended,
shows that the Woman's Prison at Sing Sing has been visited, and the
wretched inmates advised by that enfightened Indy, whose patient efforte
in the same field have continued for several years to illustrate the
inapiving purpose and methods of voluntary duty by noble minds to
the needy in prison, Her report shows, in oarefully arranged details,
how seventy-seven convict women, who left the prison during the past
year, were nurtured in depravity or oyerborne by passions until they
reached prison ; and she adds an instructive note concerning each of
these seventy-seven. ‘The attention of the Legislature is invited to the
facts and reasons urged in this and previous reports for the organization
of a more snitable Prison Reformatory and Industrial Refuge for female
conviets. ‘The temporary distribution of thie elase of State prisoners
to several of the local Penitentiaries, as now about to be provided for by
law, will be an experiment well worth trying, though some of the Sing
Sing prison women are too maturo in habitual erime to be safely aseo-
ciated wich any except of their own grade in criminality. ‘The experi-
ment of useful classification of these convicts into three or four groups
may now become practicable, and whenever a suitably classified or
grafed Prigon and an Industrial Refuge shall have been devised and
established by the State, in place of the present Prison for Women, the
reformatory methods and the guardian agencies by whieh female felons
in the Irish and English Reformatories, as at Mountjoy and Wakefield,
are saved from relapsing into crime will prove with equal certainty
in Now York that offending women may be stayed from further crime
‘and restored to useful life,

28 ‘Tamry-seoonn Axwoar RePoRT OF THE

Discrancen Pusosess.
‘the aumber of prisoners anmually discharged from the three State
prisons varies but litte from 1,500, and. the number from toca peniten:
Pewter exceeds 10,000, These liberated prisoners are so much more
featily absorbed into the criminal ranks than into thove of the honest
se tefal industries that they continually tend to fall agein into Tine
see to become habitual criminals. ‘They contribute a iarge quota to
dhe army of active depredators, and they add most dangerous clements
we fe nomaaie classes of vagabonds and destitute persons who wander
se anene country. Indeed, there is ample evidence that a great number
Gf discharged prisoners from the other States have mude the highways
ghd opulent dlurcts of New York their favorite hunting ground for
Guuageons mischief and plunder the part fow yenrs.The tramps whe
sacra State aro deserving of such a treatment by police and judicial
wont ities as shal eliminate the itinerant criminals, while the spiritless
sath ional shall be committed to suitable onstodians. ‘The inereaee in
Thaanmmerical force and dopredations of habitual criminals may not be
prevented ntl the condition end managoment of convicts who are
4 the disciplinary and moral infuenees in their
autre prison life, and the discriminating concer for them as they go
{rom the prisone into free life shall have been placed on round footing
The agunts and local committees of this Association have eontinued
seer meevieas in the interests of discharged prisoners with tome satis,
faion, becntse, in murmerons instances, the prisoners Tiave tumed
irectly from the priton doors to useful vocations and « virewous course
sirvtte. But the problem of rescuing the greater proportion of prison
ce avicts from their alliances with criminal associates and ffom the
tanses of thei own erimina
rented with the remedial propositions of mere
treatment by employers of labor.

“Pom the beginning to the end of a convict’s torm of imprisonmenty
tne disiptine, instruction and moral influences must be steadily directed
ease reprosion and cure of criminal characteriaties and the restoration
Srahe prconer to society. ‘This is the supreme merit of the scheme of
She Sexte Refofmatory at Hlmira, and it should be found practicable is
{he neproved organization of the Stato Prisons to enlist the convicts in
are toree and self-licipline upon which each individual's reformation
depends, “The practicability of, s0 arranging the duties of a. speci
sertey wrthin tho prison aystem itself, that tho prisoner shall become
sarigied in bis own restoration, should be tested. After full confereuce
airth the Superintendent of Prisons, a project of anact of the Legislobure
vennthorige such an effort, and generally to supervise the interests of
ve owe who aved guidance out of prison into steady industries, was

about to be relenses

Tity is too comprehensive and difficult to be
employment and kind

Prison Assooration or Naw Yorn.

29

prepared by a committee of this Association and is now under favorable

Tonrieratin in tho Bouste. lin oparation a 6 low will give
Scorngvuak tod tte tte assist sad a ea epee
tentatives Chrougbout the Slate, for the Agent whom the Superintendent
of Prisons appoints, would bring good influences to bear upon each
jPuotes lng. totere way ofvis of ie Amocation ail the Eseoily
Sentient of ploy or oa aval” Te see hat
isha oprestnth/ of ee sac lel agony. http on comm
ielt, with adagaote facilities for extonding its dutin eonjointly ith
those now undertaken by this Amocition emong employer and in
advisory relations with dacharged prisvors, the voluntary offota of
dhe frp bias atte il be eeotenst oes an uo oat,
experience of thi Association since 1872, and the statitical records of
resus fom she Tish prison ayer, ay well a the revords of the
grater Colony at Moray which gids enh Gorge pemner
by private had sa home aa tae eplymens warnot
Je Dale thatthe greater portion, —probubly, three-fourths, of the
ralapeos of ordinary felon-oonvits into crime ngain may be proveted,

rexponding secretary of this Assocjation reported (in the 2th Anou

Tapert) atone hd of the onto nth Ualuol Sate around
to every two crimes committed ib al r "
still the waste ground of igt a 1. bli Piguedling

‘Tureey-snooxn Axxuan Revorr ox rae

every family, and the vivifying, infla

gious instruction on every hand. Prisons, jails

and correctional institutions need these vitalizing influences of knowledge
‘and moral instruction a8 the most esiential of all moans of saving aind
of diminishing the offinders against the laws and penoo of society.
Happily these infinences are among the most powerful ana permanent
that can be brought to bear in the practical disoipline of penal and
tions, With this view of tho need and uses of

ons, the corresponding seoretary lias steadily urged

upon local committees, as well as all prison and juil authorities, a vea-
sonable care and proyision for this matter. School-room instruction in
four of the penitentiaries, the instrtction of the ignorant in the common
jails, and a steady effort to maintain a supply of most suitable reading
Imatter for all prisoners, arw amoug the duties now bearing the best
fruits in the lives of prisoners — fruits which are permanent 1m their

nature and value.

Some of the penitentiaries have improved their libraries, but the
braries in che State prisons have not been in a satisfactory condition.
It is for the State Roformatory at Himia to give tho most porfect exam-
ple of the uses aud methods of mental and moral culture as elements
of cortectional treatment in a prison. Alveady its sehoobroom has boon
maade tributary to the good discipline and roformatory treatment oF the
felon convieta who have been colonized in that place from the old
prisons and employed in the construction of buildings, ote. ‘Tho test
mony of Superintendent Brockway years ago oa the usos of instruction
in prisons is conclusive, He said, concerning his own large experience:
“In view of the benefits of the school, it seams incredible that T could
Ihave spent more than twenty years in the management of prisoners ani
never, until 1888, have introduced this measne. Let me wige all who
‘ean do it thoronghly to put this featare into their management, as indis
ppensable to satisfactory reformatory results, working and waiting for
such changes in the law as shall enable us (o carry the education of
every prisoner we receive to a point promotive of his pecuniary pros
perity, his consoioas self-respect, and his probity of deportment.”

Tn certain rural counties, the Boar of Supervisors have appropriated
small sum in recent years for maintaining jail library, and in
numerous instances the local committee has undertaken to supply the
reading matter as they do the personal instruction. In their efforts
to supply reading for prisoners, the local commivtecs, as well ax tho
priton authorities, have continually felt a want which every father of a
large family or master of a great school would experience in deoiding
‘upon the most uveful books that are accessible and entirely fit for the

Q)ie

Parson Assoctariox or New York.

31

ninds ofthe rors for whom he has to provide, Tt has become «
‘uty of the corresponding woretary fo came rach a tatloga mye
pared and claife, to be muplied to prison offoon ang'eho ee
molten of ha Anion compan wits « maoranten ee
inthe mfehooping and beat we of books by once
‘he fecpng and be of ly Pade an by tha pone
"he ctalogue and instructions wl be found i
ons wil be found in the Appontx of thia
"vor, andi wll be cbserved that the tin, ea, are oe aleneed
10 aid in selecting, in a dete manner, fora libary of ne
of Boks fom 50t0 neanly 1200, To the purpow of ang ee
enone who need to elect suitable reading? mosey, yest
unl jst or peso, thin plan adds cortain taggeng ieoeadr ne
tho Kinds of ring and iastrsotion moat wf to the inca oe
Yenal nstitions, while the enti olan of wage tonne
suggests that some books ought to be omitted. gr plc)
ing sons with books and. papers whieh
Gall nd the reo of ate le
ys iu the midst of a group of Newser
instructive reading, presente cane

is pernicious. Elizabeth
isoners who listen to her
Presents an example now imitated in many jails

Invesrieamiox ov tam Snare Prisons,
In the winter of 1873,

for the aischargo of such a duty.
stitutional Amendment to provide a
{ion ‘tured upon the searching exposition which was made by- thie

‘The success of the proposed Con-
botter form of prison administra.

a ‘The prisons had become the very
: Jaile wore its common schools and nurseries.
The people of the State became greatly concerned about the failure

of prisons and the immense cost of their management. ‘The Commis.

fioners, whom the Logislaturo appointed to investigate the affairs of
Ne aiite Peisons, entered upon their duty early lat summer. ‘The
feealts of that investigation brought to light greator frauds and
nancial deficits than were published by this Assoviation in ite Annual

32 Yrnrrsscon Annvan RErorr oF THE

Reports in. 1869-70 and 1672-78. ‘Those reports showed that the
seuty deficits of the State Prisons amounted to half & millon dollars
yea AGvidence proves that the annual Tosses exoceded this sum, the
Bafta in 1876 being upwards of $700,000.

The Comalssionars found that instead of any misdiveetion of philan
thropy or real interest in prisoners having caused the impairment of
Tagline in the prisons, «the real eause was,” saps their report,“ poli
cal tartianship, This gast ite evil influonces everywhere about the

| Gtiamans 2. * All parties oboyed its imperious commands

J eesaue was forgotten, or romembered only to be plundered, and com

| Moaaronged. * * "The party in the majority would frequently

| joe the minority, nullify orders issued by such minority, forbid an

‘gor hereof, and. prohibit. sho Wardens from obeying them An
Tipentor in charge woald give an order o> Monday ; the Board would
iePrormand it on Toesday, and aajoure, and on Wednesday it would
sgain be promolgaved, us creating confusion in all department of the
peor the numerous specified results reached as conclusions in the inves
Ligation, none are tore important to bo remensbered than thi: * Men
serappointed to pertions in the prisons without any regard to ftnes
aes EPhy as reward fr political party narviees; and with every change
Uf yanty majority, now men take the places of those whose party wae
dere ine last previons cloction, scarcely one of whom had been
seers long, enough to Tearp its duties, So nniversal bas been this
vrsctce, that ie is quite remarkable to find = man in place who hed
vee continuously on duty for even a. fow years; the result being that
perat appointees, knowing the prevalence of this system, diligently apply
Themudlves in making al the money possible for their own benefits before
being thrown out by the next tum of the political wheel”

Ths work of that Commission being the last of such investigations it
snay be hoped, whieh will ever he necessary in this Stato, it snot necer
tary for thie Association to mention any of the details of the evidenes
take great volume of testimony which substantiates the conclusions st
tesek ine Tormor reports of this body as the faets on which a complete
reorganization of the Dr "Tho reorganiza
Fear a new ora of pron diseiplane baving been reached, the strug
fo for thin rosy ius been. triumphantly rewarded. ‘The voice and
Shucnce of the Prison Asvocistion ever urged the enforcement of trae
Aiasipine mth prisons, One of its lat ntterances on this subject wil
Comin as ite testimoay on this point, though H+ may never have to be
Serered again in pleading for the reform of the prisons of his State >—
weAaT thertimid, puerile and sentimental methods of dealing with exime
tod criminals, result in evil to the offending classes and harm to the

na was urgently demanded.

Jory
[Ss

Prison Assocration or New Yors. 33

yobli, ‘The il prison is eure to bezome the breding pace of dope
Zine and the beunted catlo of wrechednen to i inaaia, "Ne
Spolegy tan be mle foe prviting the cmra i tho peng sd
poritetiares of New York to remain il, yo fom thirty-five to forty
every hundred convicts in the State panne aro constant ide, od
th wh bor arin ot hfs om of ines in
moody aud epvidesewaye ‘Thee foals of the pon sytem wl 2
be ured withows a rake fom the ied wot”

Avemxpncent ov Tim Coxsrsrovion xp Prasox Laws.
‘The popular vote by which the amendment of the Constitution in
respect to the prescribed source of prison government, was confirmed at
the last general election, was well adapted to remove all doubts in regard
to the strength and manly independence of the popular ballot on great
questions when brought out in such manner as to fix the responsibility
upon, the citizens as voters, ‘The sight and all the partisan advantages
of electing the triple head of the prison government were relinquished
by a majority vote of a half million. ‘The action of the Legislature,
since the Governor and Senate confirmed the Superintendent, has in like
manner proved that the popular wish for the elevation of penal disci-
pline and prison administration above and beyond partisan interforence,
hhas been as conspicuous in the halls of legislation as in the votes of the
citizens. An intelligent beliof that this result would be witnessed has
animated the steadfast efforts of this Association during the ten years
in which it has continually toiled for the end now attained in the amend-
ment of the State Constitution.

Iurroveaesrs or sie Srarores RELATING 70 Cxnte AND Prisons.

‘The conctenon reached by the Commlasionee for investiga
sera, at "Vader tha pow nym, lees tbe aod Ae ge

Ite the bred and is cqpetinly econ ta wend spe
sod. im ia provision, ety toe nnderiod, and of Pratl
tppllention, shoud Tw pased ot an oirly doy and’ chet all exiting
Inve now speed over our ato books, se fo Chne pres, showld be
yepeat"—~oppeare to he warranted by wvarelenactnets of law now
‘out to be fay placed pon the aatte ook. Inde hese Feet
projet of lay ae dedigod to romove obscurity fom certain Important
{oesions rating tothe government the State prions,” et the laws
“Rating to tho piso mponmdnts goer, and tothe Peso
nies and county prions expecially are ao mullfious sid 9p Ineo
tntent i vari portnlar nt toy oad fo bo carefully roe
Simplited ‘This wil requve timo and much cacetal end, for ther are
3

Tuury-seconb ANNUAL REPORT oF tHE

34

tpwards of twenty statics relsing ta the loeal peitetitio, and
fever wih sem ioombtent aid, publily Getrmenal Tlie 1
county prisons & jile and offenders pblable is ther. Baxiden the
Statnte and the pration wader thet, all lays and tethods for the
dal necentooh neon orion! pracentingy <n xemtioont in
coder Jas of Ute ore need tobe pie on hand bare ans
to faitate the movements of public iatce and also farnish tat
Seovsoy ropitdn Hic shal 5 exe i plelo nud sommes, and
Saclay dap for rosie wen
"Diets Wis nvluion an peolcannn of sateen raat pan,
fails and crn! attain by tho eats fn 1007, but the complet
I eeneted stoner Sas buve rendre acncn-tod song toca
“he soso tie ive sai tl vo al ie nioalous Abe
au inoosttenies in tnethods an well 85 the saints sling to come
of tie primary ponevas squint Uendte, ed Gealy
Goris ut ices proves ant al Oe uovemcste eget cine,
Eites ig detection othe ateuto ths soyré poessling ard tenon
dial be completaly and ely sepielc vapres and raven ore
‘The penile efornation of criuinale io not the fiat ov chet object of
pebil lays, the procendings of eotrts, and the inanagament of prsoas
though i corussly a cial legerties beds poset Wo cvelonbin
Hf Geevhjote of the poonl ayiem by wah le propery a6 publ
Dohce sre prsted, pide mioyuselj fore puoleneni af ds gi
tho rprodion sad healing of sources of erie and she reformation of
‘senders there manifetlysbotld be perfectly co-ordieted treatment
Gh Ge ghee arya be ae) einen se tho ndeetatio ob
tach of those funotions. Tho plea of any olas of citizens for the
felovmbars twisline of offsols, or fie Eesimin aod dinwrmtnnsog
care for thai welfare, must not betnterpreted as adverse tothe averty
tte penalion hich Just Taws sonia. prompily infos for the wert
soe, Hand Jetioe contin teat

ly to detor and prevent, and not to servea from erime and the
table consequences of offending; and whenever the mothods of
official procedure and of penal treatment, relating to the various classes
of offenders, are made in the highest degroe eGnsistont

as well as just, speedy and certain in their operation, then, but not till
‘then, will the highest degree of correctional and saving influences of
penal diseipline be realized, to Taw cannot be
‘secured in this State, particularly in the great cities, unless erimes and
offenders are vigilantly and promptly detected, and punished justly and
speedily. Increased respect for, and obedience to, the laws against
orime, being necessary for the welfare of society, the question of the

General obedienes

Prison Assoctation or New Your. 35

reformation of individual offenders is logioally of secondary importance,
aud, consequently, the punishments that secure the highest degree of
obedience to the laws are warranted. Fortunately, the inculeation of
respeot for the laws in the ranks of society, whence isste the offenses to
be repressed and the offenders who fll the prisons, eau bo rendered
certain only by adding to the influence of penal inflietions the still
greater and more coutrolling agencies which enlighten the mind,
awaken the conscience, and inspire substantial hopes. Practically, the
very abject conditions of the physical and moral nature of the offending
and dangerous classes who come under rigorous penal discipline, compel

y in self-dofense and in the service of humanity to apply reforma-
tory and preventive measures to the sources of crime, In several
previous reports, the nature and necessity of this view of the sources of
criminal Tife have been presented. Further evidence on this subjeot
indicating the nature of efforts which, iu groat cities, are most urgently
needed for the prevention of entailed and habitual criminality, will be
fonnd appended to the presont report. Tt is a significant featare in the
history of improved prison discipline in this State that, while citizens
were 30 awakened to their duty as to demand this improvement, they
wre steadily increasing the reformatory meins by which the ranks of
crime shall be diminished.

In concluding this report, the Executive Committee of the Prison f
Association would place on record this brief statement of the ground
on which an improvement in the penal code is desired by the people,
The speedy detection and examination of offenders, the prompt, just
‘and conclusive procedures againat crimes, and the effectiveness of prison
Aiscipline and reformatory measures will be promoted by the desired

provement of the penal laws. ‘The specification of details conceraing
this subject pertains to the jurists of this State, whose studies and

experience the Legislature never invoked in vain. ‘The outlines of a
complete system of harmonious laws aud methods relating to erimes
and the judicial procedures concerning them which the honored Kaward
Livingston left to his countrymen, are in their bands, and if a revision
and improvement of the penal code were based on the essential doc
trines of that system, it would be a reform which citizens would
appreciate and cordially support. In that system of law and proveduro,
the great jurist as so clearly defined the grounds on which a State
must procood in the treatment of offenses and offenders, aud of the
sourees, prevention and reformation of individuals or classes, that
Now York may reasonably bo urged to avail herself of the benefite
of that great practical stndy of ono of her most gifted sons, as a basis
for a penal system worthy the civilization and morality of the people.
In order to arrest criminal careers, to suppress dangerous erimes, to

36 Tuner sevond ANNUAL REPORT OF tH

deter from crime, to reform such offenders as may be reformed, and
also to apply adequate preventive agencies, will it not be necessary
to follow ont the essential parts of the system planned by Livingston's
masterly hand for the Criminal Code of a State, namely, the parts con-
ering Crimes and Panishments, Procedure, Evidence, and Discipline

and Re
‘The complete remodeling of the prison system in New York is
already \e present well-dinected
efforts for the improvement of the felon prisous should soon extend to
county prisons and penitentiaries; and the very spirit and purposes
of the State Reformatory for yonng felons should animate the adminis-
tration of public justice itself, namely, to check crime through the
‘pling of such as may be reformed, and

mmened with auspicious promise,

‘The opening of this era of progress and realized hopes in regard to
the improvement of the felon prison government is thankfully regarded
Dy the undersigned ax amply rewarding all past effort to attain this
beginning of a reformed prison system, Enlightened citizens and the
Legislature, who not only have confirmed the first legal steps upward to
such a ayatem hy whieh orime mnst e repressed, but who have, in the
laws of 1877, provided for the separate and special discipline of dan-
State prisons on the one hand, and,
‘on the other hand, have inaugurated at the State Reformatory, and for
America, a now prison system, may reasonably lope, in the near future,
to deal successfully with evils whieh prevail in the minor eourts, and
are still inherent in the laws and methods of procedure against offenders.
selves for the suppression of erime and the
1d ever to have in view, says Livingston,
the ends to be attained hy penal discipline —*ponishment and reforma:
tion, So much punishment as is necess
mitting the erime and the offender from reper
not inconsistent with those objects that will causo the culprit gradually
‘to profer a life of honest industry, not from the fear of punishment, but
from a conviction of its utility. ‘That system of prigon discipline will
make de nearest approach to perfeotion that shall best attain these
objects.” Happily the highest measure of discipline which experience
has found to be adapted to deter from erime, and the most effectual
training of the young offeuders who hat
proved to be wholly consistent with the meastres which buman sym-
pathy, sanitary eave and religions obligation ever require to be devised
for the welfare of fiiendless, disordered and depraved fellow-beings.
‘There is ample evidenoe that every improvement in the discipline of

gerously depraved conviets in

Citizons-who concera th
healing of its causes, will

1 others from com:
leviation

begun a criminal career, are

"
1a ;
1976

Prison Assocramon or New Yous. a

prisoners, jails and reformatories will be att
inerease of swecoss in the efforts to re
from the eritainal ranks,

jended with a correspond
sponding
press crime and rescue individuals

THEODORE W. DWIGHT,
President,
CLAIR TOUSEY,
Chairman of Beccutive Commitee
CEPHAS BRAINERD,
Recording Secretary,
ELISHA HARRIS,

New Tene, ayes Corresponding Seoretary.

‘Tuuey-secoxn Anwear Revon of raz

APPENDED STATEMENTS

THE STATE PRISON FOR WOMEN,

At this branch of the Prison at Sing Sing, Mrs, Pierre Van Cortlandt
dus datefully studied the wants of every inmate, and, with all the eon
cern that a christian lady could have for the unfortunate and depraved
of hor own sex, her counsels have beon given to tho convicts before
their liberation, and as Iong as her commanieation could be kept up.
‘The symmary of certain records kept by Mrs, Van Cortlandt concerning
the liberated women, as shown upon a subsequent page, presents abund-
ant evidence that, as she has remarked, were none of the unhappy
‘women rescued from crime and wretchedness, still those causes that
made them criminals must be ascertained and understood in order to
duty thus undertaken by
roformatory discipline and instruc:

prevent their occurrence in other lives. 7
‘8 most carefil atndent of penal ax
tion may ere [ong produce other fruit than that which the Hberated
women exhibit, as some do, in their penitent lives ; the sicher frnit
of improved methods in the new organisation of a State Prison and an
Industrial Refuge for Criminal Women. In former reports the neces
sity for a classified or graded Prison, and especially for an Industrial
Refuge for the convicts on their release from imprisonment, has been
alluded to and strongly urged. The time has now arrived for &
thorough investigation of the question, What ought the State Prison
for Women ta be?
Tt ia not onr purpose in this introductory note to the usual summary
of the record from Sing Sing, to present any ontline of a future duty,
largely shared by such ladies as Mrs, Van Cortiaade and
5 but the time is near when all enlightened communities
‘will aronse themselves to the fact that, terrible and costly as the earcer
of a man wholly given up to crime may be, that. of a woman is vastly
more dreadful and more costly. Let the voil of ailence be drawn
Detween the scenes of depraved and desperate women in Police and
Sessions’ Courts and the citizens, who mnst instruct their police and
court officers never to degrade woman or obild in any place nor by any
method. Until the State shall have provided a Prison and a Refors:
atory Refuge for criminal females, and until every county and
ty has more suitable places of detention for women than the pres
ent common jail, most of those who suffer arrest and convietion

39

without hazard to society itsel
ina female offender, her life thenw
more when she is free from priso

expenses of the prison for women,

Gicted. ‘The best of results attainat
eet Be bi ‘ainable are those which prove that far

fom crime and viee i
sustaining by their wel

of oor wo
nen my be permanently with
all te far, ada the man ne eed

ldearned trades and diligent oocupations,
BW, Cor, Sacy.

Gmrnry-szconp ANwoaL Revort or THR

40

REPORT ON THE STATE PRISON FOR WOMEN.

By Mina, Vax Commnannt.

Diving the past yeas eventy nine female prisoners have served ont
that tank of punishment, receiving commutation (one of the number
seem en the day her sentence expired). I bave visited all of these
ses con fom sec whom Twas prevented by iliness and was
creep fecolvad yall save one —-a eonvit serving oat hot thind
rere ao radely repelled all attenpta at conversation, T mention
se cicey Metahce, bovine vite wp to Jonnary 1184", £2)
srs ad having heen cordalty and pleastntly welcomed by then.
Oi the sovontynive discharged convits, thirty-seven own sheneslves

pontyenine tre ander owenty-fve year oP age, sixty ave
Wore Nerv ou ther Set tay esteem ther ween ad one ber
i “hetiyfour women Dave heen revived at the prison diving
sean fue of them, being convicts who had exenpod and bees
eerie, and two eturned from the Danatic Asylum ; foot have
bean transfered to te Asian, to, aves patted, ant fur
PER Glenn prton, Droge chat Toan add nothing to my last year
Neha on Tuprovement in the Olstifeation of Crime,” The Himited
omodstion wal makes it often necesary 0 put tivo women in
see cas and detrimental as this x physically, The moral effect Se far
sree Kathing, ean be sccomplished ia the way of raform sti
seeing and nail changes are made, ‘These will, no doubt, be made
renty the coming yor, if the Legislative listen to the voice of the
Tarerigating Commission, who unite in recommending the removal
Trane Woutle. Drigon from its present most upscitable location. 1
a oe nanfore, from urging wore room (& ward for the very sok
praying, and place whore the dead roay be laid during the brief
se Trevor between death and busi) ithe hope tha, in & new
ae thts demands may be fully met. ‘There is @ work of the
veevnt importance to be dove for thove lesving the prison —one
Fe LT bagn at the very threshold.—for no sooner doce the
dann anceca dane Hberated women thin their danger begins. T
seer vise, when T any that temptations apail them before they
we rained station at Sing Sing, In England, a matron accom
vay avery dlackanged convict to her home, if within a reasonable
vanitcs from the prison, delivering her over 0 ber fiends or st last

intemperate,

ga

Prison Assocrarion or Naw Yors. AL

proonting Her ticket and seving her safely ia the oars. As mont of
bur convicts are from New York, the expense of tending # matron
would be small (infinitely small when compared with the good effect
gained).

Three hundred dollars por annum would be a very liberal
Beside, in some few cases, insuring the
ig of the conviet, by returning her to home influences
and restrictions, the matron, if sensible and shrewd, would obtain
some inkling of the surroundings which might be of use hereafter.
Should the State grudge this small amount of expenditure, are there
not Christian men and women in the great city who can and
will place this amount in the hands of the managers of the
“sane T. Hopper Home,” and enable them to send a proper
escort for the outgoing convict? Within the last six months I
know of two women who, I think, would have gone to that Home,
but who, before they reached New York, were induced to give
ap their good intentions. I do uot pretend to say that the
ome influences are in all eases good ; many of the women have been
trained up to crime in their own homes, and follow it with a persistence
which, if applied to bettor things, would havo distinguished them; but
there are many young girls who would fain go to their homes, and, for
shame’s sake, dare not; yet who, escorted and cheered by a judicious
matron, might be induced to return and lead lives of honesty and
virtue. Is not the experiment worth trying for at least one year? For
those who have no home or friends, a place ought to be provided
where they may be trained for honest labor. ‘The “Isaac ‘T, Hopper
Home” could not take in all these women; and, indeed, a Country Home
would be preferable, for obvious reasons, No one but those conversant
with these convicts ean realize under what discouraging eireumastances
they are launched from the prison into the vortex of the eity streets,
IF they escape the perils of the way, and do not desire to return to their
old haunts, what are thoy to do? ‘They are penniless, and move on,”
from a policeman, is their first experience —so they move on, and
where? ‘Those who return to sorvo out a second term can best answer
that question! Kindly-hourted people talk over this sad state of things,
and would gladly, they say, help to remody it, and there it ends!
‘They cannot. take = discharged convict into their homes; indeod, it
would not be wise to do s0. They could, however, give pract
by establishing a Country Home” where these poor straggling sinners
might rest for a short time before gong out into the world again. We
‘cannot vid ourselves of this responsibility. Im the truthful words of
Miss Mary Carpenter, “they are part of ‘our society,’ they belong to
ourselves, they are ‘our conviets’” and we must help them to better

cal aid

2 Tumer-seconn ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

things; aiding them to “live down” their guilty past, providing them
with honest employment and watching over and guiding them,

One word for the little children born in the Prison. ‘The State does
not cumber itself with these “waifs and strays,” save to order where
they shall go when old enough to leave their mothers; and the very
scanty wardrobe needed by them is usually given by the matrons out of
thoir meager salaries, ‘This should be remedied at once,

Teannot close without acknowledging the unvarying kindness and
courtesy of Mrs. Clark and her assistant matrons. Every visit I make
affords more and more insight into their duties, trials and responsibilities,
and causes fresh amazement at their patience and endurance.

CATHARINE E. VAN CORTLANDT.

REPORTS OF SPECIAL COMMITTEES.

It is expedient to present only a few of the reports from the counties
in this place, and to invite attention to the special points which these
contain. The efforts which must be put forth for the total reconstruc:
tion of the system of jails and minor prisons, for the use of county
‘authorities, before any reconstruction of the old county jails is thought
of, cannot be much longer delayed.

Aunaxy Coury.

“The county jail contained 68 inmates on the Ist of January, 17 of
which were females, and 3 were children under 16. * * * Giving perma-
nent employment to men leaving the Penitentiary does more for them
than it would be possible to do with money.” * * *

Aupany, January 25, 1877.

CHARLES REYNOLDS,
Seoretary.”

REDUCTION
RATIO

SS DISCHARGED FROM THE STATE PRISON AT 8

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2
5
2

NDT, OF FEMALE PRISONERS DISCHANGED FROM "HE SATE PRISON AT SING SING, DURING BE YRAT sre

APATSRBTS
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tele per sy008 9S

Prisox Assoctation or Naw York,

‘auxn09

Revo ov rue

‘Tmare-seconn ANNUAL

“Sve xt suExosrag,
40 $LVEg AE GNY ‘GNU GX SSOLOLANOD “SIRUACORT NO SUNOUNY {SUELO TOO] 40 LuvRNOg

46 Tamrrseconn Axsoat RavoRt oF THe

wpe total momber of comitmant forthe yone was 078, of which 23
we aac tore 63 for drunks and drankeuness and
Fee aoe at for vagraney 48 for Taeens, 19 for burly,
anode condos 2) Cemainder mere committed oF arrest for minor
offense,

ov gue year there have Deon 98 Sndiennents 82 of them in the

Sarg Oe e enmine, a 6 in tho Court of Salona. ‘There
Court of Ove a one, 7 iy the Over andl ‘erminer and 0 in che Bee
Aa Oe om mrinecrimos were fin tuber a alow —
Hone, OF the any int degens, 1; barglry, 3rd dete, 35
Sa re eT th degen, 15 asa wh invent w il.

weer, 2nd dr i exo ud i wor tho management of
ao arn i lng oth to the public Interests and to the
a ee acable: spe prtow eommitce of he. counyy
ad of the est of ay hak bon nogiget ofits At
though compere atret among them woud rodound Lo the advan-
a ee eran ool be fatty them. ‘The pivots ae
tae ot Pe nanuous reading mnt, ad tov a ure

gale WILLIAM A. MoKINNEY,

(Signed)
‘For the Committee

Caxuea Counrr.
tee reports that there were 170 persons admitted to the
jail ducing the year, of which 160 were charged with drunkenness a
Mieorderly conduet, and 6 for vagrancy. ‘The Special Sessions courts
eport 492 convictions, while the Conets of Teecord report oof ‘which
J eecre followed by sentence to State Prison, and 6 to Penitentiary
The chairman of the comuittee states that ‘few children have been
vent there during the year. ‘Those that would naturally get there
Dolong to the truant” class, of which we have quite a nomber in our
wuidee. “These properly come uader the provisions of the law for + com
Dolsory education; which is not enfovoed in oar eounty, and is not likely
To he without some further amendments, If the Legislature would pass
Chaw making: district composed of three to five counties, and require
tach a school as the ‘Compulsory Education’ Act contemplates to be
Satablished within ils boundary, where tcuant children could be sent
{Qhe expenses to be paid by the counties embraced in the district), i
drenla lessen the objections now made in our interior counties to the
enforcement of the Act.”

‘Dr 8. Willard, che senior member of the Cayuga committee, states

‘The Com:

Prison Assoctation or New Yous, a

that “a very prolific source of erime, both of major and minor magni-
tude, is intemperance, By habitual indulgonce, conscionce, which dis
‘tnnguishes man from brute, is obliterated or dormant, and the distinguish
ingg principle being destroyed, he becomes a brute, But the primal
cause of wickedness and erime lies beyond this pernicious habit —a
anse the more deplorable because it attracts comparatively little atten-
tion, A very large per centage of criminals receive their early and only
‘education in the schools of ‘vice, and it is no marvel that they graduate
in the felon's call, If the State should spend as much in eultivating the
imental and moral nature of children and youth as it loses in punishing
the grown-up convicts, the overcrowded population of prisons would
be greatly diminished. As an illustration, compare those who are

sperly cated for at our Caynga Orphan Asylum with those under the
pupilage of parents, who, among depraved associates, are brought up to
steal, and have no faculty to measure their grade of offonse.

“Tn reference to the trestment of prisoners, [ have a word to express
with empbasis. No improvement should be expected from the most
kind, sympathetio, humane and christian treatment, as long as the prac-
tice prevails of permitting the juvenile and comparatively innocent
offender to assoviate with the hardened and incorrigible villain. Would
you expect to reform an incbriate by having him take leasons of a
Grunkard? Prisoners have told me that they wore novi
when they entered this pri

»» but by associating with old offend-
coms and heating their boaste of orime, they were much better qualified
to practice i¢ than they had ever expected to be. ‘They left. the prison
worse than they eame, and this is one fruitfal cause of their coming,
bisok, Whatever else is done to reelaim the offender, all reasonable
hope is lost, as long as there is a miscellaneous commingling of old and
young oriminals,

“There is another gubjeot of much importance whieh deserves the
vory thoughtful consideration of your society: The government of
le prison must be defective, where the offenders have no fear of pun
ishment for the most flagrant ingulte and violence, A prisoner may
knock his keeper down or spit in his face, and, under the existing law,
may have no fear of punishment, in consequence of which discipline is
very lax. A willfol offender should, in some appropriate way, be made
to feel his punishment.”

Couemmta Couxry.

The committee report: “In rogard to our work in 1870, we have
visited the jail and held religious nervices every Sabbath; wo have had
f respectful heating and hope some good impressions have been made.
‘We have had a few lads under 17, and we carnestly protest against the

48 Tumrv-svooxn Axwoar Revoxr oF THR

plan of making them associate with older persons hardened in orime;
Dut, as our jail is uow constructed, we do not see how it can be

We need a now jail, if erima increases as it has done, We
find that most of the crime in our county is committed throngh tho
influence of intoxicating liquors.

“ Committee's report of Jait-work jor 1816. — Visits made, 5%; average
umber present each Sabbath, 11; number of secular and religious
papers distributed, 1,103; pages of tracta disteibuted, 8,631; testaments
fand gospels, 29; tracts sent to Clinton and Albany, 163; letters gent, 25
advice given to 26 released prisoners; and a y

“So far ax possible, we keep a record of dates of those who are
sentenced to other prisons and write to thom and help them when they
return.”

Detawamn Cousry,

Dr. Fevtis Jacobs, chairman of committee, remarks: “Our eriminale
and poupers chiefly rome from the old sontce of all kinds of mischief
fand degradation, Tt is difficult to roach them. ‘The moral nature is to
tbo reached langely through the intellect.”

Doreurss County.

Mr, IL Loomis, Jr, on behalf of the committe, sates: “We repeat
the general statements and suggestions of our report of four yet uso.
‘The same ovils exist, and, in she present organiaation of the jail xystem
and errangement of tho building it dove not nam practicable to remedy
‘hem, Our hope that there will soon be nich a reorganization of oat
criminal procedure as that the jlo will become only places of dete
tion is 0 great that we could hardly wish tore ch bulding exponsively
arranged for convieted prisonets under svatence for whom, in thelr
biuall-nombers, i is so. diffente to. provide labor or corrections
incpline. Distict Penitentiaries seem to a now the fist and most
abeolute need, with more complete and special provision for javonile
oftenders.

