63rd Annual Report; 16 unnumbered plates, 1908

SIXTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

Prison Association of New York

4908.

Ornce oF Tue Assoctation,
135 East Firreayrx Sacer, New Your,

‘TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE APRIL 20, 1098

STATE oF New York

IN SENATE

Avnet 20, 1908

SIXTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK.

Hon. Lewss Szuyvpsaxr Cuaxzen, Liewtonant-Governor of New
York:

‘Stm.— In accordance with chapter 162 of the Laws of 1846, we
hhave the honor to prevent the sixty-third annual report. of the
Prison Asiociation of New York, and to request that you will lay
the came bofore the Legislature.

Respoctfully,
EUGENE SMITH,
President.
Saxon, J. Bannows,
Corresponding Seeretary,

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Leiter of Transmittal
List of Instrations.

List of Officers, 1908.

Standing Comnittees, 1008.

Pre

Report af the Exeentive Committee,

Report of Corresponding Secretary.

From the Toumsl of Our Probation Oficer
es Bem Work Wh pee
Relief Work

ly, hy Sammel J. Barrows

he Court of Rehabilitation, ky Roland B, Molineux.

Legal Obstacles to the Reformation of Prisoners, by Saniuel
J, Barrows seageeeess

Inspection of the City Prison of New York: Report of Com-
mittee Ss :

The Competition of Architects for the
New York, by Samuel J. Burrows.

‘Troasmrer’s Report. .

County Committees

Honorary Conesponding Me

Life Paions.

Honorary Members,

Life Members... .

Contributions for 1907

Donations of Clothing, Reading Matter, ete.

“Appendix:

‘Charter of the Pricon Association. .
By-Laws of the Prison Association.
Endan.cs sy ssecteveisevensese

OFFICERS FOR 1908.

President
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Eugene Suaith.

Viee-Prosidents.
Chicago Honse of Correction Wm. P. Letchworth, Robt. W. De Forest,
Tuterior of Cell Block for Women, Chicago House of Cor Rt Rey. David H. Greer, Felix Adler.
Rev. Wendell Prine, DD... ssclevesssessssveeee Sceretary.
Connpetition for New State Prison of New York: Samuel M. Jackson.
Rosas Hints Bea Mews Wan de is Corresponding Secretary.
Kecigie, X-.X q ‘Samuel J. Barrows.
23, Block Ps 2

» 90. Bints Ero Viow Warren & Welnove, New York.

Treasurer.
J. Seely Ward, Tr,

20, Bind's ge View, Herts & Tallant, New York. 128 East Fifteenth Streot, New York.
20, Tock Plan

30, Bork Plow

18, Tints Bie View, Weatinghonsey Chuvch, “Ker Bxecutive Committe.
& Gay, New York W. We Battershal, “Raward B. Mersil
15. Block Plan B. Ogden Chico, Thomas M. Osbome,
Bi J. Fenimore Cooper, ‘Frank D. Pavey,
ns oun H. Fisle, Bngene A. Philbin,
Cheb Kerr Austin Plint, B.D, Dean Se,
£ Go, New York . as Cornclivs B. Gil, Decatur MC Sawyer,
California State Prison. Women’s Quarters. ‘Wm. H. Gratwick, Wm. J. Schieffelin,
California State Prison : Henry E. Gregory, George G. Shelton,
‘Alexander ‘M. Hades, Gino C. Spertuzs,
Solm WT, Hutchinson, 3.6. Phelps Stokes,
George W. Hircwey, rect Jansen Wendell,
Tames MelEoon, Moray Wiliams,
James Wood

Gonoral Agent.
D. E. Kimball

STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1908.

On Law

Messrs. Williams, Kirehwey, MoKeon, Mervill, Pavey, Philbin
and Speranza

On Discharged Convicts and Parole Work.
Mesers. Hadden, Chisolm, Finley, Gregory, Sawyer and
Schieffelin,
On the Library.
‘Messrs. Jackson and Wendell

On Detentions,
‘Messrs. Wood, Gregory, Osborne, Sage,

On House.
Messrs. Hutchinson and Flint,

On Finance,
‘Messrs. Schieffelin, Gold, Jackson, MeKeen, Stokes and Ward.

PREFACE.

‘Third Annual Report of the Prison Association of

‘Now York includes the report of the executive committee, tran
‘mitted to the Legislature April 20, 1908, the report of the or
ing seorvtary, and additional matter down to September 1,
‘As the financial year of the Association corresponds with
the calendar year, the rocond of donations and the treasurer's
report are Timited to the 81st of December, 1907. Contributions
made during 1908 will be acknowledged in the next annual report.

SIXTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE PRISON
ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK.

REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

To the Honoratie, the Legislature of New York:

The commendable attention given by the last Legislature to

npecvision aud administration of the

the adoption of new and fruitful

iwnportant of these were laws providing for

Be State Commission of Prisons, the xe

constitation of the Board of Patule, the extension of the indetermi-

rato continco,and the establishment of the State Probation Com-

mission, ‘Though less thin a year las elapsed sineo their adop-

tion, the wisioin of seme of these Inws has alveady been justified.

‘The work of inspection under the new Prison Commission is bet-

ter distributed, the Probation Commission is gradually eo-ordinat-

ing probation work throughout the Sigte, and the new Board of

Parole, supported by a more effective law, is giving more thor

‘ough consideration to the large number of cases that now come
under its supervision.

‘Tae Jeatersny asp sie Isppremernare Sawrexon.
‘No principle has been better justified in moder penology than
‘that of the conditional liberation of prisoners. It finds its best

expression in the indeterminate sentence Iaw in connection with

some corrective and edueative method of treatment, Though New
‘York was the frst State in the Union to enact the indeterminate
sentence a2 a famdamental principle of its roformatory system,
which it did in 1876, it was not until 1889 that the Inw was
applied in a eantions, tentative way to commitments to State
prisons, ‘This law did not abolish the definite sentence, but made
the indeterminate senteuce permissive, allowing the court to fix
‘a maximum and minimum sentence within the shortest and longest
periods for which en offender could be committed according to the

2 Paisox Assooration or New York.

Code. Fron the intevesting review of the parole system as applied
to State prisons presented in the roport of the Boar of Parole for
State Prisons for the year ening Septew!
fhat during the twelve wears Uagt this law was in fore, approx:

13,000 prismior= wore received at fe Hee State prisons,

1907, it appears

were sentenced 19 indetinite terms. Ashough # Sev
enty per eonit. of the prisoners conmuiited 10 the prisons of this
State are originally sentenced 10 Sing Sing prison, yet during the
twelve years period mentioned, not one was received ab that im
stitution undex au indefinite sentence.” ‘The laws of 1901-02
modified and extended the invleterminate senteueo and gave the
judges aud courts a stilt larger oppwoernnity to apply its but the
Eigures ehovw that judges wore very slow to avail Uheuiselves of the
privilege, and some of thon even took steps to evade tho spirit of
the law by sentencing offenders for a period in whieh the winfuaun,
and snaximm limits eaincided, such as a sentenes to not less than
‘one year and ot more than one year. Such sentences were ileal
in apiviv if not in fnee
‘The question arises why the same judges who sent prisoners to
Imire undor an indeterminate sentenes were not willing to eom-
mit thom to Sing Sing wnder the operation of a perini
Evidently it was not for of faith in the principle of
the indeterminate sentiaiee per se, Tayuitios instituted by this
Association seem to indieste that the judges of New York city
lacked conddence in the application and administration of the
Parole Law as applied to the thre State prisons, ‘This distrust,
it would secm, from the frank eoufessions of individual judges,
grew almost entirely out of the fear that partison consideration
might influence the members of the Board in granting parole.
1s were ever made in this eounection and no
furvished to support the intimation, but the feeling of
distrust was undeniable, The deelazation was, howeves, made by
44 prominent judge of the Court of General Sessions that if State
prisoners could be placed wnder « marising and grading system
‘and the conditions of parole made to depend upon the character
and attainments of prisoners, wholly apart from political influ
once, the confidence of judges would be establishod,

Srxee-Tiep Anxvax Rerons. 13

Jit is hardly necessary to emphasize the great value of the moral,
olficial and personal support of the judieiary in every effort for
improvement of our penal system. Tt is to be hoped that the im-
portant chunge made in the laws of 1907, providing for the
adoption of a uniform system of graling and marking in State
prisuns, will give a new basis for judicial support and confidenee,
This fearme, and alse the wise provision of the law of 1904,
whieh fhe Board from entertaining any other form of
application ov petition for the parole or absolute discharge of a
Prisoner dan tat which comes from the prisoner himself, fur
nish a5 strong safeguards against political favoritism as can be
embodied in 2 law oy mnethod, Beyond that, confidence ean only be
seeured by the character and xorord of the men who compose the:
Board, The firm and persistent impartiality
agers of the New York State Reformatony in absolutely separating
the parole of prisoncre from all partisan influences is such that not
fa breath of snspicion lins been raised for years that release feom
that institution could be obtained by any politieal favoritism,
Politicians of all degrees of influence, from the lowest to the high

have long sinoe erased to demend favors in this direotion, and
for gears the Governor of the State has not interfered with the
action of th Parole Bourd by pardoning prisoners. ‘The inde-
pendenco of judgement, enlightened zeal and devotion which the
ew Board of Parole for State Prisoners are

to thelr task should command similar confidence. The

law of 1989, as already said, was merely permissive. ‘The jndges
hhad to share the responsibility of committing a prisoner under
fan indefinite sentence. The mandatory feature of the present
law relieves the judges of the responsibility of deciding whother
to apply a definite or indefinite sentence; this responsibility has
Deen wisely assumed by the Legislature, and it is a gratifying
indiestion of legislative eonfdence in the principle and applica
tion of the law. i

It is a part of the duty of the new Board of Parole to make @
report to the Governor with ite recommendations on all applica-
tions for pardon referred to it by him. Governor Tughes
hhas already availed himself of this opportonity in a number of
‘cases, The investigations made by this Board under such applica

uw Paisox Assoottiox or New Yors

affords a safeguard for sociery, the condi :

fe : nis which it imposes om
prisomer of having azsuved work and shelter before his parole
is grauted, so far fro being onerons, 2
means of re-establishing him in society.

wish the beat and easiest

New Srre vor a Srazy Paisoy.

In the fall of 1907 the Commission on New Prisons, after an
examination of the most available of the ninety-seven sitet offered
for the location of a new prison to take the place of Sing Sing,
unenimously decided to recommend the purchase of 600 eres of
the Lambert estate situated on the west
forty-two miles trom New York

1¢ cast slope of Bear mountain, and also

. au abundant water eupply. ‘The site has

2,750 fect of frontage on the Hudson iver. Facilities for trans:

ation by water, as sell as by the West Shore railroad, are

stred. Tt is well wooded and contains an abundaneo of

or building pnzposes. ‘The Gavernor and

the State Commission of Prisons have approved this site, and

when the Attorney-General hus completed the search of title the

purchase will be concluded. A year ago the Commission was

offered this propesty comprising thousand acres of Jand for 875,-

000. Had not the Legislatmve limited the Commission to the

purchase of 500 seves the entive tract could ave been obiained

for the price which the Commission was obliged to pay for half of

it, Nevertheless, the price paid was very reasonable for one of the
ost beautiful sites on the Hudson.

Srerr-Tinmn Axsvat Rerors.

“About tbinty acves will be needed for the prison buildings and
rest can be utilized as « Stato
who are nearing their period
fof parole niay properly he employed in the work of
site haa the of ining eomplerely izolated from
fed esintyunity but twelve miles further from New
ovk sian Sin
“Tn addition to the advantage of establishing a prison in a sa-
lubvious and seeluied spot, while convenient for transportation,
the puvehose of this property by the State Will doubtless insure
the preservation of Bear mountain, a fine scenio point in the
Ffighlands, which has threatened to heesie « prey to the encroach
mente of the quarry

casuzation o” Oux Passes Sverea

rom time to time during several years past this Association
hus called the attention of your honorable body to the need of
a general reonganizatio of the prison system of the State. The
time now seems vipe to undertake it. Nearly all of those who
hhavo studied the subject agree as to the necessity of such reor
ganization and ns to the main lines along which it should be exr-
Hed, No siugle organization in the State includes so many rop-
Fevontatives of charitable societies, eo many practical and
responsible Workers in th Sela of philanthropy and penology as
the New York Conference of Charities and Correction. For sev
feral years past suceossive commitiees appointed by that body to
Study the treatment of the eriminal have deseribed existing con-
ons, and with reuarksble nnanimity have pointed out the
for them. ‘These general recommendations, however,
produce Tittle result wiless they are focused into projected laws
end brought directly before the Legislature Zor eomsideration and
fotion. While there is general agreement as to what should be
eps to be taken in order to give symmetry,

Gniformity, and greater efficiency to our present system need not
be pointed oné in detail and laws drafted through which they
riay be realized. For this puzpose a bill is now before your
honorable body, authorizing and directing the State Commission
of Prisons to seport as to the advisability of establishing Stato

16 Parson Assocrtiox of New Youx,

workhonses and a State reformatory for misdemeanants, as to the
acquisition by the State of the county penitentiaries, and such
amendments to the law as may be socessary in regard to the
sentencing and commitment of prisoners. Tt is to ba hoped that
this investigation will load to the presentation of a eompzehensiv
scheme which by suceessive sts end in a complete reomgani-
zation of the prison system, and the eventual assumption by the
State of the control which is now vested in the counties,

Prisox Lavon.

‘Such State control is the only possible way of relieving to some
extent, though it may not wholly eure, the deplorable prison idle-
ness which now prevails in jails and penitentiaries wader county:
control in the State of New York. ‘This idleness ia due to the
unfortunate amendincyt ¢o Use Constitntion forbidding the sale
of prison-made goods in the open mazket. The experience of
New York in this direetion onght to be a warning to any State
proposing to adopt this poliey of restrictio

The amount of idleness in 1906 in county jails snd peniten-
tiaries was computed to be over 400,000 days. The keeping of
so large a body of ruen in idleness tends to make prisoners into
confirmed idlers and eviiningls, Tt is the State of New York
which is responsible for keeping these prisoners in idleness. Tt
is unjust to the five Iaborer to assume that he demands such a
cruel poliey. Tt is unjust to the taxpayer who is required to
support this vast army of idle men, and it is unjust to the pris:
oner who is sentenced to enforced ‘ileness,

‘Much can be dono to mitigate the present condition of affairs
dy making mandatory the employment of prisoners in the repair
and construction of all penal institutions

In Chiengo the new cell block, barn
the House of Corre tively by prison labor,

ed States prison at

fs a remarkable example of what ean he done by
without previous training in building. Execllent work
natory in the same diree-

and other buildings for

‘The State of New York pays over $100,000 a year for

the support of felons in ponitentiaries over whom it lias mo cou
Suxre-Tuimp Axsvaz Rerone, it

trol. This amount paid by the State annually for men who aro
idle in the penitentiaries would suffice to pay in twenty yeare
the entire cost of the land and buildings for the new Stato prison
to take tho placo of Sing Sing. The law should forbid the giv
ing out of contracts for the repair or construction of peval in-
stitutions, except for the purchase of necessary material, aud for
bid the employment of ontside labor unless the State Commission
of Prisons certifies that prison labor is uot available.

Sconsoamow ov Haserrar Orresnuns,
With intelligent and persistent effort the Women's Prison As-

sociation has unged for the last three years the establishment of a

State farin for women misdemeanants and has supported the ap-

peal with a layge array of facts. That assoofation has pointed

‘out thus “ there are fully 800 women in the eity of Greater New

‘York and 1,000 in the entire State whose recon of offenses ox:

tend over periods varying from five to twenty years and who aro

Known 1 havo been arrested from 20 to 200 times. *

Tn 1903, in the borough of Manks 8

posed on 108 .

of present methods of dealing with cis clase of offenders

Dill prepared by the Women’s Prison Association has already:

passed both houses of the Legislature.

‘This experiment will be looked upon with @ grest deal of in
terest, for it is the expression of # conviction which is gaining
gronnd among all who have to deal with persistent offenders of
cither sex that the ouly rational way to deal with habitual offenders
to segregate tbem in a farm oF industrial colony

of any class i
New

under an indeterminate sentence for a prolonged period.
York has passed a law providing imprisonment for habitual fal
ons, Another progressive step would be the establishment of in~
Gustrial colonies for the large mumber of male misdomesnants
who constitute the bull: of our vagrant class.

Specinl treatment under an indeterminate sentence is needed
also for the army of babitual drunkards for whose permanent eure
the short sentence and ordinary prison eonditions are wholly
Sneffeetual.

Puisoy Assoorrion or New Your.

Rare vis Moras Tose op Ovw Presoxs.
raise the physieal standard of eonstrue-
on prisons, Cyne pousisbiments ave for
wmuane iseiplige goouerally: prevails, Int the
reformation, sa syarout aunts yo fusther,  Wlagt is anoat
fof all needed i2 the effective application of mural forees im pri
fons, Moral forges are uo or lest complex. The whieh
make for cleanliness, fre ianlustay, whick develop celbae
others, contoss, felonies
in their agenes and result, aud
need to be invoked for gormotion of the prisoner
tay of our penal institwtions are siwply roseavaiss of
sewage, whewe litle i

prisom atmosphere i

ceal rather than worn

material comfort

fof moral impulse and iuspiva

character of the guaviis aud keepers, It is not to be expected that
f prisoner will he helyed mnoh in his obedience

or in his sense 0 lity to society when he finds certain
officers ready for a small consideration to violate the rnles of the
prison and the laws of the State, They eannnt lace sespect for
guards and keepers who through bribery and cornuption ave lave
breakers like themselves, In the last thirty vears the stamdaed
fof character gad influence seprecented by the wavieus of the
country has heen raised to a higher level, but no warden ean
suoceesdul with « body of disloyal gnards selling privileges to
prisoners, As a matter of fact the prisoners in some of eae in
stitutions have gained much more inepivation toward right, eon:
net from some of their fellow prisoners appointed as school
teachers than they hare frm the body of gaanls who control
‘their physical

‘Tho establishment of sehools for prisoners has been of immense
Denefit, and tho introdvetion of lectures in addition to regular

igious services has brought into many prisons healthfo) moral
and intellectual impulses. ‘The possibilities in this field are far
from being exhausted.

SrervTuimy Axxvar Ruvoxr,

‘fare Puxssnszive ov tin Pasay,
(One of the snost important questions to be considered atthe next,

Intemational Priso

‘out placing too great an ecouomie baeden upon the family. Sueb

sess is how to eorrect the offender wich
a burden is imposed vw Dreadwinner is withdzayra from
ensue are sometimes acnte and

‘rom son. Artention is called to 4 speoial paper
con this mubject eulanizred in the body
ethos of relief pussible wuder our aystem are, first thel
substitntion of probation nit possible
secondly, the ut by judicious
application of yutwrte Jaws: aid he nesigoment of « por
tion of the prisoner's earnings to the eupport of his family.

Te is one of the great advantages of probation that industrious)
offenders ave not taken ont of employment, nor the esoomis eon- \
litien of the Family disturbed, exept when a sine is imposed: and \
this under the probation lew may be paid in installments. Like-
‘wise, the release of the prisoner on parole meaus the difference
between destitution and selEswpport én uany a family.

Whore inoprisment is necessary, the only remey for the des
tivation of the family is either through public or private charity
or by aesiguing shave of the prisoner’s earnings to the family’s
support. Here the advantage of having the prisoners employed
at some form of productive and remunerative Tabor et ones ap-

Unless the pr
prison, and something additional, any appropriation made by the
State for the support of the families of prisoners must be made
from other revetines, Tt is entirely possible, however, as it is
demonstrated in other states, to conduct a eystem of productive
labor t0 a8 to

ler earns the cost of his maintenance in

neato and improve the prisoner, pay the cost of
hhis maintenance by the State and leave a balance which may be
applied to the support of his family, and thie seems the moral
‘and logical solution of a difficult question. Tt is no rational
‘auswer to this proposition to say that the prisoner thus em-
ployed competes with free laborers, If the prisoner is placed
on probation, he is a competitor; if he goes to work while on

20 Pemox Association or New Yous.

parole, he is likewise a competitor; aud he would be not mare a
competitor if, under proper regulation, a portion of his earn-
ings were available for Mi fanily irom bis labor in prison
Te ds unfortunate that the State of New York, which bas great
need for the application of some such law, particulary. pert
ent and valuable in the ciso of wile desesters, ahold he prac
iieally powerless to apply the simple and nanural remedy. by
reason of the di ndustries. For the
Taxt ten years, the maintens tis been
severe burden to the taxpayer Because of the enforced idleness of
Prisoners, but now the barden Zale ail sore heavily upon ine
nocent and destitute m and childven, oe
The State of New York is ene of the most enlightened and
advanced in the Union. I
reputation for intl
cory year thonsands of ‘prscnoss a
friovous burden on the fon
‘pen the public

with ite
snce and humanity t should keep

idleness and impose a

well as spon the prisoner and

SrxrvTanan Axxvar Rerort.

REPORT OF THE CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.

‘Dhe creation of tho office of corresponding secretary at the
‘very beginning of the organization of this Association was an
indication that it sought to estublish relatious with the friends
f prison reform in other States and other lands. The rosnlt in
this moze than sixty years hag bear that the Associstion has
availed itself of the experience and judgment of representative
leaders in criminal law, prison administration, and every branch
‘of modern penology. Such leaders are found in all ports of the
‘world, Associations for prison reform have multiplied and fra
temal exchange has been established between them. ‘The corre-
sponding secretary, on bebslf of this Association, takes oceasion
to acknowledge herewith the generosity of friends at home and
abeoad in furnishing information concerning movements in their
own Staics and countries, and in sending publications which are a
sweleome addition to our library.

onaxon of Exmaurexcr ap Isnounsiox.
Perhaps the best practical way to show our appreciation of
such belp is to render similar aid to those who call upon us
for similar information. Our letter-books show how widely xx
sended geographically are the relations of tho Association, “Tt is
‘sometitnes necessary for ts to send to all the States of the Union
for special information; and ony mail for the year shows, what
is equally welcome, that a large nnmber of the States of the Union
are frequently se
general. This correspondence during the last year has extended:
over nearly all of the northern and southern States and to all
the principal countries in Eutope. Information sent to foreign
Jands hs related mainly to the operation of the children's courts
and the probetion system for adalts as well as for minors in
the United States; also with reference to the indeterminate
‘sentence and the reformatory system. Interest abroad is com
stantly growing in the application and development of the idea
of children’s courts. Alteady in Great Britain, Prance, Germany,
1d the prineipte has been recognized, and attempts
Jish and continental law.

ing to us for information, both local and

and Switzo
Ihave Leen made to adapt it €

Pusox Assocuutiox ov New Youn,

Tae Tsouremasare

A brivé monograph by the cor on. the in-

Gorman by Dr.

and pullishe vechiv fie Srinsinala

sd Keininatiert, wor Hone Gross in €
published yy Lei

the notable and miore yevent contribnt

the indeterusinai sentence 4 . included

the striking antiele on “4\. Comre : “Wy Roland

Molinens. This article, oviginally p F pro

Gueed strong aupmessivny os spay be suwents im

the daily prves and also legal journals, With the consent of

‘Ms. Molinens we have repredneed it in this repor

A Tour ix sae West,

Taruing attention more syeitcally to one awn couptey, the

interest of the corresponding seererary has been enlisted in vaxi-

ons efforts for the inuproventent of editions in other States.
December, during hliday week, T attended a meeting
litical Sefence Association. she Anerivan Sociologioal Society, and
other aflisted organizations at Madivoo, Wis., and yead a paper
on “Legal Obstacles to the Reformation of Prisoners,” which ia
reprinted from the proceedings of thet association in this repost.

