78th Annual Report 5 unnumbered plates., 1922

When the released prisoner
returns shall he meet

we THIS

‘asp?

THIS

S.

9

Legislative Document (1923)

) STATE OF NEW YORK

THE SEVENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT

Prison Association of New York

135 East 15th Street, New York
1922

PREFACE

‘This is an official report of the Prison Association of New York to
the Legislature of ¢he State of New York, which has been made
annually since 1845, and constitutes the seventy-eighth of the series,

Paragraph 6 of Article XI of the Act incorporating the Prison
Association of New York provides that “ the said executive com:
meee” (of the Prison Association), “by such committees as they
shall from time t time appoint, shall have power, and it shall be
their duty to visit, inspect and examine all the prisons of the State,
and annually report to the L
and all such other things in regard to them as may enable the Legis-
Jature to perfect their government and discipline.” ‘

‘The State law further provides for the printing of 500 copies
of this annual report at the expense of the State. Additional copies,
sre purchased from the State printers, at the expense of the Asso-

ciation, for distribution to its contributors and many others, not only
in New York State but elsewhere,
tH

‘THE PURPOSES

THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK

The protection of society against crime.

‘The prevention of crime, and especially of juvenile
delinquency.

‘The reformation of the criminal.

Protection for those unjustly accused.

Parole and probation, when suitable,

Improvement in prisons and prison discipline.

Employment, and when necessary, food, tools, shelter
and other assistance for released or discharged
prisoners.

‘Necessary aid for prisoners’ families.

2. Supervision for those on probation and parole.

». Needed legislation,
. Publicity in prison reform.
.. Research and advice.

‘TABLE OF CONTENTS

Prefac
Porposes of ie Pron Association

Offer

Sing Commits ar 183

Latter to Liewtenaat-Governoe

A Tribute to Orlando Faulkland Levis

The Romance of Roswell Skee, Je

Introduction ssstrangavenntoene

Fair Play for Prison Reform, s

[Needs im New Yori State for the Treatment of Delinquents — Facts for
the Public oe

A State Department of Correction.

‘A Full Time State Parole Board

Fanotions of the New York City Parole Commission

Important Changes ia Elmira Parole System.

Need for Analysis of Results of Probation and Parole,

Prion Industries and Wage

Clasifeation of Prisoners

(Clatsifetion — What Elae it’ Accomplished

Jeaved Prisoners

"Rani.

Corsection Hopital, Welfare Isla
Reformstory Tast ion

Conditions of Persontel i Institutions in the Department of Correction
Treasurer's Report

Cnty a By Laws

Contribtors S

‘THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK

OFFICERS FOR 1922

PRESIDENT SECRETARY ‘TREASURER,
Evcene Surrn Decatur M. Sawyer — C. C, Aucurvctoss

GENERAL SECRETARY
"0. F, Laws

ASSISTANT GENERAL SECRETARY
FER Cass

VICE PRESIDENTS
Rourat W. De Forest Grorce W. Kincuwey

Waurer B.Jawus, M.D. Gonos W, Wickinsttast

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Georce W. Wicxensnas, Chairman

Clase of 1928 Claas of 1925
Bourow Curse J. Fuwnore, Corer
Wuras H. Gearwicx ‘AugxaNpmn M. Happen
Hewsy G. Gray Witsox M. Powsct
Hexay E. Grecony DEAN Sace

(Glass of 1924 lass of 1926

Tea Basxows B, Oonen Carson

Guoros Bosexritar Mins. Jawes F. Curris

LE, Davis Epwiw O, Houree

E Trowsemor Haut Ricuakp M, Hosp

Nis, Rooeer F, Hexaick Frank D. Pavey
Morrie Sener

* Died February ath, 1922,

} Appointed Acting’ Cencrai Seeretary, March Jet, 1023, and at a meet
afte Execute Cmte of the Rvsston i December, tp,"
rensral Soret a

STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1922

LAW COMMITTE!
Sacer, Curtine, Gray, Gascony, Kincuwey, Pavey, Powett

INSTITUTIONS
Sawyer, Guay, Sac, AucHiNcLoss

SEVENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
a PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK

Aucuincioss, Mus, Corrs, Curtine, Hun, Sace, : -

Hox, Grorce R. Lens,

LIBRARY Licutenant-Governor of New York:

Gneoony, L ‘Sim—In accordance with chapter 163 of the Laws of 1846, we
have the honor to present the Seventy-cighth Annual Report of the
Prison Association of New York, and to request that you will lay
Sawyre, Aucwnsctass the same before the Legislature,
Respeetiully,
PREVENTION! on DEEROUENOY. THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK,
Sawyex, Mas, Custis, Hvsp, Powers. By Evornx Surru, President.
a Guonae W. Wicxersitant, Chairman, Executive Committe
PROBATION E. R, Cass, General Secretary.
Barrows, Corr a an

PAROLE
Sawyer, Davis, Houten
EMPLOYMENT
Cmisotae, Buowentaat, Happen

RELIEF
Hanne, Grecory, Hur, Kincuwey
no

A TRIBUTE TO ORLANDO FAULKLAND LEWIS
General Secretary, Prison Association of New York, 1910 to 1922

Diep Fesavary 2gris, 1922, nw His gra YEAR,

The sudden and untimely death, on February 24, of Orlando
Faulkland Lewis in the fulness of his mature vigor, removed from
the ranks of sociologists a widely known and distinguished leader.
While studying at Tufts College he served as instructor there, and
from 1900 to 1905 was Professor of Modern Languages at the Uni-
versity of Maine.

From 1905 to 1910 he was with the Charity Organization Society
of New York City in various capacities. As director of its Joint
Application Bureaus, he listened with warm understanding to man
after man, and woman after woman, who was in distress and needed
a friend, ' This work brought him into direct contact with the intri-
cate social problems and the manifold variety of organized charitable
and reform movements in the city of New York, thus securing a
practical experience which peculiarly fitted him for the position of
General Secretary of the Prison Association of New York, to which
he_was elected in 1910.

For twelve years he served as the head of this Association with
rare address, entire devotion, intelligent and sympathetic effort,
Under his direction the Association during that period fully main-
tained its traditions of helpful service in the promotion and advance
ment of sound penal methods; the improvement of conditions within
prisons; the encouragement and support of released prisoners, and
the protection and maintenance of the mothers, wives and children
of men in prison.

His unfailing optimism —his faith in the world and in the indi-
vidual man and woman — was an asset beyond measure, He never
seemed tired or worn or depressed, but instead continually mani-
fested a seemingly insatiable desire for labor that aimed toward the
reduction of human suffering and the solution of some of the prob-
lems of life. When the World War came, Mr. Lewis at once real-
ized the immediate need for good cheer and high morale, and offered
his services to the War Camp Community Service. Though he had
not before been a song leader, he began, in addition to the regular
work of hhis new position, to lead men in singing, and to urge the
use of music in maintaining and building community morale. Soon
he made a place for himself as Director of the Department of Com-
munity Music, and with the help of others had built up a special staff
of song leaders. The Community Music movement of today re-
ceived a marked impetus from his enthusiasm.

The war over, Mr. Lewis took up his prison work with increased
emphasis upon the valie of play and recreation as a means of pre-
venting crime, particularly among juveniles.

1131

14 ‘Tae Prison Assoctarion or New Yor.

In 1920 there was conferred upon him the honor of being elected
General Secretary of the American Prison Association for the year
‘was reclected for 1922, The remarkable suceess of the

Fifty-irst Annual Congress of that Association at Jacksonville,
Florida, last fall, notwithstanding the distance from the centre of
population and the threatened railroad strike, was unquestionably
‘ue to his enthusiasm and his sill as an organizer, and to hig ality
ing the good will and co-operation of those with whom he

School, gained
added respect Tor social and civic work. =

He was editor of “ The Delinquent,” a monthly publication deaing
with penology and criminology

For two years Mr. Lewis served as Assistant Secretary of the
Commission on Hospitals in New Vorle: in 1906 and 1908 was Chair-
rman of the Child Labor Couumittee of New Jeesey n.1997 and 1008
member of the Board of Managers of the New York State Indss-
fal Farm Colony: from so8a fo 2016 a sember of the Board
Managers of the Bowery branch of the Y. M. C. A. and for two
Jeary he was 2 Health Comnetioner ta Se Cay of New Rochelle,
He also szrved at one time as Secretary of the New York State Con-
feronce of Charities snd Correction, and as president of the Fourth
New York City Conference of Charities and Correction, In 1921 he
swan President of the New York State Conference of Charities and
Correction

THeing an ardent advocate of recreation and constructive, play
as a means of preserving health and promating efficient work, he at
ways played himself —often on the golf links, snd in later years
Trequently with fis pen. Mr Lewis wae gradually forging aead
‘asa short tory witer of distinet ability. “He had marked secess io
the seveptance of his short stories by the “Ladies” Home Journal”
Collier's” the ” Red Boole” and the "Saturday Evening Post.” Por
to consecutive years one of his sort stories was select for the O.
Henry Prize Memorial volume. “Mr. Lewis was a close student of
fire problems, and although not generally recognized a3 a “ buff," he
hhad ‘none the less a wide circle of acquaimances in the New
Gity fre department.” He was a particular “buf” of Deputy Chit
Holm, in whose busy fire district he found much of the material
niceded for his literary work. He had a hard and fast principle of
faking his theme from actual happenings, and in no instance woul
Fe countenance any angie of his stories that was not based on truth
At the time of his death he was filling a contract with she" Red
Book’ for the publication of nine fire stories, three of which had a
ready heen acrid

Mr. Lewis’ jussing is an irreparable Joss to the Geld of social
work to which he was consecrated. In humble acceptance of the
Divine decison ie many fiends should reoice inthe knowledge of
his exemplary and dseful fife fort

‘THE ROMANCE OF ROSWELL SKEEL, Jr.
Dimp January 2473, 1922, Ace Firty-Five Years,

He came in one day, a tall, blond, friendly looking man, to inquire
about the rent money for Mrs. Maloney who lived in a side street
heyond the Bowery. He had come across her on some Red Cross
errand over there. Tt was explained to him that our almoner had
left us and no satisfactory person had yet been found to take her
place and that accounted’ for the delay. He offered to take the
money over for us, and asked if we had others who needed looking
up, for the Red Cross work was slack just then and he could give us
a little help until we found a new investigator, The next day he
came back with Mrs. Maloney’s receipt and gratitude, and a faithful
account of some other visits he had made, and thus began the most
unique and remarkable service the Prison Association had ever
known, This man of independent means and leisure: found this a
way of service and satisfaction which became a passion with him.
He soon found there was so much to do that half, time was not
enough and came daily to the house on-East rgth Street. He es-
tablished office hours in which the prisoners’ relatives could call upon
him, reserving the afternoons for the calls he had to make, These
grew to be so many that afternoon and evening, six days and some-
times seven in the week, were not enough. We hired an experienced
helper for him and both were always busy. At his own expense he
took up visiting the men in Sing Sing with whose families he came
in contact, and finding this a useful ministry established a day once
a month when he would surely be at the prison. Sometimes there
was 50 much to tall about and so many to see that he stayed over a
second day. “Oh, the pour fellows ask so many questions, and
want me to help them get out, and I have to explain that I do not
see governors or parole boards, or lawyers, or anybody but their
wives and children.” And then he would laugh in his modest way
about the little he was doing for “his people.” Three times a year
he went to each, Auburn, Clinton, and Great Meadow Prisons, where
fewer men from New York were than in Sing Sing. “If they were
not so far away I would go to them every month, the fellows seem
so glad to see me, but it takes too much time.” He was methodical
and painstaking with his work, but he never seemed in a hurry with
the people who called upon him. I rarely visited our office in the
forenoon without finding him listening, as to a Duchess, to some poor
woman telling her troubles. If she had brought a child with her it
would be sitting on his knee. He liked to introduce me to these peo-
ple, especially the children, To one woman, going out after a tear-
fal interview, I overheard him call as she reached the door, “ Well,
don’t lose heart, don’t lose heart!”

He frequently supplemented the amounts the Association could
afford with gifts of his own money, and on Summer Saturday after-

us)

16 ‘Tue Person Association or New York

soons with great glee he took little groups of the children of hie
farafies on excursions on the river sfeamboats, f happened oe
St he had written, “Now blary, T want
you to be sure to be at the boat at Pier 42 at twelvechirt,, Hew
fot go until one ofloc, bt it would bea dreadful thing if sou shovid
get left, So yon write me on this ear that you will be there
He fille his lite with the joy he found tn help

these humble
people and he died before his time,

'D. M. SAWYER,

INTRODUCTION

PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK

For seventy-cight years the Prison Association has been in the
service of the State as an incorporated institution. To its efforts are
rectly or indirectly traceable many improvements ia our penal sys-
tem, Through its agents it has afforded counsel and guidance to
any thousands of persons who have needed its help. Te has been
instrumental in saving to honored citizenship many hundreds of per-
sons who but for its efforts world have become or continued a
menace to society. It has maintained a constant supervision of the
penal institutions of the State and has secured many improvements

Pit administration of theg isttons, Tt has lossed upon the

enforcement of the law relating to these institutions,

ally sought to create an intelligent public understanding as to the
problems relating to crime and the treatment of the offender. Tt
fostered and supported the movement that led to the establishment of
the Elmira Reformatory. Tt was the source from which sprang the
National Prison Association of the United States, now known as the
American Prison Association, which organization is now in its Aft)
third year, having served continually and effectively through its an-
nual congresses, its standing committees and allied organizations, for
the improvement of methods throughout the United States in the
treatment of the delinquent

The Prison Association of New York originated the obsérvance of
Prison Sunday and thus definitely directed the attention of the Chri
tian church to its special duty toward the offender. It has urged
the establishment of libraries in prisons and jails, and only recently
through the cooperation of a Jail Library Committee in the city
New York succeeded in fttrnishing every county jail in the State of
New York with a library of twenty-five or more approved books, Tt
has created and maintained a library of penological works and

F journalists, publicists

be special and’ important

branch of social science that it represents, It has been the trusted

agent of the public in reaching and helping the offender and his de-

pendents, and it bases its claim ¢o future support not simply upon

the greater needs of today incident to the growth in the number of

offenders with the population, but upon its own record before the
Public of the State.

Further among the many activities in which the- Association has
played its part, was the study of the Julzes family by R. L. Dugdale,
a member of the Board of Managers of the Association the drafting

tan

18 ‘Tue Prisow Association oF New York

of the fist bill the resulted in the introduction of the probation sy.
tem in New York State by Dr. Samuel Barrows, then General Secre-
tary of the Prison Assocation; the development through many, Yeirs
of the parole system in New York City for State refermatores and
State. prisous and for the Deparment. of Corection ef the
City’ of ‘New York, and the successful campaige, against the fee
system in the ease of county sheriffs In recent years the Associa.
tion has campaigned for the establishment and development of new
institutions, Conspicuous in this respect and of signal importance

the militant activity of the Association under te slogan * Sing
Sinig Must Go.” “With this move was advanced the deme! for te
New Sing Sing to be tsed as a reception and clearing house for the
State, therchy setting up the nilens of the necessary machinery for
the scientific treatment of she offender, ‘The Assocation, partic
pated prominently im the move for the establishment of a Stave In
Astra Farm fate Reformatory for Male. Micdemean
ants, the Farm Colony’ of the Board of Inetriety of the City of New
York, and the State Instittion. for Defective Delinquents, The
former Eastern New Yorke Reformatory at Napancch i now Wsel
as an institution for Mentally Defective. Male Delinquents, Tor
early seven years through the activites of ite Bureat of invest
ion and Research the Association persistently campaigned. for te
abolition of the deplorable ilenesy existing among centeyeed prison
ers in our county jails and alsa for the improvement of living Cond
tions and the management of these institutions

Tn generat the Association has always aimed to protect society
from crime and to hotter the conditions of prisoners and. prisons
‘The chiet purpose of the Assocation in the carrying out ct these
funetions is to act eftciently. Families of prisoners frequently nee
prompt and liberal help. Released and discharged, privoners. need
the kindof a friend the Amwocition can be. Young’ men and
women on probation need the supervision and friendshp that the
[Association ‘can give. We are ever seady to aid wisely the tan oF
‘woman. who cones to v8 fom court or prison, ‘The Association Js
active in Albany and in other parts of the Staie in furthering good
legislation and preventing bad legislation. There was coneelved by
the Inte Genera! Secretary of te Prison Associaton, De. O. Te
Lewis, a plan for the eduction of juvenile delinquency throvgh com:
munity efort. Dr. Lewis urged that juvenile deingucney be reduced
and checked at the sours, n childlood, by community effort through
local resources offsetting the temptations to delingacney by whote

sand diversion

importance to hid ite

and abroad. Innumerable communities were thus, and are still being.
aided by the literature which was so well prepared for this puroove
‘The plan was set forth in detail in the 1919 Report of the Prison
Association,

Fale Pray ror Prison Reronac

CHAPTER 1.
Fars Peay vor Prison Reroxa,

* Crime always was, is now, and always will be,” is the saying of
the pessimist, who soe litle use in striving Yo mae the world better
incase so many things seem to get worse all the time. ‘The optimist
stys "erime wan general, crime Is frequent, crime wil be some time
infrequent,” and the optimist goes to work £0 do his part in the re-
duction of crime,

Grime arse, from so many casses, that t0 outline them all even
bret would All pages. Tn ‘rime springs from want, inter
perance, incomplete or abnormnal mental development, wretched home
tonditions, orphanages, child labor, and many’ other well-known com
digons of city life. A’ reduction ia preventable crime is always pos
sible. There is a prominent and ineressing attitude of the public
mind that the increase in ctite is wholly or partly duc to the s0-
failed coddling of criminals. There lias been an increase in crime
suid this is not only rue in New York hut in all parts of the coun-
try, However, the exact cats of the inerense has not as yet een
satisfactorily shown, It is strongly fele that the wrvettled Ceonomic
and social conditions following the world wan, and this has been tre

her periods of history, have been the major contributing factors,
he problem of crime and its treatment is stil like the problem of
poverty, always with us. Wet just as the civilized world struggles in
Inst varied ways to teluce and eliminate poverty, so there is always
corresponding struggle to eliminate crime. Adequate knowledge
obleme of erie and the treatment of crimials remains
felatively slight among the majority of even the most educated
asses. of the community. Sensational, distorted and highly emo-
tional pieuures of crime are published without cessation in certain
newspapers and to a considerable extent in almost all newspapers,
tut there fs @ deplorable lack of sound, dispassionate and comprehen”
sive published material avelable to the public on the treatment and
Tedustion of erie, Tei a noteworthy fac tat he pul on the
fone hand reads with greater or less gusto the constantly appearing
tcounts of erime and criminals, bu, on the thor hand, eaves to
Felatively small number of officially appointed. people of volunteers
ihe problem of the treatment of erime and the eriminal

Continually during the year through the press and in public utter
ances by fiiate the activities of prison reformers have been held
Tesponsible for the increase in crime. The impression has beet gen
ally create thatthe bass of prison reform i sentimentaliam, Tis
fe'not true. Prison reform has nothing in common with the sent

mentalismn that makes martyrs out of condemned murderers and
ieroes ott of convicted felons. Prison reform believes in the enforce-
ment of law. It insists pon the speedy apprehension of the offender
and his subsequent jus, impartial, and foteligene treatment. As far as

20 ‘Tue Parson Association or New Yori

the prisoner is concerned he ought not to be idolized and he ought not
to be ostracized. Both are equally unjust and equally unfair. Pris:
oners are not asking for sentin ‘ne out of ten mea in prison
fare not askiug for anyone to weep over tem, The men in prison
are asking for fair treatment. We cannot treat ouy great social
problems on the basis of either excessive sentimentality or excessive

‘Neither one is going to accomplish the results we so greatly

sstions stuffer from their
public judges them by the men who do not “ make good.