“Then we would like to see absolotely solitary confinement daring
the temporary incarceration of thone awaiting tral, At presont, the
sexes ar not completely separated, md offenders ofall ages lanily stew
together in sn atmosphere alike physically and morally pllueed. |Next
in prossing importance, i seems to us, is the establishment of an Tndoe
trial Schoo! for Girls at some place on the Hudson—similar to that st
Middletown, Conn, —where girls from ten to cighteon, who have no
‘other guardianship, but are not necessarily under criminal charges, oy

I@75

Parson Association o7 New Yous. 49

be trained and disciplined till homes ean be found for them, It should
not be a State institution, but. should receive weekly allowance for all
who are committed under public process, ‘This is the most important
measure in connection with the means for the prevention of crime
which you ask us to suggests and the very great and remarkable
‘coos of the Middletown (Conn. sehool, and of similar ones elsewhere,
leads us to the opinion that no expenditure of the same extent can be
made to accomplish a nobler result. We shall ope that the subject
‘may be bronght prominently before the attention of the philanthropic
citizons of our Hudson River towns. We think it not too much to hope
that euch an addition as this to the benevolent resources of our com:
munity may certainly be secured.

“Members of Y. M. C. Association have continued to hold weekly
services in the jail, and baye made provisions for papers and more
valuable kinds of reading for the inmates, and have in various ways
interested themselves in their wants,”

Tarvensox County,

‘Mr. Richard G, Keyes reports that “An examination of the jail
record of this county gives the following result: Committed during
4876, 393 ; for drunkenness and disorderly conduct, 266 5 of the 333,
there were 298 intemperate ; 13 were committed for drunkenness only,
showing that disorderly conduct generally accompanies drunkenness
% males and 5 females were cowmitted for vagrancy, and 4 of the
former and 9 of the latter were intemperate, Tn looking over the jail
rocord for the year, T found that there were 22 sent to the Onondaga
Penitentiary, 21 of whom were designated as intoraperate, and of the
fow sent to State Prison, all were intemperate. One, under sentence
for murder, who committed suicide the night following his sentence,
was an intemperate man.

“‘The religious interests of the prisoners are eared for, religious
services being held there very regularly. Within the last fow weeks,
a vory remarkable temperance movement has been in operation in thie
city, quite similar to the one in Pittebargh (Pa). Tt has reached even
the jail # #4 >

Mr. Jesse M, Adams writes—* Much good has been done through
the visiting commuituee during the past year. Religious services have
been held regularly every Sunday afternoon by two or three persous
adapted for the work, led by ono of the committee, Several who have
eon sent to prison, oceasionally write in thankfulness for the light
they have received from us, and the few letters and papers sent. them

4

50 Tuiryscoxp Awxosn Report oF THs

inspire them with new courage and hope, as if some friend at home
Ihad really touched their hearts for good. “Many have signed the tem
perance pledge ; many are taught through good end wholesome read-
ing. Prisoners left longest in jail seem to bo affected the best, aa the
of-repeated services make a deeper impression on both mind and heart,
yet, of course, the most ge out to fall by ahnost the frst. temptation
‘offered, having no moral prineiple to live by, or stamina within them
to keep them from the evil. ‘Those are defective in their early training,
defective in their education and right views of life, defective more
particularly in moral principle; yet there is hope of making even the
worst to see their folly and turn to right principles.

“Most of the arrests are from drinking and idleness. Both lead to
‘evil, and that continually. The Temperance Reform Olub, started
among the worst in our city of Iate, has out off nearly all the minor
arrests, Trumps are common, and they seom to care little for what is
‘good and right, so that they get a living, fair or foul as the case
‘may be, having & mania for traveling, knowing nobody and caring for
nobody.”

Krsos Couwry.

Rev. J. G, Bass reports:—“ During the past year the county jail has
been regilarly visited and religious service hold by me every Sunday
morning. ‘The plaoe assigned ws for this purpose (the best in the build
ing) is poorly adapted, being much too small to accommodate even a
third of those who would gladly avail themsolves of the privilege of
‘attendance on Divine worship. This has oreated discontont in the
minds of many of the prisoners who wanted to attend but were pre-
Vented, and placed the keepers iu the position of deciding who may and
who should not attend the services.

“The question of building a new jail is again under consideration,
with good prospeet that Kings county will not much longer bear the
igma of having tho worst jail in the country. Tt is also hoped that
in building, some provision will be made for a chapel in which all dis-
posed may asseinble and comfortably listen to religions truth,

“Kings County Penitentiary. —My visits to this prison have been
frequent, averaging more than four x week. The Sela of usefulness
bere ia broader than in ¢he jail, and all the opportunities for doing good
more at hand, Rev. Father Hickey has a Roman Catholic service in the
Sunday forenoon, the writer, a chapel service in the afternoon, with an
average congregation of three hundred, and a short sorvice in the prison
hospital. It is understood by the prisoners that they can at any time

Prison Assorarion or New Yorn, BL

have personal conversation with me on matters of interest to them, and
many avail themselves of this privilege.

“he Prison library, under the charge of careful, efficient man, ix
Aoing a good work. Over six hundred volumes are issued each week.
A furthor supply of books is much needed. Bibles and testaments in
sight langoages have been given out, The hospital is carefully supplied
with suitable reading, and it will compare favorably with any hospital
in the land for cleanliness, light, veutilation, nurses and all that is
rceded for the comfort of the sick. ‘The school is still in operation,
doing all that we oould anticipate or desize. ‘The money allowed by
vote of the Board of Supervisors to discharged prisoners (Whose record
hiss been good) has worked well in nearly every ease, saving the ex-con-
vict from begging oF atealing, and ploving many in circumstances to
leave the city and others to engage in basiness,

I believe that every moral and religious appliance is in operation in
thie prison, and thas every inmate—Catholio or Protestant —under the
guidance and sympathy of a teacher of his own faith, hae an opporta-
nity before him of reformation of heart and life

“The numbor of prisoners reocived during the year 1876 was 1529,
of whom 780 ware nativerborn, and 740 foreign j 268 were under 20
years of age, 500 between 20 and 30, 359 betweeu 90 and 40, and 912
over 40 yours of age.”

‘Mr. William Hadden states: “Daring the past five years I have
riven cloge attention to the influences of the Sunday services, and I
hhave become more and more impressed with their usefulness in a reform
atory way, Many a man has come into the corridor where our services
are held, in despair, aud roturned to his cell with now hope born of the
blessed words of the gospel. * * * Our audiences are decidedly
heterogeneous in character. ‘The professional thief, the twenty-day
rounder, boys of all ages, children and infants in srms— worse than
motherless —with a large proportion of women of all ages, give a
variety to our gathering that is rather encouraging than otherwise, as
it widens the possible feld of usefulness, and is an indication of the gen:
ral interest taken in our gervices. In our contact with the man and
women we thus meet every week, there naturally ooeur many cases of
‘want to be relieved, adviee to be given, and letters to be written ; and
to Mr. Bass, our chaplain, come frequent opportunities to exert a
sirable influence in the court-raam or before the trial; but we lave
been tanght most thoronghly that human nature, even at ite lowest, has
other thought and care than of what ean be eaten or put in the pocket,
and that the gratitude of the poor prisoner is as sincere and of as high
a tone as that of the most refined and cultured.

‘With regard to the jail building, its insufficient accommodation, ita

52 Tumersecond ANxvar Ravoxt or Taw

pestilential odors and health-destroying cells, they are matters of con-
Sant puble discussion, During the terrible heated term last summer,
the condition of the prisoners in the jail was pitiable in the extreme.
‘Almost every cell was overcrowded with mon, obliged, by the oppres
five heat, to remove their clothing and sit, as T have seen them, in
‘almost complete mudity, perspiing at every pore and panting for a
breath of fresh air, Ie ie a crying shame to a christian people and an
outrage to humanity that nothing has beon done to improve the cor:
Gition of this building, when the true condition of affairs has been &
matter of publie comment so long. © * * ‘Tons of disinfectants and
whitowash will not effuce the erime of neglect that reste upon our peo
pile in this matter, Millions have bean spent upon parks and boulevards,
Fountains and public squares, but the exy from the overcrowded jail
hhas boca unbveded. At times, as at present, there ovcur e
odio indications of interest in the matter, but the pablic conscience
‘200m settles back into the old condition of apathy, and nothing is done.
“Whether the time will ever come when our community will become
roused and realize its responsibility to its unfortunates and criminals,
‘ana provide such accommodation for their temporary incarceration as
hall not be a school for erime and the destruction of all self-respect
among the imprisoned, remains to be seon. Until this doos oceur, we
shall wait inmpatiently, and, in season and out of season, urge this mat-

ter in private and publie, s0 that no portion of the disgrace shall rest
‘upon the Kings county branch of the Prison Association of New York.”

Livixusrox Gounry,

she she ofthis county adda thie important statements “1 thik
sone ne should be deved by which bose gommittd to jal shonld
ser be down ine the company of the older tet who re a0 often
ekdened Sy xia, and who rajle in developing whatever i lous iu
tho young won whe may beso unfortunate as tobe in thal company”

ragara County.

Mr, Charles ‘T. Kilborne, chairman of committee, reports : “During
the past year, our Young Men's Christian Association has continued
the visitation and Sunday service at the jail through the Prison Asso
ciation’s committee, In the services and personal religious eonversa-
tions, we have received respectful attention, and, after their discharge,
some of the prisoners have eome to our Y. ML. C. A. rooms, and there

Prison Assooranion or New Yore, 58

reoesived sympathy and encouragement in their newly-formed purpose
ofa better life, Although the depression in business has operated to
‘our disudvantage, yet we have beun able to assist some to employment,
‘and others to retum to their former homes. We have also persuaded
several to prove the genuineness of their professed penitence and
Aeclared purpose of reformation, by acknowledging their guilt and
roceiving their just sentence, thus saving the county the expense of
tial. The large majority of pentons have given no indications of
Iuaving been moved to a desire or purpose for any thing better, but
the knowledge of the few who have been reached, greatly enconrages ns

“A supply of religions papers is distributed cach Sanday, and we
hope, at our next annual statement, to roport a permanent Hbrary. 1
can but express my regret, as in previows reports, thet nothing has
been done to provide employment of some kind for the prisoners, and T
‘am: convinced that to this enforoed idleness and the opportimities afforded.
for communication with euch other, isto bo attributed the fact that many
graduato from our jail more proficiont in crime than when they entered.
If this matter were seen hy the community in its real light, it woul soem
‘that it could be no longer negleeted. ‘The importance of industry and
‘eduestion ean hardly he overestimated in the attempt to effect a refor-
‘mation among this elass, ‘The removal of all ehildven from our County
Poot-House to the “Home for the Rriendless,” of our eity, is a long
step towards checking the hereditary erlme and pauperism which have
heretofore heen so prolife. Tt is a “Homo” for children (although a
few old persons are token care of) and is doing an excellent work, with
its fumély feature very kindly and well carried out, ‘The children all
attend the publie schools
have no distinotive dress or uniform, and are encouraged to believe that
there is no good reason why they should not be useful and respected
members of society, if they choose. This separation from old surrounds
ings and associations, and the bringing to bear upon them of new
Ingfuences, especially tho conseientious kindness which all share alike, is
already bearing frait, and those who were active in securing the passage
of the law, under which the new order of things has been brought
About, have reason for great sntisfuetion wt its workings thus fas

“A religions service is held each Sunday at the Almshouse, oom
duoted by our ¥. M,C, Association, and from the officials at jail and
alms-house we have received uniformly polite and courteous treatment,

“We congratulate the Prison Association upon the adoption of the
Constitutional Amendment, which their unwearied efforts have finally
carried through, and from which we expect excellent results in the near
Foture.”

two of which are located not far distant —,

54 Tmery-second ANNUsL ReponT oF TE

a
aaa ee
Beat, So

Prison Assocranton ov New York, 55

her own, but for the misfortune of knowing something about the offenses
of others. Such imprisonment is not only barbarously unjust to the
witness, bat itis likely to inorease crime by degrading the witnesses and
converting thom into eriminals,

“The course of procedure towards women and children charged with
offenses for the first time, and unable to procure bail, while awaiting
their trial, is hardly less barbarous and wnwise than tho treatment of
witmessos. ‘The theory of the law is, that these persons are to be
deemed innocent until, by trial, they are found to be guilty, and yet
they are thrust into jail among the most hardened offenders and kept
smong them until they are taken to court. One would imagine that
this was done to make sure they would como out of jail guilty if they
‘entered it imocont,

“Two little boys residing near Deansville, in this county, one eleven,
tnd the other thirteen years of age, were charged with some petty
offense for which the justice thought they onght to he tried, Nobody
was found to bail them, and they were sent to the jail at Tica, kept
‘there two months and then sent to the jail at Rome, ana kept there

mut two months; and when the day of trial eame no one appeared
against them and they were discharged. We dread to have our children
with depraved men a single hour, but here was an exposnre of these
children to such influences four months. ‘The Sheriff found them to be
good childron, and kept them away from criminala as much as possible,
Dut they wore in jail and must carry with them through life its impres-
ions and influence and stai

“Tast year tho Board of Supervisors of the County of Oncida author-
iod the Shoriff of the county to fix up four rooms at the Hospital, in the
city of Utica, for the purpose of earrying into effcet the annexed law.
‘This bas beon dove at a comparatively trifling expense, and we respect
fally but urgently request the Board of Supervisors of other counties to
follow this good example,

“JOHN ¥. SEYMOUR,
“WM. J. BACON,
“EDWIN HUTCHINSON,
“THEO. P. COOK,

“Local Committee of the Prison Association of Now York.”

Unies, December 2, 1876.

56 Tmery-secoxn Axwvan Revour oF THe

Oxoxpaca Coury.

Mr. J. C, Williams states : “The sources of erime are many, and frst
among theta, I would place the use of tohagoo and alcoholic drinks as
‘most fruitful sources of disorder and crime, both in children and
parents, Ducause the appetite is tranemitted from parent to child,
Tguoranee is another cause of crime, which in this age of public sehbols,
free to all, should be remedied. ‘The more intelligent we can make
onr children and growing youth, the fewer criminals there will be
Tt costs much less to educate them than to support. them as criminals
‘and paupers.

‘The neglest of parents to require of their ehildren, obedience to
‘good and wholesome regalations in the family, a proper respect for
‘parental authority and « just regard for the rights of others, leads, io
any eases, after the children are grown up, to cruelty, injustice and
wrong-doing, and to a disregard of salutary laws that finally brings
them to prison, and sometimes ‘0 the gallows.

children, who have lost one or both of their parents, are
sent to the Honse of Correetion and to the Penitentiary for some little
‘misdemeanor, and there get their iret instructions in viee, and, in
after years, become criminals and paupers, wheress, with proper care
fand instruetion while young and forming their habits, they might have
‘been respectable and useful members of society. Our judgment is
that no child should be sent for any length of time to a House of
Refuge or to a Penitentiary, if it can possibly be avoided, and then, in
most cases, 8 days would be better than 9 months,

‘Tdleness, eased by the present stagnation in business, seems to be
fan unavoidable sonrce of erimes thousands in our cities who would
gladly labor and support themselves, cannot find employment, and
many, too proud to beg, steal rather than starve,

“Another great sowree of crime is the production of natural criminals,
from the lower and vicious classes who have been thrown among us for
the past few years from foreign shores. How can we expect ohildren
‘who are broaght up to got a living without labor or by stealing, to be
any thing bot criminals?

“The evil effects of placing young criminals in prison with those
who are sdepts in crime, is move apparent. to us day by day, and should
bbe avoided.”

Mr, H, Babeock adds to the above statement: “We visit the
prisoners and keep up our Bible class once a waek, and this winter a
‘school has been opened for two evenings in the week, ‘The prisoners
‘are well cared for and comfortable.” z

aay;
Ris

'
Parson Assocation or New Yous:

Oxranto Coumry.

‘Mr. Cyrus W. Dissen reports on behalf of the committee : “Myself
and my sister have eontinned the work (in which we have been engaged
for 10 years) of fail visitation on the Sabbath, and others are associated
with us to assist in the singing and exercises, With very rare excep:
tions, I find no where else, more earnest attention seemingly given to
the presentation of religious trath, and we fee) assured that much good
has remltal. * * * Boys are thrown in among the older and
hardened oriminals and exposed to most pernicious and debasing influ-
‘enoes, and it is high time that some means were devised for their sepa
rate confinement.

“The statistios of our county for the last year as regards intemper-
noe are appalling, and T reiterate my conviction, that the penalty should
ve increased according to the number of times the offense is committed.
‘There are many who seem to like getting where they ean be fell and
Ihave a good time at the expense of the county, and for such persons, in
case of a second offense within six months, Twrould make the penalty,
confinement in eell for a period of 5 days, and for a third offense, the
some for 10 days. Where there are no facilities for Iabor something
should be devised to make the penalty more distasteful. ‘The proportion
‘of female convicts bas heen rather larger than usual. Some of them are
old offenders, hardened against all susceptibility to moral indhuences,

“We gather up religious papers dat would be likely to interest the
prisoners and distribute them on our visits, but we find that, unless
fome of the sherifs family interest themselves and assume the over
fight, books are soon destroyed, and but few volumes are now left of
the library. A thorough and radtieal reform it needed, and we hope that
‘means may be devised for rendering ont jails reformatory in influence,
instead of being, ns they ate too often, hov-heds of vie. * * * We
think that our jail in its sanitary arrangements will compare favorably:
with other institutions.”

Onaxon Cour.

Dr. J. H. Thompson reports: “Tha Association is laying the axe at
the root of the tree in seeking to separate the youthful offender and
those whose charaoters have not yet acquired a criminal taint, from
‘contaminating astociation with inveterate and hardened oriminals.
+ = © ‘The herding together of all classer, without distinction of age,
sox, or the character of the offense, convinces me that the jails serve
rather as schools of vice than as mesos of reformation. ‘This comming
ling is coincident with enforced idleness, and what more favorable
opportunities could be desived for vieious instruction? I may mainly

58 Turnre-seconn Anxvan Revort oF THB

charge the eulpebility of such neglect upon the supervisors, who possess

\dustrial oooupation being easy of access.
of labor T refer to is stone-breaking for macadamizing the roads and
‘The material for this labor is readily available, end the grounds
connected with the jail are ample for carrying on the work. * * *
Ta this place I take occasion to note the similarity of this proposition,
fs regards the labor recommended, to the plan embodied in a bill pend.
ing in the Legislature at Albany, which contemplates the hiring of
buildings for industrial uses, In the operation of my suggestion, how.
ever, the expense incurred would only be the erection of sheds at little
cont,

It gives mo satiaftetion to note the excellent effect of sending short
term convicts to the Penitentiary at Albany, instead of sentencing them
to confinement, without work, in the jails, If to this is added the wi
fof excluding the youth and others susceptible of reclaiming influences
from interoourse with old and hardened offunders, a great success will
have been achioved.

“Tn conclusion, I am glad to mention the continued ative exertion
and instrumentality on the part of the christian men and women of ox
village for the promotion of the best intellectual and spiricual welfare
of the inmates of the jail here.”

Oswuco Couxrs,

‘The local Committee of this county reports as follows: “The Com:
‘mittee, on ite last inspection, found the jail in as good condition
could be expected, taking the character of the promises into oonsidera-
tion. It was clean, well whitewashed, and freo from effiavia, Quite an
improvement upom the stato in which the Committee found it pre-
viously is manifested. * >

“At the time of the inspeotion there were confined
boy of fifteen years of age. Of these, three wore awaiting trial under
indictments for murder; one for forgery ; one for horse-stealing, and
cight under sentences for vagrancy and drunkenness. Among the latter
were two life-long vagrants and one lawyer, who is becoming such

“Phe Committee ik glad to be able to report a decided improvement
in the aspect of the jail, and its belief that the jailor keeps prisoners
and premises clean, and manages every thing well”

men and 1

Pursow Assocation or New Yous. 59

Onsnco Corry.

A lady member of the Committee states that —“"The county prison of
Otsego is considered in a good condition, the new jail having all facili-
ties for better disetpline, hygiene and good order. It is a very good
duilding. ‘Tho law for the separate detention of women and children

nd also of witnesses, is said to be fuithfully carried out, and the jail
statutes generally are enforced. ‘There has been great improvement in
every detail since the opening of the new jail, * * *

“Thoro is one point on which T feel avery deep interest, and which
shonld assuredly receive speedy attention :—Separate reformatories are
grievously needed for young offenders, both boys and girl. My own
personal experience in this particular has been very sad—some very
bright, healthy, promising little ones who were kept too long at the
Poor-owte, under the old system, have become utterly degraded and
vicious, and have been placed in our jail. Several boys also, of respect-
able families, whose mothers and sisters are worthy women, have been
in prison here with the adult prisoners for first offenses, and become
utterly corrupt. *

“The most ample facilities in the way of reformatories should be pro
vided by the State for all these young criminals between the ages of
nine and eighteen, and it strikes me they should be kept in such reforma-
tories a long time—for years, if necessary. Recently a young boy
criminal from the jail here, was sent to the Reformatory at Rochester,
where his conduct was excellent ; he had not one bad mark during the
time of his confinement there. His widowed mother applied last eum:
mer for his releage ; he returned home and immediately fell again under
the influence of a gang who made a tool of him, and he now bide fair
‘to end hia days in the State prison, * * * It is one of the greatext
of charities to snatch these young boy offenders away from evil infu
ences and keep them under restraint as long as necessary.”

Riommoxo Counsy.

‘The Local Visiting Committee to the Richmond County Jail for the
year 1876, submit the following as their Annual Report :—

“Daring the year 1878 there have been committed to the jail 260

ere men and 64 were women, From the elasei-

leon from the sheriff's books we Gud that 190 were committed

for examination ; 1 as witness ; 98 for drankenness ; 49 for disorderly.

‘conduct 42 for larceny ; 83 for vagrancy ; 85 for assanlt and battery 5

for burglary ; 3 for ‘highway’ robbery ; $ for perjury ; 9 for trespasa;

2 for abandonment; 2 for indecent exposure ; 2 for malicious miachiof 5

2 for ombexzloment ; 2 for forgery ; 1 false protences;. 1 insane; 1 shoot-

60 Tumrr-sevonn Annual Revoxr of THE

ing; Leontempt of courts 1 eruelty to animals, and 1 highway obstruc-
tion,

“Of the 178 who were committed for erimes itis readily cen that by
fur the largest: portion were for those eximes which are popularly sup:
posed, —and justly, we think, —to arise from intemperance.

“The expenses of the jail for the past yoar are something over five
thousand dollars—an expenditure of money entirely nscless if paid
‘with the idea that the jail system of this county bas the slightest rela
tion to a punishment or reform of the criminal.

“The jail is looked upon by the inmates, as a comfortable hoarding:
house, where they are fed upon roast-beef and coffee ; have nothing to
do; all bills paid and no questions asked ; and they are let alone to

recover from their last debauch, and prepare for another when their
term of datention is expired, AI] this is very plain to any one who
‘observes the commitment and discharge of the same persons tine and
time again ; and they will also seo the shamefulness of the system, and

ite utter destruction to character and hope of reform. As an example
‘of the latter results of this system, or entire want of what sliould be a
rigid systom in a community calling itself Christian, two young men
‘were sent, for the first time, to our jail for petty offenses upon short
terms of sentenoe. Ifthey had been ander rigid discipline and hard
work, earning their liberty only by hard effort, they could have rade
decent men, but they were merely sbut up from time to time, getting
worse each time through evil association in the jail itself: No effort at
reform was, or is, ever made, and no chance for such av effort, ‘There
was nothing done to arouse heir ambition, or to help them up, and
they became, v
At the end of four years one was sent to the Penitentiary, a worthy
graduate of this school for crime. The other one still continues a
Doanler in the jail, and is dying of consumption, ‘The ease of Mar
garet is precisely similar. Originally weak but not wieked, now
she is utterly depraved and hardened, the result of four years in our
County Jail, commitiod there upon short sentences, from time to time.
“The library, which was placed in the jail 'a fow years ago hy
the efforts of the committee, had, from the first, a great attraction
for the prisoners ; s0 much go in fact that, upon their departure, they
have, from time to time, seeretly expressed their love for ‘Midshipman
Easy? and ‘Miles Wallingford’ to that degree as to forget to take
thom from under their jackets, and now bat few volumes remain,
“Baxter's Saint's Rest,’ and ‘Flavel’s Sormons,? and others are still
there to show for what the shelves were made. ‘The books will
Goubtless be replaced, and such care taken of them that the present
condition of the library may not reeur,

frequent, indeed quite regular boawlers at the Jal

Parson Assoorsvion oF New Yous.

“The religious exercises upon each Sanday afternoon are still eon-
tinued by the members of the committee resident in Richmond. No
clergyman of any denomination has been found in the county to
show such an interest in the prisoners a8 to attend upon these services.
For this, of course, they each have their own reasons, and, doubtless,
good ones. And it may be that they see no good results to be gained
by the efforts, a view taken by too many persons in the community,
and by those persons, too, who give the character and tone and current
1 the pubtic opinion upon such matters. At any rate the committee
Ghink that, in several individual instances, these services have been
holpfil, and have been the starting-points to lives more temperate and
lawabiding than before, ‘The services will be continued as heretofore.
“The Committee have no complaints to make of the neatness of the
jail premises, nor of the general care taken of the prisoners when the
Sheriff was present; but they do agsin solemnly protest against
the portion of the jail system which makes the Sheriff, or his appointoe,
the jail-keeper, dependent upon the board-money appropriated amoually
by the Supervisors for the board of the prisoners. ‘The keeper should,
by an amendment of the law, be appointed by the Superintendent of
the State Prisons, to be amenable to him for all negleet of and disobe-
dience to a-code of strict regulations snd prison discipline, to be pre-
pared hy the Superentendent, and should be a salaried officer at a fair
salary, paid by the Supervisors of each county. Our own observation and
‘experience have convinced each one of us that the evils of the system, in
a considernble doxree, aro owing to this fact of the Shei’ being the
Keeper, and dependent upon the board-money for his support, By
regular steps it comes about in this way: The offices of Sheriff and
Justice of the Peace both buing elective, —the incumbents, both
being of the same party, are fairly desirous of siding one another by
Dusiness as it may turn up. ‘The Sheriff being paid by the mumber of
boarders, the magistrate cannot withstand the argument of ‘good
fellow, or ‘the pay is small’ or ‘he needs it,’ or ‘what difference does
it make to you,’ and so he sends, upon a short sentence of from five to
fifyy-nine days, many a criminal who should rightly be sent to the House
of Refuge or the Penitentiary, where a better system prevails, aud
where there is some chow of discipline, edueation and reform. The
aystem tends to lower the tone of the local government, to detract from.
the original dignity of the officers of justice and from the shrievalty,
‘aud to impart to public opinion an unnatural indifference to the cause
‘and cure of crime. ‘The jail becomes the habitation of outlaws and
id has no uttovtion or eare except from the officials whose

duties are related to it and not always from them, We know of an
instance where the Sheriff, finding that his office did not pay him sul-

62 Tmnry-seconn ANwoab RevoRe oF THE

ficiently, as he thought, for the work he had to do, left his jail and the
prisoners to be fed and waited upon by the women in his family, whilst
he reopened his liquoraloon some miles away from the jail, and made
frequent, if not daily, visite to it to see how things prospered. ‘There
seems to be a poctio relation here between the jail-keeper and most of
bis birds; perhaps, some were taught in his own saloon, and, stil secking
the hand that frst fed them, gravitated naturally to the jail. ‘This
plan also prevents auy thing like a severe and constant aétention to
‘stone breaking,’ or any other practicable labor which may be pre-
seribed for the prisoners; for auch Inbor neods an overseer, and the
appropriations to the Sheriff will not allow of his having an extra hand
fox that purpose, We again protost against a further continuance of
the present jail system in this State, and avow our confident beliof in ite
iter and entire worthleseness as 8 means of punishment or reform, and
ashaving but alight and fitful result-asa deterrent to erime. ‘There are
sixty-seven jails in this State, the complaints against one of which will
apply to all, and every one who knows any thing about them knows
thot the complaints are well-founded and deserved; and it is all bu
shaimeful that the powers of government shonld not be intelligently
directed to this great ovil. It is only ridiculous thet the publio funds
should be annually expended for the jails to an amount of nearly one
million dollars, and the whole remit be overorowded State Prisons,
If not ridieulons, it is wicked.

“Lnlightened citizens should now prepare a system of criminal punish-
ment which should embrace the entire abolition of jails as places of
punishment and reform, and by which they should be retained, after
proper remodeling to fit them for the purpose and for whieh they are
now utterly anit, as houses of detention only for prisoners held for

mination, witnesses, ete., ote., and that the detention should be
solitary. To provide for the ponishment of eriminala and for their
reform, there should be ereoted in each Judicial District, or fixed for
that purpose, suitable buildings and grounds, which should be used for
work-houses, school-houses, etc., ete, and every person convicted of
any crime not ponishable by confinement in the State Prison should
be committed to the ‘workhouse’ in the district wherein is the
‘county in which he shall be eonvieted for a period indeterminate, when
‘wo reach that
sixty days, ‘The limits of our Report are properly such as prevent any
further elaboration of the suggestions we have made, ‘They are merel
tentative, and subject to further reflection and revision. But we firmly
Delieve that if the subject should be properly taken held
well-known citizens of the State, the end could be accomplished,
graduates from the jails, by reason of the advantages which the jaile

provision of law, and, until then, for not less than

Prison Assooration or Naw Yors, 63

offer for educating criminals at an eatly age, are those who, for the
most part, knock at the gates of the State Prisons for admission, is it
not & part of a wise policy to stop the increase of the aupply at its source
and wipe all such primary schools from off the face of the earth?
“Phe Committee are in full accord with the views lately expressed in
4 paper on ‘ The County Jail System, written by the Rev, F. W. Wines,
of Ilinois, who argues, ‘ that the very iden of the county jail in sntago-
nistio to the reformation of criminals, because it springs out of the
theory of retribution, and involves olassifcation on the basis of the
crime proved, rather than the individual character of offenders.
“Mr, Wines concludes his paper with the following recapitulation of
his ideas
“Firat. The present county jail system, for reasons sufficiently indic
cated, ix hopelessly, inremediably bud.
“Scoond. The evils complained of growing out of the fact that few
countivs are strong enough in wealth and population to maintain a
prison conducted upon the reformatory as opposed to the expiatory
idea.
"Third. Tho remedy must He in the discharge by the State of its
proper responsibility respecting the criminal class by assuming the
immediate custody and control of all convicts,
“Fourth, The Stato onght to administer its prison system with con-
stant reference to the extirpation of crime by the reformation of those
‘who constitute the oriminal clase,
“Fifth. Ono clement of any rational and practioal administration of
that system is the gradation of prisons for diffrent clases of prisoners,
this gradstion to be based not upon crimes committed, but upon the
criminality of character manifested by those who commit them,
“ Sivdh. Tie only prisons to be maintained at the oxpense of the coun-
ties should be Houses of Detention for the suspected or accused.
“Seventh. Houses of Detention ought to be constructed with separate
cells for the solitary confinement of the inmates.”
“All of which is respectfully submitted.
“EDWARD B. MERRILL, Chairman.
“JOSEPHINE SHAW LOWELL.
“CORNELIA DUBOIS FLOYD,
“NICOLL FLOYD.
“MISS H. MOORE.
“MISS MUNDY.
“THEODORE K, LEEDS.

“ Wasr New Brraurox, Sraren Istaxn, January 81, 1877."

64 Tmmrrseconn ANNUAL RePowt oF THE

‘Tiooa Couxry.

Mr. E. W. Warner, chairman of committee, reports: “We shall
probably be accredited with the most extensive erliminal catalogue,
Recording to our population, of any county in the State (outside of the
tities), For this large contribution to the penal and charitable institu
tions of the State and county, we are indebted to the ample and com
modious arrangements for drinking which have been provided and

Teqatized for the convenience of the people. Very Tittle, however, of

the disorder and violence in the rural districts comes under our notice
© © One of the members of the Excise
of drinking places is limited only
was axe limited only by the drink:

at the county seat,
Board informed me that the num!
bby the appleations, and the applic
ing eapacity of the community. * *

“The DeputySheriff, who is also the jailor, has afforded us all
reasonable facilities for visiting the prisoners once a week during the
your, and for furnishing them with appropriate reading. Sunshine and
pure air have been too much restricted in quantity for the health of the

Prisoners, and of many persons detsined on suspicion of crime. * * *”

Towreivs Couxre.

Professor William Channing Russell reports : “The jail is an admi-
rable one, ‘The arrangements for the separation of sexes and ages are
vyory good, but so long as work is not provided for prisoners under
seutence, the better the jail, the worse for society.” A building from
avhich prisoners might escape before being utterly corrupted is a great
Gosideratam: ‘The skill with which we keep criminals secure and bind
them in demoralizing association, with no occupation to interrupt. the
course of depravity, must be very gratifying to the evil spirite, Com-
ulsory Iuhor of conviets ia the frst essential of reform,

Warne Couxry,

‘The Sheriff of this county adds the following testimony : “The
nooessity that compels us (lack of room) to place boys convicted of
petty erimes among older and more hardened criminals, is hartfal in
the extreme and tends to educate them to a higher degree of crime. 1
think Tnever admitted a boy here that did not go away worse than be
‘came. I believe that is the only opinion that can be formed after
noting the effect of their association with bardened meu.”

Prison Assooranion or New Youe.

Wroune Cour

"The Rey, Jouph B, Naastu,D.D, and Kev. Job Stryker report
AE tha feel hf Wa fal sual Seve lagi Seale pen,
tod ten other of ages varying from 17 upwards. ‘he eatery arrange
fnenta areas good av can be expected with tho fillies Intrated 0
theater, but the oonnty onght to have Better jell accommodations
This one ofthe things ant

"Some facilities for employment, physioal and mental, beyond those
sow enjoyed, would be vary dedrablo: * *"'* "The progrea of the
temperance reformation, in most of the towns of tls county (and
txyetally in Waren, i having a Deascal efi in sbatiog erime end
vagranoy. 7

tue prtonore appeared glad to reosive » viit frum tho outside
world, aud to feel that they were not wholly forgtian by sodety,
though when we engaged toe or to of the better clans in conver
‘Gay thoy eased eas tc

5

‘Turervsnooxn Anvoat Rerost of THE

PROGRESS TOWARDS A BETTER SYSTEM OF JAILS,
HOUSES OF CORRECTION AND REFORMATORY
PRISONS.