‘From Madison T went to Chicago, and at the invitation of the
City Cid made an inspection of several of the police stations
and also of the Cook County Jail, T met in conference a con

rnd adidvessed the City Club at a

secting presided over by Judge Mack, omecraing conditions in

Chicago, where an effort is being mde to establish a central por
Tice station end municipal court building, ‘The writer was much
impressed with the remarkable suceces of the new municipal court
of Chicago,

The new juvenile court building has grown out of the nevesst
ties of the work of that city, and haa heen planned and equipped

Srxr-Tumy Axsust Reroe, 28

to meet its exigencies. Tt is an interesting iuetvation of how a
new idea exprcsed in the juvenile conet will quire new physical
Worthy Home, which has

been teed! to eomnit the chilidven’s cowst, needs more
Goubless this will be

£ Cozveetion, and

Lualow of that institution
A new spirit, en the other hand, has been intnsed into the House
fof Corection by ite supecintendent, Me, Whitsan, and it has
bvakien ayway Invgely toon the old mechnnical routine and method,

Whe sme spirit which Me, Whitman awakened in the jail when

means for ite expre

rests as it were der the te

he was there be has breathed into this institution. He eould not
ebange the character of the commitments which are made to its
‘hat deyend> upon the Iaw sud she courts but he has given a new
emphasis to the word “correction.” Backed up by bis board of
managirs, he believes in the gospel of work, and it hus a fine
illustration in the institution, ‘The nev ell block for women has
been built entirely, with the esception of a few minor details,
by prisoners, at m reduetion of one-third of the coat required 10
‘uild ig by outside Tabor. It is « good exaniple of a plain, durable,
comfortable, sanitary, but unpretentions prison building, without
usurious equinment, but Hooded with etalight and fitted wih
exery sanitary appliance, Tt is gratifying to note that in build
ing this prisoa they have broken away fom the conventional
external corridor, and kare adopted @ spacious central corridor
with @ window in every cell, looking out upon the yard.

During my visit there was also in process of erection a now
Dern, te plans for which were drawn by an inmate of the insti
tution, aud the bricks for this, as well as for the ell block, were
all made as well as laid up by the prisoners, The prisoners are
also extensively employed in digging in the vast pite and pr
paring material for the city rosde snd for other purpnses.

Usiren Srarus Pavrrestiany, Leavexwoers,

From Chicago T went to Leavenworth, Kan., not only to aa
what progress had been made in the construction of th United
States Penitentiary, but algo to avail myself of the wide experi
‘ence and suggestion of Maj. B, W, MoClanghiy, the warden of

2 Prisox Assoottion oy New Youx.

that institution. As in previona visits to Leavenworth, I was
impressed with the amount of work done by prisoners in the eroe-
tion of this imposing building. While a g

hhas resulted from the wtilization of prison Inbor, a still greater
gain, both to society and to the prisoner, is the educational result
of teaching prisoners productive labor in a vasiety of trades of
practical use to them on their discharg

Oxtanoms

From Leavenvorth I went directly to Guthrie, the oapital of
tho new Stato of Oldshoma. Stimulated by Mr. Molinenx’s
articlo on “The Court of Rehabilitation,” alluded to above, the
director of charities and correction, Miss Kate Barnard, had the
Jaudable ambition on entering nym her duties to put Oklahoma
jin the forefront of the States in the organize
corrections and charities. ‘The opportunity for new legislation
and for new work was indeed fazeinating, Here was a
just emerging from its territorial period into the constitutional
autonomy of an independent if the Union, Tt started on
its new career with a now freedom snd a new opportunity. Te
‘was not hampered hy its own traditions, nor yas ft necessary to
hamper it with the teaditions of other States, Te started with a
clean pages its Legislatare hnd jnst been organized it wns look
ing courageously toward the future rather than town

‘As a result of the wari invitation of Miss
the cordial assent of the president and officers of this Association,
T undertook to present to the legislators of Oklshoma some of the
resulte of our experience in the East conceming penal and cor
reetional institutions, ‘The wavm reception extended to me by the
House of Representatives, which T hed the plowsnne of addre

ception given to an adress before the Senate on the aftemoon of
Fanuary Tih, were proofs that the invitations extended by these
Dodies to address them were not of a perfanctory character. Ta
subsequent conferences with legislative committees of both cham:
ems I wat impressed with the earnestness and vigorous interest
cof their members in the responsible task they bave assumed of
shaping new legislation for a new State.
SrerrTump Aves, Ruromt. 25

To the writer it seemed thet the most important things for
Oklahoma to achieve on tho threshold of ita new politial life were
‘the establishment of children’s court, a probation system for
adults, a State reformatory to include both misdemeanants and
felons betwoon the ages of Sixteen and thirty, and the abolition of
tho county eystem of jail control inkevited from the territory,
replacing it by State control

A Dill establishing children's courte was drawa by Indge
Lindsey of Denver, Col. Bille relating to a probation system and
also to tho establishment of a State reformatory wera deawa by
‘the writer, Reyond this it was suggested that, until such time as
Obtshoma is ready 40 build a Siate penitentiary, her prisoners
may, by some arrangement with the Department of Justice at
Washington, be sent to the United States Penitentiary at
Leavenworth.

‘Tt was hardly to be expected that all these snd other measures,
such 2g the child labor Bill, could pass at the fizst session of the
Legislature, Most of them were well advanced, however, snd
thongh they did not reach final passage there wae a decided ad-
vantage in bringing them into the arena of discussion, It some~
times takes years of agitation in cider States to secure the
adoption of meatnres which are eventually reengnized as traly

nt. Our friends im Oklahoma must be patient and wait
for the process af education to convince the majority of legislators
‘of the wisdom and value of the new measures proposed. By a
majority of several thousand ahead of the vote east for Governor,
Mise Bamard was elected eommizsionor of Charities and Corrce
sion, She brings to her work deep and sympathetic interest,
remarkable energy, and a progressive spirit. She is seeking to
put Oklahoma to the front, and leaders of philanthropy in many
of the States have been holping bor with suggestion and advice,
the fruit of long experience, The Sage fuad, which is under
the direction of Mr, John ML Glenn, cooperated in paying the
expenses of several visitors to Okdaboma, including those of your
corretponding secretary.

Pauox Assocration ov New Yous.

Cuvenaxn ConsreniowaL Iserrrenos,

Returning from Oklahoma T availed myself of the Kindly inv
tation to stop over in Cleveland aud see the
pal Work Honse of that city

ns of the Minick
Cuder the elfeetive leadership of
Harris R. Cooley, Cleveland ae entered upon a uew and
ational experinent. ‘Tustead of following the arebaie idea that
elty insticusions shall be crowded tos & part of the city
valuable for business purposes, dnt partaking themselves of the

er of the slwins, the city Its bought about two thousand
acres of meadow aud forest a few sailes ont upon whieh to estab-
Tish the Cleveland Farm Colony, ‘This farm is to he divided
into fone parts. A good qnuurty fan

ir and spreating it on the road, Five

ie all the atone required ;
he tlowers, shrubbery r d lawn, :
The prisoners ave 10 be :
vegetable gardeus, 19 supply ile potiee ani fre departinents with
bay and geain, aud the hospital

poultry, and eggs. ‘There are tow eighty person on the farm
There suv three clase tinaties.somi-trusties, and
ren with lad recon

he eare of a pmmfes

corked in avehard, vinesar

hve Locked mp,
A large number of men are seleaseel on parole, Eleven lun
dred and sixty meu were released dvi
against eighty-four during the previons
mote than 14 per eont, of the parole men have come back.
‘The selection of this farm,
tthe adoption of # mov» Iibera

the firet two years a8
ministration. Not

the prisoners,
rer freedom
of prison 1 ontafsloor labor,
are all die ontgrowh of a» 1 spitit which is
no less scientific because it is more humane. ‘The Cloveland Farm
Colony is no longer am experiment; it has pointed out a way

which ean be profitably followed by many other cities,

Marstaxy Prssox Coxrznexon

Fanuary 16th and 17th T had the pleasure of attending and
also of aildressing the conference held under the anspices of the

Suere-Taum Axxvan Revows a”

Maryland Prison Association at Baltimore. Several pronsinent
States were present, among
PH. Wines, and Cornelius V. Coll

all of whom delivered addresses. Under the presidency of Mx.

J, Harry Trego and the secretaryship of Mr, J. . Stataman, this,

has taken a now leate of life and doveloped Fresh public

Te is not only eal

of jaila und penal institutions in the Stave, bue is giving atteation
to the enidy of funainental problems and pri

attention to the physical conditi

Though the Maxslaud Commission appointed
act did not seport in favor of the indeterminat
Aisonssion of this subject at this conference has awakened
public interest and brought practical workers more
coord

Oran Anpnesses.

‘The corresponding secretary also addressed the Delta Phi Club
af New York, a club of lawser ‘ae Reformation of the
Criminal)” andl the Lawyers’ Club of Brooklyn on varions aspects
of our criminal Inw; the People’s Forum in Brooklyn, and tho
New Jersey State Conference, loth om the important subject of
“How to corset the prisancy without laying too much of a
burden upon the family.” I represented the Association at the
New Jeriey Siste Conferenee of Charities and Correction,
November Lt and 15, 190%, and also at the National Conference
of Charities and Corvection at Richmond in May, 1908, and the
necting of the Liberal Lumigestion League in New York. I
also auddressed the sindents at Wells College, Aurora, N.Y. and
in the commu of the winter spoke on Snnday mornings frst to the
congregation of the Temple Leth-Fl, kindly invited by Rabbi

Schuhnan, and ia Jangary spoke with ex-Attoney-General May
d y of Rabbi

fare the Free Synagogue through the hospital
Steplien S, Wise, The Social Service Department of this Syna
segue under Dr, Gold
Tessish offenders placed on probation
By request I have written the article on penology for the new
edition of the Eneyelopedia of Social Reform, eoutributed « brief
the work of the Prison Association for the Inter-

national Year Book and sleo made contvibutions to various

in is taking under its sueveillance young

38 Puisox Accoctarion oy New York,

periodicals on penclogies! questions, Akin to this edneational
work are the ten lectnres on penology given before the School of
Philanthropy, which is becoming a source of spply for i
telligent tr different parts of the Seld of
philanthropy.

workers in
Feponer, Lvotsration,

A number of visita to Washington swore necessary with refer
fence to federal legislation. Most izaportant has been the draft
ing of the United States parole bill with the valuable assistance
of the law committee of the Association. This bill is now before
‘a subcommittee of the judiciary committee of which Judge
Foster is ehaizman, 1e De
There is great need of such a parle Yall.

The bill is under consideration by

‘and prisoners fail ¢o get the incentive which
comes from good parole laws,
Dill with reference to the deportation of aliens pre
so many diffcalties that oun law committee reported
agsinst it, and your corresponding scoretary likewise, as the
chairman of a couitice appointed ly the Liberal Tunnigration
League,

An investigation of conditions st the Queens county jail
showed thet # lange
caro of the sheriff to be taken 10 and from court
committed to institutions for children,
ter to the sheriff and also to Mr. TL, K, Preston, superintendent
of the Brooklyn Society for Prevention af Cruelty to Ohildren, it
hhas heen arranged that the society instead of the sheriff shall
handle such oases in the futur.

nmber of children were turned over to the
also to be
After presenting the mat

‘The corrusponding seoretary has represented the association in
the organization of the SooislEthieal League, a new federation
of churches and of charitable, educational, and civie organizations
in Greatur New York, for the diseussion and promotion of the
sims and objects which they hold in eoxamon,

1 Yiquor traf i

SixreTemp Axxuar Revoxr,

Le ia not difficult for the layman to view the procedure of che
court from the audience room, and sometimes from the jury; it
is more difficult to view it from the standpoint of the jndge-
the kind invitation of Judge Foster, of the Court of General See

¥ spent several hours on the bench
position of a number of eases and

the corresponding se
fellowing the course snd di
disenssing them with the judge
iponsibility of the judge when ealled upon to sentence

he probation law gives to tbe judge, bowever, new

One gete a new impression thw
of the »

offender
sesinree and opportunity in the disposition of many cases; and
the history of the court, not ouly for that day, but for several
yeats past, shows how largely Sndge Foster hrs availed himself of
this Jn, and the beneficial resalts which have followed. Wherever
the probation law is well applied and well administered it soon
justifies itself,

REGULATION ov THE LIQUOR TRAPHIC.
During last spring, in convection with my work as commis
sioner for the United States on the International Prison Com-
mission, T made a stady to some extent of the regulation of the
the United States and in foreign countries. This |
Snows that the enbject of aocial regulation of the liquor traflle.
‘has developed great importance in the United States, and also in
everal foreign countries, ‘The right of society to protect itself
against drugs and apivita which are dangerous to the individual
and to social order is now practically conceded, and it is simply
‘4 quostion of method and extent, Tt is evident that hand in hand
fh such regulation and repression must go educational efforts

and positive measures for providing substitutes for the attrac:
tions aphich frequently enliven the saloon.

During the last year valuable accessions have been made to the
library of books and periodicals of current interest
‘ance in English, French, German, Ttalian, and Spanish,

80 Paisow Assoctarion-or New Your.

During the writer's visit to Spain in 1907, his interest wa
awakened in the work of D

moutment is now being erected iv Spain. The fine work of this
Jady has been recognized ia the ehneipal Europes countsies,
United States, and South Anriea, She wos an enynest pioneer

Concepeion Arenal, to whom a

{im prison reform and in eilnentivnal and charitable work in Spain,
The Ase

a gift from her son oF a complete eolition

jation is, therefore, ta he © on seeciving as
in twenry-thive volumes, Ts erstitnte @ mine of information
and 4 sonzce of inspina = and workers in the field

of charity and prison reform,

he Prison Astociation hue for many years maintained an |

agent, Me, D. E. Kimball, at the Couet of General Sessions
whose probation work ie not recognized as of the gveatest valne
Daily attendance at the cow is fol
2 comsitted to him by che
judges. This is one of the :oat impostent af all branches of our
‘work, The tine will come whew thie work should be takea up
and continued Uy slicers in this cout paid by publie funds; bat
until such provision i made we must depend upon omr subserib-
fers to support this highly dmportant work,
SAMUEL J. BARROWS,
Corresponding Secretary.

Srerv-Tummp Axxvat Rrvorr.

FROM THE JOURNAL OF OUR PROBATION OFFICER.
A yong Englishinan, who hed boon in the United States but
ndant in ome of the palatial
to hie duties, and
soon ghinted the confidence of his employers. Under the rules,
employees had to pay for anything broken or destroyed, and this
young ian broke  tuanbler, the price of which was taken from
his wages. He resolved, as he put it, “to get square," so he took
a quantity of the finest linen to bis bome and secreted it, but
nade no attempt to ell oF dispoce of it, His arrest followed and
for many weeks he was locked wp in the Tombs waiting trial.
When the ease wes brought into court he told where the goods
were hidden, and they were found intact. At the time of his
arrest be was abort to be marvied and the young woman inter-
ceeded for him with the judi
‘On my recommendation he was released on probation, and be
is now working for the firm that eaused his arrest

Bigamy is not wsually included in the Vist of erimes or whieh
probation is regarded as a remedy, but Judge Foster of the Gen-
tral Sessions Court hes, on my reeommendation, applied it in
tree eases, two of which have proved that it is a good way to
Aispose of them. Tn one ease a bond was exacted from the man
to support the children by hie Tegal marriage. The wife, sofas

‘any help from him, bad instituted proceedings for a divoree;
another bond was exacted compelling him to support the second
wife. Both bonds were given and the defendant is now on pro-
ation, beating the heaxy burden brought on himself as best ho
‘ean by hard work, and neither woman will live with him. Tle
scorns 10 be getting his punishment as be goes along.

“Anotber bigamy ease in which probation was applied is that of
a woman —a poor, hardworking servant who spoke but Tittle
Gnglish and married eeveral men, each time hoping to have &
home abe could call her own. On investigation I found that none

a2 Paisox Assoctatsox or Naw Yorn. *

of the men she married bad given her eny support, amd on my’
report she wae released on probation. She is very regular in
making reports, is still working ag a domestic servant, and is eon-
tent 19 live « “life of single Dlessedness.”

The third is a ease which shows the result of failure to obey
the coure’s order while on probation. ‘The prisoner was an jee
vragen driver, and in the course of his business met and became
intimate with @ young servant girl through deli
employer's house, Sho was infatuated swith i
he married her, as he suid, “to legitimatize” their child, altho
hhe had 2 wife, to whom he had heon mamvied eight years, li
f short distance away. The second one learned of his duplicity
and canted his arrest, He pleaded guilty, and, much to the sur
prise of all interested, his veal wife intereeded Zor bins, expressed
f willingness to forgive him and eutreated the const to let him
go. I did not feel that the ease was one that called for such
great merey, becanse of the child. The jndge gave the matter
much thought and finally released him on probation, with ordors

to pay 84 4 week ¢o the support of the infant of the woman he
ad wronged, His employer took him back again and for a few
months his coudvet was good. ‘Then he began to dyink and
gamble, and the wife who hed done so much for him had to breake
up her comfortable home. I eaused him to be arrvsted and he
Jmows to-day what it means to violate probation, for he is serving
‘ive years in State prison.

Freak P——, 2 countey boy, came to the city nine years
ago, obiained employment in a Insiness bouse, and by good com
duet and sizict attention to business, secured promotion and a
comfortable salary. Each woek it was hie eustom to send a part
of his weckly earnings to bis aged mother in his comtry bome.
His father sickeved aud died, which pot the eutire burden of the
other's support on the son; while she was in good health his
income was suilicient for both. Te visited her at times, but she
would not leave her old home and come to the city. She was
taken seriously ill, and the attendant expense was so great that the

Suery-Tuiup Axxvan Rerons, 38

son could not keep up the paymonts. Driven to desperation by
hig tronbles, the young man took some of his employer's money,
intending, a9 he said, to return it to tho cash drawer sehen his
mother recovered. She did not got well again, but her son’s erime,
committed for her sake, had been discovered and her much loved
ton was im the City Prison awaiting trial for grand larceny.
‘When arvaigned in cont he pleaded guilty and threw himself on
the merey of the const. The care was referred to me for inves
tigation as probation officer, and an inquiry was made as to his
reoard. The mayor of the town where he was born, aa well as
jndges and bank presidents, sent letters ocrtifying that his past
hhad been blameless and that he had alvways hoen respected in tho
community.

His employers, who made the charge against him, knew noth-
ing of the probation system; but when it was explained, they en-
tered heartily into the spirit of it by joining with his friends im
asking for the court's merey. Friends made up the shortage in
the defendant's cash gosount, and on my presenting a written re
port certifying to the truth of the young man’s story, sentence
vas suspended and the young fellow was released on probation in
the custody of this association, ‘The friends who had stood by him
in his hour of need procured work for him in a. business house,
and he is now, as the judge expressed it, “serving bis sentence
out of prison” hy reporting each week at the Prison Association
off, He proved to be grateful and spprecistive, and is regular
in making his reports,

A working painter and decorator in business on his own ac
count, with money in the bank and an unnsually comfortable
hhome, was found in the Tombs, after having pleaded guilty to the
crime of larceny, waiting sentence. While doing something in
an uptown house, he saw a gold wateh lying on a dressing table
and no one in the room, An irresistible impulse seized him to
steal i and he put it in bis pocket, ‘The same night he was
anested, au the stolen property found on him. Why he took it
hoe could not explain; he did not need money, and made no at-

3% Paisow Assoorazion or New Your.

tempt to dispose of the property. Ho paid a lawyer 8200 and
was locked wp for some thie, T recommended probation amd it
was granted. Tle is pow enerying ot nose and has Tearned

that it is not ouly good poliey but that it pays to be honest.

A young Swede asked to have his ease investigated, as he was
not guilty of the evime charged against bin, although wider a
misapprehension he hind said he wae, and was only waiting to be
sentenced. Te bad heen employed by some of the prominent faa
ilies of this city yg hin high
character as 49 honesty ; cans that his
le the silver which lind been

went to Enrope and Jeft on

nased at the last meal, instend of waiting for it to be cleaned and
pt into the Fearing that st might be stolen, the defendant

secreted it and the butler eaused bis arvest. T eansed his plea of

‘guilty to be camecled, anc a juty trial exonerated hin,

Srxrv-Tamp Axsvas. Reronn.

OUR PAROLE WORK.

Rerour or Wrusa Hexny Srexcen,
CChiet of the Pavole Department of the Prison Asescation of Now York

On the twentieth of every month a little army of men, ranging
in age somewhere between sixteen and thirty, averaging about
twenty-one years, are paroled to our office from Elmire Reforma-
tony. They’ axe representatives of about all the varied peoples of
Europe as well 25 of the West Indies, North and South Ameriea,
with an occasional son of the Orient, In religious faith, they are
registered ss Catholies, Protestants and Hebrews, ia the propor
on of abont one-half Catholics, onequarter Protestants end one
lared himself “ atheiat.”
By far the moet common erimes for which they axe sentenced are
grand lareeny (including pocket-pieking) and bumglary, Sret, sec
‘and qnd third degrees. Among other crimes are the following:
Felonious assault, carsying burglav’s tools or comeesled weapons,
abduetion, reeeiving stolen goods, arson, violation of the eleetion
law, sodomy, bigamy and a solitary ease with us nov of an attempt
‘at suicide, Por the most part, they are confined at Elmira only.
about thirteen months, the minimum time. When thia is the ease,
it shows on excellent record for which the compensation is a
speedy parole, Once in three months on the fifteenth, there is a
special parole of a few men denominated “ten-day men.” ‘They
are go called, beeanse being entitled by their good records to parole,
vd ten days’ liberty to look for work in the eity for
thetnselves,— having no friends here to look for work for them
advence of their coming. It is unnecessary to add that the
never retuned for failure to ind work during this limited time,
provided they make strenuous effort. Although comparatively
ow in numbers (47 last year) ten-day men aze a source of anxions
rolicitude aud protracted perplexity to the parole agent who must
advise and encontage them in their desperate effort to find em
ployment. They are not xequired to divulge all their soot
‘every time they apply for a position, for to tell the “boss” that
‘they hed just come down from Elmira would be almost surely

36 Paisox Assooration or Naw Yors.

fatal to their prospects; bnt if they may keep silent in regard to
their antecedents, they must speak when asked for thelr references,
and what can th To whom ean they refer? How heavily
are they handic 3 frionds in the city, without vefer
f lve or fonr dellays in their
their vom and board until they got the job
where to find, the outlook is pretty discouraging.
Yet I must eueowrnge and I can, for T have never yet known a
‘man who persevered to fail in the end to find some place, although
I have Known them to be four and even six weeks in the
seareh, Ent we have to help many of them with meal and lodging
ticket
Happily the regularly paroled constitute the vast majority.
‘They come to positions secured for them generally through the
solicitation of friends, although sometimes secured by means of
letiors written employers from the institntion, Great eare must
he exorcised in investiguting offers of work by us to assure ome
aclvea that they ave germine,— uot “Fake” offers given solely to
facilitate the boy's release. “We register the latter ax fast as de-
teoted wnder * Mick List.” It is of the utmost importance that
‘the paroled should go to some place to work a8 soon a he comes
down from Elmira, The inability to get work readily accounts, no
Gonbs, for the disproportionate number among the tenday men
who “fall down”
There is nothing that so sefogoards the vwouk in will as the
steady job. TL is.a part of the duty of the parole agent to see that
anu not only goes to work, bnt that he stieks to bis
job. this, if he anakes six regular monthly reports and
feo far as we can ascertain has faithfully observed the eonditions
of his parole, he is then recommended for * absolute release” and
passes fmm nier the juvisliction of Elmira Reforinatory. Tt

” anid are wanted as delinquents or erininala,

ia-a rational theory that if « yong man will work six months, a
abit of honest industry will become ingrained in his physical
and moral makenp that will persist and control his conduct for
the next six months, and on and on till the months lengthen into
years and the boy is a man and thoroughly veformed. Happily
this is generally trne, but there are many exeeptions,

‘The morning ofter the young man's arrival in the eity he comes
to our office, bringing his parole papers, and is registered and ine

Scrr-Tumy Awxvas. Ruronr, ar

structed regarding his duties while on parole, chief of which are
to work steadily at the place to which he is paroled unless granted
permission to change employers; to avoid evil eompanions and the
use of intoxieating liquors; to keep good hows and to make rogalar
monthly reports in writing of his earings, savings and general
conduct. Frequently some relative, the father or mother, brother
or sister, aecompanies the boy wheu he makes his arrival report. T
recall several instances cf what, you might call a standard story
by a certain type of mother. I recognize her as sho comes with
hher boy and remember the story she told me when she called on a
former oovasion. Tt runs something Tike this:

“My Jobmnio is not a bad boy at heart, but he is not quite
right at bis head. You sce when a little fellow, not quite six
yours old, he ‘hurted” himself fearful by falling down staizs,
and ever sinee that he bas acted queer at timus and has
a desl of trouble, He
Spencer, and that is why.”