Theze are boys and men discharged from penal institutions who
walle the paths of rectitude and who become helpful, law-abiding eit
zens of the community, but they are never pointed out to the public.
Institutions are considered a failure because every man or boy com:
mitted to them does not make good.” Ir is apparently never consid
fered that there is given to the heads of institutions in this and other
States one of the most difficult tasks that can be given to any human
‘being. Men and women, boys and girls, upon whom every effort has
been made through the church, the settlement, the school, the proba-
ton worker, the social worker, the home and the neighborhood, are
taken out of the community and are put into an institution either for
the young or the old, and it is expected thae the institution by some
mysterious methods of treatment can make the prisoner into a model

luces. The

citizen within a few months or years. Further, the community feels

lites cease immedia
and at the time of his release, por od
ing the future good conduct of the offender, is too often,
conspicuously lacking in is interest

‘Now as to the relation of the so-called “coddling of prisoners”
to the recent increase in crime. It has been the frequent contention
that life within our penal institutions had been made too easy
thereby has lost its deterrent effect and tends to invite commitme
tis apparently forgotten that the most precious thing in life is one’s
‘own personal liberty. A canvass of the population of any peaal in
stitution in the country will show that despite good or bad conditions
‘within the institution the man who prefers to remain a prisoner is a
rarity, and the number of such men is wholly insignificant so far as
the entire population is concerned.

‘As a rebuttal to the claim that penal institutional treatment is re
sponsible for the increase in the hamber of offenders it i interesting
19 note the statement made by District Attorney Banton of New
‘Yorke County, at the time of the Law Enforcement Committee meet
ing of the American Bar Association in New York City, to the effect
that 609% of the offenders recently brought under the jurisdiction of
his office were so far as could be determined first offenders, that is,
they had no previous criminal history. Tn an effort to determine con-
ditions more generally outside of New York State a questionnaire was
‘prepared by Mr. Frederick Helbing, Chief Parole Officer of the
House of Refuge, and Mr. E. R. Cass, and seat to eighty-six penal

H hend a deplorable lacie of sound,

‘Negus con THE Teeatwewr of Datinguents a

institutions (State prisons and reformatories) during the year 1922,
ikng among other things for information relative to thie increase
fa population for the years 1916 and 1922, and for the number of

‘Data was received from sixty-two institu

hs conviction
‘No country has of course grown by leaps and bounds
md. with the Amesican methots” of dealing swith the crm
ital. “The country of Liberty” and of the “'oquare deal "has
aght to embody these two alleged cardinal. prineiples in its coe
‘extra inttations, and so the present ay efforts of most correc
‘Sal institutions in the cowntry are to vesiore the inmate to liberty
Mthen he ig htted for release, and to surround the prisoner while it
Ae istition and after imprisonment with the elements of humane
fh constructive treatment, which can be called the square deal in
nology.
Pfhe proponents of progressive methods of dealing with criminals
do not fook with favor upon enforced idleness in the county jails of
{tivand ether States, the promiscuous commingling of prisoners, the
{hlgceiminate tee of probation, the astomatie release’ of prisoners
i ihe expiration of thee minintam sententes, the lake of promyness
Sha ally in criminal court proved, the abeses of the ball sys
tom, the ining of young and old, experienced and inexperienced,
SEE Aha well, in on? pentl Insitutions, Nor do they favor the de-
Sed absence of adequate labor and of better eucational possiblities
athe State prisons, However all of these things present definite
td diffieute problems, probleme that canmot be solved ina day ot &
Shonth, but are of iadamental importance to commanity welfare,
Thi Werefore should have the understanding support of the public
futher than emotional and unjust riticism,

CHAPTER II.

Neos in New York Stark ror tue Tezatwenr or Detix-
QUENTS.
Facts for the Public

More and more it is impressed upon the Prison Association of
New Vork that the one imperative field of its activity is educational
Critne is @ perpetual “news-story.” ‘The elimination from the daily
press of all the crime nazratives would materially change the com
plexion of not a few daily journals. While stch publicity conditions
prevail in the journals of widest circulation there is on the other
sssionate, and progressive pub-

Iished material available to the public on the treatment and reduction
of crime. We therefore urge the high importance of greater devel-

2a ‘Tae Prison Assocrarion of New York

‘opment within this State of authoritative, frequent and interesting
pu an the rexmone o erie ade cre of mele wit
‘bur own State, Present methods of ptblicky are sporadic, ofte
Shewopapery” and.“ hitor miss.” Haw deplorably the Stale fale
wo mean tip i thi eld in comin with wh tds
elds, For instance, the State maintains a College of Agri
and cumeroas experiment stations. Bulletins go out from sich
centres relative to the discoveries of those stations and have wide
Aisibuton. "The Ste ts highly concerned with crops an igs
and chickens and alfalfa, and the breeding of cattle nlletin
Here bf coparing lnweleage in u inte ed sstereiog matoer
so wel established that any suggestion that ft should be discontinue
would arouse a storm of protest. In short one duty of the tte of
New Yor‘ is the compretensive distibasion of information a tothe
treatment in readily intellighle form and within the State of the
dificult problems of behavior. The Prison Ass
bulletinistng on a fairly large scale of
in vogue and the new melody that shold be undertaken In the fe
ture fo reduce crime, The State possesses at present two insti
tional printing plas; one at the State Reformatory at Elmira and
the other at Sing Sing prison. Tt would teem possible at the
expense of paper to publish under the supervision of State of
feVeoperaon wth gulifed persons, sees of frequen mone
ha'on correctional subjects whereby the most recent and valuable
rte, results of researches, achievements snd the Hic, both wits
and without the State, might be prepared for disteibution, primarily
to those svorking on the correctional problems in this State and als
to the larger public who soni thet have a centre f1 which to re
Seive authente and valuable information
‘This country has been for a century and a half the great expesi
iment station it the ¢reatment of the criminal
originated in 1790 in Philadelphia.
scale was succtasful in the oston House of Correction for Boy.
er reformatory movement developed at ia in he
courts were indigenous in this cotntry
Se the moat fade] experiments have been undertake
with boldness and with cheecfuiness by American executives. and
‘But our analysis of our own epoctanaitng activites has
ent experimentation, We have
constantly applied the yandstice of so-called common sense to ol
snethods and if they have seemed to be in conformity with the get
ral principles of Bunane afd heneicent treatment. we have call
iskors from European nations have repeatedly
and ecient proof that our moat Ieee
es, like probation, parole, the indeterminate. sentence, the
juvenile court, the reformatory system, are in their results what we
Gham and beleve them to be. And we, tae after Ume, fail to pre
Sent to atch friendly bur acute vistors the proot they believe to he
Ssoental to the thorough acceptance of our methods. Therefore
Seems that the time has come when we rst have more knowledge

Nuxos vox THe Treawent of Deuinguewss 23

knowledge by péhal institutions and organizations as to what they
are doing and aceomplishing, and knowledge by the public as fo what
states sound principles of treatment

A Stale Department of Correction,
For yeats the Prison Association of New York has pointed out
the abstrd and wasteful formality of many different systems of ma
agement of corectional institutions within the State of New York,
tiereby the prisons are matiaged by the Superintendent of Prisons,
fe State setormatores by Bourds of Managers, the reform schools
by other boards of managers, the county jails by frequently changing
eudo and county Donde SE supervise, and the great oupa
System of New York City by a Commissioner of Corsecion responsi-
ile ony to the Mayor. So long as this widely distributed condition
of administration, and frequondly of inexperience, co i
Tie hope of any eubnantl progres

stiutions be tnder the control of = State Department of Ci
Such a department would inchide the administrative control of the
State prisons, the State reformatories for men, the State reforma-
tories for women, the State Training School for Girls at Hudson, the
State Agricultural and Industrial School for Boys at Industry, the
oumty jails and penitentiaries, and @ State Farm Colony for tramps
and vagrants. From this plan should be eliminated at least for the
resent most of the institutions of the Department of Correction of
New York City, It seems possible to work out a plan for a State
Department of Correction which would embrace the following fac-

1, A Board of Commissioners composing a State Department
of Correction,

2. Ap executive staff for the administration of the Depart-
ment,

3. A board of volunteer managers for each institution, said
boatd to possess considerable authority in the conduct of the in-
dividual institution.

4.,A superintendent or warden of cach institution under
Civil Service, and a staff also under Civil Service

A Pull Time State Parole Board
The recommendation of the Prison Association for a number of
vears that the State Parole Board should be reorganized, the mem=
hers thereof to give their full time service to the work, still holds,
Aterpts to bring this change about throngh legislation have not as

the time of thie writing Governor Smith, who came into ofice Janwary

necessary iotslation asst pas

sd tothe worers a's propesed.consitationalamendent

24 THe Prison Assocrarion ov New Yore

yet been successfull. The Parole Board is made up of two salaried
members, and the Superintendent of Prisons ex-officio, The salare
members receive $3,600 each for their services and give one week
each month to actual presence in the prison and ¢o judgment at that
time of cases coming up for parale. Nothing less than the full time
service of two members, together with such time as can be given by
the Superintendent of Prisons or his delegate, is enough for che
adequate treatment of this important duty. One of the chicf exit=
cisms of the indeterminate sentence and parole is that the release o
prisoners on parole seems to be to such am extent automatic.
careful study made in 1916 by the Prison As

vealed that 90% of the inmates vf State prisons were released by the
Parole Board at the expiration of their minimum sentences, or with
ina short time thereafter. Approximately the same yn seers
to exist at present.

‘The theory of the indeterminate sentence, with minimum and
maximum, was not written into the Iaw that prisoners might with
great regularity be released at the expiration of the minimum, but
that they should be released, if in the judgment of the parole author
ities they: were fit, at some time between the expiration of the mini
maim and the expiration of the maximum sentence. It lay also in
the theory of the indeterminate sentence that great care should he
exercise i each individual ease i determining all he factors prior
to release,

The value of full time service of parole commissioners is recog.
nized in the statute creating the New York City Parole Commission
‘This Commission consists of three salaried memhers and two e=
officio members, representing the Police Department and the Depart
ment of Correction

* Functions of the Commission.
‘The law under which the Commission operates provides that
any person convicted of an offense punishable by imprisonment
jin any penal institution within the jurisdiction of the Depart
ment of Correction shall, with certain exceptions, be committed
by the courts for an indeterminate period. Such imprisonment
ig to continue until the prisoner has been paroled, conditionally
-ged hy the Parole Commission. Tn commit:
rentiary the maximum term shall not exceed

‘that the committing magi
Parole Commission and to vote on the question of parole (=
ceases on which they have acted, but jn cases of those committed
to the penitentiary the committing judge or court must approve
‘the allotment of time before such parole becomes effective

¥ agar Report Parole Commission City of New York

Nuzps Fox THe TaearMext or Detinquewts 25

How the System Works

‘As soon as a prisoner is committed on Indeterminate. Sen-
tence to any one Of the three classes of penal institutions in the
stament of Correction, the Parole Commission se automatic:
ally advised of the face, and upon receipt of this advice one of
dhe thirrysaeven parole officers is sett at once 10 discover from
Court records, tcom a. visto Snmate’s home, from a tale with
its previous employers, and from other avalable souroes,aceur-
ate oformatfon regarding his former manner ef living, home
Surroundings and reputation. As soon ay possible after these
facts are obtained one of the three Commissioners visite the in
stitution where the inmate is confined for the purpore of per-
Sopa fterew in a conienal mas-tonan, faslon, and he
prisoner Js given opportnity to explain bis xeasons for com:
Initing the rime and such other sttemests ae he -wishes to
take.” ‘The interviewing Commissioner in tarn is given a0 op-
portunity to Judge the inmate,
Pointed tasks, shere beng n
hey are condered of ie
conchision as to the length of time which the inmate shall serve
Fl metogs ofthe Cotsen ae eld weedy en tobe of
the meatings subsequent to the imerview the facts obtain
{he parole odie ald tha inteviewing Commasctner are pre.
sented for discussion.

Factors in Fixing a Term

Each case presents distinct problem and therefore no eet
rule of procedure with respect to the character of either of-
fense or conviction is followed. ‘This explains what may ap-
pear at first sight to be inconsistencies in treatment of different
cases, For example, compare a man who has been convicted
three or more times with a man of no previous conviction. It
‘would scem that the first named had decided criminal tenden-
ies, and out of regard for others should be kept in confinement
as long as the law allows, Examination may disclose, however,
that for the past ten years or so he has been living’ up to re~
quirements imposed by society. ‘The Commission feels in jus.
fice to the prisoner, that offences comparatively long past should
not be brought against him; not only has he atoned for them,
Dut the lapse of time since their commitment proves an honest
effort to live them down. As to the offender With no previous
‘conviction, it may develop in course of investigation that through
cleverness or some other means he escaped the meshes of the
Taw, and yet Tas been guilly of grave offences, such an selling
drugs to children or living on proceeds of prostitution. He may
even be a notorious “fence "receiver of stolen property. Ie
follows that in the former a light sentence, and in the latter a
severe sentence, ought in justice to be imposed.

‘Tue Prison Assoctarton oF New York

AS stated, investigation, in order to meet the spirit of the law
by which the Commission operates, should be comprehensive
and thus bring within its scope sueh factors as health, eduea-
ion, home conditions, temperament, drink, drugs, wili-p

fineay to work ani ether factors, The point mye lure

take the cise of a man who
cs not know awhnt it contains. Tf vale

Tess than $30, the offense is petit ar

grand larceny. Tn either
ory punishment diffe

widely in point of time. mission, in deters
ishment, takes cognizance of all details and lays speci
Attendant circumstances, dwelling upon motive rather than vale
Of articles stolen

Formerly the prisoner was not notified of the exact time o
hig release until shortly before dermination of sentence. "This
was found to have many disadvantages, if nice actually unfair to
inmate, ‘The uncertainty of time of release made hin more or
less indifferent to regulations of the institutions, if not positively
sebellious. | Much complaint was made by both inmates and
those in charge, which finally resulted in a conference between
the Commission and prison officials, This rule was changed 80
that the inmate now is informed of his allotted time when 2
proved by the Court. This usually is done within thirty da
after commitment

Under the new order the period of time is set in form of
marks. For instance, if the Commission decides that term
shall be one year the prisoner is notified of the fact

is assigned a certain mumber of marks on a basis of to marks
each day, which is standard fixed for ordinary. meritorious
conduct and instr however, reduce term t0 less
than @ year hy earnin to three additional marks a
day for extraordinary diligence or industry, and thereby
lessen his detention by: nearly one-third

should he not eam 10 marks a day he must stay longer

a year; he may he so incorrigible as to carn no marks at all
and place himself on level of zero. Penalties. for infractions
Of various Kinds are rated in form of demerits, generally at
discretion of the Warden. ‘The new plan is preferred by
inmates for obvious reasons, since they know time fixed by
Commission and approved by the court. and that is an incentive
to work and do their best, It also seems to harmonize better
swith the spirit and convenience of the cowrts,

Parole Supervision
‘The real and important works of the Commission

at time of prisoner's release. When a man is released from

rison, provided the time served by him is less than the maxi-

Neeog-ron rue Tasarmenr or Datixovensts Ey

mum over which we are able to bold him, he is brought to
ie ofc a interviewed y the parole acer who mae the
reliminary investigation. He is told of the conditions of is
parole, and is given a complete and full understanding of what
We are, of course, particularly insistent on_ his
Obtaining work, reporting regularly, and refraining trom fur
ther law-Oresking, [i necessary, work 4 obtained for him
through ou employment officer, and with these reasonable con-
dition imposed. for his conduct while on parole he i let go
Probationets usually are required to report on an_average of
twice a month, These. reports are made at certain central
fneeting places, as the Pube Libraries, Y.M.C.Ay ete, and
wwe try fo arrange them so that the public in general % not
Ware of the mature of his meeting ‘with bis parole officer,
to obviate any humiliation which a probationer would feel if
Ieteriewedin presence of hi neither. Provided hi con
duct is good, 1 probationer is given-a conditional release from
feporting, aie” frequently aia time considerably prior 1
Expiration of the mximwan tine over which he could have
been held. “He stil, however, remains Hable to rearrest and
imprisonment without court action of any kind should his
behavior on parole not justify our faith in him, and should bis
Wolation occur before the expiration of his. maximum time
less the. violation is a serious one, the probationer Is
Brought to this office interviewed by one of Uhe Commissioners
fr Dy the chief parole officer and given a warning. We often
Bnd %e advisable Co give @ violator 2 number of chances before
Actually cominitting him,” There are a great many cases where
@ warning, or two ot titee days’ incarceration in the Tombs,
Jy amply sufficient to bring probationer to is senses. If,
However, the probationer's conduct indicates that he is, not i
2 frame of thind: to abide: by the restrictions imposed ‘upon
him, he may be returned dizeetly to the institution fom which
be ‘ame, there to remain for sch time as the Commission
cides Yo hold i.

Sverywell-wisher of released man of woman must be
anxious 10 see him or her at work, happy, self-supporting, and
making genuine headway toward. rebabiitation.. Guided by
Such considerations, the Commision at the oxtset males terms
ff imprisonment as short as consistent with merits of each case
nd ends of justice. "Practically every offender, though on
parole, is cerving out the full term imposed by law. Expert
Ence has been that the sooner a man can be released and made
fo understand that his mode of life during parole is 1 test of
confidence, the better chance 1s given to develop whatever {3
fest in his nature. We endeavor by. this means to record the
Drobationer’s habits as to work and conduet outside. prison
Walls, so that a changed and improved way of living may con-
Uwe in future years,

8 ‘Tue: Parson Associario or New Youe

Important Change in Elmira Porole System
Commitments to the State Reformatory at Elmira are for an
indeketminats period, the minima to be decided by the Board of
Managers and'the taxitam period depending upon the maxima
Mn eee ihed by law for the crime for which the offender was
(atideed However: iu practice 2 prisoner sent Elmira usually
Setved'a period of twelve or tec months, After many years
She Flash authorities have come to the conclusion that this pro-
eure i net sounds and at the December, 1922, meeting of the
Say of Managers’ a resolution asthorvsing a radical departure
nthe old syatem was passed

Resolved, That the rules of the institution governing paroles
of inmates be and the same hereby are amended as follows

‘The second or initial grade shall hereafter be regarded as @
probational grade, Each inmate while in this grade shall be
Birefully observed and studied by the Superintendent and the
hheads of the respective departments to which he shall have been
assigned or with whieh he may come in contact.