ADepartment of Publio Justicn if it existed as a part of the State
Polity, cortsinly would bring forward in a strictly co-ordinated manner
all the questions zelating to reorganization which contemplate essential
changes in formal proceedings against
treatment of offenders. Such a Department of the Stato Government
will eventwally be required in the interests of justice and public economy

For the present the couuties are miviatare republics, comprising the
‘towns and cities, — within their defined boundaries,— and providing for
local administration of publie justice, ete. The county and borough
gaols of England, much as the philanthropist Howard saw them, now
have their almost exact, fue similes in the common jails of the State o
New Youk. ‘The Prison Association haa in the past five or six years
presented full reports of these jails as they aro, and of the ovils they
‘breed and foster in all seotions of the Stat

‘Dhe county sheriff, whose revenues depend largely upon the number
and official handling and long detentions of his prisoners, —though
they be bat witnesses and children, or poor ignorant day laborers,
drunken at night and sobered in jail by morning, —will not be apt to
raaugurate the reform of the jails in our day. Joux Howaxp, the phi
lauthropist sheriff of Bedfordshire, was the fsst to incur such cause for
fan accusation of insanity against himself. ‘The county judges and all
the cirenit judges fully conewr with the Prison Association and its local

ime and in the correctional

committees in the opinion and wish that the common jail should be
superseded by or exclusively used as a Detention House; that the labor
sentence shall be faithfully eaevied into effect as a correctional mensure

in suitably classified or distributed Houses of Correction ; that offenders
shall be s0 correetionally treated that they shall neither become nor
produce paupers themselves; that vagrants and all kinds of vagebonds
shall be s0 controlled and traiued to duties and to their own self-suste-
nance that they shall be kept from crime and offenses ; and that children
fat any age under full puberty and accountability shall be treated 38
children, and by strictly educational and reformatory discipline when
guilty of offenses against law, and not be treated in any institetion in
‘common with old offenders or habitual criminals,

‘Phe Act of April 21, 18%5, providing for the separate detention of
‘witnesses, children and worach (chapter 464, Laws of 1875), and the Aot

Prison Assooranion or Naw Yous. 67

conferring inereasod legislative and administrative powers on boards of
supervisors (chapter 432, Laws of 1875), enable oounty authorities to
provide abundantly for the separate detontion of unconvioted persons,
In the last mentioned law provision is mado for establishing the necos-
sary Kinds of correctional labor for vagrants and disorderly persons, and
ven for all classes of conviets not punishable in State Prison. These
wo Aots are simply permissive and not mandatory. ‘Their utility and
practicability have already been thoroughly tested. ‘The Board of Super
viwort of Oneida county was the first to test the Act providing for
separate and decent detentions, and the counties of Albany, Erie,
Monroe sud Onondaga have for several years been carrying Out the
ster and spivit of the law for correotional labor. Tn those four counties
there are no conviets, even for ton days, sentonced to the common jail
“Sentenced to jail” means sentenced to labor, and the sentence to hard
labor signifies dat in all cases.*

* Tho problems of erlminalty and the uatural hlsvory of the erimiaal classe will
have to be gull hah the same exactness ne seacee of the body oF tbe
She dinorderud satee in aoy natural objects may be investigated. ‘There je a pro
ous of remedial troatment roquived forall habitual offanders and for most of tho
‘merely Casal eriminal, in omer to render them safe to themself and to the com
‘munity. ‘This is the true sigaficnace of reformatory or eorreetional discipline ;
for, a8 Mr. Superintendent Brockway shut expressively defies these lahereat tras
‘hich are to be eorreovll: “'Crimisals, both misdemeanante and felons, are gen
tly devoid of just estimation of morats. Thoir emotions are not governed Ly
reason.” * 4 Noon shel conditions of the mad originate in the inberiied
tendentes, and alo frou accideatal infaences, * "The mot approved plan.
gh
tion of the moral nature.”
‘The corrections InBuenee of the kusdabor sentence and of 6 reasonably pro
longed reformatoty traiment, by the izeulention of the habits of steady Industry,
rapetity ad obedience, wile the mind and bovly alike sre substantially now
‘shed aad favigorated, if worth anything, ie worth an effetosl application to a8
any a8 the cours af justice are required to sentence co laboras a penalty. ‘The
Crofton ponal sfstem, And the princlpior of thal system as applied by Me. Brock
sway snd Mr, Corder in Arueria, have rant duoustars of disarged prisoners into
he feldeof free labor, with the spirit that inoved Hood's workingmian to aay
“ Whenever nature weeds,
‘Wherever nature calls,
{No job Fi shire oF the hardest work,
"To shan the workhouse walls
"ay only ehaneo ig this
‘With Tabor sit aad stark,
‘By Jewtu ture, my living t0 earn,
‘Betwesn the light and dark

68 Turersnconn Anwoan Revoer or THE

‘The Oneida County Committee issued a circular to neighboring
county committees, with a copy of the new law relating to dotenti
(6ce Oneida county report), and some othor committees corresponded
upon the subject of correctional labor and the necessity of more effective
measures for the correctional discipline of jail eonviets. ‘The following
project of law is at prosent the basia of & general inquiry concerning
the practicability of superseding idle imprisonment in jail and the
itinerant vagabondage that onght vo be arrested by the adoption of
selfaustaining correctional industries,

Govy oF & Brut, Eermongcan ov Assenney, JaNcaRy 9, 1877, READ
‘wice AND RuvaInED x0 TH Coanrrs: ox Jupicrny —merorren
FAVORABLY KOM SAID COMOIITIRE AND COMDTTTED TO Tu Cox
aeremn or me Wrorr, (Assimny But, No. 78)

Smcriow 1, Within thirty days after the passage of this act, the
governor, by and with the consent of the senate, shall appoint in excl
judicial district of the atate, except the first, seven persons, who shall
‘constitute the hourd of managers of the district work-house of the
judicial district for whieh they are appointed ; one of the managers s0
‘appointed shall hold office for one year, oue for two years, one for three
‘years, one for four years, one for five years, one for six yoars, one for
seven yeats, a8 indicated by the governor on making the appointment,
and thereafter all appointments, except to fill vacancies, ehall be for
seven years, Such managers may be removed at any time by the
senate, upon the reoommendation of the governor.

$2. Before entering upon their duties the said managers shall respect
ively take and subsoribe to the constitutional oath required of other
state officers, which oath may be taken and subscribed before any
officer authorized by Inw to administer an oath and shall be filed in the
office of the senrgtary of state.

§ 3. The said managers shall 1

ve no compensation for their time
or servioes, but the actual necessary expenses of each one of them while
engeged in the performance of the dation of it ofl, on being pre

“No parish money’ oF loat —
[No pauper ludge for me
‘A.con of the sol, by right of tol,
Batted to my fee,

“No alma Faak, give me my tsk
“Here are the aim — the leg —
“Phe atvengs— Ihe sews uf a mas,
"To work and not to eg.”

Puuson Associazion or New Your. 69

tented in writing, end verified by his affidavit, shall bo paid quarterly
luy the treasurer of the board of managers of which said manager is a
member.

§4. It shall he the duty of each of the said boards of managers,
immediately after their appointment, to mect and organize, hy the
cleetion of president and treasurer from among their number, and
within six months of the time of their appointment, to hire two or more
duildings and lend, suitable for the confinement and employment of
vagrants, as hereafter referred to in this act, If two buildings only
shall be 80 hired they shall be in different localities, and’ one shall be
for the confinement and employment of men, and one for the confine
ment and employment of women, and, on no account, shall persons of
different sexes be confined in one’ building, or in buildings that commu
nieate iu any way ; and no female officer or subordinate shall be
omployed in the building designed for men, and no male ollicer or sub-
ordinate shall be emplayed in the building designed for women, ach
board of managers, within their own district, shall appoint ® superin=
tendent for each building, who shall hold office during the pleasure of
the hoard making the appointment, and who shall have power to appoint
his own subordinates, subject to the approval of the board, and each of

id boards shall fx the salary of the superintendents appointed by
themselves, and of all other persons employed in the district workhouse
of the judicial dietriot for which said board wae appointed.

$5. It shall be the duty of the board of managers appointed in
accordance with section one of this act in each judicial district to
decide upon the means and kind of employment for pertons committed
to the district work-house of ssid district, and to provide for their neoes-
sary custody and superintendence; and the provisions for the safe
keeping and employment of such persons shall be made with regard to
the formation of habite of self-supporting industry in such persons, and
to their mental and moral improvement. And for the purposes of this
set, to insure the safe-keoping, obedience and good order of the persons
committod under this act, the superintendents of the district work-
hones are hereby given, and are required to exereine, the same power a8
jail-keopers and constables in rogard to persons committed or held,
‘under any law of thia State, in enstody of said officers respectively.

§6. Assoon as the work-houso in any judicial district is prepared
to receive inmates it shall be the duty of the board of managers of such
Aistries to notify all the justices of the peace, police justices, and other
magistrates of the counties composing such distriot, of that faot, and to
furnish said justices of the peace, police justices, and other magistrates,
with blanks, to be uted for the commitment of vagranta to such dis.
trict work-house. After such notifeation is received it shall be unlawful
for any justice of the penee, police justice or other magistrate, to com-

70 Tuerr-seoonp ANNUAL Revort or 7uR

sit auy vagrant to any poor-house or jail, or to any place of confinement
except the district work-honse, unless by the apecial request, in writing,
of the district

which written request shall be filed and remain on record with the court

attorney for the eounty in which said person was arrested,

managers of the several distriet work-hoases may
nitted wo the suid work-honses,

charging them with all the expenses ineurred by the boards of managess
For their board and maintenance, and erediting them with a fair and
reasonable compensation for the labor performed by them, and at the
1¢,#€ any balance shall be found due

‘open an.aceount with all persons cot

expiration of their terms of sent
to them, may pay the same to them at the timo of their discharge.

G8 It shall be unlawful for the board of managers of any work-house
‘to hire out the Inmates to work for any other institution or person, and
‘t shall be unlawful to jet out the Isbor of the inmates by contract toany
person or to admit to the workhouse for the purpose of overseeing the
Tabor of the inmates, any person not paid by the board of managers.

§ 9. The board of managers of each disirict. work-honse, having, in
accordance with section four of this act, hired two or more buildings and
land suitable for the confinement and employment of vagrants, shall
‘make an estimate of the necessary expenses to be incurred in establish

ing said work-house, including rent, repairs, furniture, cost of raw
material, tools and other necessary articles required for the care and
employment of the inmates, which estinante shall be repeated annsally
thereafter, Each board of managers shall then apportion the expense,
10 estimated, araong the several counties composing the judicial distriet

for which said board was appointed, pro ruta to the property tax of
each county as the sume shall be determined by the State board of
‘equalization, and shall inake a requisition on the board of supervisors
‘of each of said counties, for the amount apportioned to said county
aecompanying sxid requisition with a eopy of the estimate of necessary
‘expenses made by said hoard. It shall be the duty of the board of
supervisors of each of said counties, to raise and pay over to the
treasurer of said board of managers the sums demanded in the requibi
tiou, and in case of delay on the part of any board of anpervisors to 30
raise and pay over the anms thus demanded, the beard of managers
shall have authority to ineur the necessary indebtedness and shall render
an account of said indebtedness to said board of supervisors, and said
board of supervisors shall provide for the payment of the indebtedness
0 incurred.

§ 10, ‘The treasurer of each board of managers shall be responsible
for the fluancial management of the distriot work-honse of the judicial
istrict for which said board was appointed. THe shall receive all
moneys due to said work-house, and shall pay all expenses incurred in

Prison Assocation or New Yors, n

maintaining said workchous: He shall make a quarterly report to the
Yourd of managers of which he is a member, of such a character as
suid board shall direet, and he shall close his annual account on the last

!ay of Soptember of each year, and shall, on or before the first day of
November following, render to the suid board of managers a full and
tue account, accompanied by the necessary vouchers, of all moneys
received by him, by virtue of his offce, and of all moneys expended by
him, and also an inventory of all the goods, raw material, and othar
property of the distriot workhouse then on hand, a copy of which
raport shall be transmitted by each board of managers to the State
comptroller, to the State board of charities, and to the board of saper-
visors of each county composing the judicial district for which said
hoard of managers was oppointed, together with their annual report, on
or Defore the first day of December following. Should the report of
the treasurer of any board of managers show a deficit at the close of
the fiscal your, said board of managers shall apportion said deficit
among the countios composing the judicial distriet for which said board
was appointed, in the manner prescribed by saction nine of this act, and
such deficit shall be raised by the several boards of supervisors, and
paid over in the manner preseribed by said section for the payment of
the necessary expenses incurred in establishing sid workhouse.

§ 11. No member of the several boards of managers shall be interested
Aivectly or indireonly in leasing or biring buildings or Tand under the
fourth section of this act, or in any contract for repairing or furnishing
any of the buildings to be used as district workhousea, or in any com
‘uact for supplying food, raw material or other merchandise for any
district work-house,

§ 12, When, and so soon as the work-honse in sny judicial district
shall be prepared to reosive inmates, it shall be the duty of all justioes of
the peace, police justices, or other magistrates of such district (any law
to the contrary notwithstanding), to sentence and commit all persons
convicted of being vagrants under any existing or future law of this
State, whether such law shall apply to the whole State, or to any special
‘county thereof within which said person shall he convieted, to the dis-
‘trict work-house of the judieial disiret in which auch conviction shall
take place, for a term not less than ninety days or more than six months
on the first conviction, and for a term not less than six months or more
than one year on a second or auy subsequent conviction.

§ 18. Sections twelve and thirteen of this act shall apply also to the
first judicial distriot of this State, and no person sentenced as a vagrant
in that district shall be sentenced or eommifted except in accordance
with this act br to any place except the work-house on Blackwell's laud,
provided that no person under sixteen yours of age shall be committed

Tamry-secoxm AnNvsL REPORT OF THR

id workhouse, and provided further that this section, and said
section twelve shall apply to the first judicial distriet forthwith, and
without waiting for the completion of the distriet workhouse in any
other distsiet.

§ 14, All expenses for conveying persons eentenced as vagrants to a
istrict work-house shall he paid by the treasuror of the board of
‘managers for said workhouse, and said board of managers shall, in each
Aistriet, fx the sum to be paid per mile,

§ 15. The superintendents of the several district work-houses shall
immediately report to the secretary of the State board of charities the
name of any person committed to any work-house who has not resided
sixty days in any county of this State, in onler that, the caid secre
may remove such person to any State or country whore he may have a
legal settlement in the same manner as paupers may be removed under
‘seetion cleven of an act passed June seventh, eighteen hundred and
‘seventy-three, entitled “An act to provide for the support and care of
State paupers”

$16. Ie shall be the duty of every magistrate, justice and court whieh
‘examines, or conviels, or commits any person, under authority given in
this act, to cause @ record to be kept of the name, ago, birthplace,
cecupation, last place of residence and kind of employment, of all persons
50 committed by them, together with the reasons given for, or the
particulars of the vagrancy charged. A copy of the suid record shall be
‘transmitted upon the official order of the commitment of said persons
to the superintendent of the district work-house as a part of the paper
‘or order which shall accompany each such person to the work-house; the
superintendent of such workhouse shall enter and keep in a hook of
record all these and such other facts as are by law reqnired concerning
‘the inmates of poor houses,

§.17. Every magistrate by whom any vagrant shall be committed,
shall eause such person to be searched for the purpose of discovering any
property he may have, and if any property be found the same shall he
taken and applied to the support of such person while in confinement.

§18 When any woman is committed to a distriet work-honse it
shall be the duty of the magistrate who commits her to commit any
children of such woman who are more than one year of age who may be
under her charge and control at the time of her commitment, and who
are without proper guardianship, to the care of the superintendent of the
poor of the connty in which said woman was arrested.

19. It shall be unlawful for any justice of the peace or other
magistrate to commit any person of either sex under sixteen years of
fage to any work-house, and it shall be unlawful for any superintendent
of any such workhouse to receive any person under sixteen years of age.

Prison Assocratron or Naw Fors, 2B

Al sound experience and study of the various methods of correctional

treatment of common offenders show that the terms of custodial com-
mitment should be sufficiently protonged to seeure the fization of a
habit of systematic effort and the effectual arrest of bad habits of
intemperance, self-indulgent lounging and dependence, The problem
of selfsupport in such a temporary and half outdoor system-of work
hhouse Iabor must be solved by the same plain, common sonse and
business tact and economy as private employers would bring into opera
tion in their personal business concerns, The Alabama State Correetion
Farm rotumns five dollara a month for every committed person; the Erie
County Penitentiary pays from 20 to 27 cents a day for each short-term
prisoner (of from ten to sixty days sentence) and the Allegheny County
House of Correction (Pa.) has a yearly revenue from its shops, Of the
last-mentioned work-house, where nearly all the available labor is
devoted to the cooperage of barrels (for petroleum oil), the managers
roport that with an average prison population of 230, with only 165
engaged in productive Iabor, and with an average term of sentence of
‘no more than 68 days, the clear cash income over all expenses (in 1874),
including the administration, was within a fraction of 815,000, Even
in the year 1876, when the most productive line of industry was
suspended, the industries were self-sapportin

‘To sconre the beat correctional treatment of the wretched classes who
are committed to receive it

First, The chief officer of the institution must, be a competent and
specially qualified master of men and of common affairs ;

‘Second. The kinds of employment must be such as unskillfal and
rude men can pursue actively and with zest and real self-improvement
asa facure vocation, if need be, and, at the same time, require litte
expenditure of capital or machinery ;

‘Third. There shonld be no external display about the buildings or
the management, ‘The common jails, as county prisons, oan readily be
suporseded by such a plain system of Distriet Houses of Corveotion as is
hore proposed. It is practically the system 6f District Prisons and
Places of Correction which the President and Corresponding Secretary
of this Association proposed in a report to the Legislature in 1867-08,
It is suitable for a temporary and transitional system, while the
statutes and judicial methods are undergoing revision and improvement,
and it may prove to be worthy of boing made permanent.
eure self-reliant oonfidence in a vast nomber who now are drifting into
the dead sea of petty crime and hopeless pauperism, while it will
effectually correct and deter many ‘others from venturing into crime as
means of subsistence,

Te-will ineule

Tmxry-seconn AxwtaL RePoRr oF 128

THE STATE REFORMATORY AT ELMIRA.

‘The history of the plan of the Reformetory was presented in our Isat
annual Report, and, since thet time, the development of the entire plan
and purpose has been carried forward steadily and successfully. ‘The
last and crowning event in this development was the engetment (April
24th, 197%) of the law “In relation to the imprisonment of eonviets in
the New York State Reformatory at Elmira, and the government and
release of such conviets by the managers,” as follows

Srctioy 1. Any person who shall be convicted of an offense punish
able by imprisonment in the New York State Reformatorg, and who,
‘upon stich conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment therein, shall
bbe imprisoned according to this act, and not otherwiso.

§2. Every sentence co the reformatorg of a person hereafter eonvieted
‘of a felony or other crime, shall be a general sentence to imprisonment
in the New York State Reformatory at Ehnira, and the courts of this
state imposing such sentence ehall not fix or limit the duration thereof,
‘The term of such imprisonment, a’ any parson 40 eonvieted and sentenced,
shall be terminated by the managers of the reformatory, as authorized
by this act; but such imprisonment shall not exceed the maximum term
provided by law for the erime for which the prisoner was convicted and
sentenced.

§9. Every clerk of any court hy which a criminal shall be sentenced
to the New York State Reformatory, shall furnish to the officer having
such ctiminal in charge s record containing @ copy of the indictm
and of the plea, the names and residences of the jastioes presiding at the
trial, also of the jurors, and of the witnesses sworn on the trial, » full
‘copy of the testimony, and of the charge of the court, the verdiet, and
‘he sentence pronoimced, and the date thereof, which record duly corti
fied by the clerk, under his hand and official seal, may be sed as evi
enoe against such oriminal in any proceeding taken by him for a release
from imprisonment by Aabece conpue or otherwise. A eopy of the testi
mony taken on the trial, and of the charge of the court, shall be
furnished to the clerk, for the purposes of this act, by the stenographer
acting upon the trial, or #f no stenographer be present, by the distri

attorney of the county. ‘The stenograplior or district attorney farnis
anty clerk, shall be entitled to such eompenss-
jet required Ly

Pauson Assoctation or New Yous, i

this act, as shall be certified wo be jost by the presiding judge at the
trial, and shall be paid by the county ia which the tril is bad, as part
of the court expenses. The clerk shall also upon any such couvietion
ond sentence, forthwith transmit to the superintendent of the reforma:
tory notice thereof
§ 4. Upon the recsipt of such notice, the superintendent. in person, oF

a subordinate officer of the reformatory by said superintendent for that
purpose duly detegated, shall proceed to the place of trial and convie-
ton, and the sheriff or Keeper of the jail having the custody of the con
et, shall deliver him to such superintendent or delogated office, wich
tho record of his trial and convietion as made up by the clerk, and auch
conviet shall thereupon be conveyed to the reformatory, the expenses of
which conveyance shall be a charge against and paid out of the earnings
or other funds of the reformatory,

$5. The hoand of managers shall have power to transfer temporasily
with the written content of the superintendent of prisons, to either of
the state prisons, or in case any prisoner shall become insane, to the
convict asylam at’ Auburn, any prisoner who, subsequent to his commit.
tal, shall be shown to have been, at the tine of his conviction, more
‘than thirty years of age, or to have bean previously convieied of crime,
and may also s0 transfer any apparently incorrigible prisoner whose
Presence in the reformatory appears to be serfoasly detrimental to the
well being ofthe institution and such managers may, by written requit
sition, require the retum to the reformatory of any person who may
have been so transferred. ‘The said hoard of managers shall also have
Power to esiablish rules and regulations under which prisoners withia
the reformatory may be allowed to go upon parole outside of the reforma-
tory buildings and enclosure, but to remain white on parole in the legal

astody and under the control of the board of managers and subject at
any time to be takon back within the encloanre of said reformatory, and
full power to enforoe such rules and regulations, and to retake and
reimprison any convict so upon parole is hereby conforred, upon said
board, whose written order caries by ita secretary shall he'a suiicient
warrant for all officers named in it to authorigo euch offcers to return to
actual enstody any conditionally released or paroled prisoner; and it i
hereby made the duty of all officers to exectte said order the same a8
ondinary criminal process. "The said board of managers shall also have
power io make all rules and regulations necessary aud proper for the
employment, discipline, instruction, education, removal and temporncy
or conditional release and return as aforesaid of all the convict in
reformietory.

$6, Whenever there is umocenpied room in the roformatorg, the board
‘of managers may make requisition upon the superintendent of prison

76 Taerrshoond AunvaL Ravorr 7 Tim

who shall seleot such number as is required by such requisition, from
among the youthful, well behaved and most promising convicts in the
state prisons, and transfer them to the reformatory for education and
treatment under the rules and regulations thereof ; and the board of
‘managers are hereby authorized to receive and detain during the term
Of their sentence to the state prison, such prisoners so transferred, and
‘the laws applicable to conviets in the state prisons, s0 far as they relate
to the commutation of imprisonment for good conduct shall be appli
ceable to said convicts when transferred under this seetion,

87. It shall be the duty of said board of managers to maintain such
control over all prisoners committed to their eustody, as shall prevent
them from committing crime, best secure their self-snpport and accom:
plish their reformation, When any prisoner shall be received into the
reformatory upon direct sentence therato, they shall eause to be entered
jn a register the date of such admission, the name, age, nativity, nation-
ality, with auch other facts as ean be ascertained, of parentage, of early
Social influences, ete., a8 seem to indicate the constitutional and acquired
Aefeots and tendencies of the prisoner, and based upon these, an estimate
fof the then present eondition of the prisoner and the best probble plan
of treatment, Upon such segister shall be entered quarter yearly, oF
foftener, minutes of observed improvement or deterioration of
fand notes as to methods and treatment employed ; also all orders or
alterations aff
iroumstances of the final release, and any subsequent facts of the per
‘sonal history which msy be brought to their knowledge.

§8. The board of managers shall, under a system of marks or other.
wise, fix upon s uniform plan under which they shall determine what
number of marks, or what credit. shall be earned by each prisoner
sentenced under the provisions of this act, as the condition of increased
privileges, or of release froma their control, which system shail be subject,
to revision from time to time, Each prisoner so sentenced shall be
credited For good personal demeanor, diligence in labor and study, and

ions, negligenc

1g the standing or situation of such prisoner, the

for results acoomplished, and be charged for dere!
and offenses, An abstract of the record in the case of exch prisoner
remaining wider control of the said board of maniagers, shall he made
‘up semi-annually, considered by the managers at a regular meeting, and
filed with the secretary of state, which abstract shall show the date of
admission, the age, the then prosent situation, whether in the reforma-
tory, state prison, asylum or elsewhere, whether any and how much
progress of improvement has been made, and the reason for release or
continued onstody, as the case may be. ‘The managers shall establish
rales and regulations by which the etanding of each prisoner’s account
fof marks or eredits shall be made known to him as often as once a

Prison Assoctarion ox New Fors. 7

‘month, and oftener if he shall, at any time, request it, and may make

provision by which any prisoner may see and converse with some one of
said managers during every month, When it appears to the said mana-
yors that there is a strong or reasonable probability that any prisoner
will live and remain at liberty without violating the law, and that his
release is not incompatible with the welfare of society, then they shall
Jnsie to euch prisoner an absolute release from imprisonment, and shall
certify the fact of such release and the grounds thereof to the governot,
‘and the governor may thereupon, iu his disoretion, restore such person
to citizenship, But no petition or other form of application for the
release of any prisoner shall be entertained by the managers, Nothing
herein contained shall be construed to impair the power of he governor
to grant a pardan or commutation in any ease.

§ 9. If, through oversight or othorwise, any person be sentenced to
imprisonment in the eaid reformatory for a definite period of time, said.
sentence shall not for that reason be veid, but. the person so sentenced
shall be entitled to the benefit and subjeot to the liabilities of ‘this act,
im the same manner and to the same extent as if the seuteneo had been
in the torme required by section two of this act, and in such case said
manager shell deliver to such offender a copy of this act, and written
information of his relation to said managers,

§ 10, Said managers may appoint suitable persona in any part of the
state charged with the daty of supervising prisoners who are released on
parole, and who shall perform anch other lawful duties as may be required
‘of them by the managers; and such persons shall be subject to direotion
and removal by said managers, and shall be paid for the duties actually
performed under the direction of said managers, a reasonable compensa:
tion for their services and expenses, and the same shall be @ charge upon
nd paid from the earnings or other funds of the reformatory.

‘The announcement of the law and the plan of organization by the
Superintendent on the first day of May, well explains the inission of the
institution. In that announcement, he says: “The law of 1877 inaugu-
rates here, and for America, a new priaon system for adult prisoners
Its design is to check erime through the reformation, by systematic
cultivation, of such of the prisoners as may be reformed, and the
remainder to restrain, It is believed a simple perusal of the act will
show ita adaptability to the objeats in view.”

‘Tho following is the sole organic law of tho Reformatory. It com.
rises the essential provisions of the Act passed April 27, 18705 in its
present consummation with the Aet of April 24, 1877, the objects of thie
Tnstitution, as set forth in the Report of the Commissioners on the
Plan, ete. (Gated January 26, 1870), are well provided for.

78 Tarmrrseconp Aunvan Reore o 7x8

A 1 the New York State Reformatory

“Ax Acr to provide a government for the Ne

at Fleniva, and to provide far the completion af the same,and to make
‘an appropriation therefor. (Passo May 9, 1876.)

Snoriow 1. Lonia D, Ptisbary, Sinclale Tousey, Willian ©. Wey,
Rafus H. King and Ariel 8, Thuvsion aro hereby constitted a Board of
‘managers forthe Now York Slate Reformat :

Tear, stall hve goneral charge nnd auperiniandeaoo of exid Reforma.
tory, nd all conduct. she same epom nonpartinan prucipley they
hall have wo compensation for their terviay, but aall be allowed helt
I xpouse they shall hold thee

Lonis D, TAlsbury shall hold

ousey forfour years, Wiliam ©. Wey fo
¢ for two yours, Arial & ‘Thurston for one
cies shal ere

Sicier ee pons one
eee cae
prs Rad ges -
eS ae
fala boned ot pce By oe esi Of ner of thn meen short
toi i ebarge a rash tol Oecd bye Gomer by
SPE fe Tol sas ove toni ea Sean ks cee
Soo poses iy te Gorent sate ale Gowers yea ot
EuGulne wie! p bal course te Gordan may teas ay ot
tes aang for tuscan copncys or nog of dan tr
Spero lb give md ae ined ine Crowe chee:
Feld of borage el appeet F Oeredl apes Soni,
ab that age pose te tases aba he cic Win pecan al
weet eo tas toes cats ubiger alte case aea

‘be appointed by the Superintendent and removable at his pleasure. The
Superintendent of coustraction of such Reformatory may be removed
by the board of managers for cause, after opportunity shall have beon

sires tin. to be Lewd open Write) ates Mad muy) vaaibey ee
Shed hl et hy ned ppt :
‘The boned af manages sal examin ll he aconnia apd

scpec hte Soa Wonca aang to she Hells tuo Babb
‘monly or quarterly. and shall cre thie nproval or doappeoval af
ie sam tothe Conpirolor of the Sate

The cid boart of munayers sll roedire and take into sad
Ratovntory all male eriainnls, botweon the ages of sixtem and Dirty
eats and aot known to hare boon pooviousiy eonteuoed to 4 sale
Prison or panilantary on conviction for a felony, in tia oF any other
Este or country, who shell be legally sentenoed to sid aformatory,
Gacas aes bay aah sect ay) en aesocegr aeeseaee Yaa
Ratornainry any anah mele person convicted of seri, punishable by
Imprivnmeatin'a stato prin, between the agen of sizvon aed thicty

Prison Assoctartox or Naw Yors, 9

years, as aforesaid. The discipline to be observed in said prison shall
be reformatory, and the suid managers shall have powor to use such
reans of reformation, consistent with the improvement of the inmates,
as they may deem expedient. Criminals in such Reformatory may be
employed in agricultural or mechanical tabor as a means of sbels
support and reformation. ‘The system of labor shall be by contract or
by the State, or partly by one system and partly by the other, as sball
be in the discretion of the board of managers deemed host,

$5. From and after the passage of this act, the courts of this State
are hereby anthorized to sentence the class of offenders mentioned in
the fourth reotion of this act, convicted of any criminal offense, to the
said Reformatory instead of the State prison, when such eriminale are
between the ages of sixteen and thirty years .

§ 6. ‘The labor necessary for the construction of shops and the enclosare
of the grounds upon which the Reformatory is looated, and for the com
pletion of the unfinished portions of che Reformators, shall be performed
by the inmates, as far as may be practicable, and it sball be the dicy of
the Taspectors of the State prisons to select such number of inmates
from the State prisons as shall, as nearly as may be, come wit
Provisions of the fourth section of this act, as to ago and crime, and

same to the Reformatory, as shall be requested by the board

of managers of the Reformatory, to labor on the unfinished enclosure or
the buildings or the shops, as may be best adapted for the kind of
‘mechanieal labor required,

§ 7. ‘The said board of managers shall have tho charge and
superintendence of the grounds,

other

tho Inhor of the inmates of said Reform:

All purchases of materials and supplies to an amount exceoiing

five hundred dollars shall be mate by contract, awarded to the lower

responsible bidder, after notice for two weeks in the State paper, and in

three papers published in the county of Chemung, having the largest

sizculation, and one paper in the city of New York, of large circela

tion, of the day and hour when sealed proposals will be received for the
supply of the materials and supplies required.

§.8 It shall be the duty of such board of managers, on or befor the
tenth day of January in each year hereatter, to report to the Legials
Suse the condition of suid Reformatory, and their proceedings in regard
to the inmates, aud the progress of the work of construction aud the
amount of ‘money expended, with a detailed statement thereof, with
such recommendations as the hoard of managers shall des proper.

80 ‘Tumry-seconn Anxoa Report of THE

hundred dollars; to the keepers, each five hundred dollars ; to the
the end of any year, thofr compensation shall be paid only for the term
of service at the rate of the annual compensation above provided, and

1S9&

Parson Association or Naw Yorr.

TENEMENT-HOUSES.

Ovancnowpixo Axp UNMKALARMULEEES a8 CaveES oF ORDO

‘The domestic circumstances under which most of the offenders and
dangerous classes grow up in their infaney and youth are intimately
concerned in the eausation and pernicious fruit of those disorders of the
afterlife of the children of such a heritage as that which is entailed

on the families of the ignorant poor in the overorowded slums of New
York and some other vitics iu this State. The committoc of the Legis-
Jatare that undertook an investigation into causes of the increase of
crime in this State, and particularly in the metropolis, in 1875, called
upon the Corresponding Secretary of the Prison Association for specific
information eoncerning the preventable sources of erime, and especially
those which may he controlled by sanitary measures. His testimony on
this subject was as follows :

Elisha Harris, M. D., a witness, being duly sworn, testifies

@ You have been connected with the board of health, I think, for a
number of years, have you not? A. Yes, sir.

Q. How long have you been connected with that? A. Most of the
time since 1868.

@. What is your official position in that board ? A. At present it ja
registrar of vital statistics, and, under a former hoard, at other times T
have been sanitary superintendent

Q. We have understood that you have given the causes of erime in
this city very great: consideration, and for that reason we have invited
‘you to come before us and give your views on that subject. We under-
‘Stood that you have entered into the matter of the statisties of erime
ako to @ considerable extunt. Give us some idea, if you ean, of the
number of erimiuals to the population, in this city. think you bave
gone into that matter somewhat? A. I don't know the number of erim-
‘nals, nor the number of persone that would be ealled habitual criminals
in the eity population, now in the State, ‘Thero is no body: of oriminal
statisties, but we have in prisons as good and sufficient evidence of tho
‘umber of persons uetually convicted from year to year, and the prisons
of the whole State have felons containing a large ropresentative olass
from this city. Hach of the prisons has a large quots, Sing Sing receiv-
ing all that are passed to the Stave Prisons, and Auburn and Clinton
Prisons — the other two State Vrisous— receiving colonies or drafts

6

82 Tarnry-ssooxp ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

monthly or oftener, from Sing Sing. ‘Then the two penitentiarios near
mathe gne on Blackwell Tland and the one in Kings county, receive @
Jelge bumber of young felons, under the statute, which provides that
oung criminals ander 21, whove sentences are Zor less chan five $275,
sey be committed to the penitentiary; s0 that che number of priomars
wey eg rank of felons can be counted up from the State Prisons, aud it
Setound to be increasingly large, and the per eontage of criminals to
the population iueretsea more rapidly than the wormal increase of the
population by emigration and birth, We have at present litle shore
yr 000 prisoner, ail told, of the rank of folons, including these youn
frisopars who, being young, ae allowed to be sont to the penitentiary

ver nantence for the felonics of which they are guilty. The number
want up from this city, of course, s out of all proportion to tows sent
see, the rural distriots, and the records of the courts aro the best
idence upon that point. ‘The number of cases that come before the
Siiforent classes of courts in this oity ehows an inerense of adepta in
re, and the exact statistics do not exist in ouch form that they can
be conveniently quoted; but, noverthcless, they may appear on the
vecode of your vorumittse, and I have put in writing a few points that
Teould siuply lay in your hands; and still T think that the records
from the judicial sources world be the most instraetive, for those from
the prisoners only show what have actually reached the prinons sod
we Fthoy are distributed. And, then, there is another points he
ween ovainst property in this State aro, to a Tange extent, organized
sees Se pimen hat have requieed retlotion and preparation — and into
Seat class of erime a large number of buys and yonths are enticed, and
this city and Brooklyn are the greatest centres for that Kind of ‘on
steuctive operation in crime.

bservation and inguiry, for th
State and che jails. These centres have bevome so important that the
raeaios concorning, these classes vow are very desirable, They are
waeMtainable nnder the existing method of making wp the records of
the police and judicial department,

How would you suggest that they should conduct their records in
onige that these statisticn might be attainable. You say ey. are
seattle’? A. They axe so desirable that it is necensary to bets 7
Chink, with the first conditions of any accuracy in statistion, namely:

see peation. On secing prisoners in all the prisons, and visiting them
saearal times over, and visiting all the jails from two to, four times
‘Trdog tho last four years, myself, I have found that the identifension
aera e eminal Je sarcely conceived to be a part of any publie duty con
ote caiwith the proceeding against a criminal, or against orime. To be
aeeetthere is a formal identification; the prisoner is allowed to say who

T speak now fiom the result of actus!
fe lust four years, in the prisons of the

187&
Prisow Assooranion o Naw Your. 83

‘Ais, Bias ha cy aaa Up vay meeabae ot liniay, dail ba Solr W greed
seourity, ‘There is no identification of criminals. “eras
and just wha those eps should be, should be very plain vo judicial
SN oe ee ee ae So ee es
Eaalie ret hproas ere

cation, ‘There is no impossibility of identi i
ons possibility of identifying any criminal in this

. Now, the
identified olas, to a great

decided increase in the number of rt eo ee
tev pogtn to hail ef tet oar se
saad ti nate cou
te cetinl feoe she conntries and other Statos make. it their reat-
acts 10’ a Gogtes ‘#RiGN Lah wl: alvayl’ boon true) protubly,” Thae”
prisoners as they are any day. Now, th rds of all Sooners ia

foreign-born criminal In not only io exset, Bat the cries, agalatt
property are conneotd with that class of priaoner that soem to have
Aoate nt this Stage a erainals eatin he errkamon sod. burglar
en em she ys, he oat se who rr among ‘at,
i, fom sneng ta; move un from the rural datsila, Whoa they

84 Tmmer-sxcoxd ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

ar traced back to their homes they are found not to have sprang. UP
reine well edaeated and well housed enaay people ceom to s4ppose
so ee due without ieatigating tho subject; ut te region south of
aoe rn anect,for example, and the tencment-howe district, the
Foc dans of the city, have notally been the birthplace and the
oot a very lnrge proportion of fon erainas that we now find
Whe peatenares aad the State Przons. -Whan we get thes bos
i he Peer thre yomger oaminas thie w te Teal he
in f said to me last week, con-
Ghose! napeetor of the Prison Assocation sid to
esi tie venigaions he had just boon completing at Asbusn, and
See vvecing at Sing Sige ‘Thu younger criminals sem to come
wi ton Ranaivety from the wort tencnen-howse districts that iy when
arm backs tothe very places where they ad their homes in the ety
Me He eage tae witout any theory. Th records taking name by
te. peas that hiv ealoulation is based on actual confidential eat
monty of the prisoner concerning his early Wife. There is nothing strange
ry i ti v consider that the manner
how that, bu ies worySinportane when wo
srestich our poor people sve honed in tho mon nse portions of che
seo te crimes Sh
sation perilous to the community in respect 1
ee! aure to apring up) whore penple live in that manner. ‘The
‘thse roooda in ity alrety bear testimony to the wetulness of
wens npeovement in pariclsly bed quaiers Yow know sory well
Serie unin the Seth ward, al expecially in tho densest portions
Meine Sach ward. The rogion of Hitle Water nso and Cow Bay,
aa al cane ha oven 1 the Mourth war ance thestroet have eet
co eto sista extend through, and the tenement buildings
Sremunt —vory great improve:
Trosght to's considerable degre of improvemunt — ory ge
at eat inthe worst portions ike Gothann Court on Cherry street,
Pat slog on Oak, and Madinon and Mourow strc and various gear
TO sh utd mention hehe wards—the povements i he
ings ot the pours the same clay ive tare atill—have boon fol
a eo fpeatloercara inthe number of areata andthe number 0
rn egislation is desirable which shoula presoribe
@ Bo you think any legisat :
tn punta of inmates that any hovse should contain, of given size?
i Waly te exprce often in wh sch tre awe en
a eds shows that, by limiting he amount of ooeupation on 2
Fee oat ok oquare yards — and Biting the conensaton of
a e, great reforms oan be wrought out.
the populaion in the domi, ret “og
Now those are the reforms which ave made such changes in Glasgow,
se et ad Pari In Glasgow the ammount expended — whieh I put
ean endure for your eto spy cleaaso and reform earain

187
Prisow Assoorarrox or Naw Yous. 85

claases ef the population, some 80,000 people, more or less, that occupied

‘tho old tenemont rookeries, has beon very great, and the city took the
Darden upon itself. Tt now is relieved of that burden by a sinking
fund that is growing up out of the result of improvement, though they
have expended in all many millions of dollars, It amounts to over
'87,000,000 in our currency that they havo expended, and now they have
eeasod expenditure, having carried on this work of improvement for
soven years, ‘The result is, that the decrease of erime is apparent to
faveh an extent that it ean be quoted by the police authorities and the
courts, and I will just give you a brief statement to show what, the
roault is from simply changing the condition of the dosaicile, the morals
and the roligion and the number of familios ; the number of individuals
in families has not been changed, the people having the same essential
qualities, exeept that they have light and sir and better domicile.
‘They have not been Ariven out of the city. Now, in the city of Glas:
gow, the result is really astonishing, as given by the Lord Provost.