But the mother appears to think Jobanie’s head and heart too
all right this advent morning, ‘Thoro is a light in her eye and the
note of assurance in her voice, prophetic of better days to come.
And why should she not feel confident? Does not Johnnie tell
her, a8 he writes the superintendent in his firet letter, that the
“reformatory has made aman of him?” Has it not indeed done
more than auythiug else ever did for him? Has it not taught
him at least the rudiments of a trade? Has he not been initiated
into the mysteries of geography, arithmetic, reading, spelling and
writing in the evening schools? Has he not been serubbed. phy-
ically in the bathroom and straightened physically by the mili:
tary drill and both serubbed and straightened morally and intel
lecinally by the ipssons in otbioal theory and practiee, in personal
manners, in business principles and social eonduet, which he has
received in Elmira during the last year? Never in all his life
was Jobnnie so clean in person, in speech, in habits, and so alton
gether promising as now in his brand new suit of clothes.

No wonder the dear mother is proud of her boy and that her face
is radiant with faith and hope and joy that her troubles are over
at Jast; that God's great blessing so long, prayed for has descended ;

38 Prisow Association ov New Yorx.

that her “Tobunie” has come back (0 her redeemed because r0-
formed. And despite tho shock after shock of disappointment
that I have seecived, T cannot help sharing with that mother ina
neasitre hee great confidence. As T look into tho faces of the
Jong Tine of yonng men standing before me, T put away from my
thowght for the moment what experience has tangbt me: that some
‘of the nnunber will betray that trust almost hefove the month has
passed; that more all go astray hefore six months have passed;
and before six years have gome by these will be wide gups in that
Tine made Uy mien oho ave serving time in Sing Sing for eximes
that yon would me

(Tis true, "tis

boy would be guilty of!

prublem which we have been specially
to salve duving the last two yess is, what proportion

of the yonng mien paroled feom Ela

truly reckoued 4s reformed? La other words, we have been trying

to answer for our own satisfaction and the satisfaction of the public

New York eity may be

the very first question and the most vital one which the thonghtful
public interested im reform work is always asking,

‘Tio years ago, in our annual report, we said “Tt is frequently
stated that at least 80 per cent. of ovr paroled Elmira men are
never again enrolled among criminals. Possibly this per cent. is,
alittle too large. Possibly 75 per cont. is nearer the truth. How-
ever, we do ot need {o know jst what per cent, of the zeformed
actually is to he absolutely certain that the xeformatory system
in the treatment of eriminals is justified by results.”

And justifid it surely is by results although the results for the
year 1007 a5 regarils the per oent. of reformed are not up to the
high level expressed in the above quotetion, “Since thet report
was made, the parole office of the Prison Association through the
intelligent, energetic, and resomreefol co-operation of my assistant,
Sorgeant Grant Williams, bas been as never before keeping tab om
the course of Elmira men, not simply six months while on parcle
to us, but in a measure for ibree, four, Bre, and six years after
they have received their absolute releases and bave passed out
from the jurisdiction of the reformatory. The result of this in-

SreryTauan Axsvar Rupous. 39

qniry hes convineed us all that considerably leas than 80 per cent,
aunst bo regarded as’ actually reformed. Tt scems to have been
too easily assumed that the young men who reported themselves
at work for six mouths end who therefore reccived their absolate
releases wore practically reformed. Very little effort was made
(or could be made with the limited aid for inspection at commend)
to detormine whether these reports were true or false, much less
to Keep track of the men aftor thoir six months had expired. Our
exporinee dnving the lest two years has sitisfiod us that unques
tionably muny Elmira mon in the sears past wore granted absolnte
releases for faithful performence of duties whose reports were
falso from start to finish; who never worked, many of
ingle day in the pleccs to which they wore paroled
anywhere else; who gravely presented themselves once a month
with a lic on their lips and @ He in their letters end went out of
the office with g chuckle af eontompt for the “ gays” who stamped
their reports and sent then up for the consolation snd ediffeation
of the superintendent at Eluira. They may sometimes do that
today, but they attempt it at theie peril
ned that the men
Jbsohite zeleaves were not only richly entitled
to them, but that their names would probably never be heard of
again in criminal ways; and they uever were heard of, and in
for the simple reason that no one made it his special

to hear of them, to hunt for their names in the court

alendar and for theiv persons with photographs in hand among
the erowds confined in the Tombs and other prisons in the eity.
Your agent eonfestes that he has heen astounded, and he may add
Aeoply pained by the number of Elmira men abselutely released
fer good bebavior in the years past discovered during the year by
our detective under arrest and awaiting tial in the jails of Broak-
Iym and Manhation. Of course we have no jurisdiction over
these men. Onr only object in making this laborious search and
extra registry has been to answer with a closer approximation to
the truth the old, old question “How do the Elmira bays turn
ont?” ‘The following table answers for the year 1907

0 Pauox Association oy New Your,
Number of men paroled from Elmira. .

Number of men parcled from Napanceh,

Number of men granted sbsolute releases from Elmira, 454
Number of men grantod absolute releases from Napanoch 35,

Warrants issued for orime by Elmira.
Warrants issued for delinquency in reports by El

Sinw You

Warrranis issued hy Napanoch for erimes
‘Warrants issued for delinquency in reports by Napanoch,

Nuraber of men returned to Elmira,
‘Namber of men retumed to Napanoch.

Number of men sentenced to State prison from Elnira,
‘Number of Napanoch men sentenced to State prison.

Number of Elmira men sentenced to penitentiary.
Number of Napanoch men sentenced to penitentiary.

‘Number Elmira men wanted for or eonvietod of erimes
after receiving their absolute release.

‘The men paroled to vs from the Eastern New York Reforma
tory at Nepanoch were transferred there from Elmira, and for
convenience we will inelude thea under the head of Elmira. Per
‘haps as a vile they are slightly older men. Tn several eases, their
time has expired during parole, # fact which slightly favors the
Napanoch record.

SowrTump Awnvar. Rrvors,

In order to ascertain the ratio of criminals to the nua
paroled, we must frst determine whom to class es criminal.”
I is manifest fist that thowe aze criminals for whom warrants for
crime were asked and received. The total of this list is 78. It
is also manifest that we should include men convicted of crimes
after thoy have reeiveil their ahiolute releases, no matter how
long after, to that we do not duplicate the naincs in different
years. This list for last year was 51. We ought also to add men
on parole sentenced to State prison for whom no Elmira warrants
swere fssued. Tact year there were, a9 far ax we know, none
This gives us 78261 known eriminale out of a total parole of 706
amen, that i, 18-27/100, in round maraher® 20 por cone
But thie i not all. Ta the long Vist of those for whom warrants
for “delinquents” wore issued, amounting to 158 in all it is
certain that a portion of these should be classed as criminals,
Some of these we discover later to be such, and transfer the record
to the erime list. Some of these men drift away to other places
near and remote and soaner of later are Todged in other p
Srequently onder a diferent name and abe never identified.
ame criminals at large. Just how great a proportion of these
delinquents onght to be classed as eriminals isa quettiom which we
have often diseussed. Last year we reckoned 50 per cent. Tn
the judgment of my assistants, this docs not exe on tho side of
toverity. If then wo add onehalf of 158 (the number of delin-
quents) to 129 (the number of known eximinala) we hive 208
‘timated criminals ont of 105 paroled man, that ia almost exactly
Tf it be abjected that onr estimate of 50 per cent. of
as criminals is excessive, wo reply thot this is possibly
true, but even if s0, this exeost might be more than mado up by
counting the undetected aud unreported. On the whole, our iar
‘eatigutions appear to compel the eoaclnsion that not 80 per cent,
not even 75 per cent, probably not over 70 per cout of the
Elmira paroled men during the last yeor, should be classed
among the roformed. But we hope for a somewhat better showing
the present year. We have no dosbt that the hard times struck
cepecially hard the Elmira boys. Numbers of them during the
storm and strees songht our ofce for counsel; a few for tempor
rary assistance, As a rule, tho beat of them have no surplus of

ry Bnigox Assoctamion or New Yor.

moral stamina, They Rave all they ean do to walk upright when
work is plenty and wages high, How easy it is when they eam no
onger eee the chance 0 earn the bovest dollar to drift into the
‘company of tose who tll them it pass better to do erooked work!
‘And the gray duwa of the morsing finds the young man sursing
his sores on a seat in the Tomba. ‘he names of Row many sucht
fare in our list of 51 we shall never kuow, but that some are there
swe may well believe. Anil we ongbt also to take into consideration
the fact thot there was unista) setivity and efficieney an the part
of the city police, The han times strnck bard the Elmira man,
Tboth the man on parsle aud the man long past his pavole. He fell
‘his we believe in pars aeoounts for
Eluiva crimiusle daviag the year just past
‘And may we not also infor that the eeandal wave in the world
we dts effect om the operttors in the lower steatum
They read how this smaet evook looted a railzonds
another au inenvanee company; another & bank—how a whole
gang of nen in the guise of conteactore picked the eits’s pockets
fat of hundreds uf thousands of dollars, and yet were never
rounded up by the police, How eou the Blinira boy help reasoning
{hat “flim fam” gaones and pocket picking are not ox
Dat safe and respectable if dowe om a grand scale!
their bo:oms avell with aubition to vise on stepping ston
Tareeny, to grail lareeny, on ae sp and ever bigh
‘mountain peaks of what one has ealled * glosions lareem;
‘no more prison vons, bs! sntomeliles of pour own, and
your seat in the fashionsble ch
land your position in * soci i posible to doube the in
sidiously corrupting infhieneo of the exploits of the magnificent
terooks mpon the litle anes wo have to deal with?
Wohile not exenlparing the small offenders in the least, shall we
1 coulaination for thete great eviminals
Jaan ideal standard
in the reforim of the iumates of Eluvina that ou failure impenehes

ved beentse we

the principle of reform, We a in the right direction,
There should be no backwned step.

exclogy at in social ethies that the bes? way to protect soviety is
{to seform the criminal, when this is poasible. Te is simply a quot

¢ setled ae an, axiom. in

Sixry-Tump Awxvat Rarosr. 8

tion of ways and meme, Even thongh our estimated ratio of the
reform wore but 60 per eont,, as « Brooklyn judge recently guesses
it to be, oF as low az onethind, or even one-fourth of the paroled,
should we not even then feel morally eompelled to save this
smaller fraction if possible? And how determine what is possi
ble without experiment Would you not think it worth while «
tuy to reform 25 per cent, of the younger eximinale if your som
for your brotber were among the nnmber® Put yourself in his
place, Yes, but you say perbups, put yourself in the place of the
plundered publie. True! Let us do both. The public has
right to be protected, Our first duty indeed is to the public, but
what if we ean make 70 per eent. or 50 por cent of the Elmira
young men a part of Hat public, law-abiding, useful citizens,
helping us in the business of publie protection? Is it not our
social daty to do so; even to make a hazardous attempt to succeed?
Proteot the public hy all mesns, but. proteet the publie by reform-
ing the oriminal if possible, and study diligently what is possible
Certainly we onght not to be satisfied with reforming 7 per cent.
p to Elusira, It raises the question whether
wiser jndges would have committed 20 many incorrigibles to that

of the men

institation, or whether a longer term of serviee, seveser discipline,
fn indeterminate sentence, or some other remedy would not reduce
that 80 per cent. to 25 per cent, or even 20 por cent. as absolutely
and hopelessly irteclaimable ?

Certainly we have uot yet reached the mark of our high
calling, Zor a high calling it is. No grander opportunity for ome
rissionary work, for consecrated service, for holiest ministry, for
the salvation of sons, ean be formd anywhere om this earth,

Tong a3 we find auch fruit of our endeavor society as the fol-
lowing, we shall nover get disconraged.

A few days ago T went to investigate an offer of woxk to one of
‘the Blmira boys by a certain “ John J. 8.” yesiding on Amsterdam
avenue. I called at the number and was directed to a man stand-
ing on the comer of tho street in company with several othex yo
‘men across the way. I walked over and inquired for “John J. 8.”
“Tam Mr. S,” replied one of the stepping toward me.

“4 Prutox Assocration or New Your,

‘Loading him « litle to one side, I asked if he had offered work to
‘young man in Elmiva by the namo of W.

“Yes,” he replied.

“What is your work”

“Piano and fumiture moving,” at the same time calling my
attention to two handsome vane standing near.

“Whee wages do you pay?”

“Ten dollars per week.”

“ Promises to be a preity steady job?”

“Yes, it's heen slack, but the frst of May is near and we shall
soon be very busy.”

“Well, I replied, “T think it's safe to parole the boy to you.”

‘As T vwas about to leave, he said: Don’t you know me, Mr.
Spencer?”
Teonfessed that I di not.
Well, I'm one of your boys.”
I expressed my surprise and delight as T seized his hand.
“What! you boss of this business?
“When sore yon paroled?”
“Over two years ago.”
“And do you mean to tell me that you own those moving

“Yes, sir, see my uame on the sides? That horse there,” point
ing to a beautiful bay groomed like a Fifth avemuo eoach horse,
“T paid 8375 for a few days ago. That whole rig eost me $800
and the one standibg next cost me nearly as much. I am married

the shvect over that store and getting on fine. I

am worth now over $2,000 and T made it all in this business sinee

‘a man an employer of an Elmira paroled boy like
himself two years ago a man prosperous in an honest business,
respected in the commonity, protecting instead of plundering bi
fellow man, is a somewhat pleasanter picture to contemplate than
the same man doing time in Sing Sing, which but for the re-
formatary he would be,

Apponded aro a few sample monthly reports. ‘The letters aro
addressed to Superintendent Scott of the Elmira and Napanoch
Reformatories.

Stxrv-Trmp Axwvar, Rovonr.

“Mr, Scott:

“Dyan Fassxn.— I now cond you my ftth monthly report
‘am still working for the same firm and getting along nicely, with
good opportunities for advancement, of which I am taking ad-
vantage by visiting Cooper Institute and the Y. M. O. A. lectures
to improe my edueation, P-tveen this and my last report T

tor Sunday I hed $20 saved.

thos for Raster for 812, a hat for $2, a pair

two neckties for 50 cents and ve summer

T bought my father a hat for $2

wvo my mother $5, to help dress my

ister for Easter. I spent $1.50 to go

aster calling with my father on some of my relatives. T have
ffter all expenses. Sines Easter T have saved 86, m

total savings now being §10. T hope to keep on saving till T read

the one hundred mark.
“Hoping you will fad this report satisfactory, T remain
“Your obedient servant,
(Signed) JOHN J. R”

DISTANCE BRTAKA KOT TrEH RINK OF OMZOATION.
(iinsax) Grmeavr.
Mr. J. F, Scot, General Superintendent of Elmira Reformatory:
T am writing to you, honored si in behalf of my
Tam working by iny old boss yet and enen. wen
marks a week. My health ss very swell, only tay dear mother
fiways tie, Tish she would be better some dag, Well, T bog
Sou fo send me my absolute release, 29 Tah say T am no more
rprituer, HC Hnlowe my Hien wie many weg
Very tespentully,
y mpes 4. GW.”

Nov. 44, 1907.
Dean Mu. Scort.—T take great plessure in writing you this
late, ‘as iC is my fet reports Twas paroled on the 18th, of
October, and it took me five days to get a job at my trade, marble
polishing, When I told Mr, Spenoer about my otbor place of
Work, he gave me permission to look for something in my own
Tine, Tam working for C, L. He is the man that pet me in the

48 Prusox Assoctarion or New You

business seven years ago. I am getting 84 per day, which are the

work five aud a half daye a yeck, denwing $22 a weely of whieh

T give uiy mother $12 and keep S810 fo tuysel on
fines Thave been away,

Tretliee dying, and be
athe tnileakee iy week payne

ee 1 have been avvay ail ie wae she

hen. TL have seven bgothers aad T aa tho main
sappin of the family, T think thi 13 awougbe one
up there has toe me all the good fi the workd a
bass done all the reforming I needed; 1 have no move to say at
present, .

Yours tral,
1M.

Boones, April 20, 1008
Me, Teaeph P. Seat, Blnira Reformatory
Pan ST am il working for Me A.J, Ty a am
be a fillledgcd i
Joint tes at inca, oil ee aoe wo T hae
a.
ery repel

Novramns 7, 190%

Mr, Seott: "
1 write to yon eameity a few tines with the
nding yom in yous hest health az T alway hope to da.
T merely say have changed my Vite. T left all the Lavd
spain everything and I go bome at hulfpast
fight every evening. This month T work every day except Sum
days and election day ond I earned $39.25, I spent $20 for board

SxrrTump Axavar Rerons. a

other expenses and I saved $13.25 in time of need. I am
going to confession next Saturday and to communion Sunday.
TPintend to lead an houest life boveafter. I will thanke you all
the time for your Tove and kindness to the poor people, and T
pray God to guide your steps in all your life.
Yours very truly,
i

Phe following letter was received from the grateful wife of a
paroled prisoner who i now doing well in the state of Minnesota,

My Dran Fuses Me, Basnows— We feel #t highly our dutie
to write and tel you where we ate we are at the above addres
na very nice neighborhood, we have three igo Jarge rooms wl
they are niee too, they ave as Jango as seven rooms in, New York,
well the right way to say it we have the whole floar through for
B dollars a mouth, Pat is working for 2 dollars « day he bas got
fal and strong & healthy & 20 [ myself we left Newyork August
Dtst and got here on 23d then amy’ oldest Brother sent ns ont to
Devils Lake for the harvest it only eost a few dollars as Pat got
Jollays and got a exit rate ticket 5
‘ollars, £00 niles from Minmempolis so Pat worked tere up to last
Monday 24th then we eae back to Miuneapolis om Tuesday & ge
fone rooms on Thissday & we are quite happie T hope all owr
trouble is now aver this is a fine plaes for work and a cheap place
for fond snd rent, The people axe very mice and plain good
neighbors [am delighted to be here, Olt if I hed only been heave
6 years ago but it ie Detter Inte than never,

H
a
4
i
a

HOM SaTTTE

Sicrr-Tamp Avsuas Revont.

Rev. Wexpunt Pane, D.D.

Rev. Dr, Wendell Prime, who was ono of our vieo-prosidents
from 1890 till his death at Zurich, Switzerlond, November 28,
4907, was horn at Matteawan, New York, August 3, 1897. His
fathor was the Rev. Dr. Samuel Trenaeus Prime, for many years

the groat leaders im religious journalism as editor of the
New York Obsorver. The son vwas graduated at Columbia College
in 1856 and at Princeton Theologieal Seminary in 1860, He only

Id two pastorates, one in Detvoit, Michigan, from 1861. to 1886,
and one in Newburgh, N. ¥., from 1809-75. His state of health
compelled im to resign each of these charges, snd in 1876 be left
the pastorate and wntil 1893 was connected with the New York
Observer,” of which he was for several years editorin-chiet.
Again his health compelled him to resign, but by sceuring abso-
Inte sealusiom, be was able to prolong his days to what is called
ifs allotted span. He was, however, only at intervals equal to
any literary work, The greater part of these fourteen years was
spent in Europe, and theze he made many feiends.

He was indeed an attractive personality and possessed of un-
venal culture, Hed his health allowed him, he would doubtless
have done mich in the way of authorship.
tributions, aside from editorials, included an
“Fifteenth Century Bible” and the preparation of his father’s
“Memoirs.” ‘Those two titles indioate the character of the man.

He was a lovor of inan andi gn intelligent book enllector, especially
of early printed hooks and editions of Don Quixote, of whieh be
hhad svally a remarkable collection. It is interesting to know that
his incanabula and early bibles axe preserved in Williams College
Library, and his editions of Don Quixote in the Lenox Library.

« Assooustioy or New Your,

PUNISHING THE FAMILY.
By Sasres J. Banwows,
Sclfeastigation was s form cf moukish penitence, It has
largely gone out of fashion, It is imitated, however, im ou erime
final law, when society iupores upmy itself the penalty whieh i
apposed to be inlieted uyyon the prisoner
‘We speak of our pena iustitutin.
Sing, Taunton, wus, ov Leave
punishment ave 1
family in mony oo
Tn aueient times the family,
vunit; and punishiuent was vi
offender was a monbor, This prince is express
code of which we have knowledyo, the code of Manamacabi
was embodied iu ofher codes, Phnisfoneut in mediaeval times was
aot only visited upon the offender, bit upon his ehildven and
His estates were eonfisented: his ehilden
1 afthvenee to poverty
siven up the patriasehal spstem: society ree
ognizes the indivilual as the ait. We da mot hold the family

responsible for the offense of the tnewiber, unless thore je direct

evidence of complicity. In some States we have wisely passed

w the delinqueney of their children. The

passed to pais th but for the sake of
protecting the child against the tyranny, eruelty o immorality of
its parents .

Of course there is a spivitnal and social law, a law of the affec-

tions, by which, when one member suffers, all mersbers. suffer
with it. We earmot relieve the family of the ehame and distress
which may come upon it Hhrmgh ily
acts of one of its wembers,

dishonorable oF eviminal

Ince a stigma by law
upon suc a family, and do not deprive it of eivie or legal privi
eges. ‘Tho Constitution of the United States declares that * no

SuxrvTiumn Anxuar Rnvors, st

Dill of attainder shell be passed,” and “no attainder of treason
shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the
Tife of the person attainted.” We did not punish Edwin Booth
for the crime of his brother. On the other bund, the sympathy
le went out to him, and they took oecasion
to give to him cnder expressions of sympathy and love. ‘Thus
in modern Site it i the individual aud not the family which is
singled ont by ou laws for praishmes
Our theney aul onr principles axe right, but unfortunately our
practice contradicts our principles, In spite of the fact that we
profess uot to punish the family for the acta of its members, that
ll the time, ‘The prisoner’s family not
only as to bear the mental suffoving which comes from the
wrongdoing of a momber, but an economic burden is often laid
upon the family greater than it ean bear. ‘The prisoner himself
is snve of plenty of food and shelter: he will not reecive sny
notice to quit beeanse he cannot pay hia rent, Tris the wife, the
other, the ehildzen, who stiffer in this
follows the ewden removal of the breadwinner. The family bad
been living elose to the margin of comfort; it hes no accumulated

of the Anieviea peopl

Poignant distress

nvvees; it depends upon the Iabor of husband om father, and
when this ia withdrawn, it fs planged into poverty and desti¢ution,

‘There are thoee who will say that chere are institutions to whieh
tho childven ean be sent and that private charity can bear the
bbundes aa it often must. But thie does not golve the problem:
avoids it, The fact is that the State is responsible for creating
a situation by whieh the man becomes a noaproducer, or by which
4 portion of his earnings are not available

Besides, the sending of ehildzea to institutions means the break
ing wp of the fomily. T have boon struck again and again with
te epleadid eonrage of a wife or mother who will work off her
Suger-onds rather than bresk up her home and send her children
sway. The heroism of the battlefield is speetsenlar and transient
‘compared with the lougtendusing, ineonepieuous heroism of theee
faithful others

‘A proposition has been Jately made to establish « home for the
children of prisoners, and the sympathies of some good people
have been enlisted in the enterprise; but there are better wi

62 Paisox Associazion ox Now Yous.

of desting with the problom than breaking up the home and
placing the children of prismers together in an institution where
the very fact that they aro tent there advertises their family

ee
to elee bim of the renponatilitywhh belongs 2 im a9 Sather,
Roches oes ad car 1 pee los etek eden wire Ia
TRAD On tu coon 0 ele Ws de seep ot
Ses og toy ee fe Oe santos ok tn tea
by bos Woe bs te yes basic a toe
Terns fede pay se A soup con Soe a vlan
cin ental 0 te Dies gupta Of Wey epe oas
Back the $200 fe had taken. "He has been paying it back at the
fou of 10 4 ough Sak cae bad LBD. “Tae
Tort family ay cold Sater
to ef frosaney fa ed lier annals bay bom sete
auprort imal? and eatin to the support of hs femlys
Shiny, he be anved the Slate of New York the omt ef ie
thoes Wid Gen ais

man bas heen able to pay bs

gains thore is,

Zaceheus, the proof that reparation follows wrong.