‘This observation and study shall include and be based upon
the following considerations:

history as it affects the inmate.
2, Personal rivironmental history; crime for which

committed and number and character of previous delinquencies.
"} History of school work; result of instruction here} rec:
ord’ of exaininations, apparent ability to receive formal school
instruction.
“4 Industrial eficien
or with assistance; ability to learn a skilled trade
ff manual labor; progress in trades school.

ability to earn his own living, unaided
oF to work

£ Social history and moral reactions; rcligious training;

ethical reactions attitude toward society, parents and dependents.
‘Physical examination; correction ‘of defects and curing
of disease if affected

7. Psychological and psychiatric examinations.

Keeer each inmate has passed at least five months in such
second oF probational grade his case shall be brought before
a council composed of the Superintendent, the /Assistant Super
Jatendent and the heads of the various institutional depart~
‘ments, or such of them as may be available, who shall confer
Jn relation to the same, At this conference these departmental
Heads shall submit the results of their observation and. study
Of the inmate in. question which sball be carefully considered,
nd at the conclusion of the conference the Superintendent
Shall prepare and present to the Board of Managers iis recom=
mendations as to the minimum number of good months, under
the regular institutional definition and standards, such ‘inmate
shall be required to earn in Sst grade, after his promotion
thereto, before he shall be entitled £0 become a candidate for

Nesos Son THE TREATMENT oF DsLiNQUENTS 29

parole, together with his reasons for such recommendations
And the action of the Board of Managers on such recommenda
tion shall determine such inmate's future classification
"Nothing herein contained shall effect any rules as to pro-
motions or reduction in grade for misconduct ot other dis-
ciplinary roles, at present existing, not nec
herewith, Any existing rules necessarily incor
are hereby repealed. °
‘The superintendent made a report recommending the estab-
lishment of three classes, A, B, and C; Class A, to include
those who, under the conditions prescribed in said resolution,
the first

ie required to earn respectively mine. and feeive good months
in such grade. 5

‘There is no question but that a system similar to that used by
the New York City Parole Commission, and now to be used by the
afiials at Elmica, should be followed in the matter of determin-
ing the fitness for parole of the inmates of our State prisons.

Analysis:of the Results of Probation and Parole

Another great need has not been met by the State, namely, an
analysis of the results of the exercise of parole. “This also applies
‘w probation. Pethaps the most frequent question asked about both
sysiems is whether they are successful. ‘The customary answer is
that approximately three out of every four men make good, by
‘which is meant that they pass through their parole or probation
peviod, which period varies from a few months to a year and a
half, and are discharged without again being apprehended during
that period for crime. ‘This is no adequate indication of the ulti-
nate success of the administration of the indeterminate sentence
and parole. method of computing success oF failure ignores
the history of prisoners after such prisoners have passed beyond
the probation or parole periods. What is needed, and what has
ever yet been produced for public study, is an analysis of, say,
five years of the careers of a sufficient mumber of persons admitted
‘© parole, to get a fair cross-section picture of the careers of the
population of a prison after the parole period. Tt is urged that the
Superintendent of Prisons institute an analysis of, say, one thou-
sand histories of inmates released from the State prisons on parole
at least five years before the time that the study is made.

From Elmira in 1921 came the statement that a study was made
of sixteen thousand inmates who had been on parole.
most exhaustive and pretentious study of which we have learned.
Only those who had received their final release and who had no

30 ‘Tux Parson Association or New Yor

previous criminal history that was known to the institstion were
counted as successful. But no questionnaire was used in making
this study, and apparently no country-wide inquiry was directed 1
prisons, reformatories or bureaus of information. The conclusion
that 67 per cent of the siumber paroied were making good was
drawn completely from the records on the books of the institution,
= The absence of Federal legislation and of State cooperation with
the Federal Bureau of Criminal Identification at Leavenwort

Kansas, will make any study of this kind extremely diffcul
Federal institutions only are required to send duplicate records
the Leavenworth Bureau, Other institutions, bureaus, ete, do so
voluntarily and only jn special cases. ‘The use of this bureau by
all penal institutions throughout the country should be mace manda:
tory. After a system of exchange of records has been in operation
between the States and the central bureau for five or ten years, we
shall then be ina much better position to measure probation and the
indeterminate sentence.

Prison Industries and Wage

As pointed out in previous years the prison wage in this State
hhas been for a long time a matter of vidiculous inadequacy and
hhas subjected with reason the State to the ironical and even con
temptuous comment of other States in this country, where under
other systems of prison labor, specific sums, even jf small, are pail
with regularity to the inmates of institutions. The 1922 Legis
ture passed a bill which was signed by the Governor, authoriz
the payment of a wage fo prisoners in exeess of the present amouit
of a cent and a half a day, provided, however, there were gullicieat
surplus funds. This increase is wholly dependent upon the ear
ings of the industries, and until such time as these earnings are
greatly increased there is litile chance for the payment of 2 sti
greater than is now allowed, ‘The system of prison labor must be
entirely reorganized in order that each man’s work may be deter
mined and in order that production methods instead of the trap
hazard and loose methods heretofore prevailing may be instituted.
Until the State with deliberate intention of bending its best efforts
to solve the problems existing necessarily under the present com:
stitutional limitations, tarns to this question with persistency
sobriety and thoroughness, the State may expect to be classified
as an arrant failure in the prison labor field.

© The Prison Assocation of New York bas bean in touch with the Presdert,

Federal legislation To bring about the desired extension

Crassiercatton oF Parsonens

CHAPTER UI
Cassirtcation oF PrisoNiRs

‘The old and important problem of properly classifying those who
breathe Inw and laying’a ressonable foundation for just dealing
wwtn the offender is stilt an open problem. Such clagsihcation is
sear, by pencogie at the moat ciel and important of al
phases of thelr work. Proper diagnosis of the convicted offender
fredicales proper treatment of ‘his ease, and’ on this depends in
‘rge meastre the protection, of society. "We have pasted the stage
ci belief that mere. punishment ie a temedy for cfime. We have
fot well beyond the benighted notion that all offenders, regardless
GF age, sex; or the mature of their wrongdoing, should be herded
together in idleness and subjected to harsh treatment,

“The modern ‘den is 10 apply So far as practicable che individual
treatment of the offender antl to edueate him away from his wrong
tendency, and rehabilitate hima physically, mentaly and morally foF
some useful participation in the world’s work. This comparatively
Tecent plan hse resulted in one change in the Criminal Code, which
though’ at first hailed as a distinct advance now is regarded by
many as a doubtful expedient. This reference has to do with the
Indeterminate sentence and. parole, a, ystem which permits. the
riase of the offender at_a\time prior to the expiration of his
rnaximum sentence and chiefly beeause of his good behavior, Today
ti the Ba bee of many juris and ost of the legal profea
Son, as well as penologists and students of sociology that
Eimingte applictton ef this method has hed nach to do. with te
‘eent increase in crime,

Tinder the operation ‘of the indeterminate sentence it has been
tn prac in prisons ttl coming ofenders hat they ca be
Jaroled in a ceftain time if thelr conduct proves satisfactory an
they show evidence of reform. However ane may theorize as {0
the working of sich Sysem practice has shown chat frequently
confrsied criminals have played the part so well xs fo be paroted
st the expration of their minimam term, while more acelental or
‘ccasional offenders unskilled in the art of simulation have had 10
Serve out their fall terms, Though, according to the rales of the
game this as heen fair play, according to practical working it has
feleased. for further criminal activity ‘any ‘number of really dan-
fetons characters,

Cesc, rumatanes i i obvious that some ches mast
be devised. Otherwise many indeterminate sentences — and
Se’ he rule rater than te exepion nowadays — mean noting
more or less than straight sentence and early opportunity foF
Continued or intensive cram. What is t0 be done? "Avery stvike
ing and comprehensive effort toward a commoncense solution of
the problem has been made in the State Retormatory, Rahoray, New
Jersey, although progress as been made in other prisons in las

32 ‘Tue Prisox Association op New York

fying offenders so as to clearly estimate the advisability of release
alter a certain period of confinement; also of satisfying a prisoner's
innate desire for a certain line of work when paroled, or when
released at the completion of sentence. Some three years ago the
task of classification was attempted at Rahway because of a beliet
that it was not only dangerous for the individual but for te com
large to continue. along the old lines of, indiscriminate
In the following article Dr. Moore very definitely explains

the system now in vogue in his institution.

CLASSIFICATION— WHAT HAS IT ACCOMPLISHED?
By De, Faaxx Moows, Superintendent, New Jersey Reformatory.

‘The clamtfication of offenders isthe oldest, hardest and the most ianportane
Broblem of penology.

eis not, therefore, my feeling that I shall be able to solve it.

Tt in an Old Problem. Aristotle, the Greeke Scientist, speaks of i A
Greek physioanomist, who examined Socrates’ face, julged thatthe pilosopher
was brutal, sensuous and inclined to drunirenness and Socrates declared to his
isciples that auch, though he had overcome it, was his natural disposition,

Coming to more recent times Lominoso, the Talia, stands out ar the ment
promioeat. In his “The Delinquent Mat,” published in 1872, his clnsifen
tion was based almost entirely onthe anthropological characteristics of
criminals. Tt stressed the shape of the head, the sie of the brala, featutes
of the face and the character of the body, and immediately aroused a storm
of eriticism. His hooke " The Criminal Man,” published
logical conditions the foundation of classifeatic
toro main clases

ist The Criminal, fa which group were included the born, habit
insane, epilepie ccimioal, and in fact all the mote serious typet of
criminals

4and-— The Criminaloid or trivial, aeidental and occasional offender.

‘There have been many others, both before ant since Lombrose, who have
patiently worked at this problem: Galernus, Gall, Morel, Ferri, Benedikt
and thers, but perhaps 28 valuable a contribution as has been made by
anyone, ether of earlier or Sater times, i that which has been piven to the
world ty our own Dr. William Healy in his admirable stedy of the individial
Aelinguent covering 14000 cases. For though Dr. Healy does ot pretend to
classify, and frankly says he has only been interested in showing pes ©
offenders, yet it may be that the most seienific and practical ener cha

flor of the offender yet raade, may be tased on a careful anaysis an
correlation of the splendid work he has accomplished.

It is a Hard Problem. There are so many ghysieal, mental and moral
fundamentals in human character, that one of these is emphasieed, ot the
expense of another, as we are apt to do, beeause of our own view point fl the
thers salfer, A human life 4 s0 complex that 9 work ont  aystem of
Standards that will check and Balance aman, and so estimate him for isch
what he is, is almost an impossible tase

CLAssIFicaTion oF Prisons 8

It isan Important Problem. Difficult as is the classification of he offender,
ici nevertheless most essential to his restoration to worthy citizenship. No
worker i our important field of endeavor can expect ever to achieve the
restest success, unless he knows sninutely and fully each individyal with
hom and for whom he labors, By careful and scientific tests, by patient
td skillful seody, those of us who work with human lives, mist know
iellgently what is the kind of man with whom ve are working. Our
falls, I'am convinced, have been more largely die to our not knowing the
vwalness and strength of our men than to anything else. Every true prison

Wiser in our treatment of him and, therefore, accomplish more in our work
idk in
‘There has been much progress made in she clacsfcation of offender,
‘The prison, which originally was the only place where violators of the
lu wore confined, and which had men, women and children in x who wore
‘aoe oF dasane, normal, feebleminded, or epileptic; guilty of both wrivial and
‘ero offenses, no longer, at least eheoretcal, holds sich population.
Separate Women Prisons; Juveile Tnstitations for boys and gitley Reform
auoies for male and female; Criminal Insane Hospitals; Epileptic Hospital,
{ad Feebleminded Colonies; these modern institutions now fave taken out
Of the old time peison many classes, that formerly sere herded together ia
‘2 avo and appalling conglomerate mass, ‘This in itself has been a gigantic
‘ep toward the clarsification of the offender. No one would think of going
bak fo the old commnan prises for all offenders. Te would seem Hike retorning
1 the dark ages, or worse still, almost to barbarism, and yet, due to care
soroper administration, there

tno errs in this, is guilty of serious maladmin-

Strato of is ofice. Until ths ercor is corrected, no inatittion can do
ig work ag should, and all is iamates must sufer, But, wea an insttntion
asthe definite group of offenders which properly belongs tot then ie mst
tot stop there, Then, ite frst duty is to still further classify all who are
thin its walls. ‘This brings the to the important part of my paper, namely

‘The Great Need of a Sane and Scientific Classifcation of
‘Offenders in Each Separate Institatlon,
Tt is not necessary to argue concerning this need. 10 is admitted and has

B been sought for by all of ws. The only thing that has hindered ie Geing doe

i the aifealty of it. T want mo one to think for a moment that { make

34 “Pus Prison Assocration of New Yorx.

ny pretentions to having solved these diiculies. I did aot seek but was

finality or pecfeetion is made by those of us who sre working on this problem
We realize that in this work ther

fore, 1 am glad of having the opportunity of te
ing on the subject of elas

set sour reaction and criticise, for I realize shat 1 een speaking to a con
pny of expert men and wemen whose opinions are valuable

‘About thrue years ago Wwe tnilertook a certain kind of classfcstion in ox
Reformatory, concerning the feasibility of which xt that time 1 personaly
twas in grest doubt, but some of ale members of my board felt that we ong
{0 do something avd as this plan which I shall desert seemed to be a step
forward, we tried i.

‘Under the operation of the indeterminate sentence, as we have i we Bad
been receiving each inmate on the same Gass, no matter what was his cite
or previous history, and we had been saying to them all, that they coulé be
paroled in the same lengtt of time if they were perfect in their conduct ant
ould show evidences of reform. There were these of us who felt hat this
created a feeling of faieness and relicred the insittion of any charse of
partiality, which soemed to be very desirable, but thore. were others on ott
board who Aad the {esting that this plan was really unfa

‘There is this ether merit to dhis plan. Tt seeme sound in that it provider,
longer correctional trestment for the wore serious and repeated offender,
‘who became of the seriousness of his offense, or the fact of his being &
recdivist indicated that he was a more obstinate offender and therefore, cul
rot reasonably be suppoted €0 be amenable to a fundamental change in it
Character without longer treatment,

“The great weaimess in this plan of classification, as I see # howeves, is
that jt is 8 clasifiation based on time only. For though we say. to x an
you are going to be paroled at 4 certain time IF YOU CAN SHOW THAT

Ciassivscation oF Prisonens 35

YOU ARE REFORMED, yet in reality, practically all offenders are tet
cit, when he time comes which fas een sot, if they have Sehaved
themselves

‘The Very Apparent Reason for this is that No Board Feels that it
can Reelly Judge the Man Who is Before Them as to Whether He is
Reformed or Not. Ail the man has to do is to may he has reformed which
isan cary and natural thing for him to say and the foard says, “Well he
fs made his time, fers give him the benefit of the doubt, let's give him a
tial” and 0 Sn this way practically all are celessed, This undoubtedly is
ter reason why there are ao many failures on parole

1 feel, and T wonder if you do not have the same feling, that any system
of parole hased on time is a qource of weaken to the traiting of an institu-
Tom since the thing which seems to be uppermost in the inmate's mind all
the while he i im confinement, isthe length of time he has to do and not the
‘tore serious question of his own individual improvement in learning, industry
td character. He simply does his time and the doing of it consumes all his
thoughts to the exclusion of alimest everything ele. So he goes out without
hhving become what it was expected he would be. All the erat schemes and
revit marks and many other cunningly devised methods of badges, privileges
nf honor groups ate all a camouflage € im. Under it all he feels that he fs
(bing time and that when that ie done he goes free.

Tis for this reason that we have fet the need for a new Kind of clasifia
tin which we are just now in oor Reformatory nderakieg to start. That
er sytem ie tie ‘2 man's history is taken, eovering the asual things
jn the usval way, then oor physician examines him to ace what he needs

iy defects that are’ serious handieap to the
Then our poychiatrist
Ccamines him to ace whether there ore any symptoms of insanity. TF so he
issn to an Insane Hoeptal that tee may be onrreced, if posible, ‘Then
ar peychologist tnkes hint in and, puts him through the Binet, the Army
tal other poychologieal testy 9 find out his menial possibilities. Tn addition
to thi he gives hen a thorough examination, using the most hihly accredited
‘ventional guidance teste in order that he way accurately estimate his indus-
trl ability and adaptability. When these teste are made, the man is rated
4 being able to rite to a certain school level and to attain a curtain grade
‘of ndastria! work. By these teste it has boon Tound that the popalation sa
car institetion divides itself indostrally a5 follows

5 per cent

iret Uncklled or incapable of rade training.
Second.—Seni-tkiled o# capcble of Timited
"Third Average. trade ability... &.

38. per ext
Der cent
Fourth Journeyman or high grade. clerical he. (5 per cent
Fifth Foreman grade of ability... 1. per cent

(On the theory that the reformatory is for the mam and not tha man for it,
att the industries of the intitation Inve been organized into courses of train
ing developed so to ft the nesds of all these five industrial grades of
inmates. ‘The courses of taining in she shops are so Iaid down that. an

36 Tux Prison Association or New York

inmate when he is received can be placed in the industey he selects, at jut

or example: In the school i is found that when he
enters, his educational level is say the and grade, but tests show that be fas
wufficene to. permit fim to reach a level of the sth grate,
hence that i roquired, We have teen greatly aided in working out the
details of this eter by the professional staff of our central board of con
‘This syetem scams #0 us to be @ practical classification of every enan in th
institution, raking it possible to assign him to the kind of work of wich
be is capable, diving’ the men in the same say ax they are divided fn the
industrial world Hereby furnishing an intelligent Sasis or placing them sehen
paroled
But that which this classification has made possible, and tat which to my

able of attaining a fair degree of proficiency in that trade

‘courte of training in that shop. You must complete this in a aatitfactory
‘manner up {0 a certain point,” aaming the point to which his ability wil
Dermit him to rise, “before you can be heard for parole” In addition to tht
‘ve tll him that he must also reach a grade ia school which the tert indicates
he is able to reach. "We say to him, " We think it may possibly take you ©

fitted for the larceny ef an automobile. “The lest Mowed him tp have 3
tena age of 12-13 years, « larg ably equal to 2 7th grade Teel nl
ie sae he has attained thu grade in school He has however to prove tat

te camtot, he must take that grade and past 2
satlfaciory examination in. When he fas done that be wl aot be require
to do any more scaling Deeane I thown by the tet that he doct nt
fave the ably to go higher. Ts his vocational tet mace by the Stem
ptde test he showed that he had industrial abiliy which woud ere

months. Te may take him longer.