Q. That is a city of some four or five hundred thousand people, is it
not? A. Glasgow has within a thousand or two the same popnlation ag
‘a whole that the city of New York has south of Fourtaenth stroet. It
has a little short of 500,000.

@ So chat is a fair vest of the operation of this law in a city of that
magnitude? A. Yes, sit, ‘The reault in 1873 is na follows. (This is
from the report of Sir James Watson, the Lord Provost.) In 1867,
which was the year in which the law was first published (it was not
applied yot), and when they began to purchase properties, and actually
to inform people that they must seek shelter elzewhere, though it became
necessary for those trustees of this duty to provide shelter, as they did
‘ai an expense of $60,000, and all of which has sinee been reimbursed
by the sinking fund —the total number of erimes, all told, waa 10,800,
‘Total crimes reported in 1873, 7,869. Total thefte by prostitutes in
brothels, which was the special Kind of orime worth observing, these
improvements having swept them away, was 1,192 in 1867, and in 1968
i was 1,246, as though the same people were more desperate ; but in
1s7a it went down to 264, against 1,246, This ia quoted by the city
authorities of Glasgow as being the result of the improvements, and
Captain MeCall, of the Glasgow police, says that the city has been
cleanseil of its foulest dens of crime and profiigucy. Mz, Morzison, a
resident, says: “It Ie dificult to believe that districts through which
you may now walk with perfect safety and confidence, wore formerly
‘the scene of many murders, robberies and assaults every day and hour.”
In this city we have got to deal with certain sources of shelter to erime,
‘as well as the sources of crime, which are incident to the excessive con-
Aensation of the poor people and the ignorant classes and the vicious

86 Damrrssconp Annan REPoRr on THe

lasses in certain classes of dwellings. They are not yet subject to any
law. Ali the health laws, all the tenement-house laws y

failed to reach those things, and those are things which

before the police ean successfully penetrate and control these hi
places of crime. They may go in and sce that everything is lovely by
the lantern, if they have one, but they cannot prevent the causes that

: city, tn
contin portions ofthat it docs give this origin toerime® A. Yos a

Gand shat there are dita in which this logilation hat you refer
to a required, fo your opinion? A. T think so

"Nowe ityox wile nd enough to vate to 08 what legislation
you wonld advne. A. Up to ths tae the legislation which bas been
TRtel a the improvement of the ebittions of the por andthe lower
fines bar bau exeeedingly lenient towasds the prferenes of any,
sad ofall property owners ‘That hasbeen consistent widh our Kas of
ae ond of Inprovementa Nov, it toms ovt that thre remains a lass
Ur royrties 0 mater whom they ae wel by —tbe owner are often
sander oouery) whlch partake, in 2 certain dogres, of tho very
wean or ee old Five Points stot; that my che popeation packs
seein te owt way, and toa degras of density aod commnnity of evil
ttimga and vil jorwone which makes the conditions of ite abyolately
aeative to ala mel, to aay nothing of matters of mer tehnicl
realty, ‘he ehing i sloply inevitable in tho eyes of the sanitary
Beas, “ibs, Uses please dee Seo #6 ahs eanitary offecr. Tonle

Sth any obs of you and sow you the plas, and show you that
Sree ao health low ithe State of New York thet would apply 10
the novwmary rectiteaion of the eva” Xe -will appl
Gngeon, and’ there you stop, and thexo people livin
‘emcely upon am area, ay a civilized State has any right to
Wana, Sa oe debe ve, whatever may be poole with th oer
Gime _nsat be taken care of, to auve themselves. There are #0
swans of those pace, tha itis neceuary to lave certain eonditions of
Tupovement, made’ pow Right opponite the board of ‘estth
tadainge ix Moc. secu isa pioce of property, no doubt owned by #
Tita repose een done Kaow wh, a 1 fe ensany
Thaaging ovaers wher tho rear balding” is wo situated that the
traits tats tive in darkness; thoy do live In 8K} no mater 1 the
sae banod swioe every day they would bo Athy twice every day
They Mae aleasel by yolice aathorty thoy will be inhabited by
Pho lean to prof darkness, to seck dariness because of the
ESGRo sata which thoy fall. ‘They will be Sroquented by thever, and
Mim people are eared in such places as soon av they Tern to be

Prison Assootarion or New Youx. 87

thieves, or to be receivers of stolen goods, or partners in any manner,
it is in vain to talk about any conscience in the matter, because after
‘once the acts of thieving have heen commenced, no matter on how small
a scale, the probability is that the person participating in such crimes,
whether acting im company or alone, will cease to have compunetious

on the subject, Now, [am not speaking ftom theory, but from what T
‘know to be true of the eritminal classes, as we exami

them in the pro-
cinets and tenements; and it is testimony borne quite revently, only laat
year, by one of the greatest students of erime—Reoorder Hill, of
Birmingham, England—that nearly all who fall into the habit of
theft, cease to have compunctions, whether they once had education
and & moral culture or uot. ‘The very acts lead to the destruction of
‘that moral sense which makes us recognise the importance of meu
ef tinwn, and that clase ecases to have any eompunetion about theft.
Having got started on the way to any theft, no matter how small
that habit of theft is, any theft excepting that whieh simply renches out
to get bread to prevent starvation at home, is almost sure to be the
Leginning of a life of theft. Now, thieving in one way and another,
criroo against property, as it ie termed nominally, constitutes 90 por
ent in round mnmbers of all the orime in our city prisons and peni-
tentiaries, excopting the crimes which are committed simply in the
condition of drunkenness. That in Great Britain holds true, and has
been published with all the statistical array to prove it. Tt has been
published after an investigation in five of the largest prisons in this
country, including the two State prisons and the penitentiaries, in
Pennsylvania, by a person given to such studies, connected with one
of the prisons of Pennsylvania, that 90 per cent of the erimes com-
ritted, exeupting in acts of drunkenness, are crimes against property,
and the crimes against property aro much more serious than the mere
Joss of the property. "They involve the tendeney and almost the cer-
tainty of drifting the offender into the habitnal criminal class,

@. What ix the conneotion, which I think yon started to explain to
tus, between this crime of theft and this erowding in tenement houses ?
A. In these crowded places, thieving aprings almost out of the very
‘atmosphere, ‘The very swrroundings of the people, and their entire
environments, tend to lower down the-conseience and the relations of
ownership, in such a way that thioving comes from ten thousand causes,
of course, and in 4 very special sense in these densely populated places
the world over, Ts isa law of the condition itself of overerowding that
thieving will be the greatest and most eonspicuons crime, and the crimes
against morality generally follow in the trail.

@ And another effect of this crowding is to bring all classes of por-
sone together, the good and the bad? A. Yea, sir

88 Tamrr-seconn Annual Revort os THE

Q. And the bad produce much greater evil results than the good will
produce beneficial results. Is that it? A. ‘The oriminal class seek
Crowds, When one of tho railroad presidents here told you 2 few days
fago that he was able to find pickpookets, he told you what every pick
pocket knows very well, and all the State prison thieves know very woll,
That thore are rendezvous of criminals to be found, and the places are
juat as well Inown as tho hotels of the city. These nesta exist, aud
there is a sort of truce in the community between these wretched peoples
they are not disturbed ; they live as they please, and contrive erime as
they pleaso; and a cracksmar, somewhat famous for one of his youth
fal age, told me in the Binghamton jail in 1971, “We fixed onr crime
fon the corner of — (such a street) and the Bowery. ‘Then we had our
lodgings up at Yorkville, at Mrs. so and so's, and we consisted of 0
many persone-—oecasionally thirteen.” Ho was sont to the Albany
penitentiary; he was a mere boy, a Loudon Loy, who eame here with

is burglars tools to operate as a erucksman, and organized a Tine
‘of grime all the way from New York to Buifalo, and four or five
Of them sallied out and visited the places where they were to break in
fand steal, and yet the crime was organized ore near the Bowery on a
rose stroct, and they had their Iodgings in Yorkville, and their habits
fand their ways could have been known; and they could have been iden-
tified persons. ‘They were all boys; he gave me the ages. They ould
fil have becn identified; and when I speak of identification of criminals
Toould go to the extent of showing that it should apply to all those who
need to be brought under arrest as habitual criminals for the sake of
identification, even if actual offenses have not been committed,

@. What legislation would yon advise in reference to preventing the
crowding of tenement houses? A. Tshould think it would be neoessary
that one of the appropriate departments of the city government should
be clothed with adequate authority to determine when to take action
after certain limit of orowding had been reached. Of course all efforts
have failed up to the present time, and there have buon several efforts
pat forth, and legislation las failed at Albany, and not in New York,
in that respect.

'Q, It would not be necessary to legislate in regard to the area, ete

proper legislation would be, that the board should make
"A. Ldon't think the law will

quite reach the evils I am atl
Sratnte, Idoubt if an ordinaneo, even under the extraordinary powers
{hat are given to the health board and boilding department, could quite
reach all the evils that we witness, For example, there are certain build-
ings that most be possessed and removed ; there are certain places that

‘must be vacated,

Prison Assocrarron or New Your:

@ Do you quite understand my mggertion? My suggestion in it
will not be necemry, in carping out your Idea for he Logulatare to
presctbe how many inhabicants ther shall ein a certain area; the
Proper action forthe Tagislaare ‘would be to cathe on of the proper
Voards hore in New York with power to determin what shall bo tho
correct area for a certain given numbge of inhabitant, Would mot
that be the es orn of lgilation? A, I think it perfectly practicable
to roc eto an armative form, and itis really a very deat point
ton which 1 ge lgiaetion, botatae the main point to bo attained
to lear up cartin dak pinot and sctsllysumove 6 cartain amount of

QA law restroting the sic of buildings would not that have
something to do with the oveeowding of houes? AL Yen, tir ie
various te, whore greet improvements are gong on in Europe, cht
is actualy dove roveetng the vise of «bling on soy gives aes

@ The buildings which exit now in which eo many famille are
crowded —it has Deon found vory difcult to pas any law {0 rach
thom om accomnt ofthe constitutional prohibition abot tho payment of
damages eta A. In Great Betan ft la found nacomary 2 bain
pouonion ina legitimate way, s any other property can bu condemned
2d taken, and Ihave no doubt that that i the only way; It senna to
te the legiimate way. The nomber of thes places e now reduced to
svg dein hat sno so grat son aA
reasonable property owner som to bo vwlling £0 comply with the
ialth lava “Thers are some old. properdes, a anforvunsaly «few
new oxen but certain old one, Cat aru now tho nesta of crime. ‘They
tre the doar of death in every tene, an dana of infamy and sens,
tha child that grow up there mast almont inevitably rif nto the
Criminal clases ule thay foruanstaly drift into the” hands of the
Javeuile Aeylum, or the Catholic Protetory, or aro nent west; and

000 of our chilen, T suppows Me. Brace reports about 3,000
ftom his sosety alone, have. Been sent wettsuce shat “orgainnion
cxinted. Tels aril alternative, of coum, but children thas deft
into those Industral Schools and all thute eels of the Children?s Aid
Society can excape rom thos places where crime grows ‘Thott ohildron
‘at are aent away and sont up to the Juvenile Anylam and the
Protetory, instead of drifting back Into erie, drift into fami, and
tow th

@ Have you ever got this subject into the covers, x0 to speaks
that iy as what amount of building ot sapertructare shook be
Mlowed on a certain aren of gromnd inva city Ike that "A. That
Complex qudtion, depending on the width of sires and the depth of

90 Turmrr-secony AxwoaL REPORT OF THE

Yots, and the distance from one street to the other, so that the whole
has to be a miatter of special definition,

@ You are acquainted with the law under which the board of health,
atthe present time, have power to omer the vacating of any premises
that they thiok aro unhealthy? A, Dangerous to life and detrimental
to health must be the declaration upon whieh any thing ean proceed,
Whenever you can get that declaration made against. any building, and
specify your canses, and, in an open examination, make good your
‘eases, the board of health proceeds with safety, and has proceeded in
a great many instances

Q Who makes that declaration? A. ‘The declaration is made hy the
doard of health, apon the sworn testimony of the sanitary inspector, and,
if need be, of the architect of the board and such engineering ageney a
they may employ. This has been done over and over again npon prop:
erty that we are familiar with here, in Gotham conrt and in Cherry
street, the old Baptist church property in Mulberry street, and in James

streot and in Roosevelt street, and peshaps upon five hundred cellars,
‘Those orders Have usually been successfully enforeed, and the poliew
Ihave lent. the necessary aid to aconre the evacustion of premises in dite
time, so that the necessary improvements shall go on,

‘by which the board of health ean proceed and ao those things.

‘There is no law

@ In the instance of the sheds around Washington market, the eon:
plaint was that there wan not suficient light and sie, Would not the
same law apply to these tenement houses that you complain of ? A. T
do not deny that it would he applied if there was the same hol hand to
attack and take the consequences. OF course #t was all an cbvions matter
fat the Washington market, but when yon eame ta what has heen let be s0
long that it hss become a ebronie evil, so that poople avcept it a8 « mat
ter of course, the popular voice must sustain the movements and prevent
suits from being incurred where large properties are aifecred
instance, we have rear Duild
‘once vacated, and those particular bnildings and the area they oveupy
to be yielded to the necessities of the population that ocenpy the main
buildings,

Q. In those places you recommend the tearing down of the structures?
A. They nocd to he handled as evils that injure the community, by any
‘method which can be made consistent with the constitution of the State
and the rights of property. ‘The people who own them sometimes are
reaident in a distant. country 5 sometimes they are entailed estates, when
there ie uo partionlar responsibility in any person,

Q. Will you just mention in what particular localities in this city
‘those houses are situated ? A. ‘That would be publishing the names in

my neighborhood. any one of yon would like to see some of thera, T

Prison Assoctaniox or New Yous, OL

vould Ike to vst some of then with you. Twould not go'frthér than

Lat, Because we keep a deatherogitter against thems me kop an sooonee
‘sent with every ob of thea, sol se how bang av ile in then bp

@, Have you any objection wo mentioning the loality where some of
them ae. Greenwich street, T suppose, containa ame? "A. That ie
good plage tosiart. Washington street as some, aud the other sd of
the town contains more; of cons, the Eleventh tad Thisecnth weeds
‘nd some small portion of the Seventh. I will give you an illustration
Ata ventare—say that 2 Monroe street extent rowsh te Chee
caght toe visited by this committe. "Te maken no difference rho oe,
such property; no hinan being hae aright to permit the sccupetion of
buildings constmoted as those donble rear structures are ‘There a
sear to Cherey and a rear to Blonton. So yon will goto the whole tow
af property opponite the boned of health Duildingyon Mot set, and
see 8 row there that invites attention from everybedy., You wee prope
tea that most ho improved even thongh it wan the property af wn orroen
Infant, mere ontaled estate ; it must be improved ecaiqe ofthe ton
ests of society; it must he taken in hand, just ax foreign eta are taking
their dangerons places in Hand, and aro succeeding it aa within
ty bara to any’

Q. If Tuniortand you, you regard this erowaing of tenement-houses
in this city as one of the great sources ‘of rime under which we tee
laboring at prownt? A. Yes sit they are snroes of eximo thet wil
continue jost ax certainly as the present unlimited crowding eontinten,

In ihe examination that you have made, can yon slate o the soa
aitteo the number of faites er the amber of perune Hving i aay
ou house inthe city of New York the largest number? A. Hwan
four separaie tonements, with an erage of fou to five peskons auch
family in tcement, canbe found in ange numberof Mosse of the
newer kinds, Owenty-fout familie enteing a one door, one font bal

bat pon twenty Sve or thirty fet fron, ually twenty-Bve, give ye
4m idea ofthe condensation of the fanilon “There are some tne of
forty-eight familie and f¢ you woald ike fo soe the rood T wil show
30% the book.

@ That is aboot a family to a footie He? A, Thewo are excops
tion cats, where the foot and rent are oceupied im auch 8 wap,
or whets there are forty-eight fase bat twenty ‘or twentyfost
famities are common ‘numbers; Int thero is exousive, musing, for
instance, in Cherry street and thote masses that T have mentiogd in
Monroe street, the maar in Mott strct which T have just mention,
td several in th Tenth and Thirteenth ward, thet would aatate the
worst packing, perhsps, yet seea inthe world

92 Turre-swoonn ANNUAL Report o THE

Q I think yon said you had some memoranda that you desired 19
submit to the committee? A. It-will save the trouble of listening to
Aiguros, I propared them last night to meet questions that I understood
would be likely 0 be asked sn

‘The following is a copy of the memoranda above referred to produced
by the witness:

‘Crimea increase throughout the world in about the same ratio as the
popnlstion increases, but there are certain distriets in which erime
eoreases as the population increases, ‘There are towns eities and distriote
in which erimeinoreases far more rapidly then the population.
the aggregate number of crimes ineroases as the density of the poprlation

Generally

inereasos, but this ie not an inovitable tendency and result of increased
ensity. | Throughout England, Ireland and Scotland, the relative
number of crimes to every 1,000, or every 1,000,000 of inhabitants is
@eereasing. Kainburgh and Glasgow have been steadily
population, and in the past. four years the ratio of crime has stoadily
eoreased from causes presently to be noticed,

‘The uumber of persons who live in exime and make a vocation of
some line of eriminal life in the eity of New York, and in seve
cities of this State, inoreases more rapidly than the pop!
total number of State prisoners and felons now under sentence in thie
State falls but little short of 3,000. The asylum for criminal insane
das upward of of 100 to this nnmber, making the total a little short. of
4,000 criminals of the rank of felons. ‘The six loval penitentiaries as
present contain between 2,800 and 4,000 prisoners, but soveral hundred
‘of these are youthful State prisoners, who, at he diseretion of jadges,
hhave been sentenced for less than five years to a ponitentiary

Crimes against property are to a great extent perpetrated as well 28
‘contzived by Jabitual eriminals. "This clase of depraved person
the co-operation and subordinate services of groat numbers of necily
poople, who take the worst risks and needlessly become the seapegoat. 10
cover the offenses of the cor ‘The actual muyaber
of habitnal criminals is believed to he increasing in thiscity. ‘The police
records and the State prisons offer evidence, and those by the prisons
indioate that this eity and Brooklyn contain more than half of all the
habitual criminals, contvivers and leaders in erime in the State, ‘The
professional criminals of the whole civilized world make New York =
rendezvous. Tho British Islands? eracksmen and thieves, the profer
sional thieves from Franee, Italy and Germany, and various classes of
Persons who have lived by exime in Huropo, orgs
it in New York.

‘The laboring poor classes of our city inhabitants are mot as easly
Jed into erimo as into the ways of virtue and excellence. ‘Their chil

engage

rivers of the crimes,

ize erime and live in

Prisow Association or New Yous, 93

dren are readily saved from oriminal courses, even whet Ieft to thie
cue of charity. The Juvenile Asylum at High Bridge, the Catholic
Protectory in Westchostor, and the Children’s Aid Society in this city,
have for seven years continued to show that it is quite possible to save
almost all the juvenile delinquents and homeless children whieh are
brought under the care of these institutions, respectively. ‘These three
Institutions alone have received, and after a brief period of training,
sent forward into the world, ‘thousands of children, to lead lives
probably as usefl as the average of men and women, without losing
tore than @ very few, porhaps not more than five or six’ per cont, who
fall into disorderly oF criminal courses of life. ‘The suocess of these
simple measures in roseuing children out of the pathways that, led to
criminal life, proves that the greatest sourees of supply to the eriminal
wsses can be dried up. ‘This is aa true in every other part of the
State as it is in the eity of New York
Now, itis a fuct that the number, the fearlessness and the deflant
‘organization of criminals against property have been increaning these
several years past in the city of New York; ib is trae, also, that
wherever there has been a great improvement made in the condition
‘of diyellings for the poor, or in the cleaning wp, whitening or the
lighting of narrow courts and alleys, or in the attention of the police
uthorities to duty in places frequented by dangerous lasses, disorderly
and eriminal conduct has been immediately aud greatly diminished.
‘Tho Foureh, Sixth, and Fourteenth, and portious of some other wande
‘ond striking illustrations of this fact.
The Old Bowery, Little Water stroct, Cow bay, Gotham court, Fish
slley and places like those which made the wards just mentioned a
‘error to the city, have been so changed in respect of domiciles aud local
cleanfinoss and supervision, that they have ceased to be the resorts and
norseries of young criminals and hiding-placos of the hardened aud
habitnal offenders. When the great riot occurred in 1868, every hidiag-
place and nursery of crime discovered itself by immediate and active
participation in the operations of the mob. ‘Those very places and
Aomiciles, and all that are like them, are to-day nurseries of crime, atid
of the vices and disorderly courses which lead to erime, By far the larg-
st part'—cighty per cont at least —of the orimes against property and
ayainst the porson, are perpetrated by individuals who have either lost
connection with home.lite or never bad any, or whose homes had eeased
to be suflviontly separate, decont and desirable to afford what are
This
story of erimes

regarded as ordinary wholesome influences of home and family.
statement is based upon aceurate observations in the
sand criminals in this State the past four years,

‘The crowded tenement distriet, a vast nomber of the infesior kinds

94 Tutaresscoxp AvNuan Revour or rae

‘of tenement houses, 2 great part of the low class of lodging-houses, and
the drinking dens which are snpported by the denizens of these places,
are the worst and most abundant sources of erime in this oity ; they
also have their counterparts in Albany, Trey, Brooklyn and Buffalo,
‘These dangerous sources and hiding places of eriminal life in New York
city are 0 nuinetous, and the evils themsclves are so interlinked with
the common life of more than 200,000 people who inhabit these unfit
dwellings, that no police systm can successfully cope with such
causes of vice and crime as exist in the regions here mentioned.
Changes are necessary ; reforms must be projected which will bring
bout necessary improvement in the dwellings of these poorest. and
most unsettled classes of the inhabitants of the city. Not all the
tenement houses in this city, by any means, anc not all the classes of
the poor are guilty of promoting crime. ‘The tencment houye districts
of New York wre now analogous to the crowded quarters of Edinburgh,
Glasgow and Liverpool, as they were before 1867-1875 ; probably the
same, or certainly quite cimilar methods of improvement will soou
ecome necessary in New York for overcoming the evile which the
sanitary and dwelling improvements in the citios just mentioned are

In Edinburgh, the lord-provost (W. Chambers), whon boginning to
Aemand the dwelling reform, whieh is now in progress in that eity, said,

in Fobroary, 1868: The question of improvement is one of life or
death, aad between the two the town will have to make ite choice

Looking at it merely as a money question, we are reminded that, through
the efficucy of proposed improvements, there would in all likelibood he
8 considerable dimination of public expenditaves as regards crime, paw
Well, Udinburgh resolved to spend any
necessary money and labor to bring abont the necessary improvement,
by removing the dens of death,” extingnisbing the fever nests, super
by healuhfal dwellings, aud putting definite limitations w
a aad overcrowding of tenements,
‘Though they put into this venture at first.» little less than $2,000,000,
the beneficial results already obtained aro so wreat that the tax-payers
of Edinburgh would now quadruple that sam cheerfully, if it were neces:
sary, in carrying on the improvements; but itis not necessary, for while
the improvements are going on to-day more rapidly than ever, their
Dbenofieent effects have already erested a sinking find which will extin:
guia the original vost.
Liverpool had a task quite as difficult as that which Edinburgh has
undertaken, and it is accomplishing a great reform in the dwellings of
ese-like way, though by the more

perism and medioal charities

fits poor olasses in the same bi

Prison Assooration of Naw York. 95:

Auerican way of inducing capitalists and the owners of tenement. prop.
erty to carry out the required dwelling improvements,

Glasgow undertook the same task in 1866-1867, under commissioners.
sppoiated for the purpose, and who have already purchased, renovated
and reconstructed property in the heart of that old city, for which they
have paid $7,000,000, and have given such success to the dwelling
improvement system, which thoy are enforaing in the name of the town
council, that this great debt ia heing overoome by the fund-which the
Improvements have created.

‘These instances are mentioned here for the purpose of showing what
one of the frst results has been, as regards crime in these three cities.
The lesson is applicable to our own city. Indeed, we have witnessed
some analogous results from mere sanitary improvements in whole

yuares and in nu But more on
his point subsequently.

as nests of tenements in this city

Resuuts ov Dweuuise axp Iurnoveaunrs or sum Poor ww Bone
need, LEvERPool aw GLascow.

In Hainburgh, the number of separate houses dealt with practically &
their entire reconstruction or total removal, to give space and light, ete,
‘up to last spring, was 1,410, and the piles of tenements and rockerios
tus handled were 330.” Fifty thousand dollars had been expended for
temporary housing of very seedy families whose old rookeries were
removed. ‘The people were in no instance driven out of the city. ‘The
‘municipal police had the entire population to look after as ever’ before,
tuxl the number of iubabitants stoadily inereaged as before,

In the first five years of the operations, namely, until the end of 1873,
the crimes of the naturo of falonies, and not within the jurisdiction of
olice magistrates, decreased from 672 in 1808 and in 1870, down to
370 in 1873. Misdemeanors and all crimes eoguizable by police magis-
‘utes, diminished from 11,186 in 1868, down to 8,679 in 1873, or more
tan 25 per eet,

Mark the fact, that this was a deorease of crimes in the total popula-
tou, and that the cause of that decrease was found in the small districts,
and in less than 0,000 inhabitants there, undergoing merely sanitary
and domestic improvement ; simply a physical ebange which affected
social order and moral results.

Taiverpoo, is August, 1874, ooted up tho total outlay by the borough
for its great work of demolition of rookeries, and for the sanitary engi-
neering, and to the capitalists and owners of dwellings undergoing
reconstruction~nan aggrogate in cash, amounting to 469,520. More
than half of all the adult tenants in the tenement rookeries wore found
to be drunkards, and the vieos, orimes and wretchedness in them;

96 Tummrv-sscoxn Axvoan Revorr oF TR

exceeded the worst ever witnessed in New York. ‘The health officer
reported at the outset of the reform in these cenements: “It may bea
‘question whether the condition of their homes promotes the vice of
drunkenness, or whether drunkennose itself be the primary cause of that
degradation and want.”

In the absence of exact revords of crimes in Liverpool, we have the
fact that drunkenness las decreased in the improved dwellings, and that
the rates of mortality have stondily decreased,

‘Glasgow is a city of less population, altogothor, than that fraction of
New York which issitnated south of Fourtouth street, and it contained
‘many, snd still bas some remaining crowded quarters, that would vie
with the worst in New York, The first outset of the cleansing of foul
quarters, resnlted in the entire removal of certain notorious piles of old
tenements. Between 1,500 and 1,600 of the inhabitants of those places
were gradually displaced in the course of four years. ‘The lord-provost,
Sir James Watson, reports the following, among the results;

Total number of erimes reported to and by the poliee in 1867.. 10,899
‘Total crimes reported In 1873, . csxesnssseest 15000
‘Total thefts by prostitutes in brothels in 1807... faye
“ a 1808.. vee 8

“ « deja seeyaiece 264

‘Lot it be understood this is for the whole city, with the people of the
former old rookeries still living, but in the snnlight, and in dwellings
more healthful and surroundings more chvoriug and invigorating than
they had in the dens of death now demolished by the trustees of the
dwellings’ improvement fund, It was ascertained that this disposition
fof the most vicious population has produced no visible harm, Captain
‘MoCall, of the Glasgow police, reports that the city has been cleared of
jts foulest dens of crime and profigacy. A revent writer in Glasgow
says, “Te is dificult to believe that districts through which you may now
walk with perfect safety and confidence, were formerly the scenes of
many murders, robberies and asswilts of the most aggravated character.”
[lll this evidence gous to show that the domfeiles and daily surround
ings of himan beings have much to do with aets and habjte of erime.
‘Depraved as bumman beings may be, and deplorable as the state of erimi=
nals may be, we kave leamued to say to every eriminal and toact toward
all criminals in the spirit of the words we here reiterate, thas if not
inane or idiotic, enory criminal can cease from crime, anal learn to do wel
Whoever will, fora single day or how, pit himselt in the place of
the oriminal classes, and conceive, even ia part, whut a life, bodily,
‘mentally and spiritually, that is which the vicious and eriminal classes

Prison Assoctarrox or New Yorn, 97

lead, will not dispute the fact that by removing causes which degrade
the home life, er which destroy the homes of the lower ranks of our
city inhabitants, we shall provent a vast amount of erime, and rescue n0,
siall number of ebildren and youth from the beginnings of cori

‘The sanitary cleansing, ventilating and merely structural improve-
ment of separate tenement dwellings have already proved very efficient
‘id to social and moral improvement, even in the Fourth, Sixth, Four-
teenth and Seventeenth wards; but the rookeries which cannot. be
reformed by any existing law, still defy both the sanitary and police
authority. The sanitary inspectors can point them out. Besides these
dens of death and infamy, there is perilous overcrowding of the older
ind of tenements in all the wards south of Fourteenth atreet, and no
law is yet obtained which can sot limits to the massing of inhabitants
upon given areas of ground or within a given house. Until adequate
nuthority can be exercised in these respects, the old over-crowded teue-
‘monts and rear houses and dark courts and rookeries will be sources of

Drunkenness and all the erimos it causes become the inevitable fate
fof @ great portion of tho inhabitants of such dangerously crowded
quarters, The children, even of degraded parents, in these deus of
death, avo saved readily cnogh if so cast advife that they can be
sgothored into places for instruction, or into new homes away from the
city ; but the youth, whieh ripen into vicious and criminal abi
inflame their morbid passions and give themselves to the degrading
companionships of these de
emme while yet under ‘A large per centage of
the prusont inmates in the three State prisons and in two of the peni-
lentiacies, grew up in the old tenement regions of this eity. ‘These
young vagabonds are to-day ranked in our prisons as habitual criminals,

‘The sources ot of which they are daily coming down to the prisons

should be dried ap. An eminent student of causes of erime, who spends
uch of his time in intercourse with prisoners for their benefit, has
recently stated to me that he feels safe in saying that a majority of the
habitual criminals now in the prisonwat Anburn and Sing Sivg were
once tenement children in New York.

Offset against gnch a terrible destiny of the eriminal boys and young.
women found in the eity rookories, we have the fact, that of the thou
sands of younger children admitted to the institution for juvenile
Aelinguents, at High Bridge, searcely any have entered upon criminal
co vicious coumes when adopted or indentured, as they are in separate
hhomes, or sent to kinsfolks who have rich homes, The Catholie Pro-
teetory is proving that by its methods of separating even 2,000 at a
time from the perils of the hawdy-hoase people of the eity, the experi-

98 Tarrr-seconp ANxuaL Revort oF Ms

‘ence of the Juvenile Asylum is repeuted. ‘The Children's Aid Society
Sim proves that the street Arabs and vageant and truant children of the
Tangerous classes, and sny other children, can be removed from the
Carlet steps of offending and vicious life, and be saved. Mr. Brace
Kports that of more than 22,000 auch children, hastily washed up,
ele instructed, and planted in country homes, seareoly any again fall
back into he eity oF into evil courses, It is not the parentage aud
heredity, Dut the dangerous survomndings and influences of dwelling
plnoos which curse and destroy these children, who, in the ety, never
had any true home life.

“The deponent may be allowed to offer the following, suggestions in
reply to inquiries of the committe

that the prevention of wasting Giscoce and panperism among the
occupants of the dangerous elasses of tenements and dens which are
oureis of fine, can be brought about oaly by removing the canes
which render them protic of crimes; hence the ungent necessify Lor
JMoquate laws aud sanitary authority to secure healthful domiciles, even
to the poorest oases

2. That the (ruaney ana vageuney of ehikdren should. be completely
provensed, and that the police measures for this purpose should, ander
fo cirouastances, permit criminal youths or obdurate young delinquents
to be angled with other children

a. hPhac the act of the Inst Logislatare (chap. 464), for providing) an
centinuly distinct method and stitable place for the detention of children
Charge with exime should be strictly eomplicd with in Uh ok

That boys for any first conviction for a less erie than & felony,
and, certainly, nobody under 17 years of age, for any offense, shoul
be sentenced to the Blackwall Istind penitentiary, but show have all
the benefit of reformatory and educational training.

&. That the places a+ well as methods of all kinds of crime
capitalists, from’ the pawchasers and culpable holders of stolen goods
to the drinking, gambling and debaoching rendezvons for boys, and
tery person and mem by whieh boys and youths are entived into
Grime, should le proseonted relentlessly, until all of hem are exter
thioated from the eity. If for this purpase more exact Iaws are neces
tary, lot ns have them and feaslexsly oxecate them.

As rogaris all boys and youths who evinee decided proolivity to
vicious and criminal gourses of Jife in this city, if brought ander the
Jocesity for penal and reformalory treatment, the truthful motto of
Demets, at Meuuray, needs to be kept in mind, in sentencing’ and treat
iy them: To improve mew by the soil and the soit by man.”

Shops and yangrlabors will not act at reforinatory agencies, Such
morbid and veally pitieble young offenders ean bo saved wnost certainly

Prison Associariox or New Fors.

iy ting thr nto the eat onmgeil wd rate comming wit
otra th nis ps ah nr connec with eth
fois pradioie Thy rauru aad Eardanlml qeoenory cole
tt Moray and tho far school at Lancaster, Ohio; hae for yoae proved
that the worst clawes of criminal boys in an eatie State may bao
Aad bad tag fo gai thet pine: of lean tcaaeH
evil that rontely thee por canto al grado of howe rfortaatria al
fin advorniy fr fins ate lecrng ibs sesdbaron, "Dis sp plot
cf tore importance than might apponr toa aman! sadont of this sb
joo Woe alsenpetec Sha Sow otuial fo pre sand rotary
to evil companionship they nocd to be eo amended Unt they may be
tefaly returned vo an save in tho bosom of vocaty. It is estimated
that ot far from sty por oot of tho youthe who av entanoed 1 the
penitantiaice and the State prisons trom this sty, nk int the ranks
SF Astianh ecaing, F iney Gee te te Voeniavn yours ok
dene ok ri is sgly tice felce 6 the poeple wv abt
refornavory methods in dealing with youthful eriminala,

‘Tho foregoing testimony shows only a part of the picture of the Tow
social conditions ont of which the dangerous classes spring and the
roformation of which the young olfeuders are suseoptible. ‘The Society
for the Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents (the New York House of
Refuge) in this vity have undertaken to trace each of their pupils
domestic and family history, aided by a competent officer and the fol:
lowing tehedule:

‘Rxamination of the Home of ...cccccecsseee NO cee BF
Rosidence, No. i

Ts ita banomient house? oe

‘How many fapiles in the house?