‘Relief of the same character as that made possible hy probation
is seemed also by parcle. ‘This term is applied to the conditional
Viberation of offenders whom it hos been found necessary to
‘commit to prison. Ta many eases the contenee of a man may be
shortcned profitably after he has served about a th

Suxrr-Tamp Awsuas, Revont. 53

‘uuu time of his sentence imposed by law. From a study made
by Mx, Amos W, Butler of the finmneial results of parole in
Indiana, covering a peviod of four years and seven months, it
appeared that 1,340 men from the two prisons of that Stato
earned, on prole, $272,861.68, of which amount they had saved
in hand $18,003.71. One of the groatest arguments for parole

in many eases is the opportunity and inspiration which will

‘come t the prisoner from resuming bis social and domestic
8

date

‘Another way in which we punish the family is by our eyatem
of prison slavery, under whieh we compel a man to labor for
ue Stale withon® paying him anything for his work, While it
it desirable: that prisoners should pay the cost of their mainte-
prance and cost of supervision by the State, itis not desirable that
the State sould use them as slaves and confiscate all their earn-
ings. Ta some States large suma of money are made out of
prisoners and turued over to the public treasury, but none of
this surplus is assigned to the prisoner or bis family. In some
States and countries better nsage prevails; the prisoner is allowed
a share of bis cernings, and has tho moral and economic impulse
m produetive labor. While « part of his earn-
Inge is retained until his discharge, the rest of it can bo used
to good advantege in aiding the prisoner's family,

Dad as is the slavery of excessive and unrequited labor, it is not
co bad as that of comprlsory snd unrequited idlenes. Tn the
State of New York the idleness in penitentiaries and jails is
‘imply deplorable. There are many prisoners eapable of earning
the full cost of their maintenance by the State and an additional
amount to pay the rent ond subsistence of their family. ‘The
priioners of the Baltimore Penitentiary eamed last year
$10,000 over and above expenses which was tamed over to the
State; but they also made $40,000 for themselves. One of the
best things a man can possibly learn in prison, if he has not
earned it before, is how to get his living by some earnest occu
pation, while gotting the inspiration that eounes from some reward
for his labor.

"There is one form of offence in which the ordinary treatment
of the offender is conepionously inefficient and absurd. ‘The

which come

ony Passo Astoctariox or New Yons.

‘meanest of all offences in the category of erimo is that of the
wife deserter, especially if he he a wife beater. It is
shamefully prevalent, Flow shall sve deal with it?

y method of imprisoumeut is ineffectual, In some States,
including New York, the wife desetter has been made a felon.
But placing the offemler in a high category of eriate does not
eter nor corvet him, Mt has the advantage that it enables one
State to make # requisition wpm auutlwr State for the extradi
tion of the offender, but this lias ttle vse fur tbe family, A
wife deserter eseapes froin New York to New Tersey jhe fa estes
ited, sent back, and iyprisavo; Init in paving the m
Stalo punishes itself, for be dnce uot cara half the cost of hie
imprisonment, ad his family is ao letter off, Some of there
eases may be sear with }y placing the prisoner under bonds to
support his family, and oblighg Jim to aesign to his wife a
portion of bis wages, In Massuchertts this plan has syorked
snocetsfully, In the Superior Cont of Suffulle Counts, Massa

But the finer showin
im the year ending Sept, 30, 1907, 18,00
expended for the Zamilies of probationers,
times as geeat
Tndge Del.seey of the Juvenile Cost
fand paid over to bis court nee thin $0,
‘There are casee in which probativs The prisoner is
lazy and thriftles.
‘Then the only 1 society t0 place the
man where he will a apply his wages, or @
portion thereat his family, So far us T knows,
tate to apply this principle to thess cases was Olio,
edo Hunaane Society, largely throngh. the influ
dent, Mr, dames M. Brown, secur the passage
pylied to the Toleda wovkhonse, providing that, where
2 fine bad been imposed, auch offender might be imprisoned in
the workhouse snd kept at herd Tabor at the vate of sixty cents
per day for each day’s labor, and a sum equal to forty cents per
Gay should be peid to the maintennnee of his family. This law

pelled to do 20.

remained in operation vmtil about thio years ago, but when

Surrv-Tamp Axsvar Revorn 55

‘tho Municipsl Cole was revised it was repealed with the rest
of the old eode,

In March, 1907, Colorada enacted law of similar character,
providing that “whenever any able-bodied person is confined in
the comnty jail having been eonvicted of the non-support of his
Wife or minor ehildven, the county sball pay toward the aupport
of auch wife of minor children unt less then ity cents nor more
‘then one dollar per day for each day such person sball work.
This law wout into effect July 5, 1907, and there hes not been
time enongh to jndge ae to ite offeetiveness

‘March 20, 1900, a Taw was passed by the United States Con
gress applying the same prineiple to the District of Columbia
for casce of uonsupport, ov eases of wifedesertion, Tt contains
1 provision for probation and the assignment of a weekly sum
from the wages of the offender under an order of the court for
the eupport of his family; bnt in asp this fails and impri
ment is ordered, the superintendent of the workhouse is directed
to pay fifty cents a day to the wife and childven for each days
Lard Tabor performed by the prisoner. The cautions way in
which Congivea committed iteelé to the proposition is shown in
the small appropriation, $200, mado for this purpose, This was
soon exhausted; but, as already said, Judge DeLacey has used
the probation feaiwre of the Jaw with exellent eff

‘The Brooklyn Juvenile Probation Astociatiou, which has made
a Giorough study of this question, has drafted a similar bill and
recommended its passage in New York State. Lt has not yet,
howerey, been intvodneed in the Legislature

In the United States Penitentiary at Leavenworth an effectual
method is applied to prisoers refusing to work, They ave placed

in a separate building sud each in a separtte cell, lange and well

lighted, and with am abundant supply of stone to be broken. As
4 condition of getting his dinner a man must break a preserited
quantity of stone: unless this is done te meat fails to appear.
When labor is placed om sich a gastrmomie hasis the prisoner
soo succumbs. Such a method might effectually be applied to
the oriminal idle husband or wife desextey, only T would carry
it further. I would act before the prisoner some opportunity for
rumunerative Iubor, something better than stone bveaking. I

56 Prisox Assoctarion or New Your.

would say to him: “Joh, yon have a wits and two children.
They ave thin and lumgry. | They are half starved by your neg-
leet ; here ig some work for you. When you have finished it, you
will have eared enough to pay for a dinner for your wife and
childven, ‘Then here is more work for yourself, When you have
earned a dinner for your wife and children and for yourself,
your own dinner will he eet fo you." Z would have snob come
mitted under the indeterminate sentence, veleased conditionally
fon patule undev adequate supervision, but reeommitted to com-
puleory productive labor if the man lapace into votoutary idleness,
‘This would be, I think, an effectual way of dealing wich this
meanest of all offenders, and would do away with the tragic
comedy of punishing the family instead of the men,

‘New Yor.

4

No. 18. Binsexe View

Sixry-Tump Anxvat Rurors.

THE COURT OF REHABILITATION.

Rotaxp B, Mora
(Oteprinted by pevootion trom Charities and The Commons.)

No hinnan being, whatsoever bis erime, should be sentenced ta
fa definite tori in prison, For this there are a thousand reasons,
For the moment let one suffice —-the financial. Tho United Staten
spends one billion dollars a year to achieve a failure. Annually
it spends fire hundved milfions more on a fruitless and farciesl
contest with erime than it does on all ite works of char!
‘and education, And these conditions, this appalling cost, are,
strange as it may acem, due solely to the aenteveing of criminals
to a definite pumishment

Again, and a better reason: Tmprisenment, as inflicted to-day,
is worse than vscless. Tt is in itself a erime. In almost every
case, it releases the criminal a moro dangerous menace than before
his incarceration. Our criminal law aims to benefit society. Tn
this it fila, Tt should aim to benefit the eritninal. In this it
ennld sncored. We endeavar to cure erime by a system child-
ishly futile. As well might wo sentence the Inmatie to threo
‘months in an asylum, or the vietira of smallpox to thirty days in
the hospital, at the end of these periods to tum them loose, whether
‘mad or sane, eured oF still diseased

‘The criminal court showld determine but one thing — the guilt
for innocence of the defendant, Has be or has he not committed
the crime of which ke is accused? If guilty, whether of murder
or of disorderly conduct, the one snd unvarying sentenoa should
be bunishnent. ‘The eximival code showd be stripped to a bare
list of the acts constituting crimes and misdemeanors, aud provi
sion made for a uniform treatment of all thote convicted. Banish
ment, which should be spent in prison, sbould be absolutely inde-
torminate, By his own deed a man bas proven himself wnworthy
to dwell among his fellow men. He must remain apart from them
forever, oz until restored by citizenship by a “court of rehabilita-
tion.” "Te not this equitable? Tt has required a judge and jury
to deprive him of likerty, only by a judge and jury should he be
restored, ‘The second judge and jury should form the court of

58 Puisox Assoctatiox or New You.

rehabititation, I¢ must be free from sentiment, have nothing to
do with pardon, xemain uninflveueed hy politieal power oF the
prisones’s friends, bo actuated culy by absolute justice

Do this, Ining the que the simple one of guilt. or
fnnocene, let the tale perm tence for any erie be ban:
fshineut with the ouly meat
of reba and every evil of the evianinal law: will disappear

T genet that prevention i
would be to prevent crime and make the erininal impossible by

& freerlom through « cour

eter thau a enve. The ideal methas

(uunkenuess, and the thonsaned and

Bue when you have aceonaplished this, you will

hhave created an enrtily parailise, Peshaps sich a day -vill ene
But in tho meantine something penetieal shoudl be attempted,

At present the State prmishes its eviminals hy death fine, o¥ im

prisonment. Bnt doce death restore the dead? Ts the fi

to the one injured? Does imyrisonment of Qe eriutinel compen-

sate his victim? Have theae, or auy yamishmest, protected society
either by reforming the eriniinal or hy deterring others from
crime? Tn other words, lina not the State, 20 eles in defining
‘the duties of the individual to itself, failed in its duties to the
individual!

In all ages, puni-tunient hy the State has bad but three motives

vyongeaec, esample, and proteetion, But for the State to rea
vengeance is both absurd and unjust; we sbandoned tbat system.
Tong age.

Is punishment, then, preventive of inevensed erfine in that the
death or imprisonment of the etiminel acts as a duterrent to
others? To atinontate ambit
ample demmuts publicity. Ry
scholarship, tho attainment of kuighthood, these are matters of

ate Tear, effective ex

, the erowning of

public ceremony. Not in secluded spots were martyrs burned end
cerucified. Ta pmbtie once the eriminal was exeented and his drawn
and quartered body snspended by chains upon the gibbet. Stocks
and whipping posts, the lashing of heretics through the streets, all
‘these were public show

Torday we cannot claim example a3 our purpose shen the life
of tho murderer ie taken in the pale light of dawn, ina Tittle room,
and ia the presence only of a fow seientiste, Surely, it is not these

SorvTump Axxvan Ruvont.

4; need the warning! If punishment is intended ax an example,
lot us bo consistent; let the executions take place in the public
yaks nul let the State declare the oecasions holidays for the
‘Even iguoriug the likelihood that the command “Thou shalt
wt Kill” applies equally to the State and to the individual, is the
killing bythe State an example fitted to deter tbe individual from
siuilor net # Ts it, in fact, much less absurd then if the State
were (© commit theft in order to prove that it is wrong to steal
Muroover, puuishmont as exsuaple fails beesuse every eriminal, xe
the fate of others, either hopes to escape detection, or,
E counmits the crime in the heat of passion,

1 there is no thought or eare of the consequence.
10 puolection of soviety by means of @ definite term of im
nunient inGictod wpon the eximinal is but temporeey. The
Hicory ansst be, then, that imprisonment will eure by frightening
J belinvior. Were this theory oor
rect, there would be no second offenses, just as there would be no
endots if puuisbanent were effective as an example.
wary ineveasing and that even the re-
furmatories do not prevent « second, More than forty per cent,

‘lie cru is hae fist

{the inunates of reformatories have served time in other institu-
tious; twenty per eeut, conduct themselves unsutisfactorily when
released on parole, and nearly ten por eent. return to erime within
year after regaining freedom.

“These conditions resnlt from a definite, a pseudo-mathematical
iniction of pumielnnent, in which every erime is labeled and a
priee put upot it pravions to its commission. We punish in sup
posed accordance with the gravity of the crime actually committed,
The less the amount stolen, the fewor the years of coumitment.
"The fact that the thief took all that he could find or all that he
eoold enrey; that petty Tar
cause the opportunity did not present itself, or because the op-
portunity was not what had been expected that every housebroaker
ie « potential assassin who hes not killed beeanse the necess
id not arise —these axe not permitted to enter into the question
of punishment. ‘The willingness or an unsweoessful attempt are
lightly dealt with, Yet, can wo diforentiate? Is not the mental

60 Patsow Association op New Yors.

condition of ali theve oriminals the same? If one may be returned
‘to society with safety to the lives and property of his fellows,
may not all?

Tn truth i
harmony.

is aa ble 1 punish “crime” as to xewa
iragranee
‘We attompt to prnish au alsteact quality, wherens only the in
dividnality of he considered. Admitting that
we should punish him, to what extent should we do 20
justice would reply: “To the estent of his responsibility for his
fact.” The insane murderer is not exeeuted, nor is the eid in
prisoned for ars,  Selfdefense as almost
always dove mbeavable provoention, Tete irresponsibility tempc
justice. ‘This should be true of all
Jaw makes uo provision for the study

is intangible, os is sunlight

ce eritminal sb

Abo

manishinent, yet the erimina

f the accused or gouvivted
man’s heredity, environment, suseeptibility,—a man often of sick
Dirth and tesining that he docs not realize one whit more then the
‘hild oF lunatic shat ho hos done wrong,

Bad example, fens, egotism, opportunity, weelth
‘and indolence, the special character aud partie
individual races; imagination, aronsing «
effort 10 right somo svcial or pl
praved lijerarure and

tem
Ine passions of

ken but sincers

the inflnence of di
upon alkeady 4

sa er
forted minds —these do not exense a erime, Dut im any rational
system they roust lo considered in the infliction of punishment
With hundreds of others, they are causes for whieh the eon
demmed was not rexpousible, bat f

suffer under the prevent systen

the effeets of which he must
of lay, which assuanes that the
_ eximinal possesses absslute fee will to choose between good and
evil, Tn this asso
offect
id, “Punish to the extent of responsibilty
responsibility ? ;
not az a class or even in classer, Ounipotent knowledge only
could decide the exact punichment jusily to be given.
Here, then, is the situation. Ve

tion ft gets at naught the law of eauee and
acknowledged in every department of science. IE it be
Dow determing the

Offonders must be dealt with as indi

“ance, entivoly, and example,
lazgely, have been abandoned as motives for imprisonment; the
‘more reodern sttenipt to make it protective of society ie a failuee
‘The present indeterminate sentence is farcical because it is inde

SxreTmm Axsvar Revonn, on

side from the failure of all
pimishment, as such, it is wrong because it is humanly

terminate in name only; and, even

Tiprinonmene nw meats practically for « xed period

yond the slight reduction for goed bobo, nodhing th prisoner
wands will Hosen is termivation, Gord bebavioeBesomes, there
es ere tetas there usc am exinence, any” efor
Uke hybitwelfo by Ghe State, ata city, reformation re
iubition eal twas you wil? ‘To make dhe eonvet walk
sh dogendiog nenier, to god ion in humiliating fashion, to
len ina Morin Which all ideality vane, to force
vanto tho peeformence of evtan taka atthe yockenial om:
vd ofa ell or whi, worse, submit im to the hoerore

enforced taitade and tones of mind oF boly, or bolh—
doe iu nuh aystem angibing influencing hin for good send
whe bin out a onal, a houet and an ambitond momiue of
Tf he bas boea convicted of a erine of tome originality oF
lating ut pnaior atrocity, oF oF ove having nge of tho 0-
vant the patesous, o ih petorege, keepers and prisoners
Wie nate of him m tort of hero. Visitors eagerly ask about
ving Jlrs exhibit Dim wit ce pide of eanolceur The ago
inant drom erimiutity is fattened, developed, farther die
une gen ostgrajuste cours in crime. Decne bo knows
thing f eel we send a man wher be wil ears all of ei
‘Once eso algo a crsk" athe niverally yaical, par
ster incorsed vert of police and
"he excomiit Is
Beal offender to

fctly atv, an

"The public shaves the belief.

inom ila
Uistrusted, Employment is refsed bin
hesomes the habitual eriminal, for poverty forees him buck to

‘At the best, then, we have imprisoned Lucifer and liberated
Feclzebub, The State spend millions upon eaptsre, nothing pow

Iyabilitation ‘conducive to improved physs
eal health Physical
frength with a prison record adds nothing to a man's honest earn-

Prison experience
‘The mental change is for the worse

Pamox Association or New Yorx.

jit may add greatly to his succes
‘Tho Siate, indeed, seems desirous that tle m0
form, Having done nothing for liu duving his imprisonment,
at its close it gives him ten dollars wn trauspextution to the place
in which be was convicted — the one earth to which,
umnally, he should not go. Theve wesile the exiininal infuenee
originally sending him to prison; there is his record best ovr
tnd because of this, there the probability of sceuring honest ew.
ployment is least.

It is within reason to insist that the Stute, which has ruled
that the individual is respo
responsibilities to the individal even after eouviel

lo for his act, hae itself certain

Tit at his

point, the State at present gssinios its whole duty completed, and

by both State and society the yrisiner fat once abansloned. Such
is not the fate of aaylum or hospitnl Saminies, ‘Theiv individnel
needs reerive attention, This the State aulits i owes then,
Doubly docs this duty to the individual devolve apon the Stat
{in its relation to the criminal, ‘The prisoner's meutal, we
physical condition nmst be diagnosed and rendjasted. Pr
must bo one, not of suffer paration — preparatio
for liberty. Indeponlonee, courage, right think
pline—these are the qualities he will wed if he i wot again
to fall. The eriminal law shontd be for his henedt — for the
Denefit of the one bad citizen in one bundved; ouly sceondarily
should it be for that of the ninety and xine
hort, eximinal law should uot he for the protection of sockets
Dut devote itself to the reformation of ihe eximinal. The eom
mission of erie is the sign that a min eels retnrmation; ie
is th red flag which tells the Stare to sequester anil educate bin:
‘The mental attitnde of the prisoner ie the key to the whol
problem of crime and imprivnment. Tow freqnentl
the lips the expression: T never even thonght of a
simple and unnecessixy indication of the jen of getion
Claxify the thonghts of a eriminal and he geases to he a eeiuinal,

mental disei

Tmprisonment will always he wietesk uuless it makes a man d
iro to reform and gives him the moans to do so, This is the
duty of the State; this is the right of “the man inside.”

Srerr-Tump Avwvar Rarons. Cy

‘More frequently than the reformers; prisoners of the intelli
gent cluss realize this fundamental twath. An unknown convict,
‘writing in The Star of Hope jourual of those imprisoned at Sing
Sing, recently said

“The average man in prison is not so radically wieked as
he is abominably weak. Tho only salvation for euch a man,
‘thon, is lo streagthen him, and to eduente him to am under
stouding that life is unmereifully reel. He must be braced
up, invigorated, with strength of character, and as soon as
this great task is accomplished, wnder ordinary eincum-
stanoce, he is a fit man to be given one more chance,

Iu show, hi
iiasion work in prison will not accampligh thie; almost invari
ably they reaule in purely relish pretensions at yeformation. The

sorize in libraries, and all prison

vill must be developed. Religious tenching and

errors of philanthropists who
vorkers, rest upon the fact that they have little or no eameeption
4f the eximinal’s mental condition, Ne prison reformer, however
great his experience, however often ho may have talked with ind
vidual oximinals, has overheard confidential conversations among
prisoners themselves, Always he is an outsider; always he is re
fas a possible aid to a pardon, a means to Hborty; almost
his confidence is flagrantly abnaed. For theve reasons,
‘while all that hae been written a8 10 the defeots of our presant
systea is correct, na one hae ventured beyond an enumeration of
the diffienlties and failures, and, slthongh prison commissioners
fare entrusted with the devising of methods that shall bring hetter
resulta, no eure for erie, no means of reformation of the exim-
inal has been evoleed. Yet, with a sentence of “banishment,” and
a “court of sehabilitation,” the genuine reformation of eximi-
nals would be gertain
Prison is “the world of one idea,” the eommunity in which
all thought eenters upon regained liberty — the one longing unit-
ing all prisoners, theee of every dexrce of criminality, of
‘every country, of the remote past and of the years to come, Tor
day, liberty comes by more waiting, whereas it should depend
‘upon the prisoner alone. His banishment should end, only when
Is has proven his reformation,

on Prusox Assocrariox or New Your.

At the trial which deprived him of his Tiberty, the reasonable
the defendant's favor; the burden of proof was
pon the State, At the sccoud tal, in the court of xebsbi
je reversed; the Lunden of proof being upon the man,
Hypocritieal religions protestations will not avail, nor promises
of future good behavior. Ie must give proof of reform accom
plished. In the eriminal court he is every moment on the de
fensive, He tells nothing, adwite nothing, gives no clue to bis
ast. In the covrt of rehabilitation his eoudition also is re
versed, Perjury may save a man from prison, only the truth
‘ean get him ont, In the Bret trial it may have been impossible
to verify ov disprove his claims. Tu the accom, his prison oon
uot ia a matter of record, and his only hope vests in telling the
truth, the whole tvath, aud nothing but the truth, as to birth, par
fextage, and training; his social, business, and criminal career. A
Vio— which disproves reform —aeaus a continuation of baniele
ment, and he knows it, ‘There is another reason why he will ell
‘the truth; every statement he makes can be verified
In other words, the court of rebabil
estimate, to a cextain exient, the man’s personal
fm estimate utterly impossible to the etiminal const. Lt would
ceonsider uot only tho cvitue and its degree, and the advantages he
violated when he fel, or the adva been
deprived from birth, but also, and aboro all, what he had accom:
lished dnving his banishment toward his own veformation. To
what extent was he responsible for the past? How well is he
equipped for the future
But beyond the point uoted, what evidence of reformation ean
the offer? Full and fave confession is a good start, yet he might

make it with a shamless hypocrisy if he felt that if alone would

bring liberty. Could he show that he had made restitution to
the full extent of his ability, it would mecn smack, but even in
the slightest this is rarely possible, A man's life, a woman's
honor, embezzlements lost at the gaming (able — whatever his
desire, how are these to he restored? No, the proof must be Tess
tangible, but very ral.

TLet us take the familiar type of the young * tough,” the cor
nner loafer,” of evil parentage and training, uncdveated, without

Sixry-Tump Axxvst Ruroen, 65

a trade, knowing of zeligion only a3 a woman's luxury or a fad
‘of the rich, with @ thousand and one circumstances he did not
create nnd eamnot control, and of whieh you and I imow nothing,
Inwling him into a eriminal life, He commits a robbery, is
arvested, tried, aud couvieted. He attributes hie imprisonment to
erly and is at war with the world, onrsing the rich who
etter but ave not “enught;” or if canzlt— escape, To
justice” Toad Tek.” Under the giresent sys
tem, he amily waits, 08 do all those about Ian, for the expiration
of a fixed poriod; for the conviet soem becomes a philosopher,
making the best of imprisonment, daing as Tittle work es possible,
an diy issire tian hetween sleep and projects for better
and swore scettre eviutinal work in the fatnre. But mnder the
ideal system lee would analersiand shat in self-improvement rested
his only hope of Freedom,
Let ns watch the workings of that idesl, ‘The moment the
soy elses mpon bia, you bave a man who Tongs with all his
soul for Make him undersland chat liberty eam never

lose ., o¢ the planing of revenge
rapes saciety what Hborated. tively he dwells upon present
secomplishincits that alone ean avin hin freetom, THe fi

sfferol im an esiication, syst certain proventives and enres of
evinie, amd qwachiwe better than in prison eam the mind be trained,

He finds tht prison missicns avorle has become practical, insisting

Joss pon the singing af hynnis aud eneooraging more the will to

fork snl to lens ait cotistantly tolling the prisoner what a
aniserable aiwaer ho i, but aiding hien to Become the ueefal citize
Mit he omght to he, ‘These ave leetntes ancl classes to attend, end
work to do hy whieh money is eamed and saved. He is given
orlunity to deioustrate his sincerity hy industey, lyr ambition,
ly kind acts, by salieitnde for his fellow prisoners and for those
wide whom he has emised to sorrow. Officials, teachers, the
lerseets in the workshops, all are his friends, not mero jailers
And in time, upon their ailviee, he moves his ease for trial in the
comet of rehabilitation,
a

66 Paisow Ascoorarion of New Your.

Civilization will bave advanced a step when for the first time

fa prisoner appears in that court, ‘The burden of proof being upon
bin, he makes dhe opening address, A Tite hultingly, perhaps,
it ig at first, yot 38 shows the ‘ovtelligenes these years have de
veloped. Te iells the story of his life previons to imprisonment
it can be veritied, and then shows hy witnesses all he bas since
accomplished, ‘The warden testifies to diseipline; a
teacher to his having learned correct

temgue; aleo he is now expert in Keepin thas worked
in the varions shops of the prison, and instructora pYonounee him
‘skilled mechanic. Also n that deposited in the prison
bie savings, aving paid him for his Ishor

Ihave become interested in kin
during his imprisonment, prove that work bas been provided for
him in some place distant from his former temptations snd asso
ciations.