‘This young man if he does not go to school will receive trade technical ea

ing in aldtion to actual shop manipulation. If he does not develop. ss

expected in his shop assignment, provision is made for reclassification and
‘This matter of requiring that the offender shall attain x certain standard

in order to be entitled to be paroled is the only part of this clarification 19

‘which T lay any personal claim for credit

Chassirscation oF Parsonens a

Tes value i seers to me, lies da the fact that it opens the way for dis-
yeesing with dhe time element and permits the emplasis to be laced on accom
Dishment, where it belongs.

Tt does away with eending a:man oxt who has merely done time and places
him in the world again only when he has been fully fitted, as far as his
lity il allow, edo his part

"A most encouraging feature of this new system so far es I see itis the
very tavorable reaction of the offender fimwelf to i.

T know of no step that is as important as this, for if we ean make parole
ean graduation from a course of instruction in a practical trade and the
FRathing of the schoot level of which the offender is capable, we have created
Ii'kim a new idea in life. He sees what he can do in honorable things. He
foes ovt proud of himself and his achievements, with confidence in hirsel®
{hat he cam do it and anxious ¢o show i the world, This systems it seems
lovme, will change the offender fom a cunning trickster, trying: to get away
ah ceersthing fe can, without losing time, toa feal honest man of industry,
nvious to learn all he can. It changes the Superintendent or Warden too,

the level of a Principal of a school, or the president of a
hed ax I Bellew Ht com
fond will be in all ove correctional institutions, society wilt no longer Took
wnith horror on the grey walls by which we are surrounded, but they having
frcome correctional instittions through education, the people will regard
them wilh a pride, the equal if not greater than thot which they have when
fey ook upon our universities. So our prisons will be changed, not into
fosptals but lato real educational institutions doing a work even grester
than the college or technical achool, for they will be succeeding with the most
‘iene cass of society and be deserving of a eredit greater dian any college,
hich has the eagy peoblem of eraining che favored and talented.

‘When this has been done, ae I eee it, there will yet remain one farthen step
to take and that fs 6 stlewific moral classification or peshags T wall convey
tay meaning more clearly by saying the invention of a scientifc moral meosure
do not have time to develop this. I cin only mention it We can never
acceed in reforming a tan fully until we kave some means of Knowing
Sihat is the seeret of his moral weakness. My thought is that tests need
{o be created which wil shove what the cause of a man's moral fares,
{Three things in the human wid or coul, oF whatever you choose #o call i
seomn to be the fundamental fonece which underlie @ man’s acts. Tis judg
ment, his affection and his will

What kind of jndgment does he have?
What kind of affection does he have?
What kind of will does be have?

In which is he weak?

T know 1 am not stating his problem secording to the- accredited prycho-
logical theory when T divide the mind into the segarate faculties which T
tage just sumed, Tam simply stating #he problem from the practical stand-
owt of « layman and {rom the point of view of one who feels that in order
fe make a moral diagnosis of amy man you must be able to put your finger
nthat factor or that operation of the mind which is wrong.

‘Tue Prison Association or New York

Nevertheless, however that may be, we shall by scientific tests yet be able
to find out accurately where the mais weal and place our finger upon the
thing that ie morally Tacking.

Thos having morally diagnosed him by scientific tests in the hands of

irate
spplied to im a very crude test of my own invention. 1 found his weakness
twas in his will: T asked him what st was that he wanted to do ad fad not
‘been thle to do. He said he wanted to cease this evil practice, asked him
what else, He ssid he wanted to learn stenography, nt shough he had
fried he could not succeed. Having found out where he was weale I said to
him, “ou are going to learn stenogeaphy and when you fail in your work
in the class Tam going to require she teacher to report your failure to me”
‘Six months went fy and I heard nothing frome the teacher. T Gren called the
‘young man and asked him about shorchand, "T have learned i,” he sald," All
Fight” said, “I haven't mentioned to you the crime for which you came ta
the instution. I wanted that to be Kept out of your mind as much as pos
sible. Tam now going to send you to our Road Camp, where you will find
plenty of tomptition. “Remember you have succeeded im stenograghy and you
ott succeed and overcome this weakness of sours” He id, and has 20w
almost completed Bis parole, without any marks against him

T repeat, the greatest need yet remining a5 I seo it in our work is a
scientife. moral classification founded om reliable tests which go beyond 2
man's acts into the realm of his thoaght life. Here is where our Chaplains
ned to help. ‘We have come to a time where we do not need preachment so
Innich as scenic and individual moral sreatment.

“The man who shall perfect such tests and cut this Gordian knot will need
to use a sword of keenest steel but he will accomplish a greater thing than
if he had exhesed kingdoms,

‘We have now come 20 the time when we must leave all our hit and miss

Biwaps going to lt men out of prison toner bat it fs going t lt them ca
fener men and fewer of diem wil come ace If you thik Tam
Se nent ns ote ee ak om hui of it
thon fet'me ask you to ep i along by seriously considering i, by trying i
fut, by finding owt the fate fe fat aod ping to correct them, Let ws
swovk to get our judges edocated and tie puble collghtcned. and our laws
There they ate in any way Snadeqoan, amended. Let ws ger into ovr inti
Tons tained men who can do the work accortey and let us not he afraid of
‘rpome, for penoriousness tn sich an important tater is false coomomy

you thik 1 am wrong, if my position ‘rs fallacons one then kt
tacow the whole thing away 30d. sop where we are like tose lost in &
fwldroere, bt fet un sll coy for a ew and brighter light to shine oper
‘our way which will give 40 o «more deite knowledge of our brother man
to wat wo ay yet fad tn ont into feof grster rome,

‘Tue County Jan Must Go

CHAPTER IV.
“Tue County Jan Must Go.”

Lesser correctional institutions like county jails, workhouses,
houses of correction and county penitentiaries, are’ generally ad-
ministered as if the idea of reformation were unsuited for the type
Of offenders incarcerated in these institutions. Far too often the
Visitor to these institutions hears the callous and weary statement of
those in charge, “ We have only bums and drunks in a place like this.”
Yet the plain truth is that places like this” are institutions through
which thousands pass, many of whom are presumably innocent under
the law, and many of whom also are later sent to reformatories or
prisons where efforts at reformation are uppermost in mind. What
2 paradox in our treatment of offenders that we make offenders pass
through our worst schools first; debasing, filthy training schools of
vice and hopelessness.

The Secretary of the Howard Association of London stated at the
time of the last International Prison Congress in 1910: "The great
conviction which thrust itself upon the minds of every one of the
foreign delegates with whom I have spoken was the extraordinary

quality of your American reformatories, and the extraordinary defects

Sfyour ton and county jas. Every ja I sew ought to be wiped off
the face of the earths” “The Prison Association would not be £0
Rmodtastic. “We believe that the county jails and the county peak
Scan be made places of reformation, yet we are just a firmly
SF the opinion that so tong as jale and penitetiaries in this State and
Sthers are under county management, the day of systematic industry
Shu reformative influences in the jails and penitentaries will be
nent. We urge, therefore, a the ist step toward the reformation
Stour county fail system, the extension of the direct control of the
State to these instivtions
“The glaring defects and abuses that exist in our county jail system
have been described again and again in the reports of this Astocia~
tion, During the years 191 t0 7918, Ghrough the activities of its
Bureau of faspection and. Research, the Association persistently
ampaigned for the abolition of the deplorable idleness existing among
SEnfoncad prisoners inthe county jas in New York State, and also
for the improvement of the living conditions and management of
these institations. While the condition of idleness was relieved in
 Guimber of falls yet it was more and more impressed pon the AS-
Sociation that this problem could not be handled unless the sentenced
Stoners were committed fo insitutions where they could be dealt
Win'fn larger units and. under “more” generally favorable. cir-
Cimstances, “indeed the great and overshadowing deficieney of the
femal system of the United States can be traced to the county jail,
The entire system of arrangement and government in our county

i
i
it
q
:

2 ‘Tue Prison Assocration or New Your

jail needs a radical reform — needs in fact revolutionizing. Here is
eld of great work for thefts of prs reform It acompl
mega hecla etakngvo does bu cant doe
fence, zeal, active uid cooperative effort are essential clement of
Ere problem; but these claments being given the soluGion of the
problem-—the success of the usdertang ie certain.

‘The county all has not found a defen in the many. years tht
it tas existed,” ‘There are approximately 2500 of these istitations
in the United States, 66 of which are im die State of New York,
isasa system a combination of evs known, exploted, deplored, The
entre jal aystem of the whole State is inguitous, and the jails them
selves are ‘but centres of pollution, deftly if unintentionally dis
imbuted. Civic wisdom he thus far failed. 19 find an effective
remedy for the cvls of the jail system and the jails. The more
Modern and improved jail stiuctures scarcely palliste the evils of
jail imprisonment, andthe ‘county ~penitentlanies "which wete
‘Siablisted more than half cemucy ago with good fatenton, only
iitigated the evils for a time, and that was more apparent tat ral
‘Tete. penitenaries, hoatelries Sor" misdemesnatta, were. always
practically convict prisons managed mainly for profit, but sine the
ETactment of prison labor legisistion abolishing the contract system
tave become ut jails where short term prisoners are confined,
fostiy in ldlenese and without ayatematieinetyction. ether i
Inbor or leners. “The defects of the jail system briefly areas follows

Hrs, the atsocation in idleness and the unrestrained conimanien

of prisoners confined in jails. This pernicious practice Is
attributable to (a) Defective arrangement of Jail buildings, making
it difienlt to separate the prisoners as they should be ducing the

ter confinement in ja. (B) The dificil of deine

blem of prison labor, (c) The prevalent good-oatured

Careless sentiment with sherifls, jailers and others tothe effect tbat

jail prisoners ought not to be crossed, but should be indulged in

their desire to associate and communicate with each other; and then

(9 he comin non that jal ponerse move tlle when

Shey‘ace thus indulged, and are more serviceable for convenient 0+
Sagpoosd economy fe pestormence of rouiae fal dase

Secondly, the use of county jails for imprisonment of prisoners
finally sentenced, instead of sending the prisoners to the. county
penitentaries. ‘This retention of petitentary prisoners in jails i
Explained bythe terms of contracts Between the coumtes and the pen
fentaies, which are so phraped as. to exclale frum the Pt
feats’ prseners from Sule, oon Sentenced for Tess then
Shay days) and by the practice of Tagistrates of making sestencts
often ffeynine days or less, and. so sending prisoners to the jails
fnstead of to sie penitentiaries. By such means the income of the
sheril under the old fee system was increased, ‘The prisoner and

reads were sometines this accommodated, and such short se
fences to the jail served fo satsiy a tradilonal vague estimation of
ffstice or punishment. The presence of these sentenced jal pri
dners increase the dificultier of jal! management, and ‘in truth
‘Tue County Jar: Must Go 4“

diverts the jait from its only proper use, namely, for the tempo~
tary detention of prisoners soho are axaiting the action of the courts.
“The third cause is parsimony and indifference on the part of the
county authorities, the jail oftcials and the community, as to jail
ministration. ‘There is usually not a sufficient number of employees
to supervise the jail prisoners so as to prevent improper communica
Sons contac fhe all expendtire Se eee
apy the prisoners is withheld and thee is generally indtference to
ind absence of effort for their recovery to logical and provident
lihavior, whether they are under sentence or awaiting
‘The Sherif, with whom the responsibility of keeping the jail is
lodged, begins his term without any practical knowledge of jail
keeping, and as soon as he has acquited a litle experience his term
of office expires and he is, under our State constitution, ineligible for
reelection. The jail becomes the perquisite of the next successful
political manipulator who can capture this desired office. In the
Franagement of the jal the sheriff has but the slightest responsiblity
tb the Srate, and the political party that has put him in charge demands
1 more of him than that fe shall so conduct the jail as to a
scandal and not affect the majority unfavorably st the next election

Prigoners in the county jails are sentenced for breaking
Jaws and the State permits ‘the counties to punish them and at
tice becomes careless as to how they are dealt with,

Altempt at Solution Under Way
‘There is at present at work in this State a cooperating group

formed for the purpose of solving so far as possible the county jail
chlem in this State, The chairman of the Commitee is Mr.

sand Prison Labor; the Women's Prison Assovaton’ the
New York State Federation of Labor, the National Committee for
Mental Hygiene; the State Board of Charities; the Westchester
County ‘Conenisiont of Charities, and" Corton: the. New
York "State Federation of Women's ‘Clubs; the State. Charities
Aid” Association; the New York State Association, and the
Women's Municipal League. Important data has.’ been _col-
lected and it is expected that during the early part of the year the
Committee will submit its report and begin its campaign of enlisting
the afd of the Governor of the State, members of the Legislature,
and various official groups throughout the State, in support of its
findings and recommendations. Such action will be preparatory to
submitting to the 1924 Legislature the necessary measures to make
the Committee's plan effective. The action of the Committee is of
signal importance and the success of its programme in whole or part
will be a decided step forward. There is unquestionably need for
similar action in practically every State of the Union, The extension

2 ‘Tue Prison Association o New You

of activities similar to those of the Committee is the only hope for
the elimination of the eviis of the county jail system throughout the
country.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE COUNTY Jalu
Published by the Prison Association of New York, 133 East 15th Stresé,
‘New York City
Penology in the United States (Chapter III)

Legis N. Robingo, Jaa, 6
inston Cow Philadel,

Deyelopment of Ameriess Prisons and Prison
‘Gustous (Chapter SLD), 0. F, Lewis, Prion Asc

‘ion of New Yori
How the Vermont Plan Reforms Jail Prisoners... Sherif PranteH. Tesey, Reset
Sage Braco, Now Yok
Employment for Jail Pasoners in Wisconsin, ... Hommeli, Har, Russell ‘Sage
pining Ono's County Jae —A ang Sn” NOW NORE
oka iasescten Sea Information

fr Moca Visting" Comite a

tice Department of Public Wella,
so State Capital, Atlanta,

Department of Public Watfare,
ee State Capito, tans

(County Jail Visitation Questicanaire

‘Annu Reports Fron Auociaton of New York
Sitaeto ‘The Pein Assocation of New
eek ag Bast sth res
Reports New York State Commission of Prisons, State Commission, of Prisons,
‘The Capit Albany, Ne
The Suey he Cav Couns Made by
the Chie "Community Fao wader ee
Direction of George W. Kine ts Bat
ie Ca
‘The Passing of the Cowaty Jal 8. A. Quees, The George Bantt
Ribishine “Co, Menasha

‘County Jails in Peaasytvania,

‘The Pennaylvania. Prison So
Seatta Ht tee
hae

‘Die American Jui

Pages from the Diary of a
"Prtom inepodter

jouoph F Fishman, The At
Fit enthiy basen.
(County. Fas ip the Light of the Dasaration of "7"
‘Principles of 870 De, Hastings Hi. Har
‘rocetigsef the ion
fog Actocintion or
get Sogo Poundesin
Rew ax Gay"
of the Commie on the Treatment of

roar Proceedings
Bren Rigel ‘ite
‘New York, 7

Serecrion oF Prison Orricers ax GUARDS

CHAPTER V
SeLection ov Paison Oveicens anp Gvams

During the last decade the efforts for prison progress have been
principally directed to the matter of the treatment of prisoners, the
fonstruction of buildings, prison labor, food and clothing, elassi-
Feation, indeterminate sentence, parole, education and the mental

study of inmates.
Comparatively little has been done to imprave the methods employed
{or the selection of officials and subordinates, and practically nothing
training of such

his angle of the prison problem
js of no small importance and is as essential to substantial
progress as the features enumerated above.

Penal institutions are gradually eiug looked upon as serviny
tither of two purposes. First, for he reformation of offenders, and,
secondly, for the permanent detention of those who need custodial
tare. The public should learn that the supervision and treatment of
offenders is essentially 2 task for persons with certain natural quali-
fications and specialized training.

Tt is interesting to note that the New York State Legislature in
1847 enacted a law providing as follows:

“ No appointment shall be made in any of the state prisons of
this State on the grounds of political partisanship; but honesty,
capacity and adaptation stall constitute the rule’ for appoint”
‘ments, and any’ violation of this rule shall be sufficient cause for
the removing from office of the officer committing such viola.
tion.”

‘Time has shown us that both the spirit and the letler of thie law
have been violated, and if the penalty of imprisonment had followed
convietion for every violation, fe is probable that many of our prison
ofa wold ave Tour themseresineladed among howe hom
they were appointed to supervise. In one of our prisons alone in the
space of some seventy years we have had thinty-sie wardens. Surely
this was not because men increasingly fit for the job were found in
sich quick stlcession, A noted lawyer fas been quoted as saying
that there are two kinds of laws, one kid to Be strictly observe and
the other to satisfy the reformers. On the husis of experience it
would seem that the legislation referred to belongs to the later clase
The New York State Legislature in 1883 embotied the principle of
appointments on the basis of merit and fits, and the same ‘dea has
teem inchaded in the New York. State Constitation

There are two distinct features involved in the appointment of
prison employees, One, the method of appoiniment and tenure of
UFice, and the other the question of thelr Btness and training. "AS 20

on ‘Tae Prison Association of New York

are ceier perpen euom tn
cree ered a
Se area! i iat he peter ete at We re
Reus of anaer oe gees Sire Be Sek panied
pee ced lee a omeceeeaee, Tims
et ee ai ae ies of ute ae me Ne
ee ge oO Oo Ole arid Be etl
ST tier in Sie a aes Tes ot
Feret ani ce Spe est tnd a Soe
es ee coal
ie sie te TR cilbidle odin coll
mesic hiya Se pretense bai of
situations so frequently found. The need of obtaining the right man
Heater area seu, Ihe eed of ting the gu oe
pect ge EN wen creer mii
Se aera ae eon ones

“The two master fore oppose to the reform of the prison
apse fo scr Stay are pa apie Se
Saget intaby of adinatenaton Us be ae cae
ated, the needed reforms are impossible.” on

In this State, when our prison system was under the control of @
board of inspectors, a newly elected inspector would sometimes claim
the right to remove one-third of the employees of the prisons and
replace them with men of his own selection, ‘This no longer exists,
since all keepers ae now appointed from civil service lists, “However,
wardens, superintendents of industries and some employees in the
office of the State Superintendent of Prisons are still open to political
Patronage. It is encouraging to note that a commission appointed by

Spuection oF Paison Orricers aD GuARns 43

the present Governor of this State, in urging the establishment of
a seite department of correction, recommended the appointment of
state prison wardens by civil service examinations, In New York
Gity it was once the practice to have the warden of the penitentiary
appointed by the mayer, and the keepers by the Board of Aldermen.
Frequently they were of different partes, and discord with all its
cul phases followed. Al this has been eliminated by the introduction
of evil service regulations applying to both wardens and keepers and
hy placing’ the institutions under central control, namely the City
Department of Correction.