Tsany part used for liquor ealoou?

How long las this party resi

How many oom do they ace

Are the roots cotaforably furnished? sos vsver-ess

ow many ia the family? ‘Boyar os e+ Glilst

Is te father living? cove Ta be temporave?
ceupation’®

Te the mother Jiving?
Occupation?

“Aro the pareats spared?

Ts there 8 sopefather?
Ocoupation’ E

Te there a stop-moiher?
ceupationt

‘Do aay of the children attond schoo! regulatly?

Dia this boy attend school regularly?

i he have any regular employment?

How many toorst
How many ehildrent

‘What floor?

Is the temperate?

For what cause?
1a he temperate?

Th he temperate?

100 Tarrr-secoxn Avnoay Revont ov TE

Was ie truant tom home o boot
Ws be arrest ofr?
Tas be ben a ny her astiaion?

Jie or aistrs oon wrested

Have sny of his bro
lave the parents property? s+
Remark

‘Tho statistical statement of the results of the frst year's investigations
in this field, is given as follows by the superintendent:

‘Tanux showing the character of the homes, social condition of the family,
‘habits und antecedents of the children before comamitinent here, ens
‘as reveated in the Home Beaminations.”

Flomes comoriably fveeishet
Homes not comfortably furnished.

2 Sal von oth Sm
athe iag

Maer ng

Pater des

Mothers ted

Part email

Srptaucn

Stepmotiers

npn fue nw fats.

‘Tomporte mother and ep nosien.
Incmpest fae an se fthers

‘Pica heving propery he thon hos fratre
‘Prete having ho pope oer an housbolt Tratre

1, Habits of the children before thelr commitment here:
Attended selioo! ragaely

‘Attended echo! inegilariy oF aot at al.

‘Wore hnbitaally employed.

Were hnbitually fle

“Wore trants from home and school

Were under arest previo to being sont ee.

ad been inmates Of other Insitutions

Superintendent Jovss, of the Honse of Refuge, states “ that poverty
is clovely connected with juvenile definqueney, and that intemperance
fs jntimately connected with poverty. In eighty-three per cent of the
homes visited it was found that: the parents possessed no other property
than their scanty furniture, Many of the homes were uncomfortably
fumished; while in the best there were few attractions to induce the

Piisow Assoctarion or New Your. 101

doy or girl to be contented in them, Far the greater number were in
tenementhouses, These houses were occupied by mat

numerous children, and the rooms were usually untidy, and, in some
cases, filthy. From ten to twenty families under one roof were fre-
quently foand. One house was oceupied by thirty-two families, having,
in the aggregate, ninety-six children, In some eases the officer found
the parents eo much under the influence of drink aa to he unable to give
intelligent answers to his questions,

“Ty it any wonder that the children nd greater attractions in the
streets than in such homes? It is well, in considering the causes of
cerime, to give large attention to the influences in and surrounding these
homes, that it may be ascertained to what extent they eontribute to this
great evil, and to inquire if, through legislation or otherwise, these
hurtful influences and conditions surrounding these unfortunate children
may not be corrected.”

‘The domestic life of the common people is so intimately associated
with the moral and physioal history of their children, and with all the
conditions under which the vicious and criminal classes are nurtured
until their own depraved charactoristios are entailed as a family herit-
rage, that any definite and comprehensive improvements in the habita-
tions and cireumstances of the poor in our large towns and cities will
‘contribute to the prevention of crime and the suppression of some pro-
life sonrees of it, Even the opening of wide streots through the most
‘crowded portions of the Fourth and Sixth wards of New York bas been
followed by a marked decrease in the predatory crimes and all sorts of
crimes against the person. The elearing up and sunlighting of dismal
old tenements and alleys, a8 sanitary measures, have been followed by a
decided improvement in the peace and security of their neighborhood,
and the decrease of vices and crimes occurring in the tenements 0
improved. ‘The experieneo of London, Rainburgh, Glasgow and Paris,
im the opening of the dark and crowded quarters where poverty, igno-
ranice and erime were once interchangeable synonyms in all deseriptions
of their inbabitants, has shown that dwelling improvement and the
sanitary regulation of cities may more elfectually repress certain prot
causes of erime than all the diseipline of the felon prisons

In the Thirtieth and Thirty-first) Reports of the Prison Association,
‘there was a body of evidence presented in regard to the growth and
entailment of orime in degenerating and degraded families and com-

jes in certain interior counties of Now York. That kind of
‘evidence is discovered in almost every county, and has been witnessed
Dy the writer even in the wilderness of the Adirondacks and of the
Oswogatehie. ‘The details concerning the heredity of criminal character
and family infamy are too sad and sickening to be recited, but the

102 Turevsccoke Anwar Revors oF mE

injuries and burdens which these elasses infliet upon the community, and
the duty of society in breaking as many as possible of the Tinks and
alliances of hereditary canses of erime and vicious pauperism, are pro:
foundly intovesting the local committees of this Association and enlight
ened citizens in every county and city. ‘The ignorance, bretality,
Dbabiteal evime and a(ter infamy whick continaally make the dark places
in cities dangerous and forbidding, and which are visible plague-xpots
in numerous towns, mark the very name and record of social and
physical causes of degeneration and prominent vices with which society
never interferes aufficiently nor goon enough, for it is not the ont-door
relief and the endurance of poor-rates and court and jail expenses caused
by those depraved and degenerating families, which ea vemedy their
condition. Society will be protested from the dangers and the eost
inflicted by its habitual offenders only when the causes that

them are supersedeil by agencies that will redeem or permanently

therm by che discipline of labor, instruction and obedience.

Rexoonvs o# Covnrs axw Persons, — Caotrsat

Pablie justice and personal right are often dependent spon correct and
adequately complete records of facts. Defective, inaccurate or amubig-
nous records are sure to cause injustice and wrong, sooner or later, and
in all procoedings against crimes or offenses the State itself is so respon.
sible for the forms and verifeation of whatever enters into the record
of the individuals and events at the bar of justice and in Hhe enstody of
law officers, that any avoidable defeet in the recons of courts or in the
registration of essential facts regarding exch prisoner must: be esteemed
a culpable negligence.

“ Conmis of vecord” have exclusive juvindiction, in eases of erime pun
ishable in felon prisons, but the jurisdiction uf the same courts extends
downwards to misdemeanor and petty offenses so variably in different
States of the union, aud under so many different statutes that regulate
‘the jurisdiction of the minor courts of police justices and special sessions
in the twenty-fonr cities in the State of New York, as compared with the
service of committing magistrates and the sessions eurts of rval dis:
iets, that the practical value of the term “convietions in courte of
reeont” is quite unteastworthy, Yet it is mainly by means of the tran
script returns from this elass of courts that the public is kept informed
of the increase or decrease, aud the specified movements and kinds, of
crime im the State .

‘The police or justices? courts in the twenty-four oitiea, and the courts
of special sessions in every cownty, are required by statute to fle their
records of oficial proceedings with the county clerk, ‘The act of the
Legislature (chap. 97, 1861, see, 6) eonstitaced all the eity police justices!

Prison Assocrarrax o» New Yor. 103

courts to be courts of specia) sessions, and, at the same time, epecially
required chem (o make a formal return to the county sherifs concorninge
all convictions by said eourts,

‘The jurisdiction of the polioe justices? courts in cities has been varionsly

modified from time to time, vo that the actual record of orimes in an)

county in which a ity is lonted cannot be correctly andertood. with
‘uv en examination a nnalyaa of tho convioioun at well a fe com
ont by. tree oot

"The sheri®h are rounly paid for the sohaduleseconta which, a the
sintate require, they trast to the Secretary of Stats au Atbeay, it
ina porfinetory service in which to atiempt 2 aceurney ie thougee of,
yet many particulars are given with «heodlem band i ached octane
There is oo wellkopt ji rogiter ot hand to enable the aber to verify
the outline of portonal records which he reeves from the poles cour
‘The errors in shone papers ave toagnided by the serif proces of come
pleting them to appear to comply with the required forms ape te
tho stsrte

Planly enough, the coreectnss of recorda of sll minor courts must
depend upon the greater faithfulness pombe in personal descriptions
or statements which ar ootared in he cot Fea and npon s oneguiy
trathfal or wellepe jail roster. Iv at thin point that the eves
of correct and compte jail records becomes apparent. "The State is
so auch eyrtetn and no central supervion of eitinal sation The
fig, of he: Soereary ot Sea caealy raion euastouamse al toe
sherifs andthe county clerks shall make, ut no oftecr iy changed with
fhe duty of making oF proving suc reuteas toe mumetteatly complete
oe ipetealy cares,

‘The states rete that the county elerks shall promptly forward to
the oes of Secretary of State a traneript of all she nconte of con
letions which reach him, ‘Tho sherite,n lke mann ae haute to
‘btain and send forward to the Seoretary of State, and ithe form and
particulars required by him, oortain speclte Kinds of information cow
Cerning the Intivuale wha have heen convicted in courts of record o
tity police courts in courts of spesal nowions, or before any rte
or other judilal oficer before whom any porsoa shall have too. oon
‘ioted of « eriminal offers,

“he ataace which presrbos all those duties also defined the duty of
the jestiows al other justia etors andthe ast staroays, is gard
to the ofcatretors which they shal respoctvely make tosovmty seek
and to sherife uo enue the latter offlale to complete their own rterea
te the Seoriary of Sinto, ‘The abeenee of s conta bureau and special
ficer 19 et in motion the entire machinery of the offes! returns thet
ae thus required by the tama loaves all co tho mishanoes of an autor

104 Tumry-srcono Axxvan Revowt oF THE

matic and irresponsible service in which any one of the officials concerned,

vray neglect Iie own duty, and tay, in torn, saflr and fail In come
Juchco af the failure of other officials in the series of those from whom
seconds nd information should bave been weesived by him. ‘Thesherl
some apparent completeness to his schedules of ratumnn by Bling up the
inal cypocs in merely clerical manner, without regard to the facts. Not
poly dees this occur in some ofthe larget cites, but there are mumerans
antes in wbish the retams from courts of special seusions and from
folice justices snd elty recorder! courts, are fragaontary aswell as gen
rally inaccurate :

"Tee eslting basis for the criminal statttice of New York is too
untrustworthy to be continued. ‘The act of 1867 comprises all the
thority "which the. State has provided for this parpose; it al
Sholly fepealed all former laws relating Uo the oficial retums of
The sooowe of convictlona, inprisonmeuts, ete, and loft this impor
Be Taece of law to execute ise ‘The method of jail regitsy
Mlapaed into the old form which had been preseribel i the statute
Srery, aod which is simply a kind of ‘blottermemorandum of
Sheu person admitted to jail, whether committed or note ‘The jal
srecae in this State ate, therefore, unavailable for any practical usea
Te criminal atatsties or in verifying. and. completing the elements of
ateldual resords of crime. ‘The al register, wider the exiting law,
has no oficial demands made upon it for a
Proven? beard aocounte, "Thsy from the frst to the lat of the
rerunte eeorded of proceedings egninst crime, there ix an utter filore
to provide fora aystem of criminal st vt for a vorvoct and ver
fed record of individval offenders and thei eines

“he me to which th records and satis of any degatent of dhe
govenment ate applied, reqvire that the wimont acuraoy and complete
sem ahould characterize them separatcly and collectively, and that the

ary reoon, from whatever source retsrved, should be faultless and

"The most essential key to the euccesaful returning and perfect prepsra-
tion of the primary records (transeripts and forms) converning the erimes
land offenses whieh are brought to conviction in the several counties,
seems to be'in the prescribing and supplying of the official forms and
Hank sheets to be employed by the sherit’s and by magistrates, or at
least by connty clerks, for the returns which are to reach the State office
for permanent registry. ‘The statute of 1807 partly concedes this as a
duty. (Sections 4 and 9 of the Act of 1807.) All experience in statis
tioal and official returns shows that it is quite important to have a ee
‘ural office, for the State, assnme this daty. ‘The most perfect offical

}8Pe

' Prisox Assocramion or New Yorx. 05
retorns are bated upon schedule forms which are supplied in blank by
the central office

‘The faultiness of the primary returns as now sent from spectal seo
courta to county clerks, and by sheriy to the Seoretary of State, and in
some classe of cases (all special sessions? returns) by the county clerks,
can hardly be remedied except by the official assumption (by the Seore-
tary of State or adepartment of slatistis) ofthe whole eeroice of prepara-
tion and supplying of Wank forme for the required returns

‘The next point which is promineot in the faultiness and deficiency of
the county returns, relates to the failure in correct book-keeping by
sheriffs, as respects jail inmates and the convietions in the courts of
special sexsions. A. close inspection of the jailzegiaters throughout the
State in three successive years proved that leas than balt of the jeilers
kept eorrect and reasonably wellposted jailegisters, Even the mité-
bina papers were wanting in numerous jails, and oftener still no jal
register was found. Moreover, the sheriff usally removes his jail-
register when his own three years’ term of office expires, «0 that the
nowly-elected sheriff finds uo offic-rogiter left by hin predecessor. Tn
some instances, the new sheriff finds himelf unable to make the official
returns for the last two oF thrve monthe of the proviows year, in which
hin pradeceteor omitted to make returns, ‘This eainen certain defiita aud
errors in the statistical cords of exime for the year, and for the county
and the State. But the statutes concerning jaibregisters have beet a0
far repeated that the sherills may now have their own way in making up
jail accounts and county charges. [The Acts of 1961 and 1800 were
repealed in 1807.] Tn one county a jai-keoper so Rept and manipulated
tie jaibrogister that the supervisors had overpaid the sherif’ some
814,000 for care of prisoners before the fraud was discovered; and, in
another county, a sherif put his hand into the county Uasury ail
deeper than this, In yet another county, the exsheriff confessed be
had burned books and mittinus papers. That. the jail-egisters are
Dally kept, and that some amendment of law. yelating to shem is neces
sary, areobvious facts. The eounty jail records in the State of Michigan
are at present kept upon the best plan in the United States. Yet New
York ought to have even a better aystem than that of Michigan.

‘The next point noticed in the defects of the records of exime is that
of the failure o obtain the full number of returns and the particulare
of each eonviets’ status as an offender, as required from tho justices of
special sessions. This deftet ie a radical one, Tt eannot be overcome
‘without the exeroise of an iinperative authority, emanating directly
from the central office of the State, which shall quickly ascertain who
in falling to make the returns requived by law.

‘The next point of default in the statisticn of crime isin the annus]

Tamry-seconn ANNUAD RePoRT OF THR

106

summaries of convictions in special sessions, as reported hy sheriffs for
the twenty-four cities, as “police courts of special sessions jurisdic.
‘The county clerk of New York annually reports corrvetly the
number of special soxsions convietions in New York city. In 1876,
there were 3,661 convictions in this city’s special sessions, out of
45,804 cases arraigned in that court, ‘The county olerk of Kings counts,
however, is yearly reporting some 15,000 convictions in the special ses
sions of that county, and the sheriff of Kings county records some 21,000
‘special scasions convietions in the city courts of Brooklyn alone 5 al
when we compare specifications of the eonvietionsin Kings with those of
Now York, we find that they are of the identical kinds which our New
York city police courts and the strictly special sessions (or joint jue
dees!) court together supply: and by this eomparigon we find that Kings
‘county"s 21,000 convietions for the minor crimes and misdemeanors and
dhe 47,881 Gonvietions for thesame kind of offenses in New York county,
tally with the actual expenses of the two counties in regard to them anil
‘we the operations of their respective courts, But we find that the sheriif
‘of Now York reports from 25,000 to 28,000 convietions iu special see
sions, while the records of the police courts show that out of 87,307
pement who were passed through their courts in 1876, not less than
467,881 conviotions were Found for precisely the same eanses as the Kings
‘county sheriff counted in his eatalogue of convictions in special sessions
‘Thus the New York sherlff vies with the Brooklyn sherill at a grost die
advantage so far as the fees for reporting his special sessions? convie-
tions to the Secretary of State are concerned. ‘The signifeance and
value of such iacougruons records in an offive of the State and tor any
practical parpore are negative, and perhaps even worse than sseless,
We submit the following eight tables obtained from the district
police courts’ records of the city of New York for 1876. ‘The 47,881 or
more which world have been special sessions convictions in Kings ati)
‘other counties, actually gave only 3,668 as the technically special se
sions convictions, though the sheriff has roturned to dhe Secretary of
Btate about 28,000 as convietions of this elass, and gives the name of the
crime for each ease, He vertifies also, in the appropriate eakunins of his
schedule, nearly all of these offenders have enjoyed the henefit of religions
‘ediication ; while the Kings county sherif reports for the “City of
Chovehes” that most of his convicts had no religious education, This
fair inference that these and some other columins desoriptive of convicts
are clerical fictions conveniently written with ditto marks.

Puisow Assocration or Naw Yoxx. 107

Tanta showing We total number of persons arraigned in the Police
Courts of the city af New York, for the year ending October 21
1876, i

338

Toth ese fone aT Hoe

Number of persons arrested By polled...
Number of portona arested upon warrant.

Tancre showing the final disposition made of all persons arrecignéd in
the Police Courts of the city of New York, for the year ending
October 31, 1876.

Maen ema

29,180

24087
2

Nomber of persons hel.
Number of persons discharged. ss...
Number of persons whone esse are pending

on
57,086
30108

4

cd

17,908
50g
2

‘Total 218

ar)
Tantm showing the rohote numer af persons convicted, held for triat
coud commited to reformatony, charitabe and other intititions, in
the Police Courts of the city of New York, for the year enh
October a1, 1876, . * =
Nurnber committed i default of bil
For tal nt General Sessions,
For tal at Shela! Sessions,
To keep the pesee..--es.e
oil behavior «
abandonment aad bastardy
umber releused upon bai 2g
Por trial at General Sessions

For goo betavior a

Ts abandonment nod bastardy cases»

From House of Detention aa witueros

Somer reloased upon paymont af tne

Number committed tn deft of payment of five,

Noter committed to work-louse as idle persons.

Nunber committed ts Work-house for tabieua intoxt-

amber committed to aims house aa dosticute..-

umber committed to rotormstory an hitb iat

Somer comenited wo Commissioners of Charities and
Corrections:

As insane,

‘As denitte

‘As habitual tran,

Tumrr-seconn Avwvar Revorr o¥ 78

108

Number committed to penitentiary. — 1
‘To await requisition from governor.

Remanded to Sing Sing a reaped convict.

Remanded to Comissoners of Charities and Corre

For exassnation wo ower inictment.

{or exauninntion by coroner... =.

‘Total

‘Tancm showing the whole number of persons committed to reformatory
Institutions from the Police Courts of the City of New York, for the

‘year ending Ostober 81, 1816,

Comuttted to House of Retuge. 2
Comanitted to Roman Catholic Proteetorysess veces 8

‘Gomaited to New York Juvenile Asylum

omulte to Howse of Mercy .

‘Committe to Route of Gond Shepherd

‘Commisted 19 Magdalen Asytus. :
Sammie $n Conimisiones of Chases and Core
‘Committed a instiions of mercy

Committed to American Female Guerin Boclty..
Committed to St, Joseph's Home.

Commnited to Comuistloners of Kenigraion
‘Cosamitted to Hebew Oxphan Asylam

Committed to Orphan Asyiunn.
Commitied to Home ofthe Friendless

‘Committed to Children’s Aid Society

sede

"Total

anun showing the ages of all persons convicted, hetd for trial, on!

committed to reformatory and other institutions, in the Police Cow's

Of the city of Now York, during the year ending October 31, 1816
Nomber under the age of fourteen years 65208
‘Namber between the ago of fourier and Liven 1,825
[Number between the age of twenty snd thin 6,038
Number between the age of thirty and forty. sist
‘Namber over the ae of forty yours. 3,570
Number whose sges are not given.

‘Pout

i ffuot so recorded as to serve the requirements of pablic. just

Prison Associamtoy or New ors

109
Tame showing the whole nenber of cases received in the Court of
Special Sesoions of the city of New York for trial, and disposition of

the same, during the year ending October 1, 1816.
Teme

3,608
948

Number convietod upon tial
Number aequited upoa tla 130
Dismissed on falluro of complainant t prosoete --.
‘umber unnsferred wo General Sesion. ‘ 1
amber pending

‘umber abandoned on appeal

‘Nuabur ecognizancas Fortited.

‘otal
‘Tans showing the nature of all connictions in the Court of Special
Seasionsof the city of New York, during the year ending October 21,
1876,

1,887

we 39
a 'ens
out

‘Nunor convicted of petit lveeny
‘Sumber convicted of aetault and bettery.
umber convioved of other misdemeanor.

‘Total.

‘Tanta: showing the nature of the punishment imposed upon all persone
connicted in the Court of Special Sessions af Nei York, during the year
euding October 1, 1816.

umber sent to Penitentiary
umber sent to City Prison

under sent to House of Reftge

Nuster eens to Roman Oatholie Protectory..
[Nomper sent to Juvenile Asylum...
Piumber sot 19 Hebeow Benevolent Bodie «
Naber fined

Number on whoa sentence was suspended
Number balled to kegp the peace

‘Tho actual movements of crime in the State, or in its ehicf city, are

08, oF oF

‘and economy. The records exhibit the numerical evidence

pal gourts aro crowded with cases for examination and

vial. ‘The practical availability of the records of eouvietion for any

ecarate study or comparison plainly depends upon the specife deserip-

ion of the crime for which eonvietion was found, The Courts of
ftecord in different States have quite different limita of juriedi

110

rogard to the classes of offenses that come before them. Professor
Francis A, Walker, superintoudent of the Ninth National Census, bay
stated this fact, in one of its practical relations, as follows

“It is easy, by @ simple arithmetical procas, to chtain the solid
amount of pauperism, but not so of erie, ‘The absence of any effort
to reduce to a consisteut body tho returns on this subject at the les
‘consns led to similar raistupresentations of States and sections as have
‘been noticed in the published satisties of panperism —-Pennsylvania,
{or example, being returned with bnt 2,080 conviotions daring the yea,
while Now York, with a pop
same social and industrial condition, was returned with 98,007, or
It would not even
commnnitis

Tunrrsecoxn Avxvan Revo ov rae

lation only a little larger and much the

nearly twenty times es many as Pennsylvania.
require the most easual with the
‘characterized, or stigmatized, to establish the ertainey that such state

acquaintance hs

ments oould not be trie, Himan natiire, with ite opportunities and ils
temptations, doce not vary to that extent with bwo degrees of lativals,

“Owing to the fact that the constitution of courts of record in the
several States vaties greatly as to che crimes over which they have
jurisdiction, it has been not found practicable to make this table [A]
‘striedly one of convietions for erimes by courts of record. ‘The effort
has been, however, to make the rotarns for each State an equivalent
for those of every other” *

By the courtesy of Hou, John Bigelow, Seoretary of State, we are
enabled to submit the following abstracts of convictions in courts of
record and in courts of special sessions in the State for the your 1876.
By these s
crime against property, and that it was in tho

tistics, the fact appears that Usere war a marked increase of

asus in which the
thefts and burglaties were accompanied by violence. AS these offenses
‘were tried in courts of reoord, the prod! vagabond tramps hav
become a dangerous class of persons have been brought to the attention
fof the courts and juries in every county. The fact is noticeable that
the total number of convictions in the special sessions’ in the owents
four cities constituted sixty-two per gent uf all the convictions reported

jn that grade of courts in the State

poet .

Puisow Assocrarion of New Fors.

i

Stavsaucwr of the namber of convictions for oriminal affenses reported to
the Sooreiary of State by the clerks and sherif’s of the several counties
Of the State, for the year ending October 81, 1876.

Whole number of convictions reported by county. clerks

In 18%.

fa 180

Increase.

‘The convictions thus reported were as follows
Offenses agaist the porvon —

Wn 1870. cseeeee
tu
Decrease .

Offenses against property, with violence —

Incvease.
Otteuses against property, without violence —

Tn 878, ae 5
enses aginst the currency —

ins .

use.

Other eases —
In876...2-
leas

Inoroase

Females ooovited fn courts of record ~
In 1996, TEES
Ta1975,

uereese

‘Total convictions fa cours of record —
Reported by county elena...
Reported by sits,

excess reporsed hy eaunty clerks.

2 Tninrr-seconn Awsvan RavoRt oF THE

Senora Sesstoss,

Camron react by county teks —
In 1876
In 1875.

Toerease..
‘Females convleted in Special Sessions —

10 1806
ba 1835.

Ineresse..

Snenivee! Rurowrs or Srecrat, Sessions 1x Crna,
uaraton in Spec Seo —

Nunes of mates and females convictad of criminal offenses by Courts
of Record in the State of New York, during the year 18%6, with
the elassifintion of such offenses.

‘Onrustus Acamer me Penios.

i

Abandonment

‘Sasuult and battery
‘Assault on an fier.

‘Aswual to commit rape...

‘Asiualt Yo do bodily haem,

‘Basault to injure...

‘Aamoll to IL =

‘Assault to maim

Assault wo 70b,

‘Assault witha deadly weapon

‘Attompt to comin larceny from the person.
‘Attempt to eominit rape

‘Attempt to procure aborion

‘Atiempt to 96 shing-=ot

Burglary and attempt to rash

alse imprisonment

Latecny from the person,

Manslanghter

Maybem..es..0 0

Marder. :

Prison Assocranion or New Yorx.

ape oes is
‘Rt, asat and batiery
Seduction

Sodomy

Orruxits Agana Propenrs, wie
Attempt to commit burglary
‘Atm to commit lareeny
Amp comm roster
Burglary oo.

Burglary and lneeony
‘urgliry and receiving stolen goods
Fetony cere
Robbery.
abbory aftr felony
Hobbory after petit larceny

an Owneasa Acatsir Phovents, winmoor Vrovescr.
Attempt to commit arson
Bnnberzletont a
Biabezelement and gracdlasecay’-
elo pretenses...

Grand ineceny

Grand inroeny ater petit teeny
Larceny ater felony...
‘Obtaining property by fake protons
Post lnoony.

Pati ereony, second oense
Receiving stolen goods

“Reoalving stolen goods and larceny

Ovvonses soatner ‘tat Cennaxer.
Forge: Geet asians siesta
Passing forged note

Ormen Ovrreass, wor rxoLUDED Mm TaN PoRSAONKO.
Aiding an escape 2

‘Attempt to commit erie agains nature

Biguay

Breaking al

Bribery at eledion. :

Carrying concealed weapons.

Conspiaey eosseee

m4 ‘Tmnre-snooxp Awvuan Revoxt or THE

Crime agains nate.
Criminal contempt,
Cruelty to animals
postr of person

‘Keeping guaing house.

IDA opus fe
Malicious mibebiet
Misdemean0t -...-00-eee
‘Opstructing rao track
Bey soesseseee
‘Personating enother

Refusing to asst an oficor
Resatng an oBier.

Riot nearanastsh
Selling liquor without w Tcease
Selling lottery Nokes.

Belling obscene prints
‘Subormaion of perjury

Dewey e
Violation Election Law
Violation #

Violation Game Laws

Viohslon Hack Law

‘ouing iegaly. +.

Recaption.
menses ageinst the person Ses
‘Omtense azolnet propery, with violence...
Ottenaes agsinet property, wiuoat violence,
‘Offenses against the enrency. oe
ther offenses not included inthe foregoing,

going abstracts, -

8 fetes and upwards
5,982, persons were convicted In courts of record, and up)
101,000 convieted in the courts of spectal sessions, in the State of New
‘York, during the year 1876, (An unascertained balance between records
of sheriffs aud eounty elerks myst correet this last total.)

Prison Assocration oF Naw Yor. 15

‘Tho magnitude of the economic, as well as moral, interests that are
‘nvolved in thie great number of convictions, the vital itportance of a
thorough knowledge of all classes of the conviets and of their individual
history, and the duty of preserving an official record of each of these
persons who so annoys and burdens the people, supply all the argument
sweessary for our plea for « correct and complete system of statistical
records of crime. Yet, heyond and above all these reasons, the states:
‘man and the student of the causes and prevention of erime, claim that
the thorough and analytical records of the critainal clases are necessary
to 2 comprehension of the causes and eorrvetional treatment of erime.
As the late De. Lisnien, a master in the philosophy of erime and ite
jndicial treatment, hos well stated: “ Few more important: services eoala
he rendered to the well-being of our people, than the passing of laws
which should enjoin the propor authorities the olerks of courts and the
supsrintondents of the penitentiaries in particalar, to keep accarate and
complete statistical tables, according to presoribed forms, * * * Ste
tistical aooounts, if jndiviously used, are the very charts of legislators;
legislation without them is, ia most cases, groping in the dark, * *
‘The clerks of courts, the superintendents of the penitentiaries, have but
faithfully to fill the blanks of preseribed schedules, * * * ‘The polie
Lisian, the moralist, the publie economist, the eriminalist, the divine,
the promoter of prison discipline—all who have the welfare of the
fare ogially interosted.” +

Crimes must be regarded ss being so important as ovidenoes and
specific indications of groat ovilsand wants in the bosom of soviety itself
that a oarefal registration of the occurrences, and the perpetrators of
thu, should be made in the interests of mankind regardless of the move-
rents and records of the police and the courts against the offenders.
Such a registry of fants concerning erimes aud offenders is necessary
pon the same grounds a we record the phenomens and results of storms
and of diseases, The observations should be made in the interest of
property and of life, and as respects th i

nation at heart

in the intorosts of morality and reform and the prow
Mr, Frederick Hill, late Inspector of Prisons, England, “In ordee to
onder tho statistios of orime of real value a rogistry is wanted of the
etal offenses committed, without reference to subsequent detection oF
conviotion.” Taspeotor Hill urged the adoption of the practive of reg-
istering the vagrants, as habitual offenders, who wander over Eugland,
and this measure has been adopted, with most signally beneficial rosalts,
under the Local Government Act of 1874. Frshould be done ia New York.
By whatever may be done or be neglected in this matter, che legal detink-
tion and thorongh registration and police surveillance of habitual erik
nals, who make depredations « vocation, should be amply provided for

116 ‘Tumre-seoonn Axwuan Revorr ov tue

by the laws. Society owes this duty to itself, and, if well performed, such
avegistration of habitual offenders would tend to restrain no small nam.
Der of them.
records we need only quote the fst results of the rogisteation which was
proseribed under the Prevention of Crime Act, in Great Britain (1871),
and the Habitual Criminals Act, which provided that a register shall
be kept of all persons couvioted of crimo in the United Kingdom,
“crime” being interproted, in those Jaws, as “any felony, and some
‘other offences.” ‘The Commisiioner of Police of the Metropolitan
District reported, in 1874, that “the registration of habitual criminals
has boen continued as heretofore, but the numbers on the rogistry have
increased so rapidly that there are wow 117,568 names on the register,
rate of 20,000 per annum.” ‘The fact that all
this registration falls short of ite purposes for identifieation of indi
viduals iu consequence of defvets in the method of registry and personal
Aeseription, may well remind ux that any such half-way legislation as
leaves the descriptive list of each person quito incomplete, or witich,
Tike the New York Habitual
Ddecause it provides no basis and Forme for the deseription or identifica
tion of the offender who is brought under arrest, As wo have explained
this move fully in the seetion on Habitual Criminals, the following, brief
account of the practical operations ander the new penal laws in Great
Britain and Ireland is suggestive of improvements now required in
New Yor
Sir Walter Crofton, whose name has become synonymous alike with
that of humani
undertook not only the difienlt task of reforming criminals, but of so
“Grime as a

Upon this point, and to illustrate the importance of such

iminals Act (1873), utterly breaks down

‘ani with that of aocessful correctional discipline,

‘hunting down the erime classes that, as he himself says
profesed vosation will be far too perilous for general following.” ‘The
“Habitual Critainals Act” of Groat Britain has been made effectually
twefal just in proportion as the deseription and registration of the
individuals of that late have been accurately made. As a prison
Crofton, acting as chairman of the Board of
Directors of Government: Prisons in Ireland, prescribed the following

reformer, Sir Walter

form of personal description for each individual who, under arrest is
suspected of being an habitual or frequent offender

Particulars of former conviction as far ats Touown or can be ascertained:
Name

‘County where tied

‘Date of convietion.

crime,

Sentence

‘When dichangod from couvie prison.

Parson Assocrarion or Naw Yonx,

rison from which dlchanged.. atest

Mou
Complexion
Vieage

oe

Darks om person.

Prosent age... years

Tre or ealling ++.

Prana tude

Boon sts...

Resided tefore committal et

riende reside at

‘Whether identifi! as having been « convict, ad by whom.

In the State of New York a Department of Public Justice and a
Bueoan of Statistics pertaining thereto, would at once set in order all
nogessary mothods for recording the movements of crime and offenders.
A Department of Pubite Statisties would not make perfect work, with-
‘ont judicial help and expert. supervision in this special branch of statis:
ties, Every consideration of economy and efficiency unges the institie
tion of a State Department af Justice, But years may elapse before
the people of this State will institute such a Department, or before thore
‘wil bua separate Bureau or State Department of Keonomieal and Social
Statistics. Those very useful branches of public serviee may be the
outcome of well-performed duties, which should now be attended to
with eerapuloas care by separately responsible officials in existing depart-
ments of public service, From the examination which the writer has
made for the Prison Association regarding this subjeot, in relation to
the causes and repression of erime in tho State, he respootfully submits
the following suggestions, in addition to those which are embodied
the cowelnding pages (38 to 7) of the official report of the Executive
‘Commistoo in this volume:

‘That, under existing lawa (Chapter 604, Session Laws; 1867, and Revised
Statutes, Part IV, Chapter LI, Title f, Article frst), and with what-
ever amendments of law and asthods may now be practicable, there
should be sorupalons completeness in the records of all acts by magia
‘rates and courts, and by the sheriff, jail-keepers and superintendents
ff local penitentiavies, conceming every person held in oustody, and
with fall particulars, as the laws require, concerning every person con-
victed of erime or misdemeanor,

18 Terervsnconn ANvoab Report ov m8

‘That the faithfal performance of these several duties shall be strictly
enforced by the Seerctary of State and the Attorney-General, and
that a method of inepeetion may be dirceted by those two Heads of
Departments for securing a prompt compliance with all preseribed
forms and duty under the lave

‘That in every local penitentiary, the prisoners who were sentenced for
faloniovs erimes (punishable in State Prison) for the term of one year
or more, shall have @ special and separate registry of their respective
cases Kept in the same manner and ander the same headings of specif
‘ations as the eonviets in the State Prisons have.

‘That under the Habitual Criminals Act the Chief or Saperintendent of
every city police force,—and in counties in which there is no city,
the county sheriff,—shonld keep a record of Habitnal Criminals
known to them in the respective counties in which they hold office,
Farther, that the term “habitual” may
fying such frequeney and methods of evime as to indicate design to
repeat the same or similar acts

‘sed in such records as sign

‘That the elements of information which are entered upon the transerita
of “courts of record” vettens, for transmission to the Secretary of
State, shall be ax complete and well verified as possible, and that, the
returns which, under the Iaws, the Secretary of State requires at the
hands of sheriffs, shall also be as eomplote as possible.

‘That all retums of records from the Special Sessions and City Police
courts should be strictly corroct in their details whether complete or
not, aay doubt of entire correctness being entered in anch records.