Here wo have a man reborn, and should the verdict be “xe
hhabilitation,” he ia mot, as om
fhe State hes rendered i imposible for him to do angtbing dle
Dut ain,

Nov, if you restore him to citizenship, he will almost certainly
prove worthy of it, because it has com
inertia, aud the mere passing of time, but Because he hiss won

to go and sin no more, after

Tim, not hy sullen

by the sweat of his brow, the toil of his bain, and the intensity
of his purpose. And whereas once bo was certain to go ont nnre
formed, worse than when he entered, to bring inte the world
children that would follow in his footsteps, cursed wich the in
herited erininal taint, now the chances are that the family be will
rear will be usoful, law-abiding citizens
OF those who are oli and ignorant when banished, not so
they ean Jenm 0 be clean, to rend
bint mefnl erado, aud there
Sneh a mm could boeowe ex

ranch may be expected

are bumtl
pert at brick laying, ov leam to hake bread and do it well, and
there ig always work in the prison hospitals. In any event, when
he steps from prison, thera should be 0 question as to his ability
to earn an bonost living, and moreover, a place should be provided
for him previous to his release.

SuxrvTimp Axwcat Revonn, er

‘Tho problem becomes more involved when the one banished
ia a man of wealth, edueation, and standing, Not that the treat
rent of, let us eay, the defaulting bank olfcial must differ fzom
that of any other prisoner. Tt must uot be. For the rich man
to worl ont his own salvation, to prove his actual reformation ~
ig a task little easier than for him to enter the kingdom of heaven,
Under present eonditions, he enjoys all the co
leges bis money can obiain, waits as patiently as pos
ration of his sentence, aud then goos out to enjoy, not infre-
roduet of his thedt, safely hidde
sed system, if ho acted on that philosophy, he
would never go oul. The first thing euch « man would have to
prove to the court of whabilitation would be that, as fully as
vemained Jn his power he had made restitution. Restitution in

sn before his arrest.

itself would not, of course, prove reformation, But suppose that
hie ean prove by the prison offiials thet be has asked peranistion
to have @ call companion, not, as always bo does at present, a man
of his own social class, but oue of the lowest and 1
lightened; that this e«ll mate he bas ts

coney, and to read and writes

Juxurigs ho has been allowed ; that he has become a teacher, using
his odugational advantages to instruct others in the prison schools;

thet ever he has helped and encouraged, and for weary years, by

ret and exanple, has been an iufluenee for good. Wenld uot the
officials be justified in veconsmending him far freedom to the cout
of rehabilitation? Has not the mental Letterment, in ita way,
toon as geeat iu this once morally weak man of the world a5 that
im the yooog tough? And after all, what was the use of stealing
a million if he had to give it back again?

i the hardened and habitual criminal the case is slmost
invaviably hopeless, but thevein rests one of the strongest argu
ments in favor of the const of rchabilitation. He is incorrigible,

fnvinal instinet 3s inborn ot so ingrained that i¢ will Tast
ihroagh Ue, aoly boise of ku el 1g sauteed), Ee
losies in it; he longs to excel in the world of exime, just ae others
tock distinotion in uobler causes. Nothing ean bo done for him,
Yet the State allows itself to be put to the neverending expense
‘of capturing and yeoonvicting him, omly to liberate him again

08 Pawox Assoctatiox or New Yous.

knowing the injmey be will do in the interval before his next
mneareeration. Clee 1 | aneiety would be ab

Iniely protected against hin protected against the
al wondld rowsin banished

mitre of relabilitation

ico ov Christianity. of

mie qualities iu fuflieting

misshew oe Tu the majority 2

faxes wher losis Ty

hanisbuient, n sows the
mf the fae! hat th a

fhe of he Hewet mud Tow

He twit The farmer vomits the erin
qualities carried th exioss or that lays bee
Love, pride, self

rough ww get or dese afi
o qualities, gue in shemales. tint have

led to aarnter, Ta it just to trent the rua eatriot avear by
riotives exacily ns we treat the min who hes billed another

nt of rehabilitation would roxy release the mnedever

who lini plotted gud eafenated even after tong imprisonment; it
wuight ive another chance tv him that had Killed i anger amd
with provieation, Hloratian euning after a bonishinent diving
whieh he had proved strengthen setfeontrol aud leave mental

The olyjection mayb

paratively easy fo gt ont of prisnn
HL makes it hard to get lack into ) a greater gr
accomiplishow? Lind thet iy fo the Tiber
il ud entivietio

Tidicudt it eenld Te te eonvinee

weil a
fhe court of mhabilitation, whee only the teeth is possibl
where the Inne of proof is m kinvclf, that there bas been a

seoomd ani} pextuanent reformation
But I helieve tht his fone wood be the guiding motive to a

Jawabiding life only in eseeptional eases. T belfeve that nearly

SuereTamn Axsvan Reronz. 69

litated men would become good citizens heoanse the

as annie them want to be sie and has given them the

means to arty ont thei wish, T Selieve that in time the exeep-

Flows tee soon To in Inivisineat Bar Hite, aad that society would

inal as it is possible to any humiae

fin place of the fecling of hatred ot

resentuont, clanaeterintie o€ today's escomnviet, be will Took back

pon what le waa before bauishinent sad realizing what its

opportiities and his own exertions hace made him, his fooling

will be ‘tude. Te will look back upon his prison life

Lunmiliation, a8 those tore fortioate eberish th

memory of their alina water, Tn place of the dawning character

ziven a nian bY a prison record, it is not beyand hope thet

itself a recommendation, a proof of difienltie

Ente faithful

mment ig known,

f liberty eatvies not the slightest

» is in any seuse move tenstworthy. than

proposed aystem the atere fact that be has

J bo pz0of of reformation, of rebieth,

Jnufliets none of the stig of imprisonment. Why

yu it feel ashamed? Education has

axl eonvage, Fis diseased mind

is own act, whovever rested the

sanse, his Tiberty was lost; Ly bis own virtue he bas won it
nek again,

70 Prusoy Assoorsnion or New Yous.

LEGAL OBSTACLES TO THE REFORMATION OF PRISONERS
By Sowers, J. Baesows,

‘Tho question whether prisoners can be reformed is no Longer an
‘open one, It ie as capable of scientific demonstration aa that coal
far, the refuse of the gas works, eu bo made into saccharin of
aniline dyes; that good white payer ean be made from nnelean
pags, and that flowers ean e vais frown ungninly weeds, Th
question T have to consi Can we reform,
offenders sho eomie smder do we mot Fe
form mare? One clenient in the
‘the prisunex, another ¢
placed, but a third ad potential soment Hes in the defvets of

The fart fe thot a vist umber of sven
F the grep of the Inve are mot refarnied boon
fo reform than. TE you ave going to wen rage
merely a question of having a good machine 4
‘he paper sill and’ good aperators; but yom muiet see that the
rags go to the will aul vot fo the dusip

An engineer was called upon to study the defective water supply

of a Tango city, Ho found that for years an eight inch pipe had
dierting water into the sewer which ought to bare been
Altered aust gone into the weservoir. Th is so wnder our legal
tuna of life which onght to bo Bltered and
mveeted, tnsbntent sticamus thongh they are, into

2 heat, and povser, Init whieh o the serrage,
ave stnue of tho defects of oor penal codes’ A funda
fect is that they are legal, not ethical. ‘They embody
certain antiqne ideas, partly metaphysieat aud partly theological,

of vetvibutive justion. Tt is ensy &

seciety, easy fo seo how ideas of individual vengesnon were ex
Dodieg in a aystens of social setsibstion, Onar eodes aro essentially
punitive, and the experfenee of centnries has shown that a system
‘that is essentially prnitive ie not corrective. ‘The legal tradition
‘that fo every offence there must be moasnred ont a certain weight
cof penalty is simply a modem application of ernde ideas of primi-
tive justice, Tf these endes wero effectively deterrent their exist:

Srery-Trman Awwuat, Revoun. nm
exce might be justified as a means of preventing erimes but
experience shoots that they are mall degree deterrent.

Our codes do not represent. any fixed or uniform standard of
jnstioe or morality, Ths, according to compari
years ago by Dx. FH. Wines, the maxisaum penalty for perjury
in New Hampshire, Kentueky, and Connecticut, was five years.
In Maine, Missiseippi, aud Lowa it was imprisonment for life. In
Deleware it was panishable by a fine without imprisonment of
from $500 to $2,000. The maxinonm penalty in Virginia for incest
was six months) imprisonment; in Louisiana, imprisonment for
life; in Delaware, a fine of $100, Tn the States which impose
life imprisonment for these offenses the idea of reformation is uot
Sueladed it ie simply the question of getting the man out of
seeiety. Tn Delaware, on the other hund, it ia band to sce any
reformatory element in the imposition of a fine of $100, which
Jor a man with a good baak gceount simply amounts to a Lieense

Nor does the five year penalty imposed in

represent any reformatory principle. It
Aepends upon whet is done with the men during his confinement,
He may cote aut better or worse. Me is very likely to cone out
in tho frame of mind of a prisoner who stole a large sum of money
which he hid away in a safe place. After five years of imprison
meat he asked the advice of the waren a fow days hefore his
dischaxgo as t0 how he should invest his stolen money, His argu:
rent was that he had paid hie debt to the State by serving five
‘years, aud that therefore the money belonged to him, His position

have been ethical, bn it was logical,

“Another legal obstacle to the reformation of prisoners is the
curions distinction made in the classification of offenses. They
are legal, not moral. ‘They are based not upon character, but upon
cireumstance, ‘Thus in determining in the State of New York
whether a certain act af theft is a felony oF a misdemeanor, three
cireumstances, time, plaee and value are taken into consideration
‘The boundery Tine of value ia placed at $255 the boundary Line of
time between day and night, which varies with the eoxsons; and
the question of place, whether it be a house or a railroad exr,
fssuines importance, Now thete distinetions have not the slight-
sat ethical value, The thief who steals $24 may be worse than

nm

the one who takes 826
ployer
win takes

rong
nat to

A pty thief
thhvee inet

tensed

the very best eneps of ofc

Parson Assooisriox 98

New Yous,

Anal the thief who steals from his em

‘ck in ah

f alee wf

State we
mnie years hy this

Ten dusirand

ot applied, nor d

ths 2efortwation of the offender

A yong:

within The

dish

spats We
a stent

Sixrv-Tunen Awaaz, Revorr, ins

jnotlective if prisomers ase eonmuitted 10 it for terms ranging only
om ten days to three month
its vewy worst in our legal treat
ment of demnkenes. In Chica # san was committed for
demkenuess 200 fiwea; iy Seotlond, a woman 398 Hises, Yet
the judge who impused the sentence for the 333d the paid no
attention ty tl fact iat the offanfer had committed the same
ure, Yhe legal treatment of drmmkeaness:
pliysiological considerations, It treats the
prisoner ay an al on, 2 kmnan being. Tt punishes
the offense while nde
Muviomn smdies of the eriwinal and of the forces of heredity
and envizonnent which go to prodvse him, as well as the foreas
of education whieh inflnoaice oud change bis character, have led
lifcations inc one laws, providing that proviows eon
vietions, and the charseter of the offender should help to determine
japosition that is to le made of him, We have 40 far modi-
{Lone jindicial system as not ta punish for eriminal acts offenders
who ame decided by competent exports to he imbeeile or insane;

wwe are taking ont of the eatalogne of eximinality cbildren under
sisteen yenss and subjeeting thems to @ procednre whieh is
folucational eather than peal, ‘These are weleome indications

dat instead of merely concentrating the attention upon the act,
wo are coming to study the setor. It is quite possible that
Lhysinlogy and psyeholngy will be of th importance ix
he fone nevely under the

whether he ab
fanmalty influence and pert character, o, if he i8 an,
lusbitwal and hopeless committed permanently +0
prison of to a farm colony ao that society may be prot

his release

T have spoken of the outflow, the wastage, the flow

sowage; but this is mot all, The great menace to soeiety is that
there is a eonstant backilow from the soeial sewage. ‘Thousands of
criminals are Jet Toose in society who are no better, but somewhat
worse, than when they awere committed to thote pools of moral
comtagian, the eounty jails. ‘They pollute anew the sources of our

1“ Parson Associriox oy New Your.

social life; they hreed a new crop of erizninale. ‘The short sentence
and the county jail together ure responsible for auch of this
Nothing too severe can be said about
the county jail system. It ie not merely a question of washing
‘them ont, cleaning them from vermin, aad putting windows into
the dark’ rooms; the prison architect and he potson pliysieian
lone cannot rently the matter, The system is supported by legal
Uistinetions which are fundamentally vero
‘One of these legal distinctions is purely geographical. A State
in divided into a costein mumber of districts called connties.
While the criminal code is made to cover the whole State, the
judicial snd penal system is affested hy county divisions. ‘Thus
tates the cowmty cout sestences the mislemesnant 10
institution. There is no State control over theee
county institutions, no uniformity in struetare, discipline or
régime. Crime is treated as a social matter, It is innpossible,
however, to deal effectively with it om comnty Iines, Take the
15,000 young men in the State of New York who might be good

subjects for reformatory treatment, Tt is impossible for every

‘eounty to have an independent reforuators. Tt is extravagant
‘and unnecessary, Th is impossible to classify prisoners properly
in. the smaller counties, The only remedy for the utter failure
of the eounty system is to establish Stato eontvel for all offenders
who have violated State laws, ‘The difference in stigma between
4 State prisoner and a county prisoner stionld disappear. Tt bas
no deterrent or reformatory value. A few distriet prisons or
reformatovies in different pasts of the State vvill seosmsinodate all
sentenced prisoners, ‘The eomuty jaile properly remodeled should
be reserved ouly ¢s houses of detention for those avraiting tial
‘One of the worst features of the enomiy aystem and one which
constitntes a great obstacle to the reforunation of prisoners ia the
fee system: the practice of payiog sherifls so amch » head for
every prisouer admitted and discharged, and so much per
for the board of every prisouor commnitied. This system is a
relio of the system which proruiled im England when John
Howard began his work more than a century ago; and, strange t0
‘ay, it still exista in most of the States in the Union. Tt furnishes

‘2 motive to the sheriff for having as many mien in jail ax possible

SeervTinmo Awnwat, Revonr,

and Keeping them there as long as possible, Tnvestigations in
tiety counties in New Yorke which have abolished the fee sys
tem and substitaied a salary for the sheriff sbow a reduetion in
prison popmlation and in expenses of from to 10 to 60 per cent
The whole fee system is feoesbt with scandal and corruption,
A few werks ago T diseoveavd iy the jail af Quecus county, New
Yook, which ie etl] andor the See system, that S40 young men

thveen the ages of sixtoon and thivty, all of whom should have
gone to reformatories, hed heen committed to this eounty jail
hat for the benefit of the prisoner, but for the benefit of the
sherif,

It is @ soriows invlictment of one present penal system that
ie commits many thousauds of offenders to prieon who, without
any danger to society, can be better dealt with without imprison
ment. ‘The probation system, applied uot only to children, but to
adults without limie of age, is now firmly rooted in half @ dozen
fof on States, and under the form of suspension of sentence Ins
licen cstablishied in Fraueo and Belgizm for almost twenty years.
Tu Massachusetts the munber of those placed on probal

inally sisen from a few hundved to nearly ten thousand
ling visen year by year until it has reached 89,000.

s syelem on ite intvodnetion hed to meet tho opposition of

onservative jurists who treated i gs « deviee for allowing men
to go wupmaished, the ingiotion of punishment being regarded by
then as the main abject of the erfminal court. The idea that the
court might be an essential part of a salvage system designed to
Dpoteet society through the reformation of the prisoner, w
wholly eonteary to the legal tradition. In New York and Massa-
cnselts judges have now become thoroughly euverted to proba
tion aa a mess of social protection as well as of individual
reformation,

For those offenders who reqnite, as a large amber always
will, a change of envivonment and someaitment to some institn-
tion, the most far reaching and indispensable reform in. our legal

em is the aloption of the indeterminate sentenes in eonnee-
tion with « veformatory aystem. The law governing commitment
to Elmira seformatory provides that the courts imposing sentence
to that institution “shall not fix or limit the duration thereof.”

nun Tinie of tine is thie fixed in the
tin vastly better than

proposed mindifieations of ou
ach a radical and bructien!

4 the generat adoption of
the indeterminate sentence with all th

SureTuimp Axxusr Revors.

INSPECTION OF THE CITY PRISON OF NEW YORK.
To the Prison Association of New York:
Gurriwyes— The Committee appointed to inspect the ‘Pombe
det at the alfiee of the walea xt 2 v’eloek om Thursday, Bebe
3, 10S, ‘There were present the eluienan, Dy. Baeeoyes, Me
Me. Spersnca. Senator Pavey telophoued that ill
Iwalih prevented his atienslane
‘The twal peplation ou thal day wos G64, OF Hhese 60 were
women, WS toys al $1 Cnlted States prisoners, known as
Of Aly 6 Fea were white, 7 colored, 4

fees

The 105 toy fore the eorvidars set

‘hem, aud aber eee Kept two ina cel
hjectionale whe tee Inve to
single bed fre in progress for placing two aks
Jn cach cell like berth soa a steamehip. ‘This will be an im.
provement over the yr ious, but uagortinately indie
fates that il

‘The cls of the men's prison nee large and well appointed.
The day was damp with a heavy atwaosphe

swing two in. a cell fs to serine an established penetiee

, anit the ventilation
fof all the eorvidirs shuld have been better. ‘The micas aul b
were being exercised hy walking mominud the eortidars and they
scemel to be vetenably well eared for, ‘The wouren's prison
is antignoted, slutty, dseayy, and extremely depressing tho toilet
and aching facili Jinadeymate. The tables pon whiel
Imcals ate servo are very mnaitenetive, ‘The inmates were seated
pon one sie of he atten comida, where
geueral, but where there: way aot on
iutlnenee,

The kitchen of the anes departmien found to be clean
tnd well equipped wink ewhing appliances, The food examined

quality aaud atlraetive. We liad! no means of ascer

taining whether the allowance 10 inmates is adequate, ‘The daily
‘menus for evel week provides for x seasonalle variety, but we
aad no opportunity tu verify the statement. We were informed
hat whenever © other articles of food came in au unsatise
factory condition the fact was reported to the warden and the

18 Pussox Assootstion of Naw Yon,

objectionable axticle returned 0 the contractor, ‘The head cook
seemed to be intelligent and well fitied for his work,

Partiewlar inguivy was wade 9s to tho facilities for communi
ation by the inmaies with ontside ieiends. Telegrams way be
sent freely when pail for by the prisoner, ‘The nee of the tele
phone is not allowed, When a pris received he is far

ished with paper ail n staup to write to lis Inweyer oF a rele
five or frieml. After that thy waren mses hie disevetion as
furnishing stamya aud paper fie other letters, Te is quite evi
ont that this is decidedly restricted

Soon after one asrival the nanwher of visitors Tewving the prison
was 29 goeat a8 to exeite wonder, Tk is evident that visitors com

serious abuse, often eansing

to the priseners and outailing much care pou tx

Visitors are aduitted upon orders issned by
f Corrections, Nominally two aso issied for each prisones
Often these come {vu idle euxiesity and aro of no possible ser
vioe to the prisoner

A careful inquiry was made into the matter of Inwyers seeing
prisoners. ‘This ammmits to a very sevions elise. Reput
Tawyers di si sovk elionts among these wifartinates by impro
means, bit honles of a f anvsnid Tig vultivres 1
pomee pon thely prey Movil. Tn Burtlett's
Amerieanisus the following quotation is sna ftom a New York
daily paper of fifty years ago: “The Prison Ascoviation held ts
monthly meeting last ight. The report was vich in incident
and developments ant the ckinuers, sharks, and shysters of the
Tombs.” The lapse of tiwe bigs sharpened theie wits, intensified
their cumping, developed their tricks, atl wale them xtll
greater disgrace al ym hey eingoy steamers
to obtain cases they craw HBemsclvos upon pxisoners
tuntolicited, they doe Ne the pour vanfrtmuntes, and
Bnally sceomplich nothing far toss of their real iguor
‘ance, theiv incapacity and deiy worth The vritton testi
mony of prisoners and their relative
Aesined fo gid them furnishes abundant proof of their ne
practices, This evil must not be allowed to eontime unrestricted.
‘While the right of the prisoner to select bis counsel for his proper

SuereTrimp Awxuan Revown 70

defense must not be interfered with, the prisoner is entitled to
better protection of the law against lawyers than he nov rocsives.
‘The demoralizing effect of the present evil is far reawhing and
too often results in eoilusion between lawyer and prison keeper
for the accomplishment of their wicked ends,

Recorneaxpations,

Your Committee make the following reoommendations:

1. That te Prison Association formally advises the proper
authorities to relieve the present overccowding of the Tombs,
‘ostablishing @ prison for those awaiting trisl in the borough of
Bronx, to the proper end of each hovough of the Greater City
having its own city prison,

2, That the Prison Association unges the early construction of
‘the women’s prison upon modem Tines, so that it may better
necord with tle wholesome advancement of eivilized penology.

3. That the Prison Association urges upon the Commissioner
‘of Corrections the establishment of new regulstious for the issu-
ance of orders for the admission of Visitors, so that x careful and
intelligent examination of applicants auay be made, to the end that
only such as have a legal snd proper connection with « prisoner
may he allowetl to see him,

4. That the Prison Asiociation seks the Legislature of tho
State to amend the Penal Code, or such other statute ax may be
proper, 20 that no lawye
tution of the State in any city of over 100,000 population, with-
ont an order from the eammitting magistrate. While thie rogue
Tation might, in some enses, resnlt in mingistrates having favorites
among members of the bar whese personal interests thoy desire
tm advance, any tendency in this dimetion would be ebecked by
the publicity attending it, while it would practically insure to
the prisoner an opportunity to have a competent legal adviser to
care for his interes

All of which ig respectfully submitted.