‘A’ Similar situation was pointed out in connection with a county
genitentiary in a nearby State. The warden was appointed by one
ferty and the Keepers by another. "No elfective authority could be
srereised by the warden because of ‘he politcal strength of his
‘Shordinates

Under a system of chil ervie it is reasonably posible to procure
the best persons for positions. The political phase ean be almost com-
pletely eliminated, "Such a system should include’ a preliminary
Examination as proof of general intelligence, a probationary period f
ermonstrate practical qualities of character and fitness and promotion
through grades of ranle and payment, to encourage men to advance
themelves and be faithful to duty. Pérmanency of ofc during
geod behavior and satisfactory service is practically assured. The es-
tsblishment of stich principles as the basis of conducting a correctional
system is the one sure way of attracting and holding men of intelli
fence, character and aby. T-do not mean to give the impression
that civil service is without fault oF entirely free of political inter-

mice, but no matter how great the faults may be, the system
baud to be superior to the old ways. The thing to do isto strengthen
‘weak spots rather than eondemin it because of them.

But all this relates to the picking and holding of employees only.
How shall they be prepared for their dificult and varied duties? To
quate again the frse American National Prison Congress:

“Special training, as well as high qualities of head and heart,
is required to make a gord prison or reformatory officer. Then
only wil the administration of public punishment become scien
ic, uniform and successful, when it is raised to the dignity of
a profession and men are specially trained for it as they are for
ther pursuit.”

‘There i no way now of training them prior to thelr appointments,
iy long ee" on

and only the rough and necessaril school of exper
the job after appaintment. The education of prison officers and
guards should be made a part of the correctional system in ever
ate. This is essential in suppont of the policy of admitting or
{tained and efficient men to the highest positions. Tn the New Yor
City Department of Correction during the term of Commissioner B.
G. Lewis, a correspondence system of instruction for guards was
csiablished. This plan was warmly received by the guards and gave

6 Tue Prison Assoctarion of New York

very satisfactory results, but was not developed or maintained. The
late Professor Henderson tersely states the leeds of the situation
“Within each prison,” he says, “there should be systematic
instruction of subordinate officers. The practical and technical
training in the duties of each, position can be given only hy
means of the daily routine, under the regulation of warden and
board. But theory and practice must go together if we are to
secure the highest results. The meeting in council of all the
prison officers is a favorable opportunity. for considering not
merely the actual rules and life of the establishment but also
the principles and reasons which underlie all specific actions.
Men who move mechanically, under specific orders, without
Jeing taught to consider the Feasons, become automatons, lack
initiative and invention, and become mere slaves of monotonous
routine. Energetic and effective men soon seele escape from
thls deadly grind, where creative mental activity has x0 outlet
of expression.”

In addition to security of tenure and protection from political
changes, the jobs of officers and guards in penal institutions should
be made sufficiently attractive in respect to salaries and hours to
induce men to enter the service and continue in it, In our New
‘York City Department of Carrection, the low pay compels employees
to seek other employment. At present the guards of the department

are asking pay equal to that of the policemen and firemen, Many
ood men are lost by entering other departments for better pay and
the prospects of a pension.

‘Together with a fair compensation there should be a pension sys

tem, to be supported jointly by State or county and the employees
‘Another detriment to the service is the long hours of duty. So far
4s practicable the tiree-shift plan of eight hours to a shift should be
sworked. This plan is in operation in a few institutions in New York
Ete even in ome county jal and haw proved m great benef
the service

Tm the State of New York the civil service system applics to all
state institutions and to a few cosinty instintions. Trip necessary
how to extend the system to it will apply to all county and municipal
fnits as well, But a training schol for prison” officials exits
howhere in the State

‘There are two things, therefore, that we need: the extension of the
civil service system to all local institutions and the establishment
Somewhere of a training school for officals who might subsequentiy
ie appointed in ether the state or the local instications. There are
two ways in which we could drive for these results. One is by work
Ing Independently for the extension of iil service and for the
tstablishment of an independent training school. The other method
{E'the one recently suggested and so generally advocated by many
persons and for a variety of reasons, samely, through the establis
feat of a State Department of Correction. Such a department could

Sexecrion oF Prison Orricens AND GuarDs a

sutomatically both extend and improve the civil service system and
iso present facilities for the organization of a training school that
tould easly combine the necessary theoretial and practical training
freliminary to appoistments and the further training for the pur=
Ropes of promotion. Asa practical matter may be that the ater
Kunis the better.” Ke has the support of many persons and many
Inerests, Tt has advantages for improvement in methods of reforma-
fon and custodial cars, and woule therefore east support of
Interest of thove primarily interested in such aspects. Would it not,
therevore, be best for thove wi seek to raise the tandarda of prison
tnployers fo strengthen the movement for a State Department of
Gofection, which then, in addition to its own advantages, would
‘tevitably result also in improving the status of employees.” 1 feel
that this is perbaps the most pressing immediate need and the most
hopeful general plan.

CHAPTER Vi
Muste 18 Connecrionat. INsrituzi0ns

As a result of his experience during the war as Director of the
Community Singing Department for the Northern Division of War
Camp Community Service, Dr. ©. F. Lewis, the late General Secre-
{ary of the Prison Association of New York, saw the infinite possibili-
ties of music in institutions. On his initiative there was formed.a
Committee which is known as the Committee for the Study of Music
in Institutions. Dr. Lewis was the first Ch:
death Mi
‘Advancement of Music, has been Acting
of the Committee are Mr. L. F. Hanmer, Director of Recreation of
the Russell Sage Foundation; Mrs. H. Hobart Porter, President of
the Board of Managers of the Wayside Home, Valley Stream, Long
Island; Dr. William C. Sandy, Director, Bureau of Mental Health,

partment of Public Welfare, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Dr.
Mason. Pitman, Superintendent of the Colored Ozphan Asylum,
Riverdale, ‘New Yori; Mrs, Frederick Almy; Miss E. M. Hafford,
Superintendent of the Wayside Home, and Me. E. R. Cass, succeed
ing Dr. Lewis and representing the New York Prison Association,

Closely interwoven with the formation of the Committee is Mr.
Willem van de Wall, a very unusual and interesting worker. He
is the agent of the Committee and is endeavoring to clearly demon-
Strate that music is of far greater importance in the care of the un-
fortunate inmates of public and private institutions than has yet
been realized. ‘The relation ‘of music to, behavior in ‘corrective
institutions, its quieting effects on persons suffering from nervous an
‘mental disorders, have been indisputably proven since Mr. van de
Wall has been at work. Remarkable results have been accomplish:
in the New York State Hospital for the Insane at Central Islip; at
the Bedford Reformatory for Women; the Workhouse on Welfare

8 ‘Tate, Prison Association of New Yous:

Island; the Boys’ Club in New York City; the Colored Orphan
Asylum at Riverdale, and other institutions. Mr, van de Wall's
‘work is to a noticeable degree definitely connected with the new plans
of the New York State Hospital Commission, which plans emphasize
the need of therapeutic measures in dealing with the insane, this
being a departure from the mere custodial care idea.

‘The following article which has been prepared by Mr. van de
Wall, so clearly demonstrates the purpose of the Committee and its
activities, that further introduction is wholly wnnecessary. ‘The
Piison Association s proud ofthe fact chat this untsual and meri
fous experiment was started by its late General Secretary, and,

further, because of its continued afliation with the undertaking.

MUSIC IN CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS
By Winter vax ne Watt, Director, Committee for the Stedy of Music
in Tastiatons,

‘The musical activites described in the following report as having been
conducted in four correctional institutions in New York State were based on
the following theories:

(G2) Music has a place in correctional Jnatitutons if it acts as a stimslant
fof constructive and socializing energies, in a program whieh in its entirety

centrate themselves span the tale of expressing the better self along lines of
esthetic discipline and Harmonious teamoorl, thus enabling the anti-rocal
and subnormal individual to rise in actual conduct to a higher level of self
‘expression and social behavi
"These principles were applied and tested in the following intitations
A. The Workhouse for Wemen of the City of New York, Welfare
Island, New York City.
B. The House of the Holy Family, Second Avenue & Bighth Stree,
New York City. A Catholic home €or minor delinquents.
C. The Wayside Home, Valley Stream, L. I, N. ¥. A Protestant home
for female frst offenders,
D. New Yorke State Reformatory for Women, Bedford Hills, N.Y.
Each of these four fnnttutions covers a different section of the field of
correctional endeavor: taken all togetier, they fairly well repretent the entre
‘organization built up for the reclamation of the female offender.

‘A. The Workhouse for Women of the City of New Yorke
Introduction. Tarough the courtesy and coogeration of the Commissioner
of Correction, Mr. Hamilton, and the Superintendent of the Workhouse
Mrs. Lilly, 1 received permission to visit che Worlhovee once a weele for the
pporpose of engaging the inmates in musical exercises. I enjoyed also the
cooperation of Mrs. Wilcox, Miss Gate, and Mrs Metzler, of the Extension

Muste ne CoreectionaL Instrrurtons 49

Bureau of the Board of Edvcation, My first vist took place on Oetaber 6,
tot, and my last on May 3, 1922, sehen a final concert was given ae the
Workhouse by the inmates, jor the iamates, in the presence of the Comanie-
sioner ane various prominent guest.

‘Music in the Instiutionsl Program.—The application of my stated p
ciples was effected through the arrangement of the Superintendent which
trade the weeldy music session an appendix of the school eourse conducted
fy the Extension Department of the onrd of Education in the prison. Tt
this became: (4) A reward for regular school attendance; and (2) an
Incentive to attend the school

Resulta.—(1) The wockly musical of Wednesday afternoon developed
into a regular gathering of the bettr-behaved clements of the prison popula-
tion, not engaged in essential work or detained on account of sickness. But
the elaes proved so popular chat all non-cevential work was permitted to be
stopped, and this wae very willingly made up for later. Even crippled and
Very much downand-ont women stumbled. in, assisted by crutches and
Ssterly friends, eager not to forego this oasis in the deeary institutional
fesert, this "heaven in hel,” as one atrophied, aged owteast one day called i

(2). School attendance increated at once.” Starting with about a dozen
women, wwe increased to sixty or seventy, which represented about a. chid
ff the prison population. ‘There was no. desire at any time, ether on the
art of the officials or of the inmates, to make eis affair a." free bout
Ter everybody. These houses of correctional segregation of shorter and longer
renteaces will always be found to lodge a certain number of miserable out-
fasts who are not able or willing £9 participate in anything decent or show
‘Sy ge wines fe ater do and enjoy amthing fod and leant

Which docs not benefit ter Tinted and law Brand of atavstc cravings. We
unt, howcver, dscriinets between the low ted the rough, ‘The rougher,
Imonuth, type is not always the worst Tt is often made up of explosive,
faive and impulsive temperaments, who express thencelves just ag they feel

‘mormoss emotional outlet in singing. Just these types were sometimes the
Inost encouraging subjects. Often they brushed into the classroom, brimming
fover ith foolish jail nolses, just relessed. from thelr cell, like animals
recog shenseles, ater, istivty bind he tar, ‘ewan “with
acme and legs iy 2 "Dever mind what bocomes of me” fashion,

thd woncag thee profes snd fntatcaly arranged ir wth a dating emery,
to much needed for better purposes than the institutional “ show-of.

‘Aialchoor of seatinnas siping, trtng with a ycling of * The Star
Spangled Banner;” gradvally moderating. in time and intensity to, Bn
Buty bund" Siecp, My Child, and Peace Attend They" Bever filed to
fexhaust surplus emotional energy, eras the upward:-groping soul, and mould
the iil'mannered, selfadvertising, nolsy and obnoxious individual into a well-
‘behaving, selfrestrained and pleasingly cooperative personality.

Aesthetic Values Obtained—Tefore describing the program & word
Bout the rendition itself:

"The essence of all a 5 soul. Technique is only a means of expression, not
ity end. A faultless technique without a definite message from the soul

50 ‘Tue Prison Association of New York

life to the world is like well-perfeced telegragh apparatus without « message
to convey; it docs not serve purpose. Now the fist mission of art is to
express the emotional sel ‘The beginning of all music is not sound, sound
being merely a means of transmission, but the human cry, which is the Faction
of the self on experience, projected by the individual through the air in sound.
producing vibrations.

‘Therefore I allowed these women of strong emotional make-up frst of
all €0 express themselves in conversation on whateve

would demand too sisch individeal attention at the expense of the group
From time to time 2 woman was pusied by the others to the piano as having
in a weak moment professed being 4 piano player, but with the one exception
fof an old Negro woman, sho showed an enviable proficiency ia syncopative
rating on the keyboard, no inmate ever showed a reasonable
say instrament, Instrumental skill necessitates concenteation and pers
Yerance, qualities usually foreign to the inmate's character. In fact, they
Would ‘not be in jail did they possess ‘these qutlities, developed ‘alone
wholesome lines,
But when it came to sing, no Metropolitan Opera chorus could measure
on to the worthowte prisoners chorus, If these

Heavy and strong. passions.
(of uch ap int

Sand criminality of many of these worsen, giants in muscle and physique,
‘seemed fo me caused rather by energy running amuck than by its abeence
Te became my greatest desire to help direct that energy into. constructive
chaneels.

‘The tonal quality, varying with the individuals between rough and timid and
tender, was for the group entire energetic and pecularly pleasing, appealing
by a tone color of & poignant vibration, never heard outside a fal, which
Beethoven must have known and aimed at when composing his grand chor
of the prisoners in his only opera, " Fidelio.”

‘The favorite selection for sole-singing of the average American prisoner,
especially of the mort prevalent tddle and lower is "A Perfect
Day” I shall never forget the rendition of this sentimental number by @
fright-oonjuring, rough (ype of woman, who sang it with the remnant of
enuf voice, revealing mind suscepti to expression of the most delicate
feslings, of which she must have had che impeess in her life. And" Eli, E

Music 1 Corascriowas. Insrrrurions st

the classic Jewish dramatic religious anthom,—how f was rendered (I ca
‘ot say sing, becaee there wat no voice) by a miserable, omaciated, vulgar-
Tooking wreck of a Polish immigrant woman, pale and haggard, wnkempt and
‘untidy, hobbling on crutches, ‘This woman threw herself so passionately jsko
the song, and reached such imposing moments of despair and Feligious ecstasy,
that parallel pictures of Shakesrpearean characters played by stars of the Rialto
fached across may memory.

‘Then there wat a French gitl, convicted of stealing from church poor
toxes, who tang “La Réve de Manon” with the angelic sonority of the
French light soprano, And again, she alaging of “La Psloma” by a Spanish
irl whose morality was as slender es her figure, but who was sublime in her
fiythin, and extremely decent in her Behavior toward me. She often gave
ts an encore after having received ovations of applause, exploding in such
falves a8 only prison walls ever echo, a voli solo Uhrough the medium of ber
ose, with euch a bafling resemblance to a violin tone resounding from a far
‘stance that a gramophone could not have improved upon

“Old Black Joe” was a favorite, sung by the whole grou, with four
farkies hiding Bebind the piano to sing as the voices from Hemven—" T hear
ther gentle voices calling, “Old Black Joe’ The voices were not always
Gentle, but the elect was always heavenly, and the grestest joy was
ceperienced when the angels returned to earth from behind the piano and
reported about “upstairs.”

‘And so T might go on indefinitely. Appealing to the fundamental emotions,
the correspondiag aesthetic vance could always be reached. ‘The technique
‘developed ise. Caruso balanced emotional contents with perfect technique of
expression, but the first always was basic #o the other. Thus socls found
‘elfcexpression, and many a os! was reached, Women feaving the prison
‘often grasped both my hands and thanked me for the best moments they fad
passed in jails adding to it unasked, chat they were going to take care not to
meet me in that place again. ‘To have been able to express the ‘unexpressed
tnd repressed, their innermost good and decent self, made them happy, also
the fact that Ney had done it themselves,

‘The Program.—This was bailt snd constantly rotated upon a plan of
levating the taste of the group. Tt consis

(a) A cleaner type of popular songs
(©) The American patriotic and folk song
(©) The international folk song

(E) Operatic choruses
A Typical Afternoon Program.

1. The Star-Spangled Banner

2 America

3. Mother Machree (solo)

44 Old Black Joe (quartet)

§. The Lost Chord (solo)

& Mammy

7, Lowes Old Sweet Song (solo)

& Long, Long Trail

‘Tue Prison Association of New York

9. Elea's Dream, from Lotemzrin (solo)
1. Barcarolle, offen
1 Bissoued Wales
12 Pilgrim Chorus, from Tanshasser
13. Till We Meet Again
Method.

(2) Engage the more or lets developed talents for solo work; the group
in He entirety for choral work.

@) Allow the iomates a limited tatiute in selecting their own songs, con
stantly inflencing @ better choice, This insures full cooperation and geveral
attention

(3) Establish order and active partisipation through the sense of fair play
sand comradeship,

(@) Arouse interest inthe songs through discussion of the text, and develop
preference for songs with a sound emotional social message.

(3) Teach at every session something new

() Be always optimistic, patient, calm and polite, but alko energeti,
decisive and enthusiastic,

Reaulte Achieved.

(GQ) The formation of a group of inmates gathering for a cultural and inel-
tectual parpose, forssting their attention and efforts on objects of Beauty,
which make for right proportion or balance, order and moraiy

(2) The coordination of more or less individuaitie and eccentric subnor-
mals into a ody of voluntary teameworkers for humanising constructive
pa

() The subjugation of so-called dificult characters into sociable fellow-
workers

(3) The wtilication and development of the higher instincts, desires and
impulses for free harmonious

(5) Guidance toward moral progres.

(6) Creation of direct happiness contributing toward direct group com
tentment

T trust shat the results of may activites in Yhe Workhouse, which unhappily
came to an end through lack of funds, have earned the approval and met with
the satisfaction of those authorites and officials who are in charge of the
insittion and who permitted me to wark within its walls. As fo the inmates
themselves, T cogld’ not have Wished for a better reception an disposition
from any normal group at liberty.

B. Activities in the House of the Holy Family

Introduction—Throwsh the kind invitation of Mrs, Hester C. Wightman,
Parole Oficer and Catholic Big Sister, 1 enjoyed on October 30, roar the
privilege of entering the House of the Holy Family, an intittion caring for
delinquent and incorrigible juveniles of the Rontan Catholic faith, and of being
Introduced t0 the Sister it charge of the institstion,

Spiritual Task of Aesthetic Recreation—I should never have felt
Juste in entering a Roman Catholic instittion of elation were it not that
T could hope to be understood and be ia my proper place, for 1 would not
permit myvelf to enter any institation west aay business were to promote the
purposes and ideals for which ie yas organized,

Mosc 1 Cornneriowat. Institutions 53

1 feel my task to be a spiritual mission. 1 cegard the ecoreation which 1
want {0 give as & veritable means of re-creation, ne an attempt to tlle tome
God-given powers in the children confided to the care of institutions, which,
without constructive recreation, would break them dows, instead of building
ther up In the daily rostine of Iife our Intent powers are only partly
employed. Tt is in recreation that we sece consciously and unconsciously to
toe and five out these untsed physical and paychical potentialities with which
Ged endowed us at our birth, The exhilaration which accompanies the stis-
faction of our recreational desires constitutes at she tame time a temptation,
which if not counterbalanced by sound and serious, unselish and humane,
teincples, will enslave its victim and male the excitement an end in ite, a
‘teint 10 the individual.