‘That the rogistration and desoriptive records of prisoners in the several
prisons and penitentiaries and the personal description and the other
facte which are registered shall he etated in terms and with carefulness
that shall be adapted to promote the purposes of justice, and to secure
correct hasis for the identifieation of each prisoner, and that the
Superintendent of prisons should canse to be kept at his ofice at
Capital of the State, a complete and reasonably abbreviated Transeript
Register of all the Felon Prisonors, as reported (quarterly) from each
State prison and from each Penitentiary. (Such en official retura to

y be required under
Chapter 208, Laws of 1839, "and various subsequent Acts, but: an
amendment will be necessary to provide adequately for the registra:
tion here suggested.)

fess
n

Prison Assocration or New Yore. 119

Finally, it may justly be recommended that, in the system of records
adopted in each State prison and penitentiary, and in each county
prison, and all reformazories in the State, the specications and par-
poses mentioned in the 7th Section af Ohapter 179 of Session Laws of

7, relating to individual prisoners may be advantageously oarried

ting these statomonts, the writer begs to express the hope
that whoever undertakes to keep or to use any records of erime will hear
‘in mind the importance of exelnding from them all sources of error and.
indefiniteness, and of keeping each prisoner's record truthful and free
from prejudiced statements. Dismal as the study of eriminal records is,
the duty of guarding cach conviet's record against misstatement, is
plain, So faras transcripts and registers are concerned, it is a public
record, and, in the words of Robert Livingston, such a record is a
“written memorial made by a public officer authorized by law to per-
form that function, and intended to serve as evidence of something
written, said or done.” In the records of erime and of offenders, no
error or indefiniteness should be permitted. or this reason the forms
must be preseribed and supplied by central sourco of responsible
authority in the State, and should be Vigilantly supervised and inspected
under the direction of such authority. With sach a provision by the
State, the officers who shall become responsible will find a true reward
in the fact that they promote private happiness and virtue by aiding to
establish the principles of public jastice

Dmrrv-svooxn ANwuaL Report ov rae

CATALOGUE AND RULES FOR PRISON LIBRARIES.

Plax axp Ponrosss ov wins Carazocur ror Prison Lumantes,

Good books are good friends, and they are very useful friends to
persons in adversity as well as to those in prosperity. ‘The following
eatalogne of books for Prison Libryies contains classifed liste of more
than a thousand volumes which are well adapted to increase the happi-
nest and wolfive of the prisoners and to benefit them in after life when
released from confinement, ‘The value and induenee of every book ia
‘this catalogue have been carefully considered, and the titles have been
so arranged and lettered that any prison, large or small, any jail or
prisoner may make selections from these classified lists according to
estimated excellence or the reader's preference. Thus,

For a Library of
30 Books, thove marked 2, may be taken as suggesting order of excellence

Ca eee ‘c

Sgessees

ig

Apprnio¥s may be made from time to time to a prison library whor
ever established, and the newly added volumes should be duly classified
‘and conseoutively numbered as though they were originally in the
foundation of the catalogue. ‘The letters 4, By 6, dy ete may ropresent
the order or degree of relative merits and usefulness; yet this lettering
ia merely «convenient aid to the persons who select the Nbraries or read
‘the books,

Lameaaans may mark thos amen under the title of any volume,

n the catalogues, for the easy reference of prisoners, the books whieh
aro already contained in their library — thus, Life of Abraham Lincoln.

May label every shelf in the library according to the headings in the
catalogue; and may have the books neatly covered, and marked on

Prison Assooration o» Naw Yors,

tho back with Title, Name of Author, Number, and Classification — to
correspond with extalogue— thus

HAVELOCK. |

nroazarer. BR

May keep 2 record of books drawn, and report any missing or
seriously injured.
Catalogues should not he left in the Celle after the choive of books.

Books marked thus meme indicate those which are im the library.
[If alibrary of 150 volumes were s0 selected a8 to contain all af the books
whieh, in this eatalogue, are lettered a and J, each title ander those
letters would havo the seme under it, and fifty more titles under
other letters would also have to be underscored with the ——-

It will be noticed that this eatalogue groups all books into the follow:
ing classes to facilitate the arrangement of the library and for the
readers" convenience in seleeting

‘Travele, Explorations and Adventures,
Science and Natural History.

Special Science and Duty.

Industries, Inventions and Manufactures,
Agriculture, Cattle, ete

Fiction and Works of the Imagination,

Pootzy.

‘Miscellancous,

Select Religious Reading. (Donations, —Unclassifed,]

122 Turrv-snconn Axwuat Report or 7u8

‘The authors! names are arranged alphabetically in cach class, and the
Atles of the books are mmbered from 1 upward in each class. Wheo
ever new books are added to the Library, if only a few in pumber—2
oF $ for each class —they may be numbered continuously, from the last
‘old number onward, jn the class to which they belong, without refer:
fence to the alphabetios! arrangoment of authors; and by bracketing
such additions and marking the date at which made, the stendy grow!
of the Library will be recorded in its eatalogue. But if a large number
of hooks are ‘will be advisable to make a separ
classified catalogue of them, after the plan of this catalogue, entitling
it “Supplementary,” No......-.187.... The donations of books by
generous persons from their own Ubraries may most conveniently be
registered in the list of “ Miscellaneous ” or the  Seluct- Religions Teen
ing,” according as they belong to one or the other of those gronps; and
it is desirable that the best of religions books should he entered in thie
eatalogue; a few of these may belong to the lists of “ Biography” and
of S*Special Seience and Duty,” bat they will ehieily fall under the head
of “Select Religions Reading.” It will be observed that the librar
numbering will nat be confused by the eontinaal aditions made to these
Tas two elasses of books.

‘A great teacher has recently said, “Good books, besides the value of

what they contain and impart, have a positive orth in thoir effect on

Gia pace, les Gok. Sheer, "Tus waawiacion rus to
tentsole the gonscleoos co for af forms and anfoaty the Iaela of what
trem and coght to booma."

Ta this catalogue of books, there have ben two great objects in

“rit to place within reach of all pesoners the best books for gf
ing weful knowlolge of the trades and employment kil and habit
which will help them enra a livelihood and do well when they are
Toler from prison, a8 wall ut toad to their happiness and wefan
While they are detained in prison; for this purpose n very careful slew
Ts tas bony urns Gee ae eeteelee Uooba RANE 6 cask con
tewuch of inde, Inventions, manuftotar, ngecaltare, gardening,
science, practical hygiene, and affairs of common life.

‘Scoully. To supply in the volumes of bogeaphy, history, travel
explorations, adventure, nataral history, poetry, Bellon and works of
the imagination, special anenos and duty ~- svc inatraction and ind
oil soe ce Oeil by Gratien ned hu ecparions ka
hows tobe bust sdapled 40 Ml the tnd yith noble arplastony, snd
ot only to inepive substantial hopes and good purpose, but to poi
oat the bost ways of realising thers

PREPS RER eRe ne eRe TORE

Prison Assocrarton or New Yous,

JATALOGUE

BIOGRAPHY,
American Pioneers and Patriots
Daniel Boone, Life of,

Ferdinand de Soto, Life of
Miles Standish, Life of..
Peter the Great, Life of.
Petor Stuyvesant, Life af

Distinguished Scientific Men
‘Toussaint LOaverture
Galileo, Life of.

Sir Trae Newton,

Martyrs of Science
Eminont Natoralists |.

‘Men of Mark.

Havelock, Life of.

‘Martin Luther.

‘Art of doing our best (Thor Worker).

Tord Brougham, Life of
Daniel De Poe, Life of ..

Biographies of Good Wives

Celebrated Women. :

Isaac . Hopper, Life of

English Divines, notes on

Francis Xavier, St, Life of

Wilberforce and his times...

Elizabeth Fry, Lifo of

Melancthoo, Lif

Pursuit of Knowledge under Dificultios
Memorable Women

Lives of Self made Men,

Oliver Cromwell

Inventors and Tnventions.......

John Howard, Lite of. .

‘The World’s Explorers,

Abbott.
Abbott.
“Abbott.
Abbott.
‘Abbott

2 Abbott.
Abbott.

Adams.
Arago.

+ Beard.
1 Brewater

Brewster.
Browst
Brightwel
Brightwell.
Brock.
Bunsen.
Caldwell,
Campbell, Lord.
Chadvwiok,
Child, Mrs.
Child, Mors.
Child, Mrs.
Coleridge.
Coleridge.

+ Colquhoun.

Corder.

+ Coxe,
+ Craik,

Crossland,

Fo Davenport, RA,
1 Dvubigné,

Dircks.

Dixon, W. H.
+ Daleken,

Turary-seconn Axnoan Revorr or run

Boyhood of Great Men

Sea Kings and Naval Heroes
Pioneer Women of the West. .
Seekers after God

Charles Dickens, Life of.
Book of Martyrs

Halt-hours with the Bar
Charlotte Bron

WhitoGield, Life of.

Hall, Rev. R., Life of «
Michael Angelo, Life of
George Peabody, Tite of.

Gen. Winfield Seatt.
Washington and kis Generals
Contemporary Statermen (4 vole).
Memoirs of Amezican Mechanics
“American Merchants.
Columbus, Life of

Oliver Goldamith, Life of.

Fomale Sovereigns...
Italian Painters, Lives of
Boyhood of Great Painters
Livoa of the Poets ...
Humboldt, A. & W.
Plotarch's Lives (4 vols.)
Wiclif

Goethe, Story of his Lite

Sir Walter Seott, Life of .. +.
Eminent Americans,

Sohn Knox

Lives of Trishmens? Sons.
Richard Cobden.

Wm. Pict

Robert: Emamest

‘Milton’ Lifw and ‘Vimes,

‘The Peasant Boy and Philosopher

Boyhood of Martin Luther
Sir Humphrey Davy, Life of
Joan of Are, Life o

Mary Queen of Seots
‘Thomas Chalmers

Heroes of Discovery.

Frost,
Gaskell, Mis
Gillies
Gregory.

+ Grimm.

Hanaford,

Higginson
Howe, H

MeGilcheist,
Macaulay.

+ Maiden,

Martin
Mayhew.
Mayhew.

Mossman,

perpen r neste na rrnrees

Parison Association or New Youx.

Pocahontas, Life of, “
Hampden and hin Times, ....c.e0
Horace Grecloy, Life of
Famous Americans of Reoent Times. .

rund Burke, Life of
Biographical Essays
“Thomas Jofferso
Abraham Lineoln, Life of
Robort Fulton, Life of .
Alexander Hamilton, Life of
Count Rumford, Life of
Ulysses 8. Grant, Life of. |.
Lorenzo de Medici, Life of
Extraordinary Mew.
Lives of Celebrated Travelers...
My Prisons. Sylvio Pellico ..
Lives of the Novelists

famade Men. .
‘Memoirs of General Sherman.
Noble and Gentle Men of England.
Chovalier Bayan, Life of :
Stophen Girard, Life of,
Brief Biographies
Ludhstrial Biography
Bontton and Watts, Lives of. .
Character
Lives of Engineers
‘The Stephensons, Lives of

Father Marquette, Life of
American Biography (10 vols, ist Series)
Anmoriean Biography (15 vols. 2d Series)
Nable Deeds of Women, .
Red Jacket ..+..--+ .
Mesnorials of English Martyrs
Tgnatins Loyola, L

Tharaeteristios of Eiainent Men
School-days of Eminent Men
Stories of Inventorsand Discoverers:
Heroes for the Truth,

Neill,

1 Nugent.
2 Parton,

Parton,
Prior.
Quinvey, De.
Rendall.
Raymond.
Renwick.
Renwick.
Renwick.
Richardson

1 Roscoe,

Russell,
St. John, J. A.
Sargent,
Scott.

1 Smiles

‘Smilet
Smiles.
‘Smacker,
Southey

+ Sparks.

Sparks.
Sparks.
Starling, Eliz
Stone,

Tayler.

Taylor

Tirabs,

Fimbs.

Timba
Tweedie, W.-K.

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PRPRToR EP Er oo ea

‘Tmnrvsecoxn AxoaL Report or Hs

ives aud Works of Earnest Men
Crichton (Admirable), Life of... * Tytler.
Sir Walter Raleigh, Life of. 0... Tytler.

fusioal Composers and their Works....... Tytler.
Seulptors and Painters... sees yer.
Distinguished Mon of Greece. ~ Walker.
Heroic Women of History... teeese Watson,
Marie Antoinette ee Ll Weber.
Washington, Life of. ..s.cccecccse-es--++ Weom,
Shakespeare — coves White,

k Hen ceseeeees Wit

Book of Goliden Deeds + Yonge, Miss.
Biographies of Good Women + Yonge, Miss.
‘Auduboo, 3. J. (Life and Journals).

Jackson, Life of,
General Marion, Life of
General Taylor, Life of.
Napoleon Bonaparte, Life of.
William Penn, Life of,
Daniel Webster, Life of.
Exemplary and Instractive Biography, Cham-
ers edition.
* misrory.
Ohilds History of Rome (Vols Tand M1) .. Bonner.
Child's History of Greeeo (Vols. I and 1D).
History of the United Su
Franco and its Revolutions.
Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World
History of China,
“American History, Romance of »
la’s History of England
Her Majesty's ‘Tower of London ...-..
Annals of the Army of the Cumbeeland
Trae Storie from History and Biography Hawthorne.
Conquest of Granada... + ving.
History of Palestine... tose Kitto.
Great Rvents by Great Historians. ........ Lieber.
History of the Spanish Inquisition, + Llorente.
Ficld-hook of the Revolution. .....+++-+++ Lossing.

. Tweedie, W. EK.

Prison Association or New Yorn,

History of England (Vols. 1-4) + Macaulay.
History of the Mexican War... + Mansfield.
Page Pathos of Now England....4..+ Mari,
History of Scotland. . ‘ + Menzies
History of Christianity. <0... Milman

y of the Great Wert. cescses Padkman,
Old Regime in Canada, Parkman,
Pioneers of France in the New World Parkman.
Conquest of Mexico (vols. 1-3) roses Presoot,
Conquest of Pera (vols. Land 2).........2, Prosoott,
Eaclnand nd Inbal (ol 3-8). + Presoott
God in History. sess Read
History of the Reformation ... sessse Secbobm.
Hoguenots in England and Ireland.
Huguenots in France
On the Study of History: fisceesess Stith, Goldwin,
History of United Sicceecesecees Swinton,
Roba di Roma.. pececeseeecase Story,
‘Tales from English history cescoee Strickland.
History of Germany. . Be + Taylor, Bayard,
‘Tales of Many Lands.

TRAVELS, EXPLORATIONS AND ADVENTURES.

Florence and John Stories, (vols. 1-4) ...... Abbott, J
Town and Clarke's Expadiion to the Colum
bia... + + Allen, Paul.
+ Baker, 8. W.
+ Ballantyne.
— : Ballantyne,
Fast in the Toes... eceeececeeseeseee Ballantyne,
Fighting the Whales... Ballantyne.
Station Life in New Zesland.. s+ Barker, Lady.
Twelve Nights ine Hunters Comp, Barrows,
Wonderful Racapes.... sissies Bernard
Minacsota and its Resources s+ Bond.
“Across the Continent Dioceses Bowles
Frank on a Gunboot -... Castlemor
Peauk on the Lower Minion Castlemon, H.
Frank on the Praivies Castleton,
Frank in the Woods. . Castlemon, H.
Frank tho Young Naturalist. Castlemon, I.
Feank before Vieksburgh. Castiemon, H

h.
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Tarnry-secoxn ANwuAL RePoRT oF 78

Suslenan,
Castlemos
Corina HC

Go ahead
‘Tom Neweombe.
Cecil and his Dog.
Last Rambles aanong the Indians........... Cadin,
Voyages round the World...esscreeesceses COOK.
Stories of the Sea ee
Tho Mowadji in Syria. soe sccsseeeoe Curtis, @. W.
Nile Notes of a Howadji.... Tl. Ourtis, @. We
Teip to Cohe.csvacssereveesaececsaveiseee: Damm
‘Pwo Years before the Mast filitee Bana,
Narrative of Perils and Sufferings Davenport, R.A.
A Journey to Ashango Land : Da Chailla
Goritia Country... fesreeeses Dut Chill

My Aping! Kingdom + Du Chailla,
Wild Life under the Buator Du Chaillu.
Mammoth Cave of Kentucky Forgood, W. 8
“Pho Young Marooners oe Goulding.
Open Polar Sea ietnedtesseccssseive Mayen
Our Barren Lands... fins Hazen,
‘Anny Life in a Black Regiment Higginson,
Boy's Adventures in Anstralia Howitt, Wa,
Tourney throngh the Chinese
‘Travels in Tartary and Thibet .

Winter in Cuba

“Aretio Explorations.
Second Aretie Expedition

speilition in pasmait of rantlin|
Tent Life in Siberia
Bothen, ‘Traces of Travel in the Hast

Cooper.

1 day, W. EM

Kinglake,
“Leases.
Livingstone.
Macgregor

+ Marion,

Life and Travels in South Attica
‘A thonsand miles in the Rob Roy.
Wonderful Balloon Ascents. ..
Arizona + Maury.
Roughing iin the Buah (Cannas). Moodie.
Dalitor’ si. Nordbotf
Cotton States im 1875, Nordhof
‘A Journey through the Back Gsuntry «1... Olmsted
Last Travels......+++ seceiesses Pfeiffer, Ha,
Boat Life in Beype. Primo, W. ©.
Igo a Fishing... tetresssesese Prime, W. G,
"Tent Life in the Holy Land Prime, W. C.

‘Pason Assoctation or New Your.

Across Amevica and Asia + Pumpelly.
‘The Clif Climbers .. Reid, Mayne,
‘The Desert Home

Forest Exiles .
Bruia, oF the Grand Bear Hunt»
Bash Boys.

Bush Boys, Sequel to

‘Travels in Europe

Reid, Mayne.
Reid, Mayne,
+ Reid, Mayne,

Northwest Passage .

our round the World
Colorado, a Summer Trip.
Eldorado ......

Egypt and Toland.
Greece and Russia,

India, China and Japan
Land of the Saracen ,
Northern ‘Travel. ,

Views afoot

Seine Fouily Robiwon., add
awrence's Adventures among the Iee Cutters °

Trowbr
Von Humboldt

SCIENCE AND NATURAL HISTORY.
Structure of Animal Life...
‘Practical Plans and Solid Geometry -
Our own Bitds :
‘The Young Nanuralist

Stories about Dogs

Science of Fami

vee Agassiz,
“Angell.

5 sessesesecses, Oampenter
Geological Story briefly tid. Dana,
‘Wonders of the Thunder and Lightning .... De Fonvielle.
Wonders of De Tanoye.
Stories of Infinity Flammarion,
Wonders of the Heavens Flammarion,
Marvels of Instinet ee Garrett,
Physical Geography (Seienoe Primers) Geikie
Parley’s Avimals Goodrich.
Evenings with the Microscope... Gosse.
Romance of Natural History .. + Gosse,

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Tanerseconn AvnvaL Report oF 125

How Plants Grow «2+ -s+2000¢ = Gray.
Chapters on Animals ... vis Hamertoo.
Trante oma Box of Math’ Tnstruments.... Kentish.
Half Honrs with the Microseope..- Lankester.
Mouthful of Bread... 1) Macé, Jean.
Wonders of Optics --.-sseerreeeeeseeeeee+ Marion,
Wonders of Vegetation « Tie Marion,
Wonders of Familiar Things.....-+s+2++0++ Mayhew.
Wonders of Seience Mayhew.
Fe er te Intelligence of Animals... Menaalt, Ba
Footprints of the Oreator. ..» Miller, Hugh.
Old Red Sandstone. Miller, Hugh.
‘Testimony of the Rocks. Miller, Hugh.
Woosers of Pompeii Lilicsess Monier,
Balf-honrs with the Telescope...»

Light Seienes for Leisure hours ...- Proctor
Other Worlds than ours... Proctor
The Sun, the Life of the Planetary Sytem, Proctor.
Wonders of Acoustics ane Radan
Descriptive Natural History......s+4+--++ Romer.
Chemistry (Science Primers).......-.+++++ Rosooe.
Seven Lamps of Arebiteotare .. Doo Raskin
Lectures on Architecture Ruskin,
‘Toco Pathy (Decorative and Industrial Art)... Ruskin
Wonders of the Bottom of the Sea

Physies (Science Primers) . E Stewart
Wonders of the Water...+ssccssererereeee Tissandier,
Science for the People «-

Wonders of Mountain Adventare

Fragments of Science

Science of Common Things...

Natural History (abridged).

First Book of Botany

Chemistry of Common Life...

Chambery Information for the People.

Chaubers! Scientific Class Books (22 Parts).

SPECIAL SCIENCE AND DUTY.
How to Write clearly 5
Philosophy of the Moral Feelings.

‘The Science of Law .-.+e+esee+
Self-Coltare ....eeeeeee Lu. Blackie.

“Abbott, B.A.
Abercrombie.

‘Amos, Prof. 8.

Prison Assooration or Naw Yorn.

va
eheeaing
The Organi of Tabor. sicssacls Daplag
Healthy Houses. e.
How to duane Youseié
How to make Ziving is
Conduct of Life...... : + Emmerson.
Tvenise on Buslsees..sosss. os Fron
Bch ant Mon * Gaye
Dengere and Dubs of Maui Pures. ilar.
Coots Rogie no Belpa
Ba Rlp by the People. 00coccscschntcs Malpas
Tay Gertuom snd Addrene soo ssocseesccee lea.
Hlcmoniary Popslony.« So sey
Sriengo Primer, Introductory. ccvsceecees Tue
Chemie of Common Lif -.-ss.cccsscs Jehan,
Talor and Onptal ss O00 alee
WWooders of the Human Body |. sss... Le Pilea
Poguiotogy of Common Life coccvvccssses Lamon
Git Livery and Slt Go oe
fay o6 fe Becaan Woden
foioabe
Man and Nata
evi os moditen by Haman Action
On Liber
Om Reproeiaive Government.
Firesde Selene. 2
Pes for Yonng Amerie cos

Work and Wages
Self-Clenre
‘Demoerney in America

Ease
+ Eggleston.

Introduction to Municipal Law
Wealth of Nations...

‘Home, whore it should be snd what to put
‘Things not generally known

Things to be remembered

Something for everybody.

‘Commentary on the Constitution,

Mental Science ... ——

‘Moral Science (abridyed).....+-+. ‘Wayland.

Tarery-awcoxd ANNUAL Revort oF THE
Walker
Walker.

1 Wells.
Yeomans.

Seience of Wealth

Wages Question ++

‘Things not generally known... .-++

Hand-book of Household Science

Chambers’ “Flea gud Hand with reference
to Success and Happiness.”

INDUSTRIES, INVENTIONS, MANUFACTURES.
‘The Paperhanger’s Companion, .<..+++-+++ Arrowsmith
Hemomy of Machinery and Manufactures... Babbage.
History of Cotton Manufacture .-.+.--.+r++ Baines
Recori of Scienee and Industry Baird.
secon ot Manufacturing Iron and Stwel.... Bauermas.
Inventions in the Ninetoonth Centwry. Bakewell.
History of Inventions (2 vols.) Beckmann,
Phenomena of Tron Smelting.

How to become a Successful Engineer

‘The Useful Arts ae

Metals, their Properties and ‘Treatment,

‘Clock and Wateh Makers’ Manual

Marble Workers’ Manual -

Kedge Anchor, or Young Sailor's Assistant

Land Surveying.

Pinigeants’ Hanibook oF Meshanieal Bees.

Catling
Camp

Practoe af Handzoring

Ropeakiog

Tedvot Contest of oloresoss

Wags Memeres and Mone

Steno Boier Explosions

Paton Gir ana Varuisher® Companion

omens of Boing —

Blomus of Sy eee

Digi f Mewar SE ay

atenutactre of Samp * Daneanen

Noone Coiage Baldor Dwyer

Tae tamigrane Bulger i Wood, Barth oF

‘Gravel

sions sui tho Steam Bngine. (Advanced

se feria)<acioptcesrgenenee cores Mra

~ Davies,

Dwyer,

Prison Assooranton or New Yorr,

Steam and the Steam Engi
Science Series)

‘The Locomotive......

Practical Hyaraulies

Mechaniam, Machinery and ‘Transmission,

"The Boston Machinist

Practical Horse Shoeing.

Artie Fish Breeding.

How to Paint.

Road Making

‘The Interior Decorator.

“Art of Saw Filing...

Carpenters and Joiners’ Hand Book

Roadmaking, Fences, Drains, ete

Painters? Instructor

Landscape Gardening.

Art of Tanning Leather

Metallurgy and Assaying Iron

Practical Braas and Tron Founders" Guide.

‘Manufactare of Worsted and Yarns

Serew Catting Tables.

Seaman's Assistant...

How shall we Psint our Houses

‘Manual of Hlestro-Motallargy .

‘Are of Bookbinding.

Hand Book for Locomotive Engineers .
Mechanics for the Mill Wright, Machinist,

Civil Engineer and Architect ...

Mining and Metallurgical Operations...
‘Moulders and Founders’ Pocket Guide.
Roads. (Spon’s Edition)

Pie

Flements of Metallurgy ..

Manufacture of Paper

Beekeeping

Compendiam of Manfuctnres

Wonders of Glass )
Manual of Pret-Cutting
Telegraph Manual
‘Workshop Appliances. ..

Wood Garving.

Elementary

Evers,
Evers,
Ewbanks.
Fairbairn.

Fitzgerald,
| Fleming,
: Fry.

Gardner,

© Gillespie.

Leronx.
Martin,
Moore,

2 Mosung.

Napier.
Nicholson.
Nomis,

+ Overman,
+ Overman,
+ Overman.
+ Paget.

+ Pepper.

Phillipe.

+ Proteaus.
+ Quimby.

Renwiek.
Sanray.

+ Seaton.
+ Sehadiner,
+ Shelley.

WeePR PO PRN EET Same

Tarerr-secoxp AnNost REPORT OF THE

rata! Handbook for Minor, Mtalangita

peinplr ant Docc of Env.

Pam ant Patie of Aehatace

Drawing and Deigig.

Workshop Receipts e

Ca haters ona Uphotar Guide.

How to bewome a Suoceafl Bngincer

atin Bakers Skoteh Book

Tse of Wondertl Tnventows

Hhentry Pune of Carpet

ee Ot Masafars

Manual ofthe Hand Lathe

rane Prati of American Machinists soa
Sngineee :

Book of Tras

‘pple Mechan
Epevinental

ake Hea of radon and Tok wed in thea,

AGRICULTURE, CATILE,

American Cattle.
“American Farm Book -.

uuiments of Agiieultural Engineering
Care of the Horse 7
Poulteres’s Companion

Young Gardener's Assistant -

Family Kitchen Gardener.

‘The Sinall Froit Cultarist

What Linow of Farming,

Gardening for Profit

Shoop, Swine and Poultry

How Crops Grow

How Crops Feed

Chemistry in Agriculture .-

Rural Stadies....-++

My F

"Ten Acres enough.

‘The Perfect Horse.

How to cultivate a Garden

‘Money in the Garden,

Silversmith,
Simms.
Sloan.
Smith.
Spon.

1 Stokes.

Stuart, Bernard,
‘Thomson.
Timbs

1 tredgold.
1 Tredgeld.
2 Ure.

‘Watson.

Watson,

+ Wylde.

Allen, LF

Allen, 1 F.
Andrews,
‘Armitage.
Bement.
Bridgeman,
Baist
Faller.
Greeley.
Henderson.
Jennings.

1 dohnson.

‘Fohnson,
Tiebes.
Marti.

1] Mitchell
| Mitchell.

Marra}
Oleott.
Quin.

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Parison Assooration or New Your.

Play end Profit in my Garden .
Domestic Poultry «

Elements of Agriculture ...-
Poulury Breeding and Feeding
‘The Hortientenrist .....-.
Agricultural Mechanism
Economy of the Kitchen Gasden
On the Horse

‘The Shoop .... +

Farming for Boys.

Roe.
Saunders.
Waring.
Watts.

+ Williams,

Williamson,
Wilton.
Youatt,
Yonatt.

FICTION AND WORKS OF THE IMAGINATION.

Days of Bruce...

Home Influence

Home Scenes ...

Mother's Recompen

Vale of Cedars

Woman's Friendship.

“Hospital Sketches

Little Women

Old-fashioned Gin)

Work enaesonn it
Danish Fairy Tales and Legends ..
Story of My Life.

Stories and Tales for the Household
‘Wonder Stories .. +++

Angel and the Demon

Making Haste to be Rich,

Pitcher of Cool Water.

Rising in the World.....

Six Nights with the Washingtonians,
Son of my Friend.

Sparing to Spend.

Ten Nights in a Bar Room

Black Forest Stories .

On the Heights.

‘Mansfield Park.

Emma

Pride and Prejudice

Sense and Sensibility

Norwood

Ame,

Aguilar, Grace,
Aguilar, Grace.

+ Aguilar, Grace,

‘Aguilar, Grace,
“Aguilar, Grace,
‘Aguilar, Graco

‘Aleott, Louisa ML
“Alcott, Louisa M.
‘Aleott, Louisa M.
‘Aleote, Louisa M.

+ Anderson, H. O.

Anderson, H. C.

Anderson, HQ,

“Anderson, H.C.

tee Arthur, TS.
) Arthur, T. 8.

Acthur, TS.

\ Arthar, T. S.

“Arthur, T. 8.
Arthur, T. 8.
Arthur, T. 8.

+ Arthar, T. 8.

“Auerbach,
Auerbach,
‘Austen, J. G

1 Austen, JG.
) Austen, J. @.
1 Austen, J. @.
» Beecher.

Bjornsen.

&

ooo RR

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Tainrv-sxcond ANNUAL REPORT OF TRE

Princess of Thule. ..
‘Lorna Doone...
Home.

The Neighbors.
Professor:

Shisley =
Villette...
Marjorie Fleming
Rab and his Friends..
Caxtons

Harold

Kenelm ¢ vine
My Novel

Rienzi

Don Quixote. .
The Tw:
Cripple of Antioch...

Ginthood of Shakespeare Heroines.

‘The Iron Con

Mar

"The Ivory Gate

‘After Dark

‘Phe Moonstone.

Poor Miss Finch.

Deorslayer :

Pathfinder Leather
ast of the Mohionns.  Stoking
Prairie. .
Pioneers a

Homeward Bound

Home as Found

Pilot.

Red Rover.

‘Waterwite +

‘Phe Two Admirals.

ak Openings

‘The Spy ‘

The Wept of Wish-ton- Wish,
Wing and Wing....---
Elizabeth, or the Exil

‘A Brave Lady.

mens of German Romance «-

+ Black,

Blackmore.

) Breme:

Bronvé
Bronté
Bronté
Brown, Dr
Brown, Dr
Bulwer.
Bulwer.
Bulwer
Bulwer.
Bulwer.
Carlyle.
Cervantes.
Charles, Mrs.

1 Charles, Mrs

Clarke, Mary ©.
Clarke, Mary ©.
Collins.
Collins

+ Collins, Wilkie.

Collins, Wilkie.
Collins, Wilkie.

1 Cooper
+ Cooper.

Cooper.
Cooper.

+ Cooper.

Cooper.

Cooper.

Cooper.
Cooper.
Cooper.
Gooper.
Cooper.
Cooper.
Cooper.
Cooper.
Cottin.
Craik, Mrs

FO oR TPR PRO MP RE DESEO PO ER

emo nere prem

Prison Assoolanion or New Your.

A Hero

Sotm Halifax, Gentleman
Life fora Life

Mistress and Maid

‘A Noble Life.

‘The Ogilvies

Woman's Kingdoms... ++.

Prae and.
Trumps

‘The Lamplighter
Sandford and Merton
Robinson Crusoe ..
‘Ohrisemas Stories...
Barnaby Rudge

Bleak House...

Cricket ou the Hearth...
David Copperfield.
Dombey and Son

Hard Times

Little Dorritt. .

Martin Chuzzlewit
Nicholas Nickleby

Our Mutual Friend,
Pickwick Papers

Tale of Two Citi
Tneommercial Traveller »
Coningsby His
Vivian Grey.

Hana Brinker's Skates
Irvington Stories

The Absentee.

Belinda .. :
Castle Rack Rent
Parent's Assistant.

Patronage

Moral Tales .-

Cirouit Rider

‘The Hoosier Schoolmmaster

Episodes in an Obscure Life.

‘The Conseript

A Miller's Story of the War.

Grail, Mrs

Craik, Mrs

rail, Mrs.
Craik, Mrs
Craik, Mi

1 Craik, Me

Grail, Mrs.
Curtis, GW.
Curtis, G. W.
Commings, Miss,
Day.

+ De Foe.

Dickens, Chas.
Dickens, Chas.
Dickens, Chas.

1 Dickens, Chas.

Dickens, Chas.
Dickens, Chas.
Dickens, Chas.
Dickens, Chas.
Dickens, Chas
Dickens, Chas.
Dickeus, Chas.

1 Dickens, Chas

‘Dickens, Chas.
Diekens, Chas.
Disraeli.
Disraeli
Dodge, M. E.
Dodge, M. E.
Edgeworth, ML

1 Edgeworth, M.
+ Edgeworth, M.

Rageworth, M.
Edgeworth, M
Edgeworth, 3
Eggleston.
Rggleston

Bilis, Mrs

Rrokimann-Chat-

Erokmann-Chat-

Tumer-secoxn Axwoal Rerorr or re Prison Assoctarion o Naw Fork, 139

_ { Brann Chat 7 ae

Pillar of Fire a
Princo of the Howie of David ......0.s... Ingrsham,
Throne of David Re eee a
The Alhambra ie seses Teving,
Bracebridge Hall ......ccoscesecessceee Teving,
Kotckorbocker ...... cesses + Teving.

Sketch Book....0-sseccee Irving.

Tales of a Traveler 000... iesieseessees Devings
Wolfert’s Roost..2.... 2. ccecceeseeee ving.

Live ft down... ‘ t+ eaflerson, J. ©,
Olive Blake's Good Work. ‘Teafferson, J.C,
Ragsolss....... — Tohnson, Dr.
Daisy Burns. coprcercon tose Kavanagh, Jali
Dorassesseesecs Kavanagh, Julia
Nathalie... 0.2. fesscsess Kavanagh, Julia,
Horseshoe Robingon......+..2.:c;ss++++++ Kennedy.
Amyee Leigh... sess+ Kingsley, Chas,
Alton Locko..sescescseeue =+-+ Kingsley, Chas.
Two Years Ago... Kingsley, Chas
Westward, Ho .ctcltesssse fists Kingsley, Chas,
Yeast... : sites Kingsley, Chas.
Bilyars and Burtons ssc es scsss. Kingsley, Henry.
Western Clearings .2....... s+ Kirkland, Br,
Barrington Ease Srapessobicens LAVEE

The Daltons...ecccesvevee + Lever.
Hyperion, 2 cesses Longfellow,
Kavanagh... . : + Longfellow.
Rory O'Moore vse teseceeseeceeeevseseee over

Ale Forbes... fessssse Mae Donald, Geo.
“Annals of @ Quict Neighborhood ......... MacDonald, Geo,
David Blginbrod....... + Mac Donald, Geo.
Ranald Bannerman’s Boyhood............ Mae Donald, Geo,
Robert Falconer... 12) Mac Donala, Geo,
Children of the Now Forest...... + Marryat, Capt.
Jacob Faithful... a Mareyat, Capt
Taphet in Search of & Father: + Marsyat, Capt.
"The Little Savage, . : Macryat, Capt.
Masterman Ready ....0-.-. ses Marryat, Capt
Midshipman Basy ....sssssccsssseeeesssy Marryat, Capt,
Kaloolab .......0+++ vesveee Mayo, W.S.
Deerbrook.... tes Martinean,

196. ‘The Hour and the Man .

Waterloo

Romance of a Poor Young Man.....+.... Feuillet, Octave
Debit and Credit. i
Provost
Ocoupations of a Retired Tite.

yo Crust and Cake,....2.-+
Quiet Miss Godelphin
White as Snow ...
Cranford.
Mary Barton .....
North and South
Ruth
Wives and Daughters 8
‘Vioar of Wakefield : : Goldemith.
“Sam Slick,” the Clookmaker .. Haliburton,
rom the Oak to the Olive... + Howe, Mrs. J. W.
Ingham Papers ..... teseeseeseses Hale, Revs E. E.
In His Name... fissiesss Hale, Rev. BE. E.
3fan Without a Country... 1 Hale, Rev. E. E.
Sybatis .... seseeereeseesrsrsevses Hale, Rev. BE,
‘Ten Times One Doosesesees Hale, Rev. BB
Sketches of Trish Character... 0...c.cc.s.. Hall, Mra. & ©.
‘Tales of Woman's Trials : + Hall, Mrs. 8 ©.
‘Mosses from an Old Mause... +. Hawthorne,
‘Twice Told Tales... + Haythome,
House of the Seven Gables... sssssssss1s Hawthorne
“Arthur Bonnicastle .. Dili, Holland, J, 6.
‘Timothy Titwomb's Letters «......es++ +++ Holland, J. G
John Bentley's Mistake ...-.- + Hott, Mis.
Work end Reward ....... + Holt, Mrs
Foregoue Conclusions. ...ssscs+ssce++se1 Howell, W. D.
‘The Author's Danghter ....0..+.0-s4+0++4 Howitt, Mary.
Heir of West Wayland fico Howitt, Mary,
Peasant and Landiond.....ccscsssseeesee+ Howitt, Mary.
Jack of the Mill....ssssyyeevseeseeesreee Howitt, Win
‘Tallangetts ue LLL Howitt, Win,
‘oilers of the Sea... : + Hugo, Vietor.
‘Tom Brown at Rughy.....sscecsssevses+ Hughes, Thos
"Tom Brown at Oxford... ++ Hughes, Thos.
‘Mopss th Fairy . Discsssssseees Ingelow, Fean,
(Of the Skelligs «00... Disses Ingelow, Jean,

perenne rears ees ee ena eRe

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Turmerseconn ANNUAL Reporr oF 7B

Seven Stories in Basement and Attie
‘The Amber Witch

Dr, Johns «.-.05

Our Village

Chronicles of Carlingford
Margaret: Maitland
Dorothy Fox

Hero Carthew

Ons Village

‘The Gates Ajar

Tales

Scottish Chiefs.
Thaddeus of Warsaw
Aunt Jane’s Hero....-++
Flower of the Family...
Fred, Maria and Me .
Stepping Heavenward.