JAMES WOOD,
Chairman.

seo n prisoner in any penal insti-

50 Pawsox Assoctartos or New Yous.

‘THE COMPETITION OF ARCHITECTS FOR THE NEW STATE
PRISON OF NEW YORK.
The State of New York has a Stare Architeet wh ie respon
sible for making plane fir pu amd spe

erection, Ln cxeeprinial ex neti

edueatioual Iuilding at lbauy ud the new p

place of Bing Sing) qucinl le Doroviles foo 9 eompetition
ff vehitects, fn the linpe of seeming valuable phi aint anges
tions from aenshers of thy

‘The amended law iv vols sv prison prov
fan open competition, to which aveliteets from all part
eountey weve eligible on New Prisuns, with the
addition of ¢ eanklin Tk, Wate, and a
prison physician, Dr natin Breen, ©

Bonn of Awad

barley F. Towa
Samuel J. Baveenrs Fela,
Franklin B, Wave, md J, 1. Reysem, M.D,
MeLaughilin was clecte

Tn reqpouse fo ev pepared by Uke Commas
sion on New Peisuis, Whitty tun sobs of plans wore ronrived from
architects. ‘These were anmaubered gid gdje by the Broan
of Award, the nines of the eurpetitors being atte in
envelopes wntil after the anwaniecment of he ax

‘The competition prover) ia te to Bs von satis
factory. Tn the finet place the ales sul rvslitions awakened
saneh disenseion atone aveliteets aid woauuitnen Gre the
York Chapter of th American Assia
for their sorision, He Sate Archilert joining repent a
to ment detaile. \ he ies Le seven,

vit, ae afer

competitors hind spen Wile seme
of the best architer's re rvines! # niving 40 the
tevore character of the ries aineane antered wee
some of the best a otbee States
From £60,000 to $75,000 were spent ly architects in the preps

SumeTamp Axxuar Ruvonn, st

ration of these plans. ‘The law and the rules of the Commis:
sion goveming the ewards provided thet the ccmpetitor who
shonld receive the first prize should seceive the ustial commission
A 89,000 prize was provided for the seeand competitor and a
$2,000 prizo for the third, and $500 was to be given to cach
of seven competitors presenting plans of stficient

The Bord of Avward found it impossible te agsce as to the

Competitor No, 28, Mr, Win, J. Beardsley of Bough:

N. Yo, roesived five vote

No. 30, Commissioner Barrows, No, 18.
proval of the State Architect was neosssary to make valid the
hhoige of the Board. ‘That officer set forth effectively his reasons
for disapproving of the choice. Commissioner Barcows also pro-
tested against the award before the name of the competitor was dis:
cl cling that it was not made in strict compliance with
the volea nor with reference to eonsidevations of eomparative
merit. Tho State Architect might have adbered to his disap-
proval and the award eonld not have been made; but from com
sidevatious of eonttesy to the majority of the members, but with-
font chenging his opinion, he Swally agzeed to formally approve
the award after the majority of the Commission had voted again
for No. 28.

Te is to be regretted that the Commission on New Prisons
ould not bi agreement as to certain
nootssnry penological featnres before anbmitting thetx program
to the archivets, Tt is still more ta be regretted that the Board
of Award did not make any thorough analytical comparison of
‘the ten best plans. A motion to that effect offered by Commis-
sioner Bavrows was not even secotided

On oe snbject couplets unanimity was developed in the Board,
and the following prcmuble and rsolution were unanimonsly
adopted

Whereas, Tuberenlosis hes been a great scourge of prison Life,
tard moles! mestieal research hts demonstrated the necessity of a
‘bonidane of sonlight for ite prevention o envative treatment, a3
vwell_as for general pliysieal ad mental healthfulness, snd

‘Whereas, Ja this competition a anmber of plans have been
submitted of the radial of stellar plas: of cell Mock to whieh the
Nove objection applics, and after giving these plans careful con
sideration, it is

82 Patsox Associstiow or New Your,
Resolved, That this Board regards the radial or stellar type of

calls are inevitably ftved avvay
preference type in. which the cell’ house. shall be
reccive te must statlight

Alauy of the plans were eather close copies of the redial typet

of Envopenn Ze of this vosolution astarally
cexcinded die,
presented cstiniate

butt with

Juowed that ke prison could not be
esl hs Tase, $2,000,000,

ni as lest of the thirty-four neatly all

conforined to the general design presented in the report of the

Siate Prison Inprovenient Comision adoy

namely, a Tong eel Bek with the industtial

grouped around it, The chief vasiati

jn the disposition of the different buildings, the provision made

the plaus consisted

for future extension, the degica of fiveproe? construction, the
mont of aereags eoveved, the matesial employed, and te vatia

tion fn cot of the yslute pla
To give am idea uf the wain features of sunilarity and differ
fence in the plats, five of thon which averived prizes ate here
reproduced. Truprttant yavfations, wvever, which grea
their diaivabiliy: ax prises plans, cold only erstoo ane
appreciated hy studyiug the specifications, Sem notes and com
‘ments on these plane ave added, aud a sisth plan ds added whieh
in the opinion of the writer ia beticr in the cousteuetion of tbo
cell block thaa any of those sveeiving an award.

Notes ow tie Pxisow Prax,

Plan No, 28, fo whieh we awaeded the first prize, was presented
by Wm. J, Beardsley of Ponghicepsie, N.Y. ‘The best feature
ff this plan is that the cell liowse i raised on m terrace ao that
the windows are not overshadowwei by the wall on the east side
The defcets of the plan were pointed out effectively by tbe Stat
Architect, Me. Ware

“7 think that radical mistake has been made in dividing the

jon yard in ball hy a group of Initdgn connected by ener
Goes, walking access aad gorutounieation rom one cide’ of the

Srxrv-Turen Axsvat Revorr. 83

prison inclosure to due other fully except hy erossiny eperie
Rors or passing through buildings, This arrangement of buildings
fand corridors provides inmsniserable took and corners suitable for
Hiding places ancl this wtvaigeasent will kequlize eoustent super
“Th two as shops ar Ica at appt ends of the prison
nt 1,200 fect apart. This would seem to me objeetion-

ings, the plans of the
the twostoyy bath, Jausdey and
[think the use of enameled steel
nd gratia even thgh te cost be wot pre
whieh T voy tel

“WWhile generally the arrangement of buiklings is a
exception mate Taken f0 the natn shops with heir major axee

Vii abate prevents dh som sec

sider obj

niefue
The poo est
ate the tearing daw of the
pet ak
Wen
aver tis ehiod of
obi cell Kock
ie best of the Use methods peo
nal We andy ta
wr the gronge ef hnadinge the conser asi and furth
by Bri ig cell blocks in dhe only opeu space left would te
# The whether the deign of the Imillings ts appropriate for
iene i mation uf opinions ave tae, bo ete
agit the adinvtration bing, waders
qavtces {nilings hich wil be eo by
ie Honea, in
is tier conedeaton
‘chen eompleted, il be a ide not only from
1 Cahdpuitt but fro an areiteccoral standpoint as well
‘We ean om item aig he pet re
Rug cousilesiig wha hie adeae ave. a8 to the proper silo o
acer to be wy au inte rexpet campeon No, 28 file
to imeet the requirements

cH Paisow Assoctatiox or Naw Yorn.

Design No, 20, which received the secoud prize, was presented
by Messrs, Warten & Welnnre of New York, The State Archi-
tect in stating hi

‘The arranging of sroniid  Tnrae open eotttt provides

fee fn cboiee for plan No, 30, sald
The yas i note hy: linge ad cor
i kept th a ci
ater of the a for he nin
raid mo leticr bling unterfl cn le Font, L-atoit tbat in
Xo, 28, On the wlker h
to th Teed an tho Stat
Jug oF the competition, {yom ol eviate to asad the Bet
ace to plan No. 30
couipetitors wer that it Be only partially Breprovt, Guat it ox
ceeded the priveriled yard lit by nearly two ates, that the
Mtnaton of the peer lanes atthe north evd wae not the mast
"Pin Xo, 20, whigh recived the thin] prize was preeated by
Torta & Tallastof Neve York. ‘This plon appears dimpler aud
Jen erred thas 1% 29 bid ly nua pein eth
tension af he cl! Mack, ssn Hae elle ea hat Ab el
of which.
rlbed serege wae las
ocded wud the oman yore ws vag de wit of he OF No: 90
to award the fe pze to Nos 15, which wes prarte by Weal
inghowe, Chin Kerr & Go, 10 Bridge tneet, New York

Srery Tomy Awxuar Reror 85

‘Some of the obvions mevite of this yan ean ouly be appresiated
ly a study of the speeiention
1. More atteutien, was paid to the eontonr of the groand so a8
requite leas exuding, Tv ation to a complete eellar under

the ecll Mock, a <wleellur ie provided for at the aonth end,
thus utilizing the rapt fall of tla gromad at this pout

2, Tt finished the siost exact sud seientisie study amd sola
fon of the problem of crivatsiions tat is to say, the adjustment
of the axis of fhe ecll Muck at she proper augle 0 ns to secure
the most snnlight ducing the yea, especially in the darker wintor
onthe,

3. The entire structure of all the buildings was fire

While Nos. 36 aus 20 exeveded the preseribeit acre
buildings in No. 15 were brought within twenty-four neres.

5. The situation of the powerhouse was economical for the
Aisteibution of heat and power.

6. Welleonsileved scheaes for fate extension applied not
only t0 the eel bloek, Int also ta ofher buildings.

G. A fine system of service tmmncla was provided so that all
pipes and wites would be casily accessible

8. A more perfect system of protection against revolt was
y nut hy the uae of enrtidors and towers accessible only to
the guards,

9. ‘Tho nse of reinfoveed conerete as a material is well adapted
fo carry out that festuve of the law which requires he employ
ment of prison lair as fav as possible, ‘Tho experience of the
Massachusetts State Farm in emplosing prisomers in this form
of eoustinetion as reported hy Snperiiendent Blackstone, is that
“the prmpnttion of inmate labor which wo ean utilize in conevete
eompated with other masonry construetion is
fully one-half mon:

10, Tho estimates were minute, full, and specific, in con-
formity to the rales of the Commission, saying that the accuracy
ff estimates wonkd be taken into consideration iu the awarding,
of prizes. No. 80, for instance, has but one page of estimates;
No, 20, one page; No. 28 has twentyeight pages of estimates.
No. 15, in addition to a detailed description, covering 110

constaetton

86 Prison Assoetsniox ox New Yous.

ypevwritten letter pages Ind 250 pugs devoted to specifica
ions and estinates, OF tow forty-six pages were filled with
minute extiwates based on tly ff every sthuetural
feature of every part of the pli

11, The wld sty

apply. sual slitrilntion ss set forth a0 th

hE Tigliting aund beating a

connlete faaitiaity with all the elements and details
problem,
‘The principal oljeotions van inst No. 15. wore from
use of emevete, Th wae
lt just as veal bo co
seeueted uf sel: auaterial a wos, but
that eoneriae wis
of cost. Auwilier vhjection advaneod was that the arebiteet had

meubers whi did ot believe i
pointed wat, buecery ¢

ing tb within the Yimit
utilized the geld nil eoustinte the enclosing wall af the
yard on the est for of sirneine, however,
‘adopted fin dhe Vain ntiary at Leavenworth, in
the Eluira Reforuiarory, the Delassare Penitentiany, and in many
jaile throught the State nf New Vouk. Ze wont sion be doaie
Able to eoyploy: HC a cele ta rerigt eoeridur with
outside winndanvs ti the el lack with omtside
corridor

expense

distance froin the

bo scvtiden.

Messrs, Darvach & B
w York the material sngucated i se-cnforeed eoneretes
{ featnes of armungement

‘Taw Beer Pzas Presesvene,

Of all the plans presented the one which to tho writer seems
to inolnde the best ideas of modern cematruction is desig
No, 14, presented by Westinghouse, Chureh, Kerr & Co., of 10

SixryThoxo Awwust Rerozs, co

Bridge street, Now York, The difference between this plan and
No. 15 is that the former is built with a central corridor with the
cll windows on each side opening to air and Light. ‘The encircling

wall also encloses the cell house whieh is not made a part of the
walls as in plan No, 15, Otherwise the arrangement of chapel,

all, asd powerhowse, and invlustvial buildings is essential

we same, Thove is no exense in these days for building « prison
‘without windows in the cells into whick light is admitied only
Through the doors, from windows twelve to fifteen fect away in
an external corridor. Our tevewent howse Jaws now require
windows in sleeping wooms, end our prison should not preserve
the anciquated type, the “menagerie” aystem of kecping pris
ouors in a cage instead of in exparute rooms well lighted by direct
sunlight. ‘There is no zequirement concerning heating, ventile
tion, eanitery and plumbing which eamot be wet as well with
the onteide cell as with the inside, and it is less expensive to build
a building with fone walls than with six.

jome of the must experienced and capable of prison wardens
in the Tnited States have declared their preference for the eentral
comidor system, and in a few prisons it bas already been
Introduced.

OF course it is possible to vary the form of tho structure
and to have two parallel Mocks instead of one Jong single cell
block. Suek modifications ansy be rendered novessary by the
contour of a different site

SAMUEL J. BARROWS,

Parson Association or New Yous,

TREASURER'S REPORT.
(Bor the twelve months ending December 31

's National Bank, January 1,

Income,
Dovations reesived twelve months... $11,980 30
New York State roformutories..... 1,500 00
Rents . ey 650 00

Exrexprrenns,
‘Expenses of ageney in New York it
for pervons mnder arrest, ou pro
tion in care uf the assveintion, die
eharged couviets nnd geneval relief
work waite
Expenses of State organization,
(jail inspection and
county work 4si7
Expenses of library "260
Expenses of veal estate, including
surance, inter 1ara
‘Temnsderred to 8,000

80,801 43

Balance on hand December $1, 1907.

6,168 75

14,145 30

820,200 05

15,772 87

34,598 18

Srxrv-Termp Anwoan Ruvorn,

COURTY COMMITTEES,
Tn ander to secure proper attention to local eonditions, and"eo
ation with refceenee to tho general prison aystem of tho
State, the plan of argtization of the Prison Association of New
York permits the formation of @ eorvesponding and cooperating
tie in each comty of the Slate. ‘The persons in the fol
W nities have aecepted such positions
Tromne county. — Residence, Binghsuuton, Dr, J. @. Orton, H
M. Beveher, Austin $, Bump, D. H. Carver, De: J. M. Barrington,
8,4. Hirshiaau, E, C. Tichener, William A. White,
Cattaraugus eounty.— Residence, Portville, Hon, W. B. Merse-
nga county.— Residence, Auburn, Frauk W. Richardson,
Vie, Ohcevennan, Prof. Arthur S Hoyt, Mis. Mary ©. Beardsley,
Fredevick Sefton, M. D., Rov, E, W. Aller.
Choinsuge county, — Residence, Elmiva, ZR, Traokway, Rey.
Wilton T. Houry, W. C. Peebles, Mis. J. H. Piero, Hon
Charles R. Bratt, Theron I, Wales, MD,

Chenango eounty.— Residence, Norwich, Neleon P, Bonay, J.
Tey, Rev. Daniel W, Dester
Clintow connly.— Residenee, Platteburg, Tames Bekersley, W.

©. Pike.
Delaware conty,— Residence, Delhi, Andrew J. Nivel, Janes
K. Penfel.

Brie comity. Residence, Buffalo, A. G. Sherman, George B.

1, C. B, Armstrong,

Hosea eonnty,— Residence, Keene Centre, Sohn Martin, Ars
Tobn Mave ee Nyc, Mrs, Lilian Wineb.

Geneseo conuty.— Residence, Batavia, H. J- Burkhart
Greene enunty— Residence, Groeuville, Chas. P. McCabe resi
ones, Catskill, J. 1. Olney, Texensiah Day.

Herkimer county. Residence, Herkimer, 0. TE Decl, M.D.

Tefforsens cousty.— Residence, Watertown, J, C. Knovelton,
Jesse M. Adams, Rev, Richard @. Reyes

Livingston eounty.— Teesidener, Geveseo, Dr. John H. Milne;
wesidence, Dansville, Dr. James H. Jackson, A. 0. Bunnell.

90 Pmsox Assocrstiox or New Yous.

Monroe county.—Residonce, Rochester, William TE. Suther
land, Judge Artine E, Sutherland, Quiney Van. Voorbis
“Montgomery eonnty.— Residence, Kora, W. Bvothing
ous ingly, J
Oneiila enmiy.— Resiener, Clintouy Revs HB. B
tiviouy Rov EB. Bowel

Oisiiden Seen = WE Slanaac tier A. Be Blogg aGOEC,
Carson, Henry N. Uy, Rr, B. Wt. Mute.

Ontario enly— Reset, Cada, De, ©. Thal;
residence, Seuces Conte, Lev Page

Oswego eounty.—Revidense, Oniego, ©, TH, Tiler, Gilber
“Mollison ae
St. Lawrence comty:—Residenes, Canton, Charles €
Worth Chambeeain, Mrs. D. TL. Jackson, Dr. Pay

Remington: residence, Ogdensburg, Robert 3. Donabive, Bisho
Henry Galvricle Hees Bisten
Stent connty.— Tevideues, AManta, TE, C. Hatchs residence,
Hornelivile, BoP, Sith, MF. Sunith; revidence, Hammonds
port, Boaroe Wheder

Wyoming county. Residence, Warsaw, HE. Grimey.

SrvTuinp Axxvan Revort.

HONORARY CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Mabama— Ro HL. Daswson nnerys Mins Julia 8.
syilor, Livingston; Mer. 1 D. Johostou, }Siruinghem
California —Lrainard E, Smith, Represa, Sacramento
Kant AL, Wilbur, Berkeley
\Jo.—- William E, Slocum, Colorado Springs
in ©, Taylos, Hartiord,
Florida.—L. 8. Wombrvell, Tallahassee.
TMinoie,—Drof. C.K Heulesson, Rev. H. H. Haxt, Chicago.
Indiana — Thos, E, Elizon, Foxt Wayne,
Kmusas.— Jobu D. Milliken, MePherson; R. W. MoClavghry,
Port Leavenworth
Tonistann Michael Heymann, Olateace F. Low, New Orleans
Mastachueetis-W. E, Spalding, Boston; F. B. Sanborn, Com
“Michigan— Levi L. Barbour, Detroit
ALinnevota—Gamuel G, Smith, St Pauls Austin 1. Young,
Minneapolis
lissinri-—-Thos, P, Taley, Kansas City
New Jersey. —B. J. Anderson, Trenton.
New York—Z RB, Brockway, Ebnira.
North Carolina — Col. W. F Beasloy, Plymouth,
Noxth Dakota —N. F. Houcher i
Ohio— Gen, R, Brinkeshotf, Mav
Oregon— Rev. Thos. L. Hliot, D. D.
Penneylvania,— LJ. Wistar, Philadelphis.
Tennessee, Rev. B. TL. Cobb, Rev. A. L. Phillips, Mrs. Z N.
Williams, Nashville.
‘cane John N, Henderson, Dallas; L. A. Whalley, Hunts
ville.
Vermont-—L, D. Hezeu, St. Jobnsbury.
Virginia — Robert Stiles, Richmond.
Wisconsin. Clarence Snyder, Hon, James B. Heg, A. 0.

Wright, Madison.
Warkingion-— ohn B, Catron, Walla Walla; Hon. Emet

Sister, Tacoma,

Prison Assoorari0on oF Nes

Foreign Countries,

AUSTRALIA
Ars, Stafford Bird, Hobart, Tasmania,

BERMUDA,
4. HT. Tackton, Hamilton,

FRANCE.
A. Rividre, formerly Secretary Sneicté Géndrale des Prison
Henvi Prudlionune, Secrutary: Soviet? Générale dee Priso
Place Dauphine, Pati Robin (jutowr).
Marsange
328 Boul

GERMASy

Jokhann Wichera, Ranho Hans, Horn bei Hamburg; Herr

Heinemann, 250 "Hamer Lawlstrasse. How bef Hamburg; De
Fabri vsideur Tribunal of Justies, Tamburgs Pastor
Wine 1 Aswvlation of Saxony: Hernan
Adoni 5 Katraeee, Prewten

Reehtsnnwsh ay Ober Hawn, Westfalen
Ulartivann, Sates 6 -W. Cuurhigve St, Devlin, G
many; Ds. B, Fromdenthal, 51 Loerbachsty

Main, Germany.

sukfort am

GREAT BRITAIN.
Alfred Davis, 13 St, Ermins Mansions, Westminster, London,
us Dr. Mauiee Davis, 11 Rinmaw , London, W. C3

J. J. Henley, Loeu! Goverment Doar Tuspoetor, New Govern

nent office, Weetwrineier, Lane, Kuge : dohaama Margaret TT,

62 Tiagley’ nad. Pirmiughan, Eng > Theanine Hols, Seeretuey

of Howant Aecoviution, £2 Dovonetive Chambers

street Wirlent, lon, Bag: Walt

Totton, Hampshire, Eng: ; Tole all Ts Ie

Tames Tereford, London, Bug; Leslie Soott, Bs, Liverpool

moor Croft

SrereTimep Axnvar, Revors.

Pg.s Sir E. Ruggles K. C, B, Chritman of Direetors
Cruviet Prison Dustiament street, London, Eng. Rev. J. We
Aorsley, 8! 5 wih, Fuge; Arthur Madison,
Seetctavy. Ti ny A Uni, London, Eng.; Sic
Jan Seo Albus, Baig.; W. Donglaa Mor
risen LaDy 2 Enubankonent Garlens, Chelsea, Eng.

HOLLAND,
J.T. Gockings, Leeuwarden; J. Bruinwold-Riedel, Amster

INDIA,
Rev. Dr. T, J. Scott, Bareilly

ITALY.
Senator Martino BeltraniSealia, Rome; Prof. Cesare Lon
‘rosn, Turin; Barou Tk, Garofalo, 29 Largo Garofalo, Naples

JAPAN,

Terusaki Oinouye, Kabato, Hokkaido; Rev. K. Tomecka, 38
Miyamasee, Sibuya, Tokio H, Sano, Sceretary General of the
Ponitentiny Society of Tokio; Keigo Kiyoura, Minister of Tus-

ee, Tokio.
RUSSIA.

Hon. Michael Kazarin, Department of Prisons, St, Petersbnng:

WITZERLAND.

Dr. Guillanme, Burem of Statisties, Heme.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

LIFE PATRONS. an
— By Coxmmsuzzoxs ov $100 ar Oxe Tass
Br Cowsamurions or $500 ox Morw av Oxe Trate

= George B. Archer George Ehret
1M, Baynrd Brown Dean Sage Mrs. Caroline W. Astor, Edward Binstein,
F. Ambrose Clark William 11. Soot Frederick Billings AR, Flowe
Mis. William E. Dodge-* Jacob U, Schi Mrs, Frederick Billings George 8. Fraser,
Comelius B. Gold. Roswell Soi? B. 0, Bogert Grace Chuze
‘vies, Cornelius By Min AT. Stowast® William 'T. Booth. Elbridge 'T. Gexsy.
Walter Stowe Lisgentel Stewart Hargraves Brown, Peter G. Gerry.
Adrian Teline® Conlin. Vanderbilt , Liverpool, Bngland, | Willian @. Gilman,
M. G8. Williaw KC. Vanvterbitct Jaynes Boown. Winthrop S. Gilman.
Hoy K, Mottarg Catherine Es Welfa ML Bayard Brown Edwin Gould
Oswald Ottondorfer.* Jol David. Wolfe.* Sarah B. Brace, Charles Harsab.
Mise Julia Rhinclande Mrs, Anna Wocvishoffer, 3 Frederick 7. Hil

‘Mise Screua Rhinelander, Toseph Howland.
' Samuel B, Caldwell, Ars. Joseph Howland.

petal Andrew Carnegie, Meredith rowland.
Mrs, Thomas Camogie, Clarenes M, Hyde,
John Caswell. Samuel Macauley Tackson,
8. Ogden Chisolm,
WE, Chisolm,
Kilward Severin Olas
A.B, Conger. hn S. Kennedy.

rE, Connor, BG”

Eekward Cooper. Woodbury @, TLangion,
IL. K. Corning. ‘Miss Lenox.

ohn D. Crimmina William P, Letchworth,
William B. Croaby. Piorre Lorillard.

W. Curtis National Humane Alliance.
BR. Fulton Cutting Mrs. W, H. Moore,
Henry W. DeForest Mire. L. K, MoClymonds,
E. P. Dickie. Richard A. McCurdy.
bs. William E. Dodge. ‘Mra. 0. T. MeLanaben.
William Boller Duncan, Allen. MeLane.

96 Passox Asaoctation oF Nuw Your.

3. H. Mead,
George D- Morge
The National Humane Alliance. La Spencer
RM. Olyphaut Miss Char Seiluan,
Daniel Pavvish Mes.
ge Foster Peabody. Anton Phelp

E.D. Perens
Wendell Prime, D. D.
Juhu A. Pullen. Phebe
George C. Rand. Rev. Homey J. Y
Latham G. Reed Alex. V

Rhineland Charlee

Horace Russell
CPs. ViMiaw Seward Webb.