"Therefore itis our duty a8 leaders of the coming generation, and especially

could be given of the conformity of the charitable principles of the Catholic
CGhurch to the peincpies I geck to engrave on the souls of my popils dhrough
ny sctvities: " The charities of the Catholic Church are an expression of her
taderstanding of the spiritual relations of mea ¢9 one another and an inter-
pretation of these relations in the karms of human service”

‘The Relation of Aesthetic Recreation, and Religious and Ethical
Principles As stated before, recreation i the uelization of our unused
bowers, the expression of some of the repressed parts of our urge life
‘Auihetics isthe search Sor, contemplation, recognition, and practice of
‘hat which is beautiful, Beauly jp the outward expression of inward per~
fection” Artistic or aesthetic activities aim to attain the perfect, 0 reach
for the highest in proportions, in order, in law. “He who strives to exprest
himself aesthetically strives for the best, for harmony, for wity. Religion is

‘What now is otr duty ia lie? To Gring about this ideal relationship, this
perfect adjustment. Now the very same principles on which aesthetics and
‘eligious desires are based, the longing of the soul for God and beauty,
orem our moral or ethical urgings in our thirst for the ultimate good.

Tn the hym, the flle cong and the relevant type of art song the unity of

religions, aesthetic and ethical desires i effcted and realized and direatly
caprested. Therefore I use these threefold treasures as the basic materia of
ny reconstructive work

54 ‘Tus Prison Association or New Yorx
pth Wayward Gite gecrl tps signed tothe Howse of the Holy

Eris ett tit of ta fee to ge us dele tet fore few pols cr
bbe mentioned to determine the relation of the aesthetie moral program and
the pupil for whorn it is meant
‘This adolescent girl i 2 hopefal type, however, because she is yet ia the
formation, and environment and guidance may offset any
Tt sizuck me that = predominant aumber represeat children
‘We often deal here with cases of imperfect Americana.
rope and young Ameria clash within the bouschold and the conte:
‘qvence of this gigantic struggle of conficting racial influenees is often a dis.
Tupted inhermonions home and a psychopathic, neurotic, wayward child, whose
find and individuality tsy more or less aneuscessfully to survive the rach)
battle, which is duplicated and intensified in its own soul. And it is oftey
the purest soul snering the most. Consequently I regaed thie type of
‘wayward girl as en Jndividuality strugeling for reengntion anda place to
develop harmoniously, craving for. socially congenial eavironment. Her
often unsocial, individualistic, uufviendly behavior seems to me the rete
Of unsatisfied desices, her peculiarities reveal confusion, her emotionalism lace
‘of mental training, her delinquent acts satisfactions of primitive prompting:
fot kept in chece by harmonions parental home training. In summarising,
she He often tainted with disease ahd is a total victim of “weed” manors,
Ineficieat habits of feeling, thought and action. Whether she ig fecbie
minded, psychopathic, neurotic, or demented, she suffers innocently and
deserves our constructive love,
‘What are her assets? Many. I believe, the more I come to understand
her, that her ood points outnumber her faults many times
chance —and I'mean here  suiteble chance —she will do well
positively or negatively for sympathy.
Strongly. She is able to love very deeply, able and willing to ery very hard
We ayproached in the right way. T find with varying mentality her disposition
very encouraging. She is witty, and eraves for the peyehic relief ad help of
the comical. She is sbove all, aesthetically very keen and responsive,— and
this is osr mecting ground. She has to isarn to demand the same clement
fof beauty in behavior as we Gnd in artistic creations. Her often precocious
Inuman experiences male her recomnive and appreciate congenial treatment,
Method.
‘My method has been —
(2) To interest every gic
(2) To keep the attention focussed for a reascnable time.
G) To specially engage the difiesit individualistic pe
G) To ignore abnormal behavior and constantly deaw cn possible goot
qualities.
(3) to dicin ll he gists in tuing them into voumary dips
(6) To draw oot the perso and give Ht emortenity for tree sit

expres
(7) To correct unscil habits.

() To atin individ! and grou satisfaction, a well a8:

Music mv Conercrionat Insrrrurioxs 35

(2) Tntensfed discipline and obedience, besides an appreciation for the
"House and its principles.
(3) To develop love and reverence for home and family Hfe
) To inluence therapestially:
(2) By giving tasks arousing interest.
(b) By elevating mextal and emotional desires and developing ex
Bresson,
(©) By supplanting the individualistic by social behavior,
(@) By working preventively through directing. swaying emotion,

(oy fonog benty good and Go into « very ari of ation

Coroperaton,—1 canst pase highly enough the cooperative sit of
‘The Sister in. Change never relaxot in following ay sus

‘he brant of the labor and she was uitimate'y the cause of our eccesses,

As to the papils themselves, I hardly ever met such an enthusiastic, fine-
winded, and thankful, hapey fot. They are so well rained, and have leacet
fesdy so. mmuch eelf-restraint and self-denial thanles to the Sisters — that
any an ordinary child could take example frém them,

Activities — Our activities consisted of
(2) Development of the singing repertoire, in quality, quantity and exe-
(2) ‘The discussion of ethical and religious tonice outlined as above
(3) The preparation of entertainment programs, which embodied 05

limited objectives, certain goals to be reached in a certain time.

Results,

1. Two programs

(a) A Christmas pageant — "The Nativity.”
(©) A. miscellaneous program, including sousieal, dramatic and
eligfous element,

2. A constantly inereasing repertoie of homes
‘vith gradually improving interpretation from the
and literary viewpoints,

1 The general participation also of moce dificult types, and development
‘of discussions om ilgminating topes of all sorts,

Weekly Course at Home of the Holy Family.
L Technical Music Incruction.

1, Notation system and sight-reading,

2 Partcinging and interpretation.

3: Development of five-sided repertoire:
(@) American patriotic sonns; folk some
@) Religious hyemns, mass, vespers, ete
() International folie songs

nd folk snd art songs,
istic, moral

Ss

‘Tae Prison Association or Nuw Yous

(@) American and international art songs, chorus.
(©) Kindergarten and nursery songs.
UL Music: Appreciation.
1. The various types of music in form and contents,
2 The various types of voices, singers and styler of interpretation,
43 The various types of instriments and instrumental combinations
44 The various types of periods of musical history and ts leaders,
TIL, Musie ond Its Relstion to Other Socilising Factors,
1. Music interpreting the principal Roman ‘Catholic dogma,
2. Music interpreting the principal social-thical principles.
3 Music in conjunetion with dramatic interpretation of Wife.
44 Music asa promoter and conservator of socal home life, Practict
programs.
A ‘Typical Program of Musical Activites Weekly session, May 24, 122
A. Beusic (technical),

3: Part singing.
From Gook, “The Little Musical Mouse”
4: Repertoire
ternational fall songs?
‘ish: Cockles and Mussel
Hongarian: Folk dance (Brahms)
B. Music (appreciation). With talking-machine records
Tnterpeetative hythen
From

" Kinderscenen”

“Jesus, the Very Thought of Thee.”
D. Music and Social Behavior.
Personal relation.
Friendship: Song
©. The Wayside Home, Valley Stream, 1. I

Introduction— The Wayside Home’ is a training schoo! for Protestant
female fist offenders ahove the age of 16 years, “This Home, its ofcers
and its popls are very close to my heart for many reasons of whieh the
foremost is, that this institntion meant for me the stating point of my work
with deinguents, at the elevation of my musical activities from ‘profesional
catering to the already musically overfed— the average New York concer
hall and theatre maltitades—to the instruction and supporting of thote among
tus who need it most,— she frst offenders, the erring and failing younger ones
who tucked down or out after the first full life's battle with the contending
forces within and without them,

‘Another matter of great moment to me je the connection which the Home
thas for me with three personalities, those of the Inte and lamented Dr. O. F.
Lewis, Miss E, A. Hlaftord, Superintendent of the Home, and Mra. H.

Music 1m ConrecrionAt, Instirutions, 7

Hobatt Porter, President of the Board of Managers, whom T name ia order
of soquaintanceship.

It was the vision of De. Lewis, who was enthasiastically taken with the
idea of using music, whieh he loved eo mach, for mentally and morally recon
structive purposes, which revealed sy owm possibilities to myself. Anxious

possible for me. This tireless exccutive, whose mission of “saving gicls”
fer lifes great gosl, gave me all the cunfdence and opportunity and race
tical backing possible, If my work at the Wayside has been a success it may
in large pact be attributed to that wonderful disposition of Miss Hafford to
five me "free rope” even when in certain details there might seem a
fivergence of ‘ideas. ‘This generous attitude of an executive in regard to an
experimenting ovisider needs grateful recognition and made me fesl the
Sligstion to lie up to the challenge of sing freedom wisely to the benefit
of the entire Home.

“When backed fy initial successes Miss Halford induoed Mrs. Porter, the
Home's President, to take an interes in my work, Thus was secared one
fof the strongest backers of my cate, which then evolved into our cause —
the bringing of music ax a means of moral reconstruction to the penal
instittion

‘The General Program —To avoid repetitions let me state that the program
sed in the FTouse of the Holy Family was originally built up and tried ont
‘sth certain modifeations in the Wayside Home, These modifications deal
‘with the denominational differences which necessitated religious musical
frograsn which in the Wayside ‘ome was based on Protettant, and in the
House of tie Holy Family on Catholic, doctrines and principles, A farther
sifferentinion wae necessary on account of the tro different types —in the
Catholic Home, the adolescent child; in the Wayside, the matured young
woman, with a difference of meatal and physical make-ap, contents, tends,
foclal experiences, and particular and general interests

‘The Sacred Music Program—My program in the Wayside Home is
based on the principle that musical activities jn any kind of intitation mast
in the first place be in accord with the special characteristic interest of the
‘natitaton. This ia the Wayside Home being the Protestant religion, 1 made

fnthems, etc, which would supply all He. need
institution, selecting, a4 T dil im the case of the Catholic Home, the mort

So it is that in she musical bour when all unite in dhe vocal exercises, the
institution elf as a Tiviag unit, made such by the harmonious cooperation of is
divergent constituents, finds expression, and impresses itself as in no other
hour om the minds of those i shelters and nourish.

‘The Musical Program.—This period consists primarily of vocal exer-
caters

cises, With no resident musieal director who unde
various instruments hardly any worthwhile cesult can be

fechaique of the
eached by indi-

8 ‘Tus Prison Association or New Yors

ie rma ing aa og mh i i oa et eo
fre of the reson for fiona! mia ei

sit would be quite task in fuelt to setemble « Rtoup of imatroment|
berformer corgi cagh o cecheepng rls by tet slneoeat
ring Th oe nt ea that whe a mate gpm fob led in
playing an instrument itis discouraged or lost sight of. In the Wayside Home
1 found at fast two among the forty girls wo were learning the plano with
reat skill and improving very moeh in teshuique and musical eonseiousnes

In s boss institution a band isan ideal goal to work for, for esany reason,
However, in ail institu

Unless person is stone deaf oF defective

‘of vocal organs, there is mo excise oF reas for not paricpeting, A mil
‘mum of snental devstopmeat Is necessary t0 join, and that Fach instead of
ebasing music as one of the least important fer ars, makes it one of the
‘mort sacred and divin, human and universal arts, a very fay from wonder
Jand or angel from heaver, allowing everybody, from the most exalted person.
ality tothe least among us, the nearly imbecile, to partake in the production of
that most delightful and construcire group expression, son.

‘The technical program in the Wayside Home corresponds clorely to that
prepared for the younger group of the House of the Holy Family. Only T
‘exgerimented with and scleced far che development of a mature taste through
scquvintance with and appreciation of the mott perfect fort of art, a num
her of classical songs with dramatic and appesiing contents.

and colors of expeesion and does aot limit this to the higher voices. Further
hat the pupils during thelr segregation i the
me in singing the best music, and. second-hand
arrangements of put-voics compositions are not always the best form of som
Etiminating the art song with too intrente technical demands, I selected
cuabert songs lke "Hark, Hark the Lark” " Death and. the
* and "The Er! King” of a tong like Sehumana's mclodromate The
‘Two Grenadiers" And ie must be said that where ceraily each pupil ind
vidualy would fit on account of lack of vocal, iterary and expressionist
training, the group attempt often rented in. an adequate, evem ripples,
ierpretation of the song, which set many an oficial rectait fm. bleak
shadow ‘and. astonished occasional visiting professional artists, Mere the
‘group reached a high peak far beyond the reach of any individual compos
fu We sang Grieg’s "Attn Storms.” and no full sing orchestes ever
fave me the sensation this unsca-singing veformatory group allrighted: me
‘th in the sweeping onrush of the melody. ‘Nor ed any ene of the greatest
Schubert performers ever avved and overcome ie with ao much pric end
rmouraful despair expressed in the last words of the Erl King ballad “And
fo, im ia arms the child was — dead!” as did these gies intoning that word
dead”
‘The Music Appreciation Course. "This course is given for the sake of
developing the musical intelligence of the gir. It is pactally sided by the
eproiveing records, and aims at extending the musica interest by building up

Music 1 Gorrecrioxan Instrrunions 9

suucal conceptions, not dough the theoretical teaching we had to suffer at
‘ad

‘As the Wayside Home trains most of is pupils for @ period of three years
all courses are based and outlined on a plan dividing the material of instruc.
tan over 150 weeks

‘The Vietor Talking Machine Company has very graciously enabled me to
ting the ost perfect examples to the Home by presenting a portable
sachine and a set of selected song records for the purpose of iastructing the
inrtational inmates in the best teadtions of singing, aking them acsainted
with the modes of artistic expression of the greatest artists in the very songs
they ehoote to sing Uhemseives, And although "The Rossry "is certainly not
the most preferable selection from a musial point of view, a record 10
acing the song as rendered by that sublime musician singer Schetmann-Heinke
{id wonders in making the unfutored ile at once grasp bow to sing & song
they could understand, how to express one’s deepest, best self in song, doing
the self and the song the grestes juste, The group changed at once into &
forty-fold Schumann’Heint, proving once more that @ group very mystrie
‘ously can reach a cerisin climax of uman eficieney which each individual
omporing, the group could aot reach, and also, Ut although i ie often
Slated that jn group expression ‘he individal is tuned down lest than hie
‘wm normal fine, om the contrary this example of groups reaching far abuve
the Level of individual efort proves that certain wellconceved and reyulated
‘group instructions do more for a pupil tan many an individual private Teston
or exercise could accomplish,

Course in Musico-Soclal Hehies-—The question hat recently been rsized

which afforded me the mort epiendia opportunity for getting data on this
Pon and ivi me he asc gratia he det One
eas simply to satlty certain cravings, difering with

point where the temporary, direct efect of music is dovetailed into ite Tasting

6 ‘Tae Prison Associarion of New York

indirect effec, the emotional mood calling into light a chain of associated

‘mental pictures wih their desires and impulses toward action
A reformatory is a school of conduct, or more precisely an insite,
where the effort is made to break down labite of anti-social behavior and
‘actions, habits and charaeters of & socially con

What is the wouble with the reformatory imate? The trouble is tht
he or she is lacking in eneray to do any kind of thing which is obmoxiows
0 a happy-go-lucky habit system: perseverance in overcoming obstacles #s
Drelty near the zero point (lofty exceptions not to be forgotten) ; that per
Zonal interests are on the average very limited and primitive; and Sally, that
‘here are often intemal end eavironmental factors party or tally eating, ot
sggravating, ach a disposition

1 is the hard, often unthanikful, and next to impossible“ job of reforme
tory workerr t6 overcome all these evils, to outdo constitsional handicaps,
and destroy in periods of from six weeks on, desultory habi-eystoms which
for stoen years or more have grown like Wild vines into a labyrnthe, het,
farmonios, unbalanced, heterogeneous, unstable character. To unravel and
reorganize sich a kaoty persomlity by simply making i fisten to a tuneful

‘you feel st once the impossibility of ie Ie would be just ab unreaconable

(ough such tarearonableness is so very common!) 10 expect 2 physician 10
cure through the prescription of & few pills or drop, a patient who was finally
put to bed by years of an irregular, uahygienie life of dissipation, “AI these
Gemands and expectations that musi, physicians, priests —and Heaven and
the public press may know what more—-anast bring at once relief and cave
mount to nothing more tan invocations of marie and sorcery by weak
individuals who, Incking the backbone to uy themselves, want "the ott
fellow "ip catu, the magician —to do it The wonderfol power of msie
Dowerer, $9 tht it may stimnlate a person to feel, and think about, and set
pon, a certin thing which ie is sesesaty and good and beauiful for him
to do for himself. And that is why mesic is an eesential in a training course
eriqued to develop self-miasiory end perseverance in the weals of wil

How doee this work’ Let ws iluctrate wilh a song, such as we tke in
the ssico-socal ethics cits," What will we sing?”” " Plesre
me, if all those endearing young chaeips!"" “All right) Number 2
"Dice 55 Community Songs’ "* A wonderful song porely mi
welled up out of the loving soul of Thomss Moore and the wnkaowa (2)
Trish composer, a sng remodeled aul perfected by centuries of popular se
We sing it. It sounds, with the test intention, fat, unrisica) and felingest
We don't get out of it whe there is in i, scoring. We all sense that, but
swe don't know why.

Tiere starts the ethical teaching, T should say tn the Socratic way, whic
always creates the desire fo lator frst, thea supplies the imowledge Hel
‘Phas we all fslt that we could sing it beuer.” How? What was lacking!

‘+ Tis splendid, any-sided collection published by C. C. Burchard & Ca,
Boston, Mass, is ured by me io every institetion mentioned

Music uv Connecrionat, Instrrovions o

et us examine the text Grst. One of ris asked to read it, and we con
senicate very intensively on this propositen :
"If all thove endearing young charms
‘Were to change by to-morrow =
Thou wouldst sll be adored

A new message this indeed for buterBly sweethearts, dance-ball girls, pros
tutes, who paint themselves in order fo remain "in demand!” To be des
tt personality of mind and soul, and not only physically! Some ekeptis
fliule the possibility of it. They sarcastically profess to know better, ro be
“wise guys” but others protest vehemently. And a lively, yostionate debate
flows, left to itelf by the class-leader, though guided in the right direc~
sons. For the principal points must come from the class and a Smal group
Satement defining the contents of the song Ge agroed upon. Ja this eave it
Aeyeoped to ber “Lasting fovet™

‘And again we sing. And the textual interpretation is transformed suddenly,
imbued with emotion and intent. ‘The singing is now the expression of the
rary “selves living themselves the experience of the eternal lovers of
the song. And there happens what I may best describe by quoting Emerson's
‘pening words in his essay on history: “There is one mind common t0 all
incvidal men, “Every ran is an init to the same and to all of the same.
He tha ie once admitted to the right of reson is mate a freeman of the

‘What happens psychologically? A new complex is crated interning ara
rgnising 2 whole system of beautiful, good, healey and moral rentimients
15d tought in the reals of the paychleal sublimation of the sexinetinck,
2 complex with strug poteaalites for resisting ond suppressing the stavstic
east within ue and berating our sacred and heroic self. And the mere
intonation of the tune wll sufice to eochain all these divine and inypiing
motions, thoughts and energies necessury for holding us steadtast in out
struggle for a sane and social and successful fife

Tint iz what a mere song can do, if its potentialities are recognized and
ire.