Love me Little, Love me Long.
fever too late to Mend
Peg Woffington

+ Pat yourself in bis Place.

White Lies ...--sese+
Sced Time and Harvest...
‘The Meallisters

espe

Tanet's Love and Serve

‘A Long Look Ahead

Pye heen thinking
Picciala :
‘Cruise of the Midge...
‘Tom Cringle's Log...
Anne of Gelerstein
Antiquary ..-.+5
Brideof Lammermoor.
Heart of Mid Lothian. .
Guy Mannering..
Tyanhoe

Kenilworth

Old Mortality.

Mitchell,
‘Mitchell,

+ Mitford, Miss,

‘Mitford, Miss.
Oliphant, Mx.
Oliphant, Mrs,

+ Parr, Louisa,

Parr, Lonisa,
Phelps,
Phelps.

Poe, Edgar A.
Porter, Jane.
Porter, Jane,

+ Prentiss, Mrs. E.

Prentiss, Mrs. E.
Prentiss, Mrs. E.
Prentiss, Ms. E.

+ Reade, Cbaries.

Reade, Charles
Reade, Charles,
Reade, Charles,
Reade, Charles.
Reade, Charles

+ Reade, Charles.

Reade, Charles,
Reuter,
Richmond, Mrs,
Richter, Jean P.
Robertson,

+ Soott, Michael,

Seott, Michael.
Seott, Sir Walter.
Scott, Six Walter.

Scott, Sir Walter.
Scott Sir Walter

Scott, Sir Walter.

Prep aOR re rere pans eremen ee

Prison Assoctatton or New Youre. ut

Rob Rey

‘Talisman.

Waverley :
‘Tales of a Grandfather.
Hope Leslie. ‘
Minister's Wooing.

My Wife and I.

Ola Town Folks

Unele Tom’s Cabin

Adventures of Philip
fsmond -..

Lovell the Widower
The Neweomes.....++
The Virginians.
Bhizabeth .

Village on the Clif.

the Good Girl and True Woman

Poor Boy and Merebant Prince
Barchester ‘Towers.
Doctor Thorne...

Orley Farin

The Three Clerks

Coupon Bonds

Hopelale Tavers

Round the World in Kighe
Voyage to the Moon

Back Tog Studies

"he Flag of Trace ---.

‘The Little Camp on Eagle Hill...

Old Helmet
Opportunities

Quoeehy

Soeptres and Crowns. .
Wych Hazel.....-
Wide, Wille World.
Willow Brook

Diary of a Physician

Soott, Sie Walter.
Scott, Sir Walter.
Soott, Sir Walter.

+ Seott, Sir Walter.

Sedgwick
Stowe, Mrs,
Stowe, Mrs.

+ Stowe, Mrs

Stowe, Mrs.

Thackeray.
‘Thackeray
Thackeray, Miss,

+ Trollope, A.

Trollope, A.
Trowbridge, 1-7.

+ Van Namee.

Verne, Jules.

+ Verne, Tulen

Warner, Chas. D.

2 Warner, Miss.

Warmer, Miss
‘Warren

Wheeler, Eile
Whitney, Mrs,

+ Wiis, N. @.
wi

Tarery.seconn AvwuaL REPORT oF THE Parson Assoctation or New York.

A more Fxcellent Way. cesses Winslow, Mise, |. Milton’s Poetival Works... s+ Milton, John,
Barford Mills... -.. ntaate Winslow, Miss 82, Golden Treasury of Songs and Ballads. ..., Palgrave.
Edwin Brothertoft Diccciscsssese Winthrop, Maj .. 23. Pope's Poctieal Works....-. ts Pope.

John Brent Ditteeseressese Winthrop, Maj Scott's Postical Works, (toe a + Scott, Sir Walter,
Life in the Open Air, vvsvsssvseeneseseves Winthrop, Ma 25, Faerie Queen ...... veers Spenser,
Golden Apples .. Diliceeceesses Woods, Rev. E ‘Tennyson's Poetical Works. Los Tennyson.
‘The Channings ....+ 4 T) Wood, Mes, H. |. 22. Thomson's Poetical Works... ‘Thomson,
Vemer’s Pride. ...ecce- cesses Wood, Mra. HL ‘The Vagabonds and other Poems .......... Trowbridge,
‘Mrs. Haliburton’s ‘Troubles .........+-2.+ Wood, Mrs. H. Whittier’s Pooms. (Household Ra.) ....... Whittier
Roland Yorke . Tiiiss Wood, Mrs. H, 0. Selections trom British Poets... Woodworth.
Beat Fellow in the World sossseo+ Wright, Mrs . Wordsworth's Pootieal Works... 1. Wordsworth,
How could he Bscape......scccsceeeee+2 Wright, Mrs Night Thoughts .....-. Young.
John and the Dem pho — Weight, Mrs Mother's Last Words,

Jag or not Deccsereceseeee Wright, Mw Our Bather's Care

1A Strange Sea Btory=scsesevecsveveeesere Weight, Mrm, 5, Tyra Germanioa,

The Gladiators... ..--202+ LL Whyte, Melville Shakespeare. (Chambers? Household Faition,

Chaplet of Pearls... UII Yonge, Miss. in parts.)

Heir of Redelitfe = tices Yonge, Miss Songs of My Life.

tomas sg is tes ergy a ‘MISCELLANEOUS.
‘The Arabian Nights. 1. Cherry Stones... woeeeeee® ‘Adams,
POETRY AND ‘THE DRAMA. L & Fit of Jane, deme,
Yesterday, To-day, and Porever .. Bickersteth. Elae sot aeiae | caer
Bure? Poems. (ixpurgated Ba) v....... Bure, eee aa vee
Bryant's Poetical Work vee Bryant. Rich and Humble ‘Adams,
Pleasures of Hops, and other Pooms- Campbell . The Boy makes the Man ‘Adams,
Poumt af Fuith, Hope, and Love ssvece Carey, Phabe | noe
Coleridge's Pootical Works LIEE: coterie. Work and Win ) co Alama:
Cook's Poetical Works... Cook, Eliza ‘The Spectator . ‘Addison.
Compare Postical Works. (Disks Bal)... Comper Bi Bema nas cceeataeoaeta nt Batis
Household Book of Poetry. +» Dana. Sink or Swim... i vee Alger, H.,
Geethe’s Poetical Works. (Bohn Series). Gethe. ‘. Strive and Succeed ee Alger, H., or
Gademih's Poetical Works Gatiomit, Strong and Steady 00s .csssscssseccecsscce Alger He Je
Gray's Blegy and Odes Gray 5, Ben the Laggage Boy ETT Alger, HG Jr.
Mn Hemans Poetical Works, (Diss Wa) Memans, Men Sante ana vo
Ber Sect ‘ Holland J. 6. S12) Mark the Match Boy Repose ind
PAWEL llomuiancmia Ene DeOW! ae Besa bare , ‘ger 1 3
Jean oaks Poors we Ingelow, Jean. |. 19, Rough and Ready... Alger, H. Je.
Tales from, Shakespeare oO ins. Ye aogier oe
oogonia Work Tongfllw. Ba es Pai Lesoegie ie
en of lt Lanmfl: so evvipeccelsuges Lowell 2 Gece ; oe
1dip of ksclace Hemet tar! Macaulay poy Sa BES oar dies Ht

{
Wooavite |“
Soiea f

|

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Tumrvseconn Annoas Reorr oF THE

‘Temperance Tales
Walks, Talke and Travels
Essays
Bvenings at Home
‘The Seymours
Footsteps of onr Lord
Saints’ Rost
Lectures on Tnteraperance
Mntineers of the Bounty.
Tow not to be Sick...
Kap ta the Knowledge and Use of de Bible
Bible in Spain —
Home Life in Germany
Sport Sermons for Newsboys
Birds of a Feather
Handsome is that Handsome
‘A Weong Confessed
Spare Hours
Pilgrim’s Pro,
Holy War.
“Analogy of Religion.
Essays
‘Ministering, Children
Ministeriog Children, Sequel to «++
sds of Amerigan Women...

Virgil
Teen, oF Many Things in Few Words,
Table alle

‘The Crusades ...--+
‘The Cup of Death

A Woman's Thoughts ab

‘Thought Hives. E
History of the ase in London.
Curiosit

Proo Russia.

Life of Joho Howard

Wit and Wisdom of Sidney Smith «

Petroleum; History of the Oil Region ....

Representative Men.
‘Adventures of Telemachus
Fern Leaves. -

Atha.
AAtkina01
Bacon.
Barhaald.

1 Bates, Miss Le

Blunt
Borrow.
Brace.
Brace.

| Bradley, Mrs

Bradley, Mrs.

{ Bradley, Mrs.

Brown, J., Dr
Bunyan, John,

Bunyan, Jobn.

Butler.
Chambers.

Charlesworth.
Charlesworth,

1 Clement.

Collins, Rev,
Colton

+ Cowper

Cox.

1 CraftsyRev.W.

Duychinek.
Eato:
Emerson.
Fenelon.
Fern, Fanny.

Pin aomnesmon oF tire Po

Poosom of the Oviian Wath...cessee Foon

Ds of Cart.” Bagh ns Foe
Sonido eee

Good Thoughts In Bad Tce rate

Good OF Ag MEE Gane,

Se oe 1 mamma

‘Toe Tle Word. oe

FEobigty Papel Malgion Louslsabs aslo

Tecllctions ofa Busy Life Senay, Het

One ache, IT, anne

Bete a OS aaa

Tee aa Paap ioc SOU tg ar

THet'by Good Living. Tt

Pommol TOG aotteciseessccarunnes Ee

Ge Wad Sasa se Tae

eke ma

Seed Moen cl caeseceas Rete

Ses

Mon ant Tonge = “CUED tay, De

bande meer ee een car

‘Avttatof the Breakfast Table. .c. Has

fom Hoot’ Drove Workt.-rvssccvcvvecs Hood

2A Book fora Gomes nese cent Tah

Ghivtry andthe Gremdes. pass

Fey dosages es a DOL Dayn Sper

fale soc Tr Johmon-owier

eo snuen [22 Sohmeon Roster
i “betes cinmicn | 7) Tohneon Reeser:

FF , |

oe

Tou od ine Beaprs =

ase Words of Brinont Person

Proverin af ll Natons.

The Wel Boblancosetscs

oe Oe

Tastee tatoo ciopaescsetioeos Riga

Hthowe wid the Dest Authors 000000. Kaight

Dat erate (Va FAW)

Raye of Blo awe:

Mando Lie Taub, Me

fhatings Howse Hoaliy and Gomrabie.” Tanker,

Got wut Man coe Inada
0

+ Johnson-Rositer.
+ Tohuson-Rossiter.

Christie's Grandson «| Dayton Matthews, 3 ‘The Land and tho Book... 00000000) taompuoe, Wee

Sargent

preerenccee

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Tmnrrsecoxb ANwuan Revont oF 175

Reveries of a Bachelor.

Ned's Searc

‘Tip Lewis and bis Lamp,

Esther Reed.

Lives and Deeds worth knowing.
No Lie Thrives.

Captain Russell's Watohword.
‘The Yoke and Burden,

Stories on the Lord's Prayer
Daisy Ward's Work,

What do I want Mest

Wise and Otherwise

‘The Parner Boy.

‘Ten Thousand Wonderful Things
‘Willis the Pilot

Blackercl Will

Christie, or the Way Home.
Words that shook the World.
‘Tim's Little Mother,

Patient Waiting uo Loss
City Avab.

Old Distillery.

Book and its Story,

Harper's Magazine (bound volk),

Good Words (bound vols)

Chambers! Miscellany of Facts,

Chambers’ Miscellany of Entertaining ‘Tracts
Chamber® Papers for the Peop!

‘Moody’s Anecdotes,

Paisox Assocation or Naw York.

RELIGIOUS READING. (UNCLASSIFIED)
[To pe Revresismn xv Dowations }

Divine Origin of the Holy:

"The Imitation of Christ

Soliloquy of the Soul. --

Assaf the nln ibe (aida)
Christian Self-culeure

Ninth Bridgewater Treatise,

Manual of Bible History

Byidences of Christianity.

Stienee, Philosophy and Religion
Lectures to Young Men :
Plain Account of the English Bible
ternal Day.

God's Way of Peace -

The Word of Promise...

Mau and the Bible (BL. hombre la = bl) [a]
Character of Jesus

Sermons on Living Subjects, -.

Crook in the Lot

Bourfold Stato.

Hore Worlds than One.

Aids to Reflection

Waymarks of the

Natare and Life

Religion of Christianit

Life and Rpistles of St. Paul...

Alihone.

+ A’Kempis, Thos,

A’Kempis, Thos.

+ Anderson,
+ Bacon, Rey. L.
+ Babbage.

+ Baker

Barnes.
Bascom, John,
Beecher, H. W.

+ Blot
~ Bonar, Rev. H.
+ Bonar, Rev. H.

Bonar, Rey. H.

+ Boucher.
+ Bushnell, HL
Bushnell, H.

Boston, Rey. t.
Boston, Rev. T.

= Browster, Sir De

Coleridge.

+ Cheever, Rev.

Collyer, Robt.
Cooke.
Conybeare &

so Any booke added to the library, from sime to the, may be entered OM History of the English Bible... Geneet 0:
tite nad uum in the miectlannns Tt, ora the following one,as may 2 DOH" The Bible Blan’s Book (Le Calportenr Bib.) [x] »-.-» De Felice.
siecuteuoneio stn srangumot of be ton! mena 2) ea se or nation i te Seal (Qo)... Doddiage
{Tier and uuobers can so romain wat tho ello clase catalogue undergus +f 8 and Progtoas of Kel a) ory Deaties
ae Haman Sorrows fb otecteeseseteeseeee Gagparin,

Gome 9 Jesus (80). + Hall, Newman,
Follow Jesus Hall, Nowman,
Quench not the Spirit *. Hall, Newman,
The Literary Attractions of the Bible. : Halsey.
Life in Harnest . — sees Hamilton, James,
Light in Darkness sncixavisaees Bawls

150 Tumrv-secoxn Anwuar Reront or 198

Analysis of the Bible
Evidences of Christianity
Creator ani Creation
Divine Aspects of Haman Society...
Sintulnoss of Little Sine...
Christian Year
‘The Satfering Saviour (6
“Tho Risen Itedeomer (6.).-
‘The Supernatural in Relation to the Nataral
Method of Divine Government.
The Royal Law of Love.
Morning and Night Wat
Mind of Jesus.
Words of Josus (8. 6)
Bible tenching in Nature
Living Words
Leotures
Internal Mission of the Holy Ghost.
Bible and Men of Learning...
Moody's Sermons
‘The Mine exploded
Rich: Man and Lazarus
Special Types and ends in Creation
Christianity the Religion of Nature
Power of Prayer
‘The Redeemer (¥-).
Histovical Evidences of Christianity
‘Tho Book and its Story.
The Changed Cross (poetry)

man’s Daughter (6.)

‘ottager (F.)
ractions of the Cross.

Sinai and Palestine :
Origin and History of Books of the Bible.
History of the Old Testament -
"Phe Person of Chivst — the Miracle of
‘Phe Lost Found .
Rugby Sermons
Light in the Dwelling
‘The Land and the Book
‘The Parables
‘The Miracles

Hitehoock,
{Hopkins
Hickok,
Huntington,
Jackson, Bp.
Kebi

‘MeMillan,

+ McClintock.

‘Manning, Avel

North, B.
Paley.
Peaoay.

| Prime.

Pressensé, Hd. de

| Rawlinson,

Ramsard, Mrs
Randolph

+ Richmond,Leig

Prison Assocration or Naw Yorn,

Theis
Beginnis est
Philosophy of the Plan of Salvation .
Moral Philosophy...
Govt's Rescues
Sympachy of Christ with Man,
Seience and Teevelation
Greveont and the Cross
Tidieations of a Creator
Evil not from God.
Bible Geography
"The Way to Life =... ‘1
Man and the Gospel — Oxy Father's Business
Gol in Haman Thowght.
Christianity in Relation to Society.
Precious ‘Truth in Plain Words.

n on the Mind. (ree, from “Murray Fund,” Wim,

Wool, 27 Gt, Jones street.)
Memoir of Harlan Page, [c

Joh Vine Hall.
Power of Religion on the Mind,

the Chafstian Philanthropist. (P. o.)

€ Lite

I, or Living to Some Purpose,

Rouclon’s Selections,
Hervey’s Meditations,

Quarles’ Embleans,

Fonntains of Living Waters,
Golden Frit from Bible Treo.

«Tullock,

Tullock.
‘Walker,

+ Wayland,

Williams.

+ Winslow.
+ Wythe.

Warburton,
Whewell
Young.

+ Goodrich,

Guthrie, T.
Guthrie, T.
Gillett
Guizot.

wating Narratives. (Histoives Intereseantes, Tand IL) [s. ©]
‘Temperance Manual. (Manuel sur la Temperance.) [8. %.]

Deodh of the Eldest Som. (La Mort du Fite ane) [ee]

Gan you Die Tranquil ? (Ponver-vous mourir tranquille?) [e.]

Lucilla, orthe Reading of the Bible (Lucila, la Lectura de la Biblia). (&.]

Pilgrim’s Progress. (EI Viador.) [s. ¥. 6.]
‘The Sinners’ Friend, (6)

Jolm Foster's Leetures.

‘The Truth and Glory of Christianity. (6.)
In Heaven we Know our Own.

Elijah the Tishbite. («.)

152 Tumrrsscoxn AxNvaL Revont or 78

Sunday Magnsine, (Vols. I-V.)

“Andrew Dunn. (&. 6.)

Lives of Baxter and Bunyan. (6.)

Rules of Life. (c.)

Life of Colonel Gardiner. (6.)

‘My Brother Ben. (6.)

he Two Alsaciane. (@.)

‘The Borrowed Bible. (La Biblia Prestada,) [s-]

Prusow Assoctartow or Naw Yore.
JUVENILE DELINQUENTS AND CHILD-CRIMINALS.

‘Tho inguiry which has for some timo past been pursued in regard to
the aocial and personal history of habitual criminals, who are found
among the State prisoners, has necessarily brought into view the fact that
certain depraving conditions of home-life and parental heritage were the

ght of these criminals, As already mentioned, in the Exeeutive
Committee's report, the voluntary institutions of educational and charita
ble care for the children of misfortune in the cbief ofties, and especially
in the city of New York, have greatly rednced the total stock of juve
ile offenders as arraigned before the courts ; yet, at the same time, the
Juvenile reformatories and houses of refuge are overflled, ‘The social
‘and domestic, the moral and physical sources of juvenile delinquents

young criminals continne to be perilously numerous and prolife,

By the successful eneficence of voluntary efforts and educational
means thousands of unfortunate children are reseued, year by yeas, from
the depraving conditions of which rime is the inevitable outoome; but
there is loft for spocial eare and correctional training in the xeformatories
and vefuges, a class of delinquents and child-criminals in whom the more
intensified proelivities to habitual vices and offenses haye to be treated.
Boing fully aware of these ciroumstances, as well as already familiar
wich the sanitary, social and moval wants of the classes in our cities and
neglected neighborhoods out of which erime and panperism spring as
natural produets, the fact that great numbers of the conviets found in
thy State prisons were once inmates of reformatory refnges for juvenile
offenders, has seemed to the writer to be natural rather than surprising.
But when the records of several hundred State prisoners came (0 be
carefilly analyzed, and the import of x0 many “refuge boys” aniong
hhabitual criminals was set forth in their personal history, the evidence
of msacoessfully treated causes of their criminality and of considerable
Insufficiency in the maethods and resources of some of the reformatory
ingtivutions themeelves, is too obvious to be Ionger doubted. Indeed,
the personal rooords of these unreformed delinquents, who are
Found to have grown up into the ranks of habitual criminals, abund-
antly testify the fact that the inherent causes of thoir criminality lio
Aeepor than in these boys who are readily saved in the congregate
industrial schools. The morbid aud depraved characteristics which
have prevented reforimatory resalts in their lives required such treatment.

154 Tuwereskoown ANxvas Report or THE

as the congregete and wiclassifed reformatories never eam give; 8
tunless the physical and moral conditions under which such unnscal
and deoply-teatedproclivities to viee and crime a70 recoguizod, and the
audoquate corrvetive monsures applied, these wrecks of men will not
cease to testify elit the disorder and depravity of their lives required
correctional. treatment. which ont

refuges for javenilu delinquents don

strange that these realts are witnessed, afer the voluntary methods of
21d, instraction aud migration for the ehildven of misfortine, have. lft
a residwnn of more depraved and disordered children, whose positive
tendencies to evil eall for ommtive teatment at any cost. In thie
view of the faets, the State will need to require that its correctional
fchools for the ehild-erininals who ave reinforcing the mnks of habitonl
offenders aud the dangerous classes, shall reeogaize the necessity
special measnros and some degree of separate reformatory treatment
for euch young offenders as are not saved by the methods hitherto
provided.

Mr. Deepare’s patient inquiries ip the prisons and jails, as reported
in the lane two yenrs previous to the present, unexpectedly to him, as
the writer knows revenled the fact that graduates of certain juvenily
reformatories ate largely represented in the habitual evimivals in che
prisons, but that in most of the individnals of this elass of convicts,
‘he causes of thelr criminal nots axe far different From those which are
cringed in the casual and uly repentant soung offenders who fall only
once, of bat very seldom, into crime,

4a applying the statistical method in his investigation of erimtoality,
Mz, Ducat pruenily determined that the prisoners called before hizt
should come in wholly withowt selucten, in er that they should fairly
represent che average of the prion popslation;™ and further, that in
every cate the individual history should be investigated and verffed
as completely as possible, ‘Thus the 283 vevlied individual histories
have been made available tor the practical, though only tentative
inductions here given by the investigator. ‘Though it were desirable
fat any Guat generalizations shold be based upon thousands instead
of hundreds of individual histories, no such great inorease in the
‘namerieal cases could oucweigh the value of entire accuracy and com:
parability in records of the few hundreds on which these studies have
been commenced.

‘he couviste whom Mr, DUSDALE slerd upon Ais Hat and testa #0
ino, were en ipbesely a imited to tne who fad been aamited nthin ex month
Fe'se fi avin ot star pr fo pn nha ha bee el om Sa

Prison Association or New Youu. 4155

‘The whole truth —all the facts and ovidence'that oan be obtained —
must be fearlessly sought for and stadied concerning the ofending
classes, and especially in regard to the habitual oriminals, before the
most available methods of reformatory trestmont and preventive meiaures
will be established. ‘The evidence which is arrayed in the mccoeding
pages follows legitimately pon the records which Mr. Duepaue pre-
sented in the last years’ reports. His records have the merit of serupa-
Tous truthfulness and correctness. Personal knowledge of many of his
typical individual eases, ax well as constant fhuniliarity with his progress
in the inquiries, enable the undersigned to state that the elements of all
thoso records are remarkably trustworthy. ‘The possibility of devising
methods by which many and even the greater part of the ehildren who
now grow up to be iabitual criminals shall be stved from such a desting,
must not be constrned as a censure upon the congregate refuges which
certainly cannot yield this desired verult, The Ageionlzural Colony at
‘Metiray, in Franco, the Faria School at Lancaster, Ohio, the Registered.
Industrial and Comectional Schools of England, and the Raube Haus ia
Germany, eettainly offer sntliciont proof that more snd more may be
resoned from the ranks of juvenile erime. Urging as we do that the
best practicable methods shall be adopted for saving children, wa ean-
not overlook the moze essential duty of penetrating the eanses of the
moral and physical deterioration of these generations of offending
fellow-boings, aud in the vory parentage, the homelifo, the education
and the training wherein the fatal etrors and wrongs begin, bring the
light of physiological and moral truths and the forces of eorreot habits
and of sound bodily and mental health to remove and prevent the
canses of crime which are now sending forth uninterrupted Ties of
recruits to reinforce the ranks of crime and vice. From this staud-
point we would view the record here given by Mr. Deavats, looking
to the sources of evils which must be nentralized and overwomne within
he bosom of society, while the diffionltios in the problem of reform-
atory cure, like the experience aud lessons in medical practice, teach
how necessary itis that all disorders should be skillfully treated in their
early stages of development, and that an onnee of prevention is worth
a pound of exve.”

Comresponding Secretary.

‘Tumrr-sscoxp AnNuan Revort or Tax

REFUGE BOYS AND REFORMATORIES.

By Rb, Dueoase,

In the examination of State prison conviots, ordered by resolution of
the Association in 1875, certain facts were iseoyered concerning refuge
boys which were not elaborated in the report made to the executive
committee, Tn the present report, these fnets are related. ‘The total
number of prisoners examined in that inguest, whose schedules were
verified, was 293, and of this number fifty-three, or 22.74 per eent of the
total wore “refuge boys,” most of them being city lads, AU boys who
hhave been sent to an industrial sehool, reformatory, schoolship or house
of refuge are included in this number. ‘There was some surprise felt
that go large a per centage came throngh this particular channel, and
yet there is reason to believe it is even higher, for there are eleven
seh" Jules which are marked a2 * probably rofuge boys,” but which have
not een counted 8s such, because it was not known that they were of
thr slags, Tn the Twelfth Annual Report of the State Board of Chari

af Massachusotts, for 1875, the per centage of refage boys for 1878
‘was found to be 21,84. How identical these ratios, A less per centage
was reported in 1874 and 1875, but whether the reduetion in the latter
years is owing to a literal construction of what constivates a “refuge
boy,” or what other reason there may be for this decrease in the
experience of Massachusetts, is not stated,

In Table [is given a summary of the results of the inquiry for the 233
ceases eximnined by the writer, in the Auburn and Sing Sing prisons,
designed to cover a definite nnmber of points,

‘This table, and the remarks concerning it, vefer simply to the 233
‘convicts of all classes who ware consecutively examined without regard

to age.

1@96

Puison Assooration or Naw Yore.

‘TABLE L

Ounces Couraneo uy Par Casracns.

kao aad
3 inate
| 0

ee Be

38 S88 22 F ol watt

ae

Dividing the total number of criminals into two categories — those
who are not refuge boys and those whe are—we find that 08.88 per
cent of the former are habitual criminals, while the Tattor show 98.15
per cent, Tt therefore appears that, while refuge boys constitute a little
less than one-fourth of the prison population for all erimes, they furnish
20.41 por cont of the habitnal criminals, or nearly onethird, Comparing
crimes against property to the total number of crimes of refuge boys
sand those not refuge boys, we find that 70.45 per vent of the latter
class of prisoners, and that 90.56 per cent of the refuge boys in prison
are uniler sentence for erimes agaiust property. ‘The figures in a like
‘vomparison for erimes against the person are 20.55 per eent of the latter
to 9.44 per cent of the refuge boys, or less than one-half,

Dismissing this division, we find that the refuge boys committed 25.13
per cent of the total orimes against. property, or ever one-fourth, but
only 11.90 per cont of the total erimes against the person, or about one.

This shows how much these boys lean towards crimes against
property, for although they constitute less than one-fourth of the prison
population, they perpetrate more than one fourth of the erimes against
property.

Confining the examination to special crimes against property, we find
‘that they commit 26.57 per cent of the robbery, 81.24 per cent of the
burglary and 65 per cont of the pocket-picking, but not one ease of for
gery or false pretenses, Is there any significance in these ‘igure
‘Why do these boys commit erimes against property —and, of these,
burglary and picking pockets, by preference? Primarily, it is owing

158 Tamressconp Anxuat Revoxr or Tas

‘to the mature of the stock from whieh they spring, whieh overbears
their fate like a Nemesis; secondly, because the provisions made for
their reformation are entively at varianes wich rational modes of train
ing children who have such varied disabilities 10 overcome,

To got a proper appreciation of thw stock from whieb house of refuge

boys spring, Table Fas bees compile to give the yer centages of these
Th

‘ae 45.28 per cont of their number who beesme orphans before
their Afieenth year, aud wider cover of orphanage is often conoealed
their Negitimacy ; 88.07 por cent ars newloetwt ehildyen, many of them
abandoued ; 24.52 por cent are 24.92 per cont of
anper stock; 60.00 per cont of intempemte family, and the same per
‘ontage are themsolves babicual drunkards, As respects the proportion
who belong of nervously disordered stuck, which in the table is 18.09 per
cont, it must be borue in ynind that so many of these boys kuow nothing
of their families, and ean give uo information on ust point, that it
explains why ouly # out of 39 cases were fully asvertained as to the anes-
tral characteristic respeting this featmre.

Turning thom the
las, we fina tho career and ancestral characteristics of these 53 boys

¥ of the aggregate uumbors to that of partiew

reconded in Table IL, ‘The average at which their childhood was uegleeced
ia 8b years, thoy began erime at 9 years and 8 mouths, two of chem at
5 years, 4 av 7, aud 5 ot 8; they went to the refuge at 12 years and 9
mouths, while their present average age is only 23, the average age of
the 299 persons examined being 27. Sexual prostitution in them began
at the average age af 4 years and 9 iaonths (yet Gand owe at 10), being
‘one year and six months earlier than the average of other criminals;
this in the face of the fact that many of them were serving terms in the
\ge age here stated, They lind con:
nd 6 mouthe (four at 16 years and
uuder), being nearly two years younger than the average of other eon:
viets, "The case of te laid who bogan prostitation at six years is one of

suformaton

the most lamentable. It will be fond on fine seven. We find him a
neglected child at 5 years, the vietim of the licentiousness of a woman
at six, in the honse of Refage at nine, in the poor-house at ten with his
mother and sisters and beginning the career of a @iunkard at the same
age, his parents hoing both habitual drokardsat wells himself, Bodh
hi parents are habitual criminals, bis facher having served cwo terms in
State prison and two in the penitentiary. With such a record it is not
wonderful that he is an habitual eriminal and demented,

‘On tucning to the faels concerning inebriety we find 26 are habitual
Avunkards, two of them before their ninth year, avd of these twenty-six
we know that fourteen ad parents who were habitual drunkards, five

of these fourteen are of pauper stock, six ate of criminal family, and

Prison Assoctarion ox New York, 159

three either insane or of a nervously disordered stock. This statement
oes not exhanst the history of the heredity of these twenty-six babituals,
Four had fathers oceasional drunkards, while this habit in the ancestors
of six others is unknown; but it is to be remarked that not one is
recoried as having temperate parents, Of the nineteen who are occa:
sional drnakards only two have parents ascertained to he habituals, eight
‘ocousionals, while two have parents who arc temperate, leaving seven
tinknown, Besides this, it will be found that, of sixteen criminals
uldicted to intemperanee in any degree, who descend from habitual
Jvunkards, seven, or nearly half, belong to eriaminal families, white the
thirty-seven other refaze boys show only six who ate of criminal stock,
or only one-sixth of their pursbe

OF the eight who are of nervonsly disordered stock (neurotic heritage)
‘Bree are themselves deranged, tw insane five are habitual
Guunikards, one at $, one at 9, and one at 18, being below the average at
which that babit becomes fixed among the State prisow convicts exam
ine; while throe are known to be the childven of habitual drunkards,
the ancestral habit of the other two being unknown, ove of them, how:
over, having a mother who died of paralysis. Three of these five
Iabitual dewskards are of pauper stock, while two of them had prostitute
mothers, and two others aro of etiminal stock, the parentage of the
others being unknown. Ic thus appears that the neurotie howee of refuge
stock shows a cammlation of misfortune both as to heredity aud evvivon:
‘ment, which seoms to aeconut to the fullest for their being incurable

‘This, thon, constitutes the average nature and guality of the stock
with which the reformatory has to desl. Part of it suffers trom dlis-
abilities which are vongenital, a larger part from
re educational, and a stil larger part in which both are combined.
Tn view of these facts it would soci that some un usual methods would
have boon devised for the training of auch youth, and indeed some such
have been organized. Leaving out of the question the arrest, trial aud
commitment of boys sent to the honses of refuge, the Grst thing notice
able is the fact that those boys are treated, in most respects, in & mau

\dvantages whiel

nor whieh seus to have been suggested by our system of adult imprie

onment. Tt consists of cell life, * team work” ander contracts, and an
nltsinistration of discipline unier the * congregate aystem.”

We have seen above that 88.67 per cent of refuge boys are neyleated

ntiment of domesticity is wanting in

Tr would seem that any rational person who set him:

childven; this means that the
solf to the task of seforming these “arabs,” world aim at stimulating
thie sentiment by all the means that could be devisedsto that end. What
is the aetual ease, a¢ regards our reformatories? ‘The combined wisdom

Prison Assocation or New Fore,

"HP. H, Poor om,

apo

Rervor Korn
Ba na

“Hor othe half of table sce page 102,

208,

Sane Tig, Vases

—esie

|
|
|
|
+
|

Prisow Assocration or New Yor,

:
i
a
4
8
i
é
§
g
a

cs woe aha Oda a

errs

3 ze
it rma |

ox eae |

pew abe

‘snansaasesse:

‘(pomumwag) — Th ATV

164 Tumrrssooxp AxwcaL Reon? oF 725

and pitathroy of their managers har fa, fox no beer adel
tea Reldonnitary of chile, seme of them soven year of 8g
Tees tosnahed by Sing Sing. prison, which ty itself @ very bad model
Fe amity ineporate inthe tain oF thore youth who ave judged
Tra teady, long conned and ineradioable habit of
eal destroya the wholesome dread of prison. which
, i ain, Is it wonderful that the
yoomi should tum oat tobe

the moat pr
cell life which
the repmable youth uoivera
heya whichis hateled from sh ah
posi pet? :
Thur wear tld hat thin congregate nystem of housing fe cheap,
Bu Miactonwatory lashes boys to work. Tn. certain way, yoo
tp ube tenn apatomy” andr contractora. Now the bost tetimony
Byars woveralcommingans ere and sload on tho offect ofthe eontrat
eer in prion Ibori hat Te demoralizes the convic breaino i
Treats down not only forma discipline, bat more capecialy that which
goa towards making men mare mova ‘Th waaimous finony of
reece ie Tetretive to health ‘The testimony of eactors and chow
caaanmee wate a special study of the funotions of the bein iy cha
see ion balefag perpetual repetition, Ist botomes

that the wis done ao

Doom
efauiian tothe smscls which ptfonm
Le a eng ray urore mental ation shan does wall
porecyee shan Sosa
a ea und fate fee fr other employment,
ae cat ir cancfevouy then the refuge “ndostal tening” Kes
fated ;
le ac od thie mothod of work i heaps i jtice to those who
a eee pould be ovreody quoted “Ke more profile 10
te State”
Sia schon of the way the boys sleep and the way thoy work
See ey play? be congregate py growed; aud the slmost
sey a ene of reige boys that they ave learned

‘unanimons te

Farce or tte tomache; henee they commit by preforenes, those

Prison Assoctarion or Naw Yore. 165
reotional and administrative ingenuity, the thought came that our
methods should be reversed. Instead of cocroing the hardened crim-
inal into a respect for the law, we should provent the formation of eximinal
habits in the young; if we only trained the children of the perverse,
we would frustrate the possibility of the adult criminal, Thus the
Reformatory was instituted, in its intention, ite aime and ite promise,
unquestionably the most rational, th

fe most Humane andthe most full of
cheer. But Behold this lat flower of Inoman experience inthe treat
tent of the analanoed lay in the name of eheapaess, boon allowed to
{row into a noise trefoil the lenves of which aro cll ie, tam work
End congregate contamination, unt, in the presence of a Stato prison
popelation which consists of house of refuge boya to one-fourth of ia
fembers, and overovowde our prisons with one-third of ite habitaal
criminals, we ask the question, thinking i has pertinence : “Do we owe
to this perversion of good intentions this army of moral troglodytes,
who allently eat away the social torture snd brave all efforts at
extiepetion #”

mod that 78 per cent of refuge boys are reformed, TT this
4s tue, anothar question may perhapa e peetinent, © Ave thoy veforsad
iecamme, or in epite of ox Juvenile Reformatorios?”