Adan T. Sackett Westinghouse Chuveh, Kerr Co.
Dean Sige RW. Weston,

Joseph Sampson. H. P. Whiner

F, Augusius Schermerhorm, Mrs. Foseph M. White.

TG, Sellow Comelins D. Wood,

Mrs, Francis George J. Walter Wood.

Ars. Moxy Sheafe. William Wood,

©. H. Shipman.

LIFE MEMBERS,

By Coxremorioxs ov $50 «7 Own Then,

A Friend. RG, Don*
Sohn H, Abesl.* Mize. R, @. Don,
Dn. Bolix Adler, Miss Amy L. Duncan.
W.W, Aston, PW, Euge.
Robert F, Ballentine HK. Evans
Miss Mildred Barnes, BH. Field
sane Bell Hamilton Fish."
Angnst Belmont, Tames Poster, dr
Mrs, Fredevie Albert, Gallatin,
ruolias X. Arthur Gilinen,
nest C. Bliss Horsee Gray.
A. Booth. Mrs, C. B. Hackley,
» Bor, 3. B, Hagin.
Brevoort, Mrs, John Hall,
Tames M, Brown, . C, Halliday.
by Brown. Mrs. E, C, Halliday.
Edward S Harkness,
John C. Havomeyer
: ‘A. Augustus Healey.
Chisholm, ‘Mrs. 4. ©. Hencken.
mind Coffin, BE. Herrick,
VT. Coleman, Tames 0. Holden
Colegate,
Rov. M. A. Comigan.*

John Win, Hutchinson,
W. HL. Crossman & Bro, ‘Frederick FE, Hyde.
"OO" Richard Lavin,

Mise EA. Deus, 8. Johnson
Norman W. Dodge. award Tones,
William EB. Dodge, Jr. Tames J. Jones,

"Deca
4

os Pussox Assoorarion or New Yon.

Pieri See ee CONTRIBUTIONS FOR 1007.
Samuel H. Kissam, Alonzo B. See. —
Francis G, Landon. James O. Sheldon, Md Bled”, miiy case Sea
John Langton. Austin Sheruan. « Anonymous” 5 Baker, Miss Emily H
TR Leky. B. B, Sherman, ~ Anonymous”, < T Baker, George E.
Samuel Lichlenstadter, Ait, Rev. Lyman. Baldwin, Florence T
Acbels, Fritz é Baldwin, Jom 8, Jr.
sora” Baldwin, Dr. Helen
tums, Ms, Thatcher M., 10 Halfour, Williamson & Co.
Pa Gea: Bamberger, Ten Teo -
James McKeen. L ‘Alden, Mise F a Barbour, Robert .
Mrs, Joseph Milbank, Fre K. Stevens. Aldrich, Mrs, Jamos Hl... 5 Barhydt, Mrs. P. Heeley.
WH. H Moore. ohn Stewart ‘Aloumnder, Mizu. B. Barlow, Mra, Charles ..-
Moore & Sebley. J. G. Phelps Stokes ‘Alexandre, John E, Barnes,
Reland G. Mitehell# Olivia E. P. Stokes Alle, ©. He : Barnes, E,W.
Mise C. 1. Morga. Fanws F. Sten Allen, E. Hubert «sos. Barnes, I 8
Henry Levis Morris Charles N. Talbot Allen Bfze. Paul vssss+s & Barnes, Mins afived
Mr W. ¥, Mortimer. LT. Tey md, BG. wsccsses 8 Barnes, Richard 6.
William F. Mott, ‘Mrs, Frederick F, Thompson. American Felt Co. . Barr, Mrs. William R.
David Olyphant Allon Pucker Alenon, ALJ. C, cscs 10 Bae, Mrs, BoP.
‘Thomas W, Osborne, Samuel Anchunuty Tucker. See ee eek
B, Parmly dee te Nest Apporl, 8. & Oosseeeees Batjer, Henry .
Henry Parish. D. Ven Winkle. Archbold, John D,
ee ee Bee 8 TT Vie Aimiving Leos oseseae Baylies, Mrs. N
Bugeno A. Philbin Pleeeker Van Wagenen Aiforth, Mrs. F. de 0, Bayliss, Mise Mary
Howard Potter W, Walker Astor, Mrs. John Tacob. Bayne, D. K.
Rev. Wendell Prime, FM, Warbnng Atterbury, J.T Beach, Captain Warven ©.
A. Ward. Auchincloss, Mrs, 8.. Bechstein, A, E.
‘Samnel more. Anchmuty, Mrs. R. T.... Beekhard, Martin .
John J, White. Ansiin, Nichols & Co... 10° Beckman, Mr, John
ames T. Raymond Mrs, Joseph M. White Avery, 8. P. IE 20. Behe, Reward
George A. Robbins Mrs Laura Wilaed Ayres, Samuel, M.D.ss.. 1 Belknap, W.
8. M. Wilson Bell, Mrs, Edward.
Rothschild Bros. & Co Bin, B. V. 8. Winthrop. ihibeadpiiis @uileciew. W Dae es
Thomas F. Rowland. W. H. S. Wood, Bacon & Co. Belloni, Miss Sadie iH.
Mrs. Dron Stee. EJ. Woolsey Yitcon, Mis, Francis MeN, Benedict, Mes. J. H..
Gol, Herbere L. Satterlee and Mis. E. J. Woolsey. Pencilet sie bela
Andrew 0. Zabrisle,

Samuel Sloane.
Wiliam D. Sloane,
Mee Robert Maxwell, Comnelins Sonic, ;

wile.
W ©. Schermerhor,

100 Paisoy Associsrios of Naw Youn.

Benjamin, Mrs, Eastburn, $10
Benjamin, Miss F. I.
Benson, Miss Mary A.
Bentley, Mise Meta E,
Bernard, Eugene 3L
Bomhoim, Charles L.
Borabeinn, Henry J.
Bewor, Rev. J
Bickel, Dr, O1:9
Bier, Mrs. Sylv
Billings, Frederick
Billings, Mrs, Brederi
Bingham, Abs. George F.
Bippart, Achille .
Blackwell, Ms A. B.
Blair, Mrs. D. ©.

Co.

Blood, Samuel S.
Bloodgood, John H.
Bloodgood, The Misses
Bluen, Morris J.
Boardman, Alte, Zandvdate
Boanlman, Miss Rosine C,
Bodenbeimer, Honey -

Bogert, Engone

Bogert, SG.

Bonner, G. T.

Borg, Simon & Co,

Borger, Mra, Harvietta

Borland, Mise Georg
Hes 9

Poskowite, Adolph

Bourne, Miss Emily H,

Brackett, Miss A. ©.
Brackett, George O.
Bradford, Mrs. W. HL, Sr,
Bradley &
Braine, Mb.
Brannan, John W., Mt
Brewster, Robert S.
Breweter, W. Ts.
Brickelmaier, J.B.
fdgham, iss Eni
Bristol, John T. D.
frittain, William F
Broadwell, Mrs, Samuel J.
Brokaw, George T.
Bronwen, Theophils A
Brown, John Crosby
Brown, M. Barnard
Brown, Miss Margaret R
Brown, Robert 1
Bruce, Miss Sarah E.
Brucker, Carl
Boanswiek, Mz, Enel
Brush, W. Franklin
Bryce, Miss Edith
Bryce, Miss ML.
fuelmnall, Me, Henry W
Buckner, ‘Thomas A.
Bulkley, Edwin M
Bulkley, Mes, Edwin M.
Boll, Archibeld
Punting, Miss B. M..
Burbank, A. N.
Borden, Hensy, 2a.
Bumett, C. 1,
Bornhem, Dr H. D.
Burnbam, Mra T. S.
Butler Bros. «

Butler, Mise Helen @.

Suerv-Tarep Anxvas Revoxr,

Builer,
Butler, W. P.

Buiterick, Miss Mary E.
Butterworth, Mrs. @. F.

<8".
Cahn, Tucob . EI
Calman, Mrs, Erma .

|, Charles Be.

Camegic, Bre. 7

Carter, Mr A.

Carter, Rev. Samuel T..
Kate

Castre, Miss Touise
Cattus, Afr. Agnes H.
Cauldwell, Mrs. W. A
Century Co.
Cerf, L.A r
Chapin, Mrs. Alfred
hapa, Miss Isabel
Chapman, Mrs, Elizabeth
ai

Charles & Co.
Chesebrongh, BR. A.
hilds, LR.

Chigolm, B. Ogden
Chisolm, George EL.
Chisolm, Mrs, William E,
Olefin, Tho H. B. Co.

Claney, Joba J
Clark, Edward 8,
Clark, Miss Ella Mabel.
Clark, Miss Emily V.
Clausen, George « «++
Clinch, Miss A. O. «
Ciyds, William B...
Cockroft, Miss Mary.

Cole, Edwin
Coley, Dr. Wi

gate, William
Collier, Mise Georgette. ..
Collins, Mics Mary
Collins, Mrs, $. W.
Calman, Sarnuel
Colt, Morgen .
Comstock, Tames ©.
Congdon, HLL
Conklin, Mig, Katherine,
Connell, J. 11...
Considine, Rev. M. J.
Cooke, Henry D. «.
Coonabe, T. Gorton
Cornell, Edward .
Cornell, Hon, Robert ©...
Coster, Mrs. Charles TH.
Cox, Mrs, John J
Coxe, Mrs. Davies
Crampton, Edwin H
Crane, Mrs. A.B.
Crane, Mrs, William N...
Crenteborg, Mrs. M. F.
Crocker, Mrs. FL. -
Crosby, Miss Eleanor
“oo.
Crowell, Mrs. Alice

202 Pusos Associatios or New Yous.

Curie, Hees eee
Curley, J.

Ourtis, Eugene J.
Custis, Warvon soe.
Garris, Mos. Mary A.
Daly, Eugene V.
Davenport, J. B.

Davison, Mes. M. Da.

DeBarsy, F. & Co.
aeCoppet, Ede ce.
de Forest, Robert ¥
Devonge, Louis
DeKlyn, B. F.
Delafield, Miss BR.
Delafield, Mise J. L.
Delafield, M. L
Delano, William A.
Denker, George
Denny, Miss A.B.
dePeyster, Miss A. M.
DeSola, Brus. & Pardo
Diedrich, Mise M.
Dillingham

Morgan®

Cleveland I,
D. Stuart

Miss Grace H.
Mrs. W. E.
Dice

Domericb, Mes. L, B.
Dominick, ML. W.
Dotter, Charles T.
Douglass, Mrs. George W.

25, Faanes

5,

, Mrs, Henry
Dmmmiond, Andrew Le
“DPE”.
Deunuond, I. We
Du Bo
Du Bois, Mrs. A. @
Dev, Miss H.R
Duer, Miss MT.
Duggint, Mrs. Charles
Dun, Abs. RG.

Dimean, Miss Amy L.
Dundas, Ralph Wurts
Dunham, Mrs, Carroll...
Dunham, Mrs, G, 1
Dutcher, Wiliam

Dutton,

DTG We
Dwight, Mrs, Helen If,
Dyer, 2s. George R.
Dyer, Mis. FL

Einstein, Wolff & Co
Ricomen, Mra, Samuel
Elder, Mis. M.A...
Elliott, Geo. 1

Ellis, William D.-
Emmons, Arthur B.
Bugler, Adolph

Erlanger, Abraham .
Evens, EH.

ie sere ree
Faguani, Rev. 0. P.
Balnetak, HC
Fallon, Hon, .
Puan we
Fink, Mis. M.D.
Fisher, B. & Co.

Fish, Mrs, Nicholas...

Fitts Deel ting
Fish, Pliny
Fist, Dr. Anstin,

Floersheimer, Samuel...

AR.

Fowler, ‘Thomas P...
Francis, Lew

Frank, Emil Hl.
Brankenbaeh, C. B.
Frankfort, M

Fraser, Mes. George 8

Fraser, Miss Jane K

Brazier. Miss Annie:
Frenkel, Ean
Frisell, A, S,

Fry Art Co.
Fuller, Mrs. GA.
Fumiss, Mies C..

Gannett, Rev. W.C..
Gamer, H. HL

Ais. G8.

Garrettson, FT.
Garrignes, W. A.
Goer, Mrs, Walter.
Gerry, E. 7.
Gerry, Poter G
Gerry, Robert L
Gibbs, Harriett D..
Gibson, Mra, HL. 8.
Gilbert, George N
Gilman, W. 5.
Ginn & Co. =
Gold, Comelius B. ..
Goldenberg Bros. & Co...
Goldman, Mss. Mavens
Goodnow, Mra ALF...
Goodson, A. H+.
Goodwin, James J
Gould, Fawin
Gratwisk, W. 1
Gray, Henry @.
Gray, Hon, John Clinton.
ee, Bernhard & Oo...
Green,
Gaeines. 068, wal
Greene, J. Ash
Greenleaf, James 1
Greenough, John
Grouany Di. & Mn

asta
Guinzborg, Bins. V.
Gativer, W.

Hockley, Mrs. FA.
Hockstaff, Mrs. ©. 1.

ot Prison Assocration or New Yorx.

Hadden, Mrs. H. P.
Hague, J. D.
‘Haines, Mrs. M
Hale, P.O...
Halkett, Baroness .
Hall,

Ball,

Tall,

Hall, :
Halstead, Miss L. P.

Ham, James
Har, J. M..
Harkness, E. S
Harkness, L. V.
Harmon, Mss. V
Harper, Mrs, Joseph W.
Harrison, Mrs, M. 1.
Foartwell, ohn 3.
Howley, Mos, John S
Hayden, Mis. Hd
Hayes, Hon. Patrick
Hoaly, A. Augustne
Heide, Henry
Heiner, Perey B..
Heilprin, Louis
Heineman, Charles,
Heissenbuttel, FH.
Heller, Hirsh & Co...
Holter, Miss L. R. and
riends .
Hencken, Mfrs. A. C..
Hroncken, Hancko
Henderson, Miss A.L.
‘rendvieks, Mos. E.
Henry, William .
Heusle, Charles
Hentz, Henry

cd

Hentz, Le 8.200.000
Hopbura, Dr. W. M.

Horman, Mrs, Esther...

Herman, Julius...

Heubach, Gustav
Hewitt, Mis. A 8...
lett, Mrs. J. A

Hewson, John
Highie, James 8.

Hill, Adam

Hilly Me AK
6, Toh

Hi eatin

Hilyard, George Dy Jr.

Hinrichs, Fred W.
Hirsh, Taoob ...
Hitch, Mrs, F. D.
Hoe, Rohert

Hoo, R. & Co.
Hoffmin, Mis. BA.
Hoffman, F. B.

Hooftaan, Samuel Bo...

Holmes Elee, Protectiv
Cre
Holt, Miss ©. B..
Holt, Henry
Holt, Mrs. LE
Holter, Mrs, E. 0.
Homans, Mrs. $ L
Homans, Mire, E. ©.
Hoppin, W. W
Hopps, Mrs, L. W.
Howell, W. P.
Host, Miss G. L
Hubbard, Gen, T. H.
Humphreys, A. 0...

SurrTump Awsua, Reroxn

Him, Marens T.
unt, Charles W...

Grace Church
‘Hunton, ML D.
Hutton, Walter
Huyler, John 8.
Byatt, Mrs, A.M.
Hyde, A. F.
Hyde, Clarence Mt.
Hyde, Dr. F.E
Hyde, Samuel MM.
Thlder, J.D.

Ingersoll, W. H
Treland, J. B.
Teving, Ys, G. B

Iselin, William & Co...

sham, Samuel -
Ives, Frederick D.

TBO.
TVVB.
Taekwon, 8. M
Tackeon, Mra, W. HL
Facobi, ‘i

Tormain, Miss 3.
Jes, Mrs, Teahella.

Tohnston, W. @.
Tonas, William
Tones, Andrew B
Tones, Miss M. R..

+ $10
10

Tudkins & MeCormick Co,
inde, Borg F
Subring, V

Keep Manufaenaving Co.
Haller Printing Go

Kendall, Mrs. E, HL
Kendal, Mis Georgians,
Kenyon, W. I.

Kers, Walter

Katelin ie.

Vier, Mrz. ALM...
Hidden Fae
Kilhorne, ©. T.

Kimball, A. R.

King, Miss Ellen.

King, Miss Mary R.
Kisaam, 8. He...
Kimel, Gustav E,
Kittridge, SD.
Knauth, Nachod & Kuhns

Kunhardt, W. B,
Kyle, Tames & Sons.

Laight, Miss A. HL... +
Landon, Mrs. H. He...

108 Puison Assocratios or Naw Yor.

Lane, 2, L,

Langdon, W. @.

Langton, John

Lanman & Komp

Lasher & Lathrop

Lathers, Miss A.

Lawrence, Cyrus J

Lawrence, Joh B.

Lawrene Samuel.

Lawrence, William W.

“LB.

Lee, Mis. @

‘Lee, Samuel

Lee, W. H, I.

Leceh, Ars, Jol

Leeman, Charles.

Lehmaier, James M..
ALL

Lesinaky, Chavtes «
Lotohworth, Williom B.
Levi, Sonilleimer & Co,

Mr. A
umn, Mise AS.
Lion Browery
Livingston, Miss Julia,
Tobenstine, W. C..
Locke, J. ¥.
Lockanan, J.T
Lockwood, H. N.

Lockwood, Mrs. ¥. Ferris.

Lord, George de Forest
Loring, Daniel A
Low, Hon. Seth

Tow, Willian @
Towengard, Otto.
Ludiam, George P.

5
10

Lupton, FM.
Lydig, David ‘
Lyford, Mr. & Mrs. 0. 8,

[na
Lynde, Ro He... 28

MoClymonds, Mrs, L. K. 400
MeConnell, F, W i
MeCook, Col, Tobn J.
MeCzeery, Me. James MC,
MeEwon, Daniel ©.
McEwen, Thomas, Je.
Metndoe, W. J

Mm A. L

Major, Mis
Manierre & Maniorre
Mave, T. Mo...
Mareb, 3ties V, AL
Marden, George 8
Marrow, J. Tose
Mastin, John

Marcia, William ¥.
Marvin, De. D, Mee
Alacwiek, Temes
Matthews, Mise Florence

Moxwell, Mlvs, R. M.
Mayer, Edward L.
Meyer

Meck, Charles

Suxre-Tunn Axsvan Revort,

Meier, Kdward D.
Meigs, Porvis
‘Meigs, Mrs, Titus B.
Meleher, Toba S
Mendelson, Simon
Merrie, Miss A. 1.
Mezorale, A

Mesnad, Dire. Grace H.

Motealf Bros, & Co.
Meyer, Win. & Co. .
Mideleton & Co.

Milbank, Mfrs. Toseph.
‘Miholland, Jean T.
Milholland, ohn ,
Miller, Mire. A

Miller, T, de R.
Milligan, ©.

Minturn, Mr. J. W,
Mitoholl, Mrs. ML
Mitebell, Mrs. 8, T,
‘Mitchell, W

Batter, Badwin ©
Montesth, Miss Sara J
Moore, Miss Kutharine
Moore, Me. W. I
Moore, W, HH
Moran, Mies. D. E.
Morgan, Miss ©. L-
Morgan, George I
Morgen, Mrs. J.B.
Morgan, Mrs. I. P.
Morgan, Miss U. J...
Morgenstern, Mrs. E. 4
Morvis, Mss, William,
More, Mss Lyman D.
Dlortimer, Quiney L..
Mott, L.

8
10
10

Mott, W. F
Mum, C. A.

lum, Mrs. J.P.
Munroe, Mes. Chester...
Murray, Miss Catharine.

National Tumane Alliance
Neilsen 8.
‘eakireh, C.
New Home Sewing ‘Ma
chine Co.
New Jersey Terra Cotta
Oo :
North, Dr. N. Le, dr.

O'Connor, Thomas H.
Odell, ©. F.

Ogden, Mrs. C2 W.
Ogden’ & Wallace
Ogilvie, F. B.

Olcott, Dudley
Oloott, Mis, E. E.

Olyphant, Re ML
O'Neill, Mrs. Hugh
Oorhont, Mrs Tane E.
Opdyeke, Mrs

Opdyeke, TL

Opdycke, Mrs. W. 8.
Openkyma, Mrs. A.
Oppenicine , Dr, Henry

ner, W'6
Osborne, Thomas Bote
Ottersom, Miss L.
Ottley, James 1

408 Paisox Assocismion or Now Your.
Suxrv-Tump AwnvaL Rapour

Palmer, Gen. W. J...s+ #10 Pouch, FB...

Paris, Mrs. E Pratt, J.B... .

Parish, Heury Pratt, Ses seesseseee Babes

Parker & Melniyre ..... 8 Prime, Miss Mary I. Rhodewald, Miss A.

Parkin, The Misses Pub, Thomas. - Towssker &  Hesslacher

Putnam's Sons, GP... Chemical Co,

Rockwell, Miss Hannah Scribner, Ms. J. B
Seager, Henry R..

Quatilander, Rev. Paul.

Packer, Gordon ....+- B&G, Conet Go
Patterson, 4. W Rader, @. Wess Seligman, Tsaae N
Pane e oe Ban aR é Seligman, Mrs. Jesse
Pavenniedi, Ado 2002.) 90. Baud, Kev. W. ae Miss Madeline |
Payne, Alles §, K : Scllew, T. G....
Peabody, Gov 2: 5 geucar Shaw, Mow. Samael
mona > Redan Mie i : Shepacd, Edward M1)
Pearson, Mes. F ee) ee Shepan, Mrs, EDiott F
Pederers, De, Saues «
ae Ronten als 1 Shor, ie Florence
Sear 5 Rhinelander, Mis 8 Sicher, Dudley F.

: Rhoalos, Wise J. TD Sitges, Kawa Sitherstein, Abraharo
Peters, WR. i u Gale an 3
Philbrick, Eiwin C. Iie enetint ee cay G Mies Hee
Ponvil, Hatin ©. ++ 19 chard Angst P Sil, Charles Bo... Simmons, J. 8...
Phiovs, Mise Sarah Mee. 6 Liebert, Mine 3 Sawyer, Decatur M..s.. 10° Simon, Alfred L. & Go.
Bilan ates ee idduetiay Mme Wo Sawyer, Mrs P. C,.scss 2 Simpson, Alexander
inkerton, Tobert oul Miss Bertha Sayro, Miss Mo Hoos... Bkiddy, Mrs. W. W.

SI

Reichel & Co.

Reidderer, Ludwig Sherma

Pitkin, WT. s Righter, 1. 1 : Schenck, Miss H.W. Skongaaed, Tens
Planten, John R. eatin oe Schioffilin, Wie, J Slade, Francis L..
Plant; Aceesvesestee ler, Miss SS. 5 Schioffelin, Mrs. W. J. Slade, Mise Mabel
Phe, Charles T. : oe s 28 Sloan, Mr, W.
Polk, Mes, William M. ih, J. eres . Smidt, Mrs, Graco L.
Pope, Miss EAs. eessee Robbing, Perey Acco Sebi leceseeseee 96 Smith, Mrs. Andrew A.
Post, A. 8... Roberts, J. Eesevecees Smith, Dr A. HL.
Post, Tames H. .. Roberts, Mrs ML Less Schuyler, Mise Georgians. Smith, Eugene
Potter, Mies G. He... Robinson, Rev. Chas. E. Schuyler, Miss TL. D..... 8 Smith, Goorge C
Potter, Miss M... a Robinson, Mrs. Kenneth D ofield, Henry C..-.... Smith, Howard C.
Potts, Robert B. " Robinson, Mrs. T. D Scott, Miss Louise B.... Smith, Tames Rufes
Soott, Walter o.eeescee Smith, William A

110 Puisow Agsoctarox or New Youn

Smith, W. W.
Soliman, BG.

Spool Cotton Co.

‘Spring, Miss Anna Ru...

Sqnive, Googe H., Jr

Starr, Lonis Mt
Steele, Chavles

Stein, Mico Helen A
Stoin, Pant F.
Sccinbardt, Uenry
Stem, Benjaniin
Stetson, Froncis Lyide
Stetthelmer, Mrs, R.W,
Stevens, Mie BKK...
Chacon
Stewart, Hon. Lispenaed
Stewart, Hon, W. R.
Stillman, Miss ©. RB,
Stimson, Ales. HC.
Stine, J.B. & Co.
Stines, Ios: Ernest 3.
Stim L. € E
Stokes, Auton Phelps,
Stoke, J. GB.
Stous, Miss Annie
Story, Ms. AL TL
Serans, Perey 8.