‘Along theye lines a complete course Jeveloped itself ost of the Wayside
Home experiments, covering the various types of social relationships and their
itherent dates, cach topic being of moral importance and practical value ia
the daly He, and these were all emblazoned on one ccsthte escutcheon, the
fol song and nothing lst,

Folk Songs are Chapters of Social Ethies.—It war not only possible
te construct an extended repertoire of international folk songs runaing parallel

@ ‘Tue Prison Association op New Yoax

wih a course ia practizal thes, but here Hs such an inexhaustible wealth of
Tek soogs of both artistic and eieal importance that ile could be spect
fn stodying their numbers and contents, the folle song being noting else a0
the musically ~ that is, enotionlly — emphasized ehical proposition

Clast-leader an Ethicsl Mentor—The craving for sensory satis(actio
fs one of the goals of convciousnces It dr Because of the thay musi crests
direct contentment and happiness and that the ane who produces i of leads oF
atoes its prodacion enjoys & popularity such as ralsed the anciont Bard to
foyal dignity, snd exalts the modera performer or conductor 19 the ranle
of theatres! oe concert-latform iol

1 other words, the human soul turns Hike the sunflower ieelf toward the
spot from which comes the light. Then i extends its faith over an entie
personality.

teacher on abcount of rome of his characteristics lik the
the lar over them, and if be does not exhaust

These of fis tak at all, because he fale to reap
the harvest epriaging Gefore his fest; he does not enter ll the doors opened

to him; he does not grasp the hands of ll the faithful fllowere acquired;
sd be fats to lead them from a musical, toa general goal of sly, which
isto make them want todo that which mast be done, although it may be
Aiicut and painful, and to have Tem do iin sel-restraint oF ia yostve

ction, in tefeaiiag from somethi accomplishing a. disagreesble
tse.” And they wil do i, fret for the leader and then Inter on for thernrlve.

‘Thinking Exercises — Music causes mental action, of which a partie
increased fecing and another, more vivid thinking. Musi timlates con:
veeation ar mch often tit docs silent sttention. When the enti rie in
Temperature, exchange end opposition of ideas increase on the same level

Tifowd the reformtory inmates just at eager to thine clearly as to feel
Intensely. Stree by the low mentality of some and the Timited range of
thought of certain of the brighter ones, began investigating the mentat con
tents snd tends of the Wayside Home gts and found that the majority of
hem were jast at eager to uae their individual mental facufies ax you and T,
whether they were mentally normal or subnarmal

‘Taking the pictorial and dramatic settings of the song starting points,

Muste 1% ConnverioxaL Issrtuti0ns 63

turactet, And the girls love to discuss and find out and be eafightened
tirougl tee ova eft, with a guide only to chow Whe way, lesving dhe
treading of the road tothe one who has to travel the way himself

E ental light Co fare 3p

[Shusinted with the foremost problems of wovght, were ealod ty
Tepeatelly even 6y those least expected

Feation before faking action; and the class-leader with new knowledge about
Ss inmates, sew interest in ther, nex visions for the work, aud a grester
fesight into Pats eternal moxion that only "the trish shall make you fee.”
‘A Typical Program of a Wayside Home Music Lesson.—The follow-
ig is tre ouline of lesson fost, second eerien, given on September 9 1022
1. Music, technical
(@) Notation
fonie chord, acghtoring tones.
(2) Sight-reading.
French foe song.
(3) Repertoire
@) New ~
Grieg, Autumn Storms.
@) OW

A Merry Lite

2, Music Appreciation
Imitation Rhgthoss
‘Spinning Song, by Mendelssohn’ (Victor Record No. 35150)
3: Msc and Religion.
Subject: Worship
‘Morning Hien
Ration, Werner's Choral Book,
4, Music and Ethnotony.
‘Serbia:
‘On, Oh Thou Sool
5. Music and Social Relationship.
Clare: Nature Songs
Flow Gently, Sweet Afton,

D. State Reformatory for Women at Bedford Hills, N. ¥.
Introduetion—This instition offered a problem aot encountered in any
of the Uiree slvady desrised. Wh this pecblem now solved, I regard it a8
Shy duty to reeognice publicly Dr, Amos T. Baker, the Superintendent, bis
‘Rut teloved and lamented wife, the late Mrs. Edna Baler, and those mem-

64 ‘Tue Parsow Assoctarion oF New Yor

bers of the staff who by their assistance contributed so much to making
postble a ral sucess

Group Problems.—The great problem was how to serve an institution
hosing around fen or twelve groupe of twenty-five inmates each, with proper
Iron exeeises cove a week, between 4 otock in the alternoon on Monday
nd to:3g on Toesday morning, with Lights out st 9 oclock in the evening.

"The recon prablem, relly 4 pare of the Gust but very distinct in itself, was
how to hecp various sections separated which on account of he foal int
tutional orgasizaton fad 40 be Kept apart, snd how to combine others which
sight be united,

"The third problem was how fo oversome the evil consequences of disturb
aces, dating from before Dr. Bakers tine, aot apparent at te moment of
iy fot visit (which was in Febroary, 1922), bur justly suspected a able
{0 breakout inthe form of rowdyiam as goon as large umber of girls were
Semilel for any purpose in one soom. This danger was more than
‘hantor, for & remmant of old-timerr serving long terms or hucle again on &
few senence kept alve the memory of former “glorious” days, and were
ready to matigate fecble or ill-mindod neweomers to atempe that which they
emialve were too cowardly to run risks for —that is, the fomenting of
disturhances, nd Hf posible rit.

‘The Type of Inmate-— OF the inmates of the four institutions described in
this report the Bedford gisl was the most problematic. The
he

‘mort favorable
‘being tll of a plidble age (it

jy and tind, stil gering in the age
“The Wayside Klome fest offender
naturer age, more OF less dsultory
"These lols formed,

twas the adolescent Catholic Home git
{feb she sver was), sill growing in od
(of awakening oeial instincts and ideas
Srea alle harder to reach on account
Cnoeriences, older habits and more diplomatic conduct.
owever, 2 tall group, easy to analyze and to control
‘The prison woman of the Workhouse often impressed me as having mcede
home seliee and boepital treattaent for awhile she finally landing more or less
iy in the City’s free hotel for social bankrupts at Welfare Island.
Eyen the roughest of these unfortonste daughters of Father Knickerbocker
showed «Kind of ripeness and fliness of heart which is mek contingent upon
Tank or calfure tut f the consequence of years of experience and oncoming

"The Becford irl, whose average ie between twenty and thirty, stl
‘a ule feels herself mightily, Nau bad more
eels
Aisjosiion. In social strata there inmates vary from the college girl gone
stray temporarily of forever, to the drudge bora and bred to live is trouble,
trict not taken into lifelong custody.

Todividally taken many of these girle do not amount to ume, either in
‘outage of zeal, or gifts or vim but as @ group they show a tendenty to over
‘compensate for absent gules by bold showing off of what ndividally they
fear to exhib.” Each group develops a few out-rtandiog foolish acess,
whispered to by others a8 to how to perform. When apgrehended quickly and
‘ecsiely the desire to show olf cools in no time, and group ringleaders kaving
Sil much free Dosting enerey to spend, they now chime in with the larger

Moste 1 Connecrionan Instirutioxs 6s,

group followicg the rmsi-class leader, The great ‘majority always show
Sted and attention, providing that what the Jeader offers is snappy. cOn-
Saugus and understandable. ‘The greatest means of discipline ts metwal inter~
ft in the subject under cousideration.

COrganization—Fxperience made ur change many developed plans to St
tne chenmntances. ‘The fundamental principle was to ceach the largest muber
athe srestest porsible result. in the shortest time, enforcing group
Uscinine Grows musical activity.

“Pie fasion comprists six groupe, spread over several hundred scres
of ily county with population of from to fundred and fifty to three
hendeed gis

os one and two are housed in tillside building (Rocketeer Build
Moe dat of the incoming fomates, segregated for correctonal and
the reception group and the detention

fecheminded, both colored and white, "This group is continually increasing

Fhe sixth group is the psychopathic division, entirely fsolated from the

locked. uj inthe Rockefeller Hospital for special treatment

aaa epee is made up of caves of an extremely tnbalanced, unsocial
Sd abnormal behavior.

"ties groupe are al reached snuscally now, and thus the entice poptation
comes under the disciplinarian and therapeutic power of song.

History of Development.—Continally Keeping in min Dr, Lewis! doe
1ST soy form of soci] thrapestics mast reach the greatest number to
pe tecatest good, T have refrained from tactics followed by previous
Bee A leak emieavors fo a elected, talented few and have tried, bow
ork te abe initial experiences were, fo reach out fret to the ‘masts
‘As already stated) a limited tine ea

om four olocs originally, € sleeping hours,

up Sehevior, and i wae quite &
TR minor gio of extreme indivi

raise, made op pncially of Wig addicts, nepleted

Fychopaths,_ and, ‘wisture of
Torsidrable trouble at the Deainnin
fran ve or six, bot inasmuch 35
{hte In lence over some of thei wean
Seifoturoance they certainly contributed an ital probe
Tet anything in partcar, id. nt concentra

ictetes of aimless, spasmodially exploding eneray:

ahh their desire to
ie neighbors they represented reli
"They were 200

Tmt,

6 ‘Tae Parson Association or New Yoax

sate that individally taken, they were never able to continue ostentatious

girs in question being lay, disusted, unfaithful cowards, did not hold long
4 these tactic
Tam happy to say that our music exercises, wih rare and single exception,
subdied, harmonized, socialized and inspired not only our worst psychopaths
fad fecblencaded and insane delinquents, but even the drag addicts; and
tar community singin now tring? the entire population together in the
Chapel withowt serious inidems, the gils vinging for stout one how, with
‘erent enthusiam and good order, from x screen which shows the song texts
Drojected by lanter, about Gfleen or twenty songs at a session, We have
to far built up a reper of about filly songs, to which we add one new
feng e2ch wee
We have oceascnal soloists emerging from the erowd, who are given the
‘ough that they are (o serve thelr fellow siters rather than outshine them
‘The acstbeti in always etriven for, and beauriful results, dlect artistic goal,
ace reached, especally in ahese songs.
Balee 06 Uf All Tite Endereg Young Caro
My Old Kentucky He
‘When You Look in the Heart of a Rose

Pastsinging results sgontancously in songs like “The, Missouri Waltz”
“Til We Mest Again” “Silent Night" and " Juanita” Te Dappens the
some in every group, the same way in the same songs. This prover that
ferain songs have inherent qualities which drew from the group harmonic
fxpression— which is socel consciousness materialized in song—and_ which
to give Birth to that amity of lofty feelings, thoughts and erations whieh
the group (and especially the estsional grovp) needs in order to function
‘asa ncbleminded, cient, nd happy social uni
1a order to expand our activites over the entire sasttution we formed the
two community song groups into one, the girls now Being able to dircipline
and enjoy themselves in great masees, Thus time as made for another
froup, the peychopathie, chout which J will epee Tast, thi Geing the latest,
Aeveloprest
‘The second group alt with in the order of the evolution of our acti:

(ogether with Be Hospital Detention Group, hossed im the same building
fone of the enost workable unite in the institution,

‘Another factor seiting our efforts isthe fact that the incoming prisoners
“kideapped." as they regard it from eheir own pareuit of prosperity, hep”

Music ax Correctional, Issrrrurions

piness and Uberty — a5 one giel said, “tke a base ball

‘menaced their welfare and that of society
By week changing group, every Monday afternoon at four o'clock they are
ushered from their coll and the fog of their ‘mental confusion into, the
‘music room, loin out over the impressive Garden of Eden which the ily
Westchester County landscape tuggests, ‘They fle ip and soust aeat them
slves in motionless aed nolseless order, a noarly impossible task for some
fof these unfortorates. Then when they expect dhe worst to come—for it
SS sad fo note how many of them are in constant anticipation of that wich
is urly and evil—me give thom ‘on the piano the Best there is in the world
‘which ie the voive of the
Creator himself appestng to the human heart trough the works of hie chosen
shildeen, the musical geniuses
‘other rexetion i wanted than emotions and thooghee harmonious with

Speak about our good frends, and we scrutinize the sadness of the ion
tars outside the windows, and it relieves some of ue ay if a stone had been
folled from our hearts to tease suddenly that these dadestructble metal
ferry prevent us from being bothered by some of thse bad friends who
Ielped us ta the door of the institution and then left us alone inside

‘And then we take the Community Song Sheets and each newcomer is
allowed to elect her favorite song, and we sing i all for her sake, all doing
tne thing just to pleae the other, Thon we discuss why «his song was

Tess aymbols and often go wrong trying to do. good and are often good
tying to do wroty—it is all confusion —miadivected vital energy which
thas to be dentangled. And matic ie the almost ever failing key to these
Inbyrinths of vital trends

Detention Group.—T know a woman issiocary who stufied nursing
in ender to approach those she wanted to serve with the Gospel at the time
‘when they were most ready fo receive the message, that is when physical dis
tress threw them elpess on their teds. The Detention Group, mostly
venereal case, i tery Walllog group, doing its Dest fo Hearn and improve

6 "ae Prisox Association oF New Yous.

‘This group, visited once a week, is made aoqusnted with the most Beauti
folk songs” and its preference ie for the best. Detained from one to two or
three ome its possible fo feach When variocs musical technicalities, and
they sing well. Theie selection is of songs lke Massa Deas” and 1 chal
Jenge any chorus of so-called normals to surpass this cluster of divested and
sisersble Marigolds in their power of and musical expression,
‘These women are sis entitled to an explanation of life of the state, of the
family health, beauty and goodness, in onder 10 be eqsinoed with individslly
protective and socially constructive ideas. [dees are what they need, sae
by which they may work ost thei salvation,

‘As we sing “Silent Night” telling of se birth of the Christ Child, de
Eternal Babe, we tavel all she way up from the stable of, Bathichem to
the tll of Bedford, and diseover that every giel is potential Mary, who
‘tight give birth to one of God's own children, and we see how this involves,
Sacred duties of wholesome living, and the selecicn of @ mate capable and
Worthy of Being the father of hapay and heathy ehildsen,

‘And we sing many songe. Because it is varied and contiowous action for
4 rood and pleasurable goal which gives 1 strength to keep up continuoss
‘Siort for goals which, while ond, are not «0 pleasure, Pleasure, however,
Ting an effect partly determined by mental atitudcr, we try to induence
these mental attles and create pleasurable interest im all that is necessary
and good

Feeble-minded Group—The next group is composed of the feeble-minded
on the ill. These defectives ave many compensating qualities, among
which are often an appreciation of tho besstifel and a keen sense of humor
(Other than this shee seems nothing but the desire of she mentality o bred
the discipline of logie Winking and to abound in Gorestricted. capricious
houpht associations, which wives great satisfaction ot only to the feeble
Iminded but to all who seeks momentary tellef from strenuoye meatal
Seaver

“The special sroup of feeble minded to which T am alluding is made up of
colored rls, who simply love to sing and to whom the siniag hour i as
fered as 2 tligious tervice to = group of ecxesastic,
Any struction im emotional expression they pos

1 often think tha theies ie the great
fst musical contribution made by ary of the races that the United States
Shelters, Indian inched, bcause the European songs one may hear better ses,
perhaps in their ative countries than here, while the Indian song is very
Deimitive, undeveloped kind of mari ut the Negro song. and the way i
is sung ie an art in self. Materia, voice and rendition comprise a snvscal
treasure wich cannot be enjoyed in ony other part of the globe, of which
the American Negro ought to be proud as of nothing elie, showing his
pride by calvating and practising his meiodien and spirtuels and caching
hem to his younger generations. And the peculiar fact iy that often he
white man has to be for his colored brother the evangelist, revealing to hike
the glad tidings and beauty of his own racial art

‘The colored fesble-minded girl knows nothing, wie entering the Reforms-
tore of her own race's art But ite gatonshing: how quickly these gils

Music 1 Connecrionat, Ixstsrutions

sake, when onge mut, to thee own pus, 1 i ie

‘Flow much could be taught these girls other than throngs these folk tanes
fs'a question which might form an interesting psychological stody,— how far
they could go in rendering other types of song with the moving and gripping
interpretation they ive their own Negro melodies and spirtoels

‘We are prot in Bedford Hills of thi tart of 2 population, constituting,
as Alenander, Johnson £0 nicely expresses it, the colony of our “eternal
thildeen” who have more good will than ineligence to wile i, but are
‘ery efective and happy in Song.

The Peychopatle Group-—On aot il in the Roker big,

Into dungeons, oF their lives sacrificed; im these days they are painstakingly
Cured for in comfortable buildings ®y principled and humanitarian keeps

Why are they segregated? On sccouat of their impossible behavior, they
being constantly at ois with any lind of order and discipline, recognizing
to authoriy, valuing nothing ood i life ncting eouble amang the inmates,
Tepreseating veritable daughters of tho spici which alvays denies

Wiy are they 207 Became they are the defective offspring of defective
stock, vegetating in a defective environment, acting defectively on defective

fre as a flock of queer sbecp and sollen goats, needing a nervestrong =
herd ad 2 few alew dags 40 Keep them from doing mischief. Some lok
very lovely and énnocent,

Imodele for cubist artist

Certainly eteates haves, Ue removal restores group pce

{he group, they lose much of thele hurtful energy. It is as if —what many
Df the inmates show they dew all their strength from the environment;
TE kee apart it seems easier for some of them to behave: while for ceriain
others good behavior is constitaional impossibility.

‘Atsenblod as a singing clas, they behave well and often show marked
voce tale, But i as if a certain cemral power were lacking ¢o array
Mi their bever qualities for a aiccersfo! Oatsle wih dein Teser qualities,
‘They are willing to give up quickly, or t0 overdo, On the average, they
tnicy singing, and their singing is enjoyable, and disitine is well maintained

‘The Ladies’ Singing Society Members of this group, comprising
toveaty per cent of the ist
honor t0 belong to a

requisite for admivance. Unio

{elteLanination. -Mersbership is voluntary. Members want to prove tat their
fBearceration s0 many days, weeks cr month# ago, was 8 mistake, or would
bea mistake sow.

70 ‘Tue Prison Assoctation oF Nuw. Yous

Tn order to test the Indies a5 to their lnytike qualities —for our purpose
conidered t0 be geeat self-restvait and very moderate and” delicate self
expression the vocal exercises of this group consist of the study of lyrical
Songs of the most refined and elegant, sometimes happy, bot als clegiac
‘For the purpose of axing musical actvides as endurance exercises, we
rehearse only one song daring one. sesion, and then try to sing it wel
‘This fe indeed too mack for many of the woulesbe leds, who say they will
Sun for sg bat su eis ink tut rs oe ces
“his endurance tet, not. omy on the Best ceceson, but ac
ong as the courte lasts ‘They are mighty pros of this attainment, ing with
trent sweetness and precision, and constitate the best behaving, most ladies
‘Froup, composed indeed of the best gicls sn the intttion.
"This endurance test, experimented with in onder to. sogregate through
msical activities the Best element, worked well and hat been continued
Demonstration for Board of Managers.—This year’s effort was crowned
with a demonetration for the Board of Managers and the Committee for
the Stady of Misic in nsuitotions, T lad the privilege of explaining Briefy
to the Board before the concert the priiples on which the various groupe
were organized. and trained, emphasising. the fact that although artistic
Tmusical standards had been certainly striven for, the frst and fast prince
of netion had continually been: What can music do to improve the individ
fal and social group feling,tining and condue:? Can more brag aboat
‘sass diecnine and individual self-government? Can mutie improve the
iat aicapbere sod nal the ere poplton gure the
Azembly Hall the dignified and reverent atitwle of @ symphony concert
Sitimeet 1st poshle to stader ¢ pogram af basal oe a Sart
nd even artistic war?
‘Our concert before the Board and the Committee was the answer
We Srst visited the Paychopathic Ward, where the giels sang:
1. The Star-Spangled Tanner
2. Keep the Home Fier Burning
& Love's Old Sweet Song — Soprano solo with chorus
4 Till We Meet Apsin— Alto solo.
£ Dreams Doet, with inmate at plano
6 Long, Long ‘Teil
7 Beautifal Ohio
& Sweet Adeline
‘These were all simple selections, bet they were sung with great delicacy
We then grove back to the Administration Building, where we. found
assembled in the Chapel: in the mile, the Negro Bill gronp; at the lett,
the Detention Group; at she right, the Ladiey’ Singing Society; and at the
rear, the population at large, seated in cotage formation
‘Dring perfect attention on the part of the non-performing groupe, the
Detention Group sang i
1. Old Folks at Home.
2. My Sunshine
13 At the End of a Perfect Day— Soprano solo
4 Masea ese.

Music 18 Cornecriowan Institutions ”

‘The last number, the most cherished by the group, was song with great
pathos in yar
“The "adies’ Society” then rose {rom their seats, singing from their
seen books:
1. The Anvil Chorus, from II Trovatore.
2 Believe Me, If All Those Endearing Young Charms.
3. The Loreey
Hark, Hark, the Lark, by Schubert.
§ The Low-Backed Car,
é
BT Would dt My Love, by Mendelssohn
9 Glorious Things Ave Spoken, by Rossin
The performance of these sumbers by this group was a surprise to every~
oly in the Chapel, pechaps even to the ladies themselves, who were quite
tnthusistic over their own success
"Then followed the Colored Group, singing:
‘March of the Men of Harlech
2 Little Gray Home in the West — Soprano solo,
3 Cany Me Back to Old Virgimny — Quartet,
{ Spintuals (a) Go Down, Moss.

(a) Ride On, Moces

5, The Lord's Prayer
Im the spirtuals six girls alternated with the general chorus by singing the
solo parts, to a softly bummed accompaniment by all the singers, producing
S’hokt scintiatngly beiliant and at the same time impressive eft.

‘The fase part of the program was given over to the singing of the entire

snudenee from the sever

A, Patriotic Songs

3. America the Beautiful
B. American. Folk Songs
“My Old Kentucky Home,
$. Teming To-niehe.
Foreign Folk: Songs.

When You Look ia the Heart of a Rose.
CCantique de Noel
Lorraine March

Rn ‘Tae Parson Association of New York

The volume of sound was impressive, musical shadings were careflly
observed the general behavior was more than correct. An atmosphere of
Tutal assistance, dignity and eauly was crested, Music

Tt he self-evident tat if sbould Seome possible for eorrestons insta:
tions to engage a renient music teacher of the necentary quaifetions, a
rogram of misal aces of much broader and more Intonive scope
Thee T have decried could be uncraken. One boar of susial exerci
nce a eck in iststions with very Meeting population, greatly is
posclitie, ‘The orgasination aod functioning of glee clube, sited shows,
‘hora societies, bands and orchestras, and individual raining of the mose
fale, cont tine and money. st ths expenditre would not be wart,
inasmuch asi would open possibittes for musically inclined ppile to become

ol recreation in those Jangerous

ie tsk set for the experiments deserted in this report was to open up
institutions of correction for musical activities, and prove the dsciplinatian,
stucational and. generally benelcial iaflences obtsinable from them at 2
Iinimom expenditure of time and material; and finally, 10 emphasize the
therapeutic power of music ne regards the constructive exertion of physical
‘and mental nergy.

Conctusion—Ia the report herewith submitted T have tied to present
a writen sketch of the work undertken in the four intiutions mentioned,
Tlave tried so give in outlive at leat some of the aspects of the work and
a few of its mderiying principles, Encouraged by ‘nal wuceesee, 1 hope
Sha the coming yar my est in farther progressing old is and new

T thank you for your great eonsdence and continved fiem support, and
trast that teach of our Committers members may be given the privilege,
Genied to is founder Dr. Lewis, of Fving 40 see the general tization of
music es iscipinarian and’ reconstrctive force inthe correctional
institutions of the United State,

CHAPTER VI
Paosariox BUREAU

‘This important activity of the Prison Association has been con-
ducted by its General Agent for twenty-two years in the Court of
General Sessions in the city of New York, and at no cost to the
county, all the expense being paid from the Association's treastiry
‘The’ Prison Association as long championed the principle of
probation, and the first probation Taw of the State was written by
the late Dr. Barrows, when he was Secretary of the Association,
__ Probation is generally called a substitute for imprisonment. This
js an error. Probation is a suspension of imprisonment duting good

Paosarion Bureau 7

is easy to understand, Tris a common sense answer to the question
“Why should we send to prison a person who probably will not
commift another crime, and who, if given a teasonable chance, will
feform and will not’carry the stigma of imprisonment and the
Sttendant possibility of becoming a criminal through the criminal
associations of the prison?”

Persons released on probation are not thereby released from the
consequences of their delinquency. They must report regularly t0
the probation agent, and they feceive from him supervision and
Counsel, “If conditions imposed by the court relative to industry and
good behavior are not followed the probation agent is authorized
{o bring the delinquent again into court, and the court may admonish
further or send to the penitentiary or prison the one who hs been
given a chance during she period of conditional release

‘Mr. Kimball has been diving all these years the Chiet Probation
Officer of the Association in the ancient and honored Court of
General ‘Sessions, and in the crimfnal term of the Supreme Court
His daily activities consist of visiting the <ity prison (the Tombs),
hearing the stories of those awaiting in fear the hour when she judge
wil pats upon their case, daily conferences with julges, representa-
ves of the. district attomey’s office, Iawyers, friends and relatives
(of those held for the commission of the erime, and
fing the circumstances relating to the commission of the ©
the visitation of homes and places of employment of those on
bation, About one-fifth of the cases investigated are disposed

of by
probation or suspended sentence, and the remainder are sent to

ae oe netormatries eecor ing to the gravity of the erie. The
Tod probation cer must not only be s good tavestigetor, posses
Seo" "inowiedge of tuman nature that wil enable Bim so, far as
eshte sente the difference etween 9 gensine fist offender and
Tehily and perhaps educated rascal who i caught forthe Gist time
ihe Bust watch, for mental defectives, drug adicts, feebleminded
tnd the like, who are beter subjects for hospitals than penal inst.
tons: ‘He’must be stem ané yee syropathtie, and in addition mst
posses a broad knowledge of the eritinal ta and the systems of
Ecipline inthe various state and county iestitations fo which com
vice pereors are. commited

"he ars a the ee nthe cour nae are numerous and each
day prceente pitiful scenes. A typical cave is as follows

"soma was ‘ound waiting a th ofce before the opening how,
woping that she might save het mics loved brother, crpple, from
tehneSent to povon Lie bad opened the mail of his employer and
{tes out checks, forged the indorsements, cashed them, and spent
Tee yponty< TAS a tesion for his eriminal act the man said that he

"4 ‘Tae Prisox Assoctation oF New York

hhad been drinking, He had a wife and six children, the youngest
‘one month, and the oldest eleven years of age. She wanted to tum
ver to the probation officer $200 in Liberty bonds, all that she pos-
sessed in the world, to make good his theft vas instructed to

in court on the day of sentence, and was very grateful when told
that the Association would recommend ¢o the court that the man be
placed on probation and be instcucted to repay to his employer the
money that he had stolen,

‘The next caller is a prohationer who stole Liberty bonds from
his employer and changed the serial numbers. He had been on pro-
bation for some weeks and was making restitution as ordered by the
court, but now he found himself in the hands of the Federal Govern-

‘and charged with for

of being convinced
the right thing, agreed to allow the action of the State Court 10
ce, after going through the formality of sentencing him to
imprisonment for one day. This foolish young fellow stole the
money to defray the expense of getting married and taking his bride
fon 2 wedding journey. Tt will slow take him ten years co complete
resiuation at the present rate of weekly payments,
‘A colored woman ow appears to ask what can be done to compel
her two bays to keep better hours and good company. They are on

Conditional on industry and good behavior.
uel summoned by the court and were severely reprimanded by
a result they are now conducting themselves to the
ction of both the probation officer and their mother.

Tr tation of the work of the Pro-
bation Bureatt for the period beginning October 1, 1921, and ending
December 30, 1922
Cases. investigated in city prison (Tombs) for

Slalges of Court of Geodal Sessions. = 84

Released on probation. ae
Released on suspended sentence.. <1.
Sentenced to State Prison. -.....
Sentenced to. Penitent
Semtenced to Elmira Reformaiory..

City. Reformatory,

Work House

Bediord Reformaiory

nee ROBES ES,

Discharged
Fined
Insane
Acguitted
‘Other dispo

Prosatios Bureau

Office Work
Number on probation October 1, r92t.
Received on probation to December 31, 19321...

Discharged with improvement
Dincharged without improvemest.
Arrested and sentenced

On probation December 31, 1922.

$6,444 50
2.240 00

Money received on account restitution. ..
Money received on acenunt children's support.

Total

Personal reports at office
‘Mail or telephone reports

Crimes of Persons Whose Cases Were Investigated by Probation
Di

partment
Felonies:

Other felonies
Total

Misdemeanors.

Unlawful entry
Other misdemeanors

Total

Many of the cases that came to ovr attention since the advent
ane Biftacnth “Amegament are greatly iaoleed and mysterious
eet remicly diffu to investigate them for the reason that
Ie psdoneoeee om bth side ae faefol that he whole el
the Re eeveated and that they may possibly haye to face a charge it
sil eserld and hak et Ge few Yook Sate Cours A cate
in point is as follows:

76 ‘Tue Prison Association or New Yous,

A. young man, thirty-two years of age, who had never been
charged with crime before, std who fiad been a bartender, was
charged with forgery. The complainant in the case said that he
Bought “merchanilise” from him to the value of $320, ane that the
‘goods were never delivered though the check was cashed.

‘When the prisoner was brought before the court he entered a
plea of guilty and frankly acknowledged that since he has been
‘unable to work at his chosen vocation, that of a bartender, he had
been engaged in the illicit selling of Hquor. He said he could not
obtain any other employment and. was. desperate

Much to the surprise of all, the complain
the court to suspend sente

rate of $5 per week. When the prisoner was brought to the pro-
bation officer’s room to receive hnis instructions from the Court as to
reporting and, restitution, the complaining witness who had been
Instrumental in causing his arrest and imprisonment, waived all
claim to the S329. The protation ofcer immediately draited «
written waiver, which the man
hhad cashed the check then appeared and stated that they had sus-
tained. the loss and wanted their money back. The probationer
agreed to pay tem and is now doing so at thig office at the time
stated by the court ung man is. steadily. ¢
waiter in an uptown restaurant and doing very. well

‘A young college boy who had pleaded guilty in the Supreme
Court to obtaining $73 on a draft from a college fraternity brother,
expecting th

noney for his. main-

He had been a litle
extravagant, and on the advice of a business man in the city who
Knew him sell his relatives ordered him to work and at the same
time cut off his allowance. With bis allowance cut off the boy was
left unprepared and did not even then take the matter seriously, bat

sson to him that he will profit from it

he ‘This young man is in no sense a criminal
for criminally inclined, and his relatives certainly made a. fearful
mistake. in taking the advice of the husiness man who believed he
‘was acting in all kindness and for the best interests of the young
man. By this disposition of the case the young man's future in
all probability is saved. “However, if he had been sent to prison
things might have been quite different.

Pawoue Buakav

CHAPTER VIIT

Pano. Bureau

Parole differs from probation in that parole means the pesiod
subsequent to the individaal's prison life, while probation means a
pored Gf supervised liberty allowed to a person instead of the serv~
Fores pram sentence,” In short, probation precedes the seF¥~
ine Sf & Briton sentence, wile parole follows & prison sentence

“rhe parole period of any released prisoner is of vital importance
bot SoFRim ad to souiety, “The theory of parole ip that the prise
thers should become gradually again accom to, that liberty
Sich enjoyed by every law-iling citizen, and which was his
Talore his pieon term, “Experience has proved that during) the
Para prod there shoud ben careful andrei upenyion
EP the Beleared prisoner's daily life, this supervision to. grow less
Gundl the tne arrives when itis thought proper grant him bit
sthootute discharge

2 there were on parole to the Association 159°
Gcticd enting December 31, 1923,

otal for the period of 504. Of

ole ducing the period after

Of conditional release

etared.delingtent 76

single month. In this way it was
Keep in close touch with the Parole
paroled. Also at the time he visited the different prisons there were

Fimerous cases referred to him which necessitated interviews with

families and prison authorities. On such occasions
lly protested their innocence or made requests for
rach ‘with some of their frien
their families, or sometimes asked
tte. Following such visits
gent to confer with judges,
and others.

the_ prisoner:

‘were in pris
the tireless

agent broken homes have been recs

Stantes has been the best thing, not on!

the young children.

fa ‘Tae Prison Assocration of New Your

Jn short, itis the work of the Parole Officer to extend to the
released prisoner a helping hand, always having in mind the pro-
tection of society and the necessary rehabilitation of the prisoner
This requires a stern and yet sympathetic attitude, and the know-
ledge that comes only through years of experience and under-
standing.

‘Among other numeros instances of assistance given we chose
the toliowing: a3 typical

While C. C. was in prison serving a term for bigamy, the
Prison Association cared for the wife and litle ones. Upon
hhig release a position was obtained for him, and through ‘the
efforts of our parole officer a reconciliation was established be
‘tween the man and his wife.” The little family now live one for
the other.

‘When B. J. came into the custody of the Prison Association,
‘he was without funds and on account of his previous record
did not know where to look for employment, He expressed
fa desire to start a litle business of ‘his own. Throwgh the in-
terest of this Association a loan was made him, with which he
purchased: a quantity of peanuts and ia cart. He worked

Giligentiy; has established large business; repaid the loan

and from latest reports he is still * making
G.H,, like many other young men, came into the hands of

the Prison Association destitute, and 1 might add, discouraged
with life in general. A job was obtained far him through thi
Association, with a small express concer. He continued to
retain his position, and proved to his employer to be honest
and conscientious in all his dealings. A short time ago we
were advised that the employer had taken the young man 2s
his partner, and they now have a"

B.C, received a long sentence, but after serving quite some
time “behind the walls” he was released on parole in the
‘custody of the Prison Association. Having been away so long,
he lost funds
and a home. ‘The Prison Association provided food and Todg-
ing, and employment was obtained for him with a candy con~
cern, He has worked steadily and opened a bank account.
‘On his release from parole, he sent the following letter:
Me. A, Raim,

we yi se

Dear Sirs

Pe ie Et Radice te
a
eet

‘The following letter is from a young man who played fool-

Exruovment Buweau ror Ri

ty ado nt inf the Mews He wt 0
ia ne
eg tok gr
iol
De Me, a= oat
sae ree i sa eh
ctl ‘Cias neatly afraid of
rcivcast

alle fox of

ood it wee ad Wat a Oi bel

ipa gice in every respect from you and. Mir. Cats

oP hall never forget ths, for T am sure Xt was She taming potst
ming ost, under parole with
vines and consideration that

eer ak health of ereryone connected with the
ire to's tipe old age to carry on
fen to make 20

CHAPTER 1X
Exrovaent Bureau ror Rereasep Paisonmns

wages.
not only asa rule

ure Ton
irk ama wages," Men alping

Franlly acvieed to begin at the bottom of

Cannof at fest clin upon any of the bigher rungs,

GE most important that the man just out of prison should as s
Geshe be able ro say that he is working éomewhere and af sme
Riing defnite. ‘The frst reference after prison is of prime, im.
portance. Many of the men suffer not only from mental but rom
Phymieal handicaps, Many of the appiicants are of small physique
Id eerefore unktted for jobs requiring great strength. Others
are withous an eyes arm, leg, teit Rearing, or have such iliness 38

80 ‘Tue Prison Association or New You,

to prevent their faking some kinds of work- TE these men are ex-
podd fo get jobs atl to support Gemgelves after leaving. prison
Pome ove tus intercede for them in getting a job and mast provice
isiging and meals and other necesies while they are loolng for
w jab tnemsches, ‘The Employment Bureau has made it point
to'sce that the applicane bas been supplied with whatever aasitance
tras necestaty to ep hi to become sel’supporing, providing that
the applicant was willing to. cooperate

Tie’ industla deprestion that began in, the fall of 1920 con-
tinued dirough the Seor 1921, and ‘¢ thus became dffeut to place
ten who cae os)" "There saa litle or no demand for mecunies,
booldeepers or cles. "The initutlons tn the greater ci
Stanly seeded ren suc a2 orderies, waiters, porters, ktchen help,
Slovafor and osrasonaly switchboard operators "These are stnle
postion, ut in quite a number of Jostances they proved stopping
nes ner pistons." hoy fy ten $5 oa math ad

cep, but when we conser that all the responsbiies regen cash
sre cared for, and what the worker roceves at the end of the month
his own, in ado to having gotten a. foothald, they prove
Worthy channels to industry and stably. “Duriog the cary” part
OF rosa hooplals and restaurants that bd registered with Gs cals
for help stopped entirely because of the coutted business depres.
Sion, and reported that the men they had hired. were haiding on
to thelr jobs Ie Werefore required addtional fort fo place men
teho were wiling to take any
worthy of meaton, He was an expert with the pen a
Known t the athortes,” Tle ‘was akiled in stenogrephy and
Accountancy, bat poutlons of that Kind were not to’be had We
Gite him correctly as follows: "I must get a tart and T cane
fot be particular. T'was offered s job washing floors but thet
fm not physically able todo. Tam willing to work for stall

20 long as 1 can-get ony board and room,” The mortey that
the State gave me st the time of my release $ro—is spent”

Te was necessary for us to give hin financial aid that he might
have Toom and food. Then we set about getting the sil essential
job, Appealing by telephone to the Supetintendent of neacby
Institution and stressing the released man's quaiheatins, we. we
asked 0 send him over for an interview. ‘ive was immediately
mployed in the steward’ departmest Keeping