‘We must cease to aad for an administration which ts okeap ond
inaugurate one which will tarn out mon and women who wil ato the
power and stench of our nation, instead of proying upon its eab-
fiance. “What are the main featnres of each a reform? ‘Do they ‘not
Inelade three main features?

TL A reform in the law relating to Reformatores,

I, A change teat guveroment

iL A radios! alteration in the prictcal details as tothe order and
kind of instruction given

T. Asto the reform in the law, ite suggestod that there should be a
State Inspector of Juvenile Reformatories, Industral Schools and Orphan
Asylume which receive detinguont children. ‘The duties of such Ingpector
should be to examine into the eanitary and architectural appointments
of the buildings and grounds ased for ch purpowen, to examine into
the modes and effciency of the government and discipline, the I
char

a,
rand statu of the inmote, wth a vew to belpclasifeation
by transfers from one insitation ta snothes, the Hin, degree and re

of the mora, imtallecaal and indansilWaining of tho children, to
tscorain what la tho per outage of childien relrmed sad propery:
provided for, and to imuo » orrifcato to the Innituion thus aaa
Ined, if it comen up to 4 standard of ‘flcency eetablched by the
Inopestor, or bythe law. * No youth to be sen by the magiataia fo any
refornatory of intial shoal hich does not pons euch cortionta

166 Tmarr-srooxn Anyoat Revort or THE

‘Besides this, the law should be amended so as to permit and regulate
‘the incorporation of Reformatories, Industrial Schools, and schools and
asylums for delinquent and vagrant children ander voluntary association,
to be maintained partly by the State, partly by voluntary contributions,
fund partly by assessments and contributions from parents and
guardians
"Dhak such, incorporated institutions should receive juvenile delin-
quents, vagrants and neglected children of the class which its charter
Of incorporation allowed, but no institution shonld be permitted to gather
indisoriminately within its walls the unfortunate and the criminal youth,
nor the two sexes. ‘That the magistentes mnight commit children, coming.
‘within the jurisdiction of the conrts, to such institutions as received the
certificate of the Inspector of Reformatories, but such comrsitment not
to prevent the inspector from transferring any ehild from one institution
‘to another if the standard of the institntion to which the child is com-
mitted should fall below the standard established by law, or if the oh
prove to belong to a different. class from that for which the institution
yas iocorporated. ‘That the State pay a pro rata sum for each hil so
committed to an incorporated reformatory, de. That such institution
hall demand and collect from parents and guardians a portion of the
expense of the child’s maintenance, and have legal power 20 to collect.
TL. The change in the government of reformatories should, in its main
outline, consist of the abolition of the congregate system, of cell life
n industry. The
naximum number in any institution andor one snperintendent. shonld be
four Inndred. ‘The establishment of agrioulturut colonies under the
family cyston for oar Stato institutions, and the nearest approximation
to this form of administration in incorporated institutions under boards
of managers, With stich changes we should get rid of the odious fea
tures of State prison life in our reformatories, make it possible to get
efficient management by the restriotion of numbers, and enable the estab-
lishment of families of boys under proper tutors, so as to secure some
;—the foundation stone of all good

except, perhaps, as a mode of punishment,— and of

of the advantages of domesticit
citizenship.

TIL. The State prisons of our State have, from the time of their
establishment, been administered with the primary object. of repaying
the State for the cost of administration. ‘This seems to have largely per
‘yaded the management of our reformstories. ‘The result has been that
while the avowed object has been the reform of the boys, the actual
‘working has been the replenishment of the treasury. We must change
the order of iusportance in the training of our Arabs, and no ral
aps more safe as a guide in educational matters than to provide that
kind of instruction for the child which he will most need in life. With

Prison Assooranion or Naw Yous. 167

‘the delinquent it will be found that this order requires that moral train:
ing thall take procedence, followed by true industrial training and school
instruction last, In some grades of industrial schools, industrial training
might, perhaps, come first in order because its children are morally more
sonnd thon the delinquent class, But-we must rid ourselves of two domi-
nant errors in respest to education; that reading and writing are, in them:
elves, moral agents, they are only instruments which may or may not be
used for good purposes ; and that the memorizing of texteof scripture, the
perfunctory repetition of prayers and the concerted chanting of hymns
teaches neither morality orteligion. They only teach wards which the ear
roeolleets ana the voiee reproduces, but not necessarily ideas or conceptions
of right and wrong. Morality consists in acte performed which are a
benefit to our fellow-oreatures and to ourselves, or the abstuining from
acts which areharmfal to either orto both. Religion consists in believing
in a Superior Being and in acting aceording to what we believe to be
Ts law. ‘These two important parts of human life can only be learned
by aeting them out, and we must insist on a mode of carrying out
this purpose which shall _most effuctually insure this end. It is for
thie reuson that the “Kindergarten” Education is urged as the best
possible model. It enables the teacher to train the hands of the child
to variety of labors, to think, #0 combine, and at last to produce arti-
cles of use and beauty. Hore wo got industrial training of the best
kind. At the same time the moral training can be prosecuted. The
things a boy haa made he may be trained to give away, which is the
opposite of stealing the things of other people. Fach boy may thus
become the owner of various property by labor or by exchange, ‘This is
the basis of all commercial morality, and commercial morality is that
Kind which refuge boys most nood. Instead of the play-ground being
the theater of a mingled struggle of brutality and a school of contarsina-
tion, a proper supervision could convert it into a school of manners
free from servility, because the manners would bo gracions aots per-
formed towards play-Zellows, or rade acts abstained from because unjust
‘or improper, instead of being @ perfunctory and enforced obeisance to
officials, ‘The ultimate test of morality is, how will it make a human
eing behave towards his peer in social position or his inferior in strength.
If he is just and considerate towards them, he has reached the point of
being a ‘good citizen, and at this point the State ceases to have any
right of interference ‘With his liberty, and he is entitled to be Hberated
from prison oF teformatory,— they having accomplished all they were
Aesigned for.

168 Tumrr-sscoxn ANNUAL ReroRT ox THE

MEMORIAL SKETCH OF HON. JOHN W. EDMONDS.

nnn in nao yn on he mr re

By Cems BRawenD,

‘This sketch is not intended to call attention to the late Jndge Edmonds
save as he was interested in the work of Prison Reform. His long and
interesting public career is left to other pens, or more likely to th
fleeting tradition which preserves but for a lifetime an uncertain memo-
rial of the eareer of most great lawyers, As a wise and earnest reformer
jn all branches of the great science which claims che serviees of the anem-
Bers and friends of the Prison Astocistion of New York, his life and
work are entitled to far more extended treatment than is here allowed
for them.

“John W. Bamonds was born at Hudson, New York, December, 1782.
He geaduated at Union College, studied law, and began practice in the
city of New York, He shortly removed to Hudson, where he gradually
sttained prominence as a lawyer, aud soon became widely known as &
public-spivited citizen In April, 1843, he was
Eppointed one of the inspectors of the Sing Sing State prison, and held
that office until Pebraary, 1845, when he was appointed cireuit judge.
Censing to hold the office of judge of the Supreme Court, he resumed
the practice of law in New York, where he died sth April, 1874. The
condition in which he found the prison is best described in a letter
‘addressed by Judge Edmonds to Governor Bouck, in June, 1843.

te ® © Free admittance was granted to all who would pay a small
feo; frequent and almost unrestrained intereourse with their friends was
allowed to the convicts. ‘They conversed with theit keepers, with the
‘contractors and with each other, Knots of them would assemble in the
ard and other places in unrestricted conversation with each other. They
hhad newspapers among ther, knew what was going on without the
‘prison, would inquire the result of the elections and have heen known to

nd an active politician.

the mauual exercise with hoop poles
In the Sunday-schools conviets were allowed to be teachers. ‘Three hum

dred or four hundred covviats would assemble in the chapel, be divided
{nto classes of eight aud ten each, and with only two or three keepers in
the room it was impossible to prevent froe intercourse between them.
Frequent instances were discovered, and the offending convicts dismissed

amuse themselves by going thro

Prison Assootarion or Naw Yor. 169

the school. And there is no doubt that a recent attempt at an escape
was devised bstweon the teacher and one of his class in the school.
‘These things did not comport with just notions of penitentiary, and
‘whether they were a necessary part or consequence of the change in the

“The priaon ie regarded by the Inspeotors as a place of punishment and
reform, and not one of relaxation, and so far as the convicts ave to be
‘taught from books, they ought tp learn only such things as would teach
them the nature of the ¢

tociety whose laws they had violated. But the Ins

prison, belonging to it, and purchased at an expense

fanite a miscellaneous library, in which books of fiction and sectarian
‘essays had common entrance; and they found, in the possession of oon:
viets, newspapers, songs, story books, obscene pietres and novels, among,
which were Handy Andy, Barnaby Rudge, The Burglar’s Companion,
History of Buccaneers, Comie Almanacs, ‘The Murderer) Conviev’s
Journal, Chronologioal Dictionary, Lady of Refinement, and Lives of
Females, The Inspectors alzo regarded it 2s the duty of the officers of
the prison to deal with entire impartiality towards sll the conviets and
make no discrimination between them other than that necessary one
huetween those who behaved il or well or that between the hale and the
sick, Yet it was discovered that the relatives and fhiends of conviets
who had means or who tesided in the vicinity of the prison, hy the free-
dom of this intercourse, were enabled to afford them many fuxuries and
comforts which were denied to poorer and more friendless prisoners

Honce in some of the cells were found such articles as writing materials,
novels, tobacco, snuff pipes, matches, flints and steels, ardent spirits,
ornaments, penkuives, pocket-books, canes, gloves, and looking: glasses.
Tn some wore sight or nine blankets, in others surplus shirts, coats,
md other articles of clothing; and in some, book-cases, bureaux,
stone-bammera, chalk, drill-hammers, leather shoe-kives, onions, sewing
implements, brad awls, scissors, ailk, nails, spikes, skeins of yarn, files,
ouges, chisels, kite of tools and shoe nails, constituting a miscellaneous
collestion of articles, in no reapeot neoessary to the comfort of the pris

oners oF to the enforcement of due punishment upon Tn respect
to cleanliness, so essential to health, the change in the diseipline dist
played ite effeots. In some of the eclle dirt and filth and decaying pro-
visions were found, while others were infested with lice and bed-buge.”
In the language of the keeper, who, under the directions of the Inspect-
ors, examined the cells, he fonna in them “a good many unnecessary
articles, suoh as aleohol, tobacco, boxes with secret drawers, matches,

books of a nature not ealeulated for conviets, newspapers, clothing, pro-

visions, decaying or spoiled. In gome of the cells the air was intoler-

170 ‘Turrrsaconn ANNcAL Report o” TUR

Si arava ‘you, gentlemen, that at the time Taasumed the duties
aan a petect, while the violent or turbulent had a. better oppor

effected by

profanity or any al

Prisoy Assocation or New Youx, a7

ow minutes on first coming out in the moming, and the diet was of a
Acsoription oa stimulating as that taken anywhere in our country hy
Taboring men. But the greatest deficieney was in books. ‘There were
hotie in circulation, and only @ few illchosen and worse~used volumes
belonging to the prison, which ware stored away in the attio.”

‘Notes made by Judge Edmonds, on the ocoasion of his first visit to
tho Prison after bis appointment, show that he immediately appresiated
the situation, and then began his studios of the subject of Prison Disc:
pline and Reform, In Dut little mora than one year thereafter, at a
public meeting in New York city, he set forth, in an elaborate address
thon delivered, the results of his experieneo and reflections. A portion
is hore quoted as showing the completeness of his scheme at that early
day: “But this reform [i ¢, diminished use of the whip] though
important, and promising soon to be complete, was by no means all that

ming prisoners. ‘The further reforms

demanded and which would roquive Legislative aid, could be compre-
ended in two words, Crassimicarion and Ixsrnvoniox 5 not the imper-
fect classification attempted in some of the British prisons, according to
the crimes committed, nor instruction confined merely to their moral
and religions duties, but. that which should separate the hopeful rom
the ineorrigible, and elevate the mind and improve the understanding,
‘Two orrers provailed in regurd to prisoners. One was the harsh notion
of rogarding the hardened and irrcclaimable as characterising the whole
lass, aud condemning all, for their sakes, to enduring degradation. The
other was that sickly sensibility, which, because of = fow distressing
incidents, looked upon all sa deserving of compassion only, ‘There was
‘common-sense view of the matter, alike alien to both these extremes,
lace of ease, nor yet as u place

devoted to purposes of torment only, but as a honse of repentance,
where the most hardened might be tanght the usefal lesson that the way
of the tinnggressor is hava, and that virtue is sure of ite reward hore
and hereafter, To plain common sense, a classification would readily
rmiggest itself —into the innocent, the jrreclaimable and the doubeful
‘To the innovent wo owe it

that they shonld be protected against the contamination of vieo and,
above all, against the dire necessity whieh ofttimes compels to orime a8
nly vefhge from starvation. ‘Lo the irreclaimable we owe it that
they should he deprived of the means of preying upon society, of grati-
fylug their vieions propensities at tbe expense of the virtgous and the
good, and of spreading the contagion of their evil exemple. And while
to them the way to repentance should slways be open, however faint the
prospeot that they would ever travel it, above all things it is due to
‘hem and to humanity that vindietive punishments should never be

could be done toward rec

which did not regard a prison as a pl

Tamerssconn Annus Report or THE

172

inflicted upon them, Vengeance belongs to the Creator, and not to
mere mortal man, and can never be dealt out by us without arming for
the confliot on both sides, the worst passions of our nature. ‘The think
lass, however, is that which would be most deserving the regards of
such a Society, not merely because it was the most namerous, but
because here is tobe found the germ from whieh, with proper cultivation,
‘the green tree shall spring, Among such persons, external eireumstances
turn theseale. In low life, unedseated, nealeoted and destitnte, they ofte

become criminal, while in a more favorable condition of edueation and
society they would have continned respectable, bat, within the inflaence
‘of bad example they will be found sensnal and often profligate, always
selfish and self-indslging,

“To such, let « now chapter in human life be opened. When the suffer:
ing, which must follow the evil lives they haye led, shall awaken in
them a due sense of their fall, and of the duty whieh they owe to them
selves and to society, let them be helped on in the path of reform, ani
let us, by our timely aid, convert the convieted felon into the honest
‘man and the good citizen. To this elass, particularly, let instruction be
Aiveoted while in prison,

“Dr, Jobnson well remarks, “That the present goupies but little of our
time ; it is mostly engaged with recollections of the past and anticips
tions of the future”

Im letter toan eminent ponologist in Beslin, in 1848, Judge Eamonds
sots forth, a regurd
to prison discipline, and his own conclusions in reg
fare too striking to be withheld, and T quote them :

“The most glaring ills ‘The use of physieal to the
almost entire exclusion of moral means in the government of our prisons;
and 2. The state of utter destitutior
selves upon their discharge ftom cout

“Asto the first point, I was surprised at the entire abseuce of moral
appliances and the prevalence of grest. cruelty
prisons, My inquitios seemed to lead to one of two conclusions, either
‘that this cruelty must be continued as a necessary means of preserving
order and discipline, or that disorder, confusion, and the corruption
‘of mutual contemination must result from the relaxation of that harsh
usage. ‘That, at all events, was the conclusion to which I was browght
by my inquiries of all those whose experience in prison government re
dered their opinions of value, and I made up my mind that it would be

better far that the whole system should be broken up then that it should
hho sustained by barbarities that were shocking to every sensitive mind.

“This was a sad alternative and I did not believe that there was any
necessity for its existence and I therefore took measures for introducing

th great conciseness, some of the existing opinions
to them. They

and wert

the prisoners found thew:

the government of the

Prison Assocation or New Yous.

178

a different system of government into our prisons, T acted upon the
prinoiple that violence would heget resistance, and kindness would
hhoget submission, and I directed that the prison should be governed
accordingly.”

Judge Edmonds did not disregard tho demand made upon society by
the condition of the diveharged prisoner to which he adverts in the fore-

oing extract. His services in that branch of this work will be hereafter
noted. He held the office of Inspector leas than two years, but in that
time, in spite of the difficulties which were to be encountered, there was
marked improvement in the prison. In his letter to Gov. Bouck, he thas
Alosoribes the change:

“From Mrs. Famham’s two reports (one of which you will find in
tle report Tent you, and the other in the report of the Inspectors this
year), you will form something of an idea of the extent and nature of
the reforms she intradoed. ly know, unless you bad
personally seen it asT have, how great it the change slie has wrought, as
well on the condition aud conduct of the prisoners as in the mode of
government, She has now been there about two years, and she and her
ausistants haye persevered in their efforts, under difculties whieb would.
have deterred very many strong men, and I thanle God that sbe has thus
persevered, for slie has, in my judgment, demonstrated the correctness
of the principles Ihave mentioned, that kindness, trath and justice are

weans of governing the prison.
eat has been fully tried, and has fully sucee
has been only partially tvied, and yet itis gra
as i has progressed, it has been successful.”

Concurring with the above is the testimony of an eminent person,
ow deceased, and a student in this and all kindred subjects, who speaks
as an eye-witness

“About ten months after thie [f ¢, after the appointment of Mrs.

nha}, L was at the prison and saw them dine. ‘There was a white
‘loth upon the table; four or five volunteat waitresses served the table,
ind the meal was conducted with as much civility and order as is usually
met with at our best hotels, I spent most of the afternoon in the prison.
T did not hear a single oath or a single obscene allusion; they sang
several of the Sabbath school hyzans, and convereed pleasantly and intel:
ligently.”

‘When Judge Hamonds heoame an Inspector, the lash was freely used
in the punishment of the refractory. Tt is stated in a report of the
Senate Committeo on State Prisons, in 1846, that, a few years before,
52,000 stripes were inflicted in a single month at Sing Sing, on 900
convicts. ‘The death of a convict at Auburn the year previous
alled public attention to this matter, and it hecame the subject of

Bot you cannot fu

her department, the experi-
ied. Tn the male prison it,
1g to know that so far

Tumrrskcoxn Anwuat Report oF Tze

174

legislative investigation

At the request of the Senate Committee,
Judge Edmonds stated his views at length, and urged a modification of
the law. His Jetter forms a part of the report. ‘The Senate Committee
adopted the views of Judge Kitmonds, aud veported atrongly against the
practice, and proposed legislation in conformity with the views expressed
the reports, In 1840, the tse of the whip among males was abolished,
except In eases of iusnrreetion, revolt and self-defense ; i had Deen
Tn the letter referred to, as in all his

abolished among females in 1880.
correspondence, the humane and philauthrapie views of Fudge Edmouds
shine forth with surpassing clearness. Leta few words be quoted : When
I first became connected with the State Prison there was a very general
Toosoness of discipline, avising from the kindly disposition of the keoper,
and his repsgnance to the severity which had for years preceded him,
The consequence was great disorder among the eonviets and great dilap.
dation in the finances, We attempted to oorveot that, and introduced an
old and experienced keeper, instoad of the one we found there, and, as a
natural resolt, we brought back the former severity, ‘This was very
revolting to my feelings, and conflicted with my judgment. as to the
proper mode of government, I attempted to correet it, through the
officers wo thon had, bt was assured by them and by all whose expert
fence rendered their opinions valnable, dat that system of government
was necessaxy} that without it the prison must be the scene of disorder
‘and confusion which it was when I first became connected with i
Several months elapsed under such a regime, until, determined if post:
le to change it, we removed the keoper and substituted for him one
who had heen some ten years engaged as a keoper. Under bim we, in
a measure, reformed the evil, but only partially, che story still being

‘To convince me that it was 30, I was tri:

‘whipping is indispensable
umphantly referred to the uniform practice in our prisons in this State
‘and to other prisons

whether it was 30, I visited other prisons and I vead a good deal, par
ioularly several legislative reports of investigations, and T thus had
ample opportmnity, from personal observation, from the experience of
‘old officers and from the legislative inquivies, to become well noquainted
with the mode of goverument which had ever prevailed in the prisons
of this State, and I was ablo;in some measure, to judge of its results
* © Under thesevere rule which we had thus been instrumental in
establishing, about 2,000 blows wore inflicted in a month, and when yo
learn that the weapon is ‘eat’ with six tails, you will pereaive that
nearly 12,000 lashes were struck upon about 900 prisoners in one month.
This was horrible! A universal gloom settled upon the prison. Des}
and dread were painted in every face. ‘The most desperate efforte were
made to escape from prison, The convicts seemed to be willing to

‘the same kind elsewhere. In order to ascertain

Prisox Association ov Naw York. 15

risk being shot down by the guard, rather than remain in such « horible

place, Bickerings and quarrels and ill-feling prevailed among the off

cers, No kindly fecling was exhibited anywhere. Tf a prisoner com.
iained that he was not well elothed, that he had not enough to eat, chat

his ailme

severely whipped, thi

were not cared for, that he was overtacked, ar Mat he was
answer was always at hand, * You were sent here
to be punished,” therefore any suffering which oould be inficted. upon
the convicts was a matter of duty on the past of the officers. ‘This was
an extreme state of things; yet T never could discover why it wan pot
the legitimate and inevitable product of the principle which authorized
the whip as the cole means of government. And as to reforming the
, the idea seemed to be preposterous,
With the great majority of convicts, kindness, truth aud jus
tice are the most effootive instruments of goverment. I have been
astonished at the keen perception they have shown for what is just and
tru, and what a high regard they have for it as applied to themselves;
aud Thave over and over again observed that where a keoper ha estab
lished his character among them for being truthful and just, he could
do what he pleased with his men.” * * +
“All this is perfectly natural. ‘They are couscious that they owe thelr
ll to their disrogard of truth and justice, and heneo the value that they
now attach to them. Te is hard to ‘persuade them that he who whips ix
anger ia just, Bus the great thing is kindness; by this mean sympathy
for their suiterings and a kindly regatd for their feelings and comforts,
treating thew, in fine, as if they were feto-men, not brutes devoid pt
feeling, and not mere machines to be worked all in particular maunak”
Comments or exposition eanuot add to the foroe of Judge Kamoqds?
reasoning a8 presented in this extract, aor ean words increase the oflect-
iveness of the picture which he paints of the ofect of the use of the lash,
Te appears from Judge Edmonds! papers that very shortly after he
Ieceme connected with Sing Sing prison, the condition and needs of oon-
viots offer their discharge attracted his attention, ‘These were adverted
1 by him in one of the letters already quoted. Tn that leter he statea
that the Prisou Association of New York was desiged to care for th
lease. Inthe forination of this Association, Judge Edmonds took a promi
nent part. An appeal, signed by him as President of the Board of
Inspectors of Prisons, dated November 2, 1844, appeared in the papers
of New York city on the third Dooomaber. A card dated the twenty.
fifth of the sume month, sigued by many very prominent gentlemen,
nnost of whom are now dead, appeared on the same day, ealling a public
necting at the Apollo Rooms on the sixth December, In both of these
vapors, as well as in the circular privately distributed, the care of die
charged convicts was prevented as a prominent topic,

prisoners under such @ goverame!

Tumer-ssoonn Axsvab Raporr on nus

Vico Chancellor MeCoun presided at the meeting; Rev. Dr. Spring
‘and Gen, Prosper M, Wetmore were view-presidents; John L. O'Sullivan
and John Jay were sceretaties, Addresses were made by Isaae ‘T, Hop
per, Prof. Tellkampf, Rev. W. H. Channing and Judge Edmonds, The
address of Judge Edinonds wns earofully prepared, and embraced most
of the topies pertinent to the subject of reformatory disoipline, while Dr
Channing dwelt more especially upon the need that an association be
‘organized, as he stated its Tis, to insure the permanent establishment

of the reformatory system in our penitentiaries amidst all accidents of

make straight paths,
ne be tumed out of the way?” It will be observed that Dr
Channing's first proposition contains the germ-of the recent annendment
of our Constitution in regard to the government of prisons, At that
meoting the Prison Association of New York was formed, Its objects
osted in the extracts male from Jndge Edmonds!
el in its constitution:

‘of the condition of prisoners, whether detained

for trial or finally convicted, ov as witnesses,

2, The improvement of prison discipline and the goveramer
prisons, whether for cities, counties or States.

3, The support and encouragement of reformed conviets after theit
discharge, by affording them the means of obtaining an honest livel
hood, and snstaining them in their efforts at reforta.””

Tn this movement Judge Batmouds had the co-operation of many ent
nent and philanthropie mon and women, But it ia doing no injustice to
any one to say that. none were in advance of him, ‘The drafts of the
ireulars calling the first meeting were in his handwriting, and so are the
programmes for the first and other public meetings of the Society. ‘The
raft of the Charter is in his handwriting, and preserved among his
papers,

From the day the Association was organized, to the day of his death,
Judge Edmonds was its faithful friend and servant. He was a regular
‘attendant upon the monthly mestings of the Executive Board, and
‘Chairman of its Prison Disefpline commitzee. ‘The reports of that eo
mittee, drawn by him, are most effective arguments in favor of the
reforms from time to time suggested by the Association, and a valuable
‘contsibusion to the literature of reformatory seienes. Many of them ase
incorporated in the aanual reports of the Society. ‘Two of more recent
date may here be noticed. One in the year 1870, upon the moral axd
Snancial <ondition of the prisons of the: State, whieh was subsequently
adopted as a memorial on bebalf of the Association to the Governor,

Purson Assocration o New Yous. 77

in favor of an amendment to the Constitution, placing the State Pris:
ons beyond the influence of partisan polities, is an unanswerable argu
ment in favor of the idea which, at the last election, was incorporated
into the fandamental law of the State by the amendment under which
Mr. Pilsbury now holds his appointment. ‘The other is a report for
187%, equally elaborate and conclusive, in favor of the adoption of “a

eneral system which shall inolude all prisons, local as well as general,
for the juvenile and the insane, as well as workhouses and houses of oor.

A sketch of the work of the Prison ‘Association does not belong here.
lis thirty-three years of service have culminated in the adoption of the
Constivational Amendment which secures the State Prisons from the
contingencies incident to political changes ; in recent laws for improv
ment in reformatory discipline ; and iu the ereation of a State agency
Jor the care of discharged convicts. Its thirty-three annual reports,
whieh, however, contain but a part of its history, are a most important
dition to the statistics and discussions bearing upon questions of
reformatory science, No student ean afford to pass them by.

While Judge Edmonds took part in this work in its larger aspects, he
Ud not neglect its details.
preserved, showing his care for and interest in individual eases. Both
while ou the bench and afterwards, when in fall practice at the bar, he
hhanted up persons who had been discharged ; he visited them at their
Jodgings; he advised with them; he sought out their friends; he obtained
for them employment

Bat Judge Edmonds was not a mere sympathizer with tho suffering
prisoner. He believed in the rigorous infliction of just penal sentences,
This is strikingly shown in his letters to Gov. Fenton in 1808, om the
pantoning power, in which he anawers the various suggestions made in
favor of pardons, contending that the reforms introduced within the last
twenty years had excluded, as grounds of pardon, the clements of
remorse, repentance and reform, while previous good character was to be
considered by a jury on the trial of a cause: He insisted that the pardon
‘ing power had no place in our system of criminal jurisprudence, except to
correct errors into which our courts may fall, or to provide for events
oecurring or brought to light after the trial and convietion of the
scouted. He asks, “upon what principle was it, that ome, two or & few
should be selected out of this large number as the exclusive recipients of
this reward ? Simply because the favored ones had indluential friends out-
side who could present their cases to the Governor, while the poor
uunftiended and deserted ones, though just as well—nay! even more

nitled to the reward, were of necessity overlooked,” and he insisted

that it was just as essential that the exereise of the pacdoning power
12

A most voluminous correspondence has been

178 Tawre-sncoxd ANxvaL REPORT OF THE

should be governed by an abiding principle as it is that any other
ppart of the administration of justice should be so governed.”

‘As Judge Edmonds began in this work, so he ended, "The last paper
from his pen, prepared early in 1874, is entitled “Points submitted by
the Prison Association in conference with the Board of Prison Inspect
‘or.” ‘The preliminary propositions are quoted here, ‘These are stated
with the precision and severe beauty which characterized everything
thar came from his pen,

*Gensean Parscir
ferment of fores, and extend invite place one of justice and kindness;
and to that end, consider the following topies :

L, Classification of Prisoners, —"This cannot be carried ont in full
without a rebuilding of onr prisons, but such attention can be paid to
the subject as will do a good deal toward preventing contamination of
the young by ton free interoourse with the old offenders.

TL Abvoation, — By: establishing it as a fixed and invariable rule, that
xuo prisoner shall [eave the prisons without being able to read,

TIL Oneratent.—(1) Adopt such arrangement as will give to all the
same opportunities for this as is now enjoyed by the laborers from con
tractors, (2) To have it under the control of the officers, and not left
to an arrangement between the contractors and the prisoner. (3) To
have the time of its payment to the prisoner to be entirely under the
control of the prison officers, 80 that the contractors shall never pay
directly to the prisoner

TY. Commutation, —(1) To have this, in all cases, the result of
formal and deliberate judgment, and not the result of @ mere examina
tion of the conduct and punishment reports, (2) To see if some mo
biay not be devised by which life prisoners may enjoy the benefit of
this measure

V. Miscellaneous. —~(1) Seats and tables in cells. (2) Gasrlight for
reading in cells, (3) Bodily exercise on Sundays, (4) Such provision
that no one shail be idle, especially in the female prison.

‘VL. Inquiry into the condition and discipline of State prisoners in
Looal penitensinrive, —To have some measure devised whereby they shall
bbe placed under the supervision of State officers.”

Judge Kdmouds lived long enough to be assured by events that the
reforms for which he had so long contended would receive formal off
cial sanction, and be carried out in aotnal practice by prison officers

kindred to him in spirit and in talent, Deliberate pul
hhis death have spade most of these reforms legislative and administsx-
tive fac

—To ameliorate, as much as possible, a gov:

Prison Assoctarion or New Yous.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE GENERAL AGENT,
A. W. SHELDON.

To the Executive Committee of the Prison Association of Now York:

‘The General Agent in behalf of the two committees which he repre-
sents, respectfully submits the following as the report of his labors in
the detention and discharged prisoners’ departments.

In all efforts looking towards the reformation of the prisouors they
rust be dealt with as individuals, and not as a class, Tt is impossible
to treat them as a whole after they are released from imprisonment.
‘The moment they pass the prison door they resume their individuality,
and a different mode of treatment must be adopted from that pursued
in prison, where the came disciplinary measures are exereised over all
It will be found necessary to deal individually with each man according
‘to his character and capacity.
who are awaiting trial; for the shrewdest criminal wil, in most instances,
assume an air of injured innocence, and speak of the injustice of the
aw which holds him rightfully within its grasp, and thus seoure the
sympathy of the visitor, while the less guiley and deserving will suffer

nce unless sought out. Often there are seen the most notorious
criminals surrounded by a eympathizing throug, while the obscure
offender —in prison for the first time, and perhaps, through no direct
fault of his own —is passed by unheeded,

Those released from prisons where there is no organized system of
industry, as has been true in certain penitentiaries, or even where there
is but one branch of manufacturing carried on, or where each prisoner
is foreed into av employment’ for which he has no fiuess, rogardless
‘of his former oecupation, aro not benefited in a way that will enable
them to profit by what they have been taught, after their releases and,
as a consequence, they are no better fitted for honest employment, and
fre easily led back into crime, A variety of occupations and a wise
Gisorimination in assigning men to a particular branch of labor, would
remedy many of the evils which exist in the prisons, and would be pro-
Auotive of good to the prisoner, not only during his term of eonfine-
mont, but after hie discharge.

‘The number who have applied for the frst time for relief daring the
past year, at the ofice of the General Agent, was one thousand and
thirty-one; while the whole number of applications from all sources,

So, too, in advising and counseling those

180 Tumey-sevoxn ANNUAL Ravort or rne

inoluding those who bad been relieved on other occasions, was neatly
two thousand, Large as this number is, few were turned empty-
handed away, bat all ware sided in some msnner, and in a way that
seemed best suited to their requirements, Nearly all were in a destiture
condition, and stood in pressing need of immediate help, few being
able to provide for themselves for even a short. period.

‘Whenever it seemed desirable and was practicable, the Association
has sent the discharged man out of the city, away from temptation and
his old companions, to hom ds or employment, and even when
there was no definite offor of work, it has frequently heen considered
advisable to remove him as far as possible from all the ovil influences
which formerly surrounded him, believing that his chances for work
‘were greater out of the eity than in is, and the prospects of his reforma-
tion improved. Upwards of 200 during the year have heen trans
ported to various places, near and remote, anid the reports which have
been received, indicate that many of them ere doing well, and prove the
wisdom of the poliey of removing the discharged prisoner from the
scene of bis ctime to where the history of his past life and disgrace

are known only to himself
‘Neatly every tan mpon his release, or very shortly afterwards, stands

cles of clothing, as that received

steatly in need of some additional
Especially is this true of those dis.

at the priaon is wholly ineuficient,
‘charged from some of our penitentiaries where no provision is made to
farnish each prisoner with garments suitable for the season. As in past
‘years, the Association has endeavored, as far as possible, to remedy this
ogleot on the part of the authorities by supplying prisoners with the
required articles, which are obtained cither through purchase or from
contributions of cast-off clothing. During the past year, however, we
have received little from the latter source, and consequently have been
‘unable to supply the frequent demands made upon us; ninety-four, how-
ever,were supplied with garments wholly or in part. In some of the

stitutions we are glad to say this question of properly elothing a man
‘upon the expiration of hie sentence is receiving more attention than
formerly.

‘Whenever a man is prevented from accepting a situation because he
Jacks the necessary tools, they are, when the expense is not too great,
parehased by the Association, So few comparatively, however, have
trades, or are able to get sitnations at that for which they are the best
fitted and have the most kuowledge, that only fifty-four men possessing
trades applied to us for tools, In seasons of business depression, the
workingman, when once out of employment, unless he is a skilled
‘mechanie, finds it exceedingly difficult to obtain employment.

Prison Assocration or New Yore. 18st

‘The following is a more condensed summary of the work done in this
Aepartment for 1876:

‘Now names enterod upon register, 1,041; furnished with employment
in the city, 216; farnished with employment in the country, 77; sent out
of the city to home or friends, 201; provided with board and lodging,
507; supplied with cloching, 94; supplied with tools, 86; prisoners’
families aided, 21, making a total of 1,202 to whom relief was extended.

‘The opportanities for the discharged man to enter into honest employ:
ment have been grester than they were during the previous year, though
at certain seasons, the dit
kind, either in or out of the city, see
amber, dseonraged by repeated failures, have felapsed into to a life of
crime, Business, so long depressed, has not sufficiently revived to fure
nish employment for all, und employers, in their selection of help, give
preference to the man who has uever committed etime. When help
was dificult to obtain, and when there was work for all, character had
Iitele to do with a man’ securing a situation, provided he had the
capacity or the muscle to do what wat required of him. Now, how:
ever, it is different, and it seems to matter little what a man’s character
or capacity may be, or what especial Atness he may have for the place
for which he ia an applicant —ermployers are in need of no additional
help—and the honest man who is in search of work fares but little
better than the discharged oonviot,

Persons confined in the several detention prisons of this city have
hen carefully looked after and their interests faithfully guarded
‘The General Agent has endeavored to see all who were at all likely to
require his services, either in the prison or in the courts, aud few, if any,
have been disposed of without having an opportunity to see and con-
verse with him if they desired. The field is so extended and the work so
great, the opportunities for doing good are so numerous, and the number
requiring sid isso large, that the work performed by any one indi
vidual mast scem small when compared with what remains unaccom.
plished. Ir was said by a deceased judge that every man in the “Tombs”
required the unremitting attention and coustant watchfulness of a lawyer
snd a minister, and that he was never for a moment safe unless one or
‘the other waa by his side, While this is not true in all respects, certain
it is that few get into our prisons who do not need counsel and guid-
tee as to the proper course for them to pursue,

Among the many of both sexes will be found some hopeful cases,
who will derive the greatest good from efforts exerted in their
behalf; to this clase the Agent's time has been mainly devoted.

the boys? department of the prison there are usually from ten

thirty inmates whose ages range from seven to fifteen years,

Prison Associarion or New Yorx. 188
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