Sumer, Miss Sarah F,
Suto, I. 5“
Swezey, Bhs, Christopher
Swords, EJ —_

‘Tock, Theodore E.
Tati, Mne, Le M.
‘Tailer, Edward N
Tolnage, Mex B. 1 TE
Tappin, J. €

‘Totiock, ohn

Taylon, William J.
10:21:12 :26

Thacher, Thomas

| Mise Hilda @.
Titfeny & Co.
‘Tim, Bemard L

Tompkins, Mire. We W.
Tovracend & Dix
sey, Mrs, MM.
‘Tension, Jobn
Thok, Mrs, Henry
Tnekerman, Alfred
‘Tnekerman, Mr, and Mrs
Paul i
‘Pambull, Mrs. Remeoy -

Stery-Tumm Anxvax Ruvour,

Tumur, Mrs D. Mt.
‘Turton, George L.

Ughetts, Henzy 1,
Ullman, E. §.
Uhnan, Landwig

Upham, Mrs. B.

Van Buren, Mrs, B, T
Vanderbilt, John L....
Vandergrift, Samuel
Vanderpoel, Mes. Joe A.
Van Toor, G.

Van Ingen, Mrs. BE. H
Van Santvoord, Miss A. T.

Van Winkel, Miss Mary D
‘Verdi, Mis. C. Y. deS..
Vernon, Harold

Villard, Mes. Heng...
Villard, 0, .

“WW. A
Waentig, Chartes R.
Wagner, Sohn

Walker, Mrs, §. King.
Waller, Mies Amma,

Ward, J. Soely. Js
Wardwell. Allen.
Wardwell, W. T.

Washburn, William T.

Watrous, tra, Ohare,

Watson, Rev. J.

Watson, Mss. James §.

Webb, Mrs, H. 7.

Weil, Istae, M.D.

Weinman

Welling, W. Bo sssess

Wellington, Miss B. R.

Wells, Henry ©

‘Wemple, W. Y

Wensley, Robert L.

Wortheimer & Co...

Wesley, Joseph J.

Westinghouse, Church Kerr
& Co

Weston, Mra ‘Theodore

Wetmore, J. McE., M.D. 1

Whaley, Mee S. D.*.

Wheeler, Miss Emily M..

White,

White, Mis Carcline,

White, Mise Frances

White, Horace

White, Miss Mary

White, William 3.

Whitehouse, Mr J.

Whitlock, Mrs. D. B.

Whitney, Mesers, J.B. &
Co... ee

Wicke, William,

Wilkin, Mrs. William P.

Wilkivion E

Willeox, Willian @:

Wilets, Sohn

‘Williams, Frank D.

Williams, Mes, 1, T.

Williems, Mfrs. T. 8.

a2 Prisox Assoctazioy or Naw Yous.

‘Williamson, B. Stewart.
Wee, WB, oe

Wills, Ch
Wilson, Saninel Mf
Wintbrop, Egerton L.
Winzer, B, :
Wise, Edward H,

B10
25

Wolf, Sayer & Heller,
Wolfe, S. Herbert
Wolff, Lewis 8.
Wood, Oren S.
AE.

cer, Mrs. Isidor

Miss Julia,
Wunderlich, F. W., 0. D)
Wurzborger, Adolph

Zabriskie, Mes, Titus.
Zimmerman, Mos, J. B,

DONATIONS OF CLOTHING, READING MATTER, ETC.

Miss. H. M. Baker.
Mr. B. W. Barnes.
Ars, 8. H. Bell.
Mx John Beutley, Jz,
F. L, Blanchard,
Cauldwell

MMos, J. E Dregtoos
Bthieal Culture School.
Mra, Emerson Opdyeke,
Miss E. C, Fessenden,

Mrs, Thomas W, Folsom,

Mr. Foote,
Mr. @. A. Fuller.
‘Mr, Geo, N. Gilbert
Mrs. HL Gips,

Dr, Emil Gruening.
Mrs. TT F, Hadden.
Ais, GD, Hilyard,

Ms, William P. Howell,

Ars, Howson,
Mr. W. H. Ingersoll.

Miss Elizabeth Insloe.
Mrs. Geo, T. Jackson.
five Rendall.

Are. W, M, Klein,
Mr. W. B, Kunbandt,
r niaa Le Bontillien,
Ms. Edward B, Merrill,
Charles B. Meyer,
Maw, A. Mille
Mes. J.
Mrs. §.
Mr, I.
Mm. ET
Miss RG.
edlework Guild,
‘Mz. William B. Parsons.
Mrs, Roelker
‘Mrs, Avgusti
‘Mrs. N. Schwab.
Mrs, A. E. Schermerhorn,
Mr. Seligman.
Dr. Andvew H. Smith,
More. L. N. Stanton,
Mrs, Stebbins
Mr. Bhen Sugden,
Mrs. HW. Thoraas
Mrs, §. A. Tucker
C.8, Westoott,
‘Mrs. A. Wolf.
Mra. C. E, Wark.
Mex. Androw C. Zabriskie.
‘Mrs. HL. Zenman,

‘Thaaks are extended to the American Express Company for
transportation of gifts of clothing to this Ascociation and of books
and calendars from it to various pensl institutions

AN ACT to incorporate the Prison Association of New York.
Passed May 9, 1846, by @ two-thirds vote,

The People of the State of New York, represonted in Senate
and Assembly, do enact as follows

ection 1, AI] auch persons as are now or hereafter shall be-
‘come members t0 the said association, pursnant to the eonatita-
tion thereof, shall and avo hevely constituted a body corporate, by
the name af ‘ The Prison Association of New York,” snd by that
name have tho powers that, by tho third title of the eighteenth
chapter of the first part of the Revised Statutes, are deelared to
Delong to every corporation; and shall be capable of purchasing,
holding and conveying amy estate, veal or personal, for the 10
of said corporation; provided that such real estate shall never
‘exceed the yearly value of ten thousand dollars, nor be applied
to any other purpose than those for which the eorporotion is
formed,

§ 2 The eatate and concerns of said corporation shall be mane
aged and condueted by its exeeutive commisteo, in conformity to
the constitution of the said corporation, and the following articles
that now foum the constitution of te asoeiation shall eoutinwe
to be the foudamental laws and coustitntion thereof, enbject 2
altorations in the move therein preseribod,

RTIOLE I.

‘The objects of the association shall-be:

1. The amelioration of the condition of prisomers, whether de-
tained for trial, or finally convieted, oF a3 witnesses.”

2, ‘The improvement of prison diseipline and the government of
prisoners, whether for cities, counties or States,

8, ‘The support and encouragement of reformed eouviels efter
their diccharge, by affording them the means of obtaining in
hhonest livelihood, and sustaining them in their efforts at reform

Stxrv-Tarmp Avxcan Ruporn.

ARTICLE I.

Tho offcers of the society shall be n president, vice-presidents,
a corresponding secretary, a recording secrelsxy, a treasurer
and an executive committee. ‘There shell be the following stand-
ing committees, viz.: a finanee committee, a committee on deten-
tions, a committee on prison discipline, and a committee on dis
‘charged convicts. The nnmber of the executive eommittee shall

the 1d not more than twenty-five shall
Ie persons other than officers

ARTICLE TI

The officers named in the preceding article shall he ex-officio
members of the exeeutiva comraittee, who shall choose one of their
umber chairman thereof.

ARTICLE IV

‘The executive commitice shall mect once in each month and

keep regular miuntes of their proceedings. ‘They shall have a

general superintendence anil direction af the affairs of the society,

‘and shall annually report to the society all their proceedings, and

auch other marters as shall he likely to advance the ends of the
ARTICLE V.

‘The society shall meet annnally in the city of New York, at
sch time and plece as the excentive committee shall appoint,
‘and at such other times as the president, or, in his absence, one
of the vice-presidents, shall desiguate.

ARTICLE VE.

Any person contributing annually to the funds of the assoeia-
tion not less than five dollars shall, owing to auch contribution,
be a member thereof. A contribution of $500 shall constitute a
life patron; 2 contribution of $100 shall constitute an honorary
meaubor of the association for life, and a contribtion of #50 shall
eoustitnte a member of the association for life. Honorary and
corresponding members may, from time to time, be appointed by
the exeeutive committee,

Paisox Association ov New Yorx.

ARTICLE VIL

A female department shall be formed, eonsisting of such females
as shall bo selected by the exeontive committee, who shall have
hago of the interest and welfave of prisoners of their sex, under
auch regulations as the excentive committee shall adopt.

ARTICLE VIIL

‘The offcers of the association shall be choven annuslly at the

annual meeting, at which tivie auch persons may’ be elected hon-

‘orary members az hall bave renvezod essential service co the
‘cause of prison discipline.

ARTICLE Ix.
Any society having the same object in view may hecome aux-
iliary to this astociation by contributing to its funds and co-

operating with it
ARTICLE X.

‘The executive committee shall have power to add to any of
the standing committecs evel persons a8, in their opinion, may
be likely to promote the objects of the society, and shall have
power to All uy vacancy which may oeenr in any of the oillees
of the association, intermediate the annual meetings

2
ARTICLE XL

‘This constitution may be amended by a vote of the msjority
of the cociety at any meeting thereof, provided notice of the
amendment has boen given at the next preceding meeting,

‘The officers selected for the current year, rnder the constitu:
tion, shall continue to be the officers thereat until others shell be
duly chosen ia their places.

And it is hereby further enacted that no manager of said
society shall receive compensation for his services.

§ 5. The said eserutive committee shell have power to estab-
Tish a workbonse in the county of New York, and im their dis-
eretion, to receive and take jute the said workhouse all such
persons ag shall be taken up and committed as vagrmts or dis-
orderly persons in said city as the Court of General Sessions

Seerr-Tamm Axxwat Revorr, ut

cof the Pesce, or the Court of Special Sessions, or the Court of
Oger end Terminer, in said comnty, or any potion magistrate,
co the commissioner of the almebouse may deem proper objects}
and the seid exceutive committee shall have the same powers 10
Keep, detain, employ and govern the said persons as are now by
Jaw coufersed on the keepers of the bridewell or penitentiary in
said city

§ 4. The said excentive committee may, from time to time,
make by-laws, ordinances snd regulations selstive to the manage
ment and disposition of the estate aud concerns of said astocia-
tio, and tho management, goverment, instruction, disefpline
and emplosment of the pestons eo as afdzesaid committed to the
said workhonse, not contrary ta Jays, as they may deem propers
ani ms appoint sueh officers, agents and servants as they may
deom nceessary to transact the business of the said association,
and muy designate their duties. Aud the said exceutive com
‘mittee shell make an annual report to the Legislature and to
the corporntion of the city of New York, of the namber of persons
receiver! hy them into the said workhouse, the disposition which
hall he made of them hy instrncting or employing them therein,
the veosipts and expenditures of said executive commaittes, and
generally’ all such fuets and particnlers as may exhibit the opera
tow of the said association.

§ 5. The said executive committee shall have power, during
the mninority of any of the persons eo committed jo the said work.
house, to bind out the said persons so being minors, as aforesaid, a8

vith their consen!, during their minority,

ns ancl at sueb places, to lear sich proper trade and

employment a. in theiv judgment, will be most eondneive to the

reformstion and amendment and furare benedt and advantage of
‘such persons,

The <nid exeentive committee, by stich committees as they

shall from rinse to time appoint, shall have power aud it shall

heir disty to visit, inspect and examine all the prisons in

c. anid annually report to the Legislature their state snd

conditions, and all euch other things im regard to them as may

enable the Legislanuse to perfeot their g 4 discipline.

‘And to enable them to execute the porrers and perform the duties

418 Putsox Assooration or New Youn.

hereby granted and imposed, they shell possess oll the powers
fand authority that, by the twenty-fourth section of title frst,
chapter third, part fourth of the Revised Statutes, are invested
in inepeotors of county prisons;* and the antics of the Keepers

‘of each prison that they may examine shell be the same in rele

tion to them as in the scetion aforesaid are imposed on the
‘keepers of such prisons in relation to the inepectors thereof. Pro-
‘vided, that no stich examination or inspection of any prisom shall
be made watil an orier for that pur

chancellor of the State, or ane of the judges of the Sup

‘or by 8 vice-chancellor or eizenit judge

the county in which the prison to be examined

shall frst have been had and obtained, which order shall specify
the name of the prison 40 be esamined, tho names o

members of the tid association, by whom the examinatic

Ye made, and 1 ‘within which the same must be conclade

Srare or New Your:
Ix Sexate, May 8 1846,
‘The bill baving been wad the third time, two-thirds of all the
‘members elected to the Senate voting in favor thereo
Resolved, ‘That the bill do pass
By order of the Senate,
A. GARDINER,
Prosident.

BY-LAWS.

L. There shall be a stated mecting of the exneutive committee
con the third Thursday of each mouth, and special moetings shall
be held on the requisition of the chairman or any three members
cof the excentive committee, ‘The call for a special meeting shall,
im all eases, state the business to be transacted at said meeting.

II, At every meeting of the exeentive committee five members
shall be necessary to constitnte a quorura.

TIT. The order of businese at the annual mecting shall bo as
follows:

Election of chairman and secretary.
‘The reading of the minutes of the lasé meeting.
Report of committee on nominations,
Elation of officers.
5, Report of corsesponding seeretary on the work of the yees,
Amnnal report of the treasurer

IV, Tho order of business at every other stated meoting chall
be a8 follows

1. The reading and approval of the minutes of the last pro-

Reports from standing committees.
from the corzesponding secretary.

. Report ftom the general agent

. Miscellaneous business.

At a special meeting no other busi
that for which the said meeting, was called.

YV. The chairmen shall appoint all standing
maittees and decide all qnestions of ordex, subject to an appeal;
fand the rules of ovder shall be those embodied im Cushing's
‘Manual, 20 far a2 they are applicable.

‘VIL The reeording seoretary of the association shell be the
seoretary of the exceative committee; and it shall be his duty
to keep the minutes of the proceedings of said committee, to record

120 Panox Astoctaniox op New Your.

‘them in a ook provided for that purpose, and to give due notice
of all meetings of the committee.

‘VIL. The corresponding secretary shall conduct the come-
spondence of tho exceutive committee and of each of the standing
committe shall act a3 the general financial agent of the
assooiation, and sal] report at each stated meeting of the com

VITL. The treasurer shall have charge of the Sunde of the asso-
ciation, and shall give sneh sceusity as the exeontive committee
may require. His duties ave more fully defined in by-law X.

IX. There shall be six standing committees, namely, om finanee,
detentions, discharged convicts, law, honse, and library.

X. The committee on fnance shall be changed with the duty of
raising aand cving for the funds.

‘Tho funds vf the association shall be divided into three parts
t0 be known. as

1. The endowment fund.

2. ‘The veserve fond,

8. The general fund,

The Endowment Fund.—The endowment fund shall consist of
such contributions as shall bo given with the restrietion that the
coma only shall be used! for the purpose of the association, and
all legacies,

‘The Reserve Fund.— The vesorve frma shall consist of such
gums as may he set aside from the general fand trom time to

time by the exceative commit investment. Whenever say
part of the reserve fund p
committe, ench sum shall he immediately transferved to the gene

Ly the exeontive

‘eral fond. The endowment anc reserve funds shalt be ander the
immediate divection and contol of the committee on finance,
and all investments of these funds shall be orleved by the eom-
mittee, The treautrer of the atteeiation shall be» momber and
finanee, and shall be
the sureties of the endowment

act as the treasurer of the emmitter on
responsible for
and reserve fun

‘Any wninvested halance of the endowment and reserve funds
hall be kept each in separate trust companies in the name of
the association, subject to check of the treasurer, and shall, when

Srery-Tumn Awxvar, Ruvoxr, 322

ever possible, boar interest, All income from the endowment and
reserve funds may be transferred to the general fund as soon 28
reoeired

'o part of the reserve fund shall bo used for any purpose ex
cept by rsolution of tho excoutive committee, and whenever any
part shall bo appropriated by the executive committee it shall
immediately be transferred to the general fund,

The General Pund— The term “ general fund ” shell eovor ell
receipts of tho association not constituting @ special fund or
specified for the endowment fumd, the intention being that all
‘the income, exoopt legacies, including donations for general pur
poses, and income from endowment and reserve funds, shall be
credited to tho general fund to which the authorized dishurso-
ments of cach activity of the astoeiation shall be ebarged at the

lose of the fiscal year.

‘The treasurer shall notify the corresponding seeretary at cuca
of all transfers of income from the endowment and reserve funds
to the general fund.

‘The treasurer shall notify the corresponding seoretary irae
ately on receipt by him of any sum for the account of the asso-
ciation that sueh receipt may be entered at ouve to the credit of
the proper aeeount on the books of the eseeeintion

‘Tho corresponding secretary shall be the general disbursing
agent of the association, the object of the provision being to keep
in the central offices of the association alii receipts for payments
by him for the asscoiation of any kind, nature or description,
and to havo in the central oflecs immediate record of all hie dis.
Dursements. This provision shall not apply to the endowment
and reserve funds,

‘All donstioas received by the corresponding seerotary shall bo
entered by him upon the proper hooks of the association and then
Aeposited in such bask as directed by the treasurer to the eredit
of the jon, Whenever the excoutive commiticr shall make
an appropriation out of eithe "9 oF general fond, the
corresponding asnrer a eopy of the
resolution milking the appropriation, certiéed by the recording

shall bo the treasurer's authority
misferring the appropriated amount to the corresponding.
secretary.

aga Pnisox Assooution op New Your.
The treasurer shall keep an account eovering the general fund

fn auch bank ne may
committee on finance.
timet from those accounts opened for tho uninvested balance of
the endowment and reserve funds

approved by the

‘The corresponding sceretary shall keep a bank account in the
name of tho assneintion. enbject to his check as corresponding
seeretary for enrvent disbarsements, end shall deposit to. the
credit of ssid bank account all moneys be may receive from the
ma from the general fun:

smnittes on finanee shal andit and report upon accounts

of the treasurer and of the corresponding secretary
At each ropnlar meeting of the executive committee the treas

uurer slall meke 4 detailed statement of the receipts and disburse

ments for the preceding calendar month, He shall make a state-
ment showing investments anil the receipts a

the endowment anil reserve funds; he shall make, at the annual
meeting of the a2cociation, a derailed statement of receipts and dis:
Tbarsoments for the fiseal your

1 disbursements of

XI. Tt shall be the duty of the committee on detentions:

1. To inquire, a8 far as may ho practicable oF nocessary into
the causes of commitment of persons in the prisons or houses
of detention in the cities of New York and in Brooklyn, and to
adopt proper menses for procuring the disebarge or providing
for the defense of sich as hall appear to be entitlod thereto,

2, To visit frequently the prisons under tei charge, and to
endeavor to improve both the physica! and moral condition of
the prisoners in all suitable and practicable ways.

XIL It shell be the duty of the connittee on discharged con-
viets

1, To correspond with prison agents or superintendents relative
to the character and trades of prisoners, and to ascertain, pro
vious to the discharge of each prisoner, his feelings, views and
capabilities, with a view of making the best arrangements for
skis futuze employment,

2. To keep a reeord of all persons who will employ discharged

Sixrr-Tuzen Ansvar Rarous, 128

prisoners and of thelr sovoral coupations; to procure each exe
ployment for prisoners and applying therefor as seoms best edayted
fo the capacity of each; to bald correrpondenco wth employers;
te beap a record of the conduct and_prospens of tow for wher
plscon ave boca obtained, that they may be sustained and ex
fouraged with the idea that a continued friendly interest is itt
for hem.

2 Ta tocur suitable boarding places dor diacharged prisoners,
clare they will nat be exposed 10 corropting infinenos, taking
caret to hove more thn one in a plce, where it can be avoided.

‘To eco thit the prismors ave provided wit suitable lothing,
of kind tha will not atiractpastcularatention,

8 To conser the internal trgnnization of thn manage of
prisons, the physical and moral nflenoes to by enerted oa
the prioners daring thels confinement; to report pen that health,
pulice, on the comparative merits of diferent prison egstems, and

ILL Il shell be tbe duty of the committe on law to examine
and report from time to time apm the penal legislation of the
Site, with thelr suggstions for the amendment threo, to cow
sider’ questions relating thereto which are under disession in
the pres: or the Legidante, ioduding pending bila, and. report
their views and eoneusions upon them; also to care for the lay

"ELV. I shall be the duty of the committee on house to care
forthe maintenance of fh real eae of tho aseeciation

EV. Tt abill be the duty of the committee on brary to see
fat itis properly housed and catalogued and fo take stops for

‘EVI. One or mote agents may be appointed by the exeentive
commttice to estat the stand committees in the dt

XVI. The present, chaivman of the executive commie,
and eoreesponding eeretary shall be members, exofelo, ofall
senndingcomtatte

TXVILL No alicration shall be made in thee bylaws except
pom notice of the proposed amendment given at prerlous mse
ing of the excentive committe,

Act of Incorporation
‘Ameriean Besiologice! Bose

‘Sreitectural competition for new Sate prison,
‘Areal Dote Conspeion, mks of.

Baltimore Penltontixy

Addascs before the Lagislature of Osaboma.
Articles, adivesces, ee
Corvesponding secretary's report.
Legal obstacles to the Ylormation of prisoners
Prnishing the fay
Western tous
Boar Mowutain
Beardsley,
Digan eves, pronation fr
R

ation Association

Bylaws
Ghiengy (HL) —
3h Worthy Home,

rvt pice stations ally wt
Conitdsens cont, see Juvenile court,

{ity prion thew York), neport of Iapestion by B, A. commits.
aac of ene

Colorado tune proving fov support of pooner famien

Semen smeveary'e Topore

habitation (RB. Mlioous)

Doo cto in roving fer marr of ioe! fi

126 Ixpex.

Donations of clothing, resding matter, ete

myartiliey of Boavd af Managers
Speneer, Ws Hy report om parole work
Executive comnitte’s zepore
Families of prisonecs, enpport 0
amily eer
Rederat Iogslation

Habeval offentere
Highland Li
Tndeternanle exten —
Mondstore fetere af preset New York aw
Motipeos Re Bh She cory of rehabilitation
ational ay of dating with abun fenders
Sesnatatio into Cermin of Si. oerows ante
heuriity of sort sentens
Bebitont deve
Regeatoy of the igor Wat
Tnternational Nour Book
sie
Chicago's now juvenile court bulla.
ocrgetion in foreign countri af the fuveilo sure prladle
Kimball, D. report on probation ork
Lato: —
aacigunent of prisoners earnings tothe support of thee familes.20,
Gieveland Harve Calonys work tn stone gentry ete
Diergenzaton of prin induslfes ta New Yor
Employment of preones n contruction of posal lasittion
Ieenert im New York jatls ad penitentiaries.
Lenwenworth Penitentiagy

Torx.

Leavenworth (Kansas) U.S. penitentiary

Tega obetacles to the reformation of prisoners (8. J, Bassows)

Litsacy, aocessons ta,

MeClaughnys BW -
Maryland Penitentiary” (Baltimore)
Maryland prison conference,
Mialencanants

Crtons dlatinetions between offenses,

uleatril guloales for mislemeananta and vagranie. ©

Mallneus, Kolin 2, The court oF eshabilitstioa
‘oral tone of prleom sieitsbstee
‘Napauoe Reforinatory
New state prion —
“Avebitectural competition os...
Description of ite
ew York City Prison, inspection by B.A. couitte,
New York prison =)steni, teorganimtion of. e+.

Officers, Hist of.

‘Okie Tur providing for support of prizoues’ tale,

‘Oklahoma [penal legislation
Yardons
“Appliestion of parole prinsiple....
Cleland (Ulioy Faro Colony
envomie avantags of art.

Political Scienee Assocation
Vretaee

restos, HB. =

Prime, Rev. Wendel D.D,

Prison labor, see Labor.

Prison offils, need of high character i
Prison echoolr and lectures,

Privoners? families, support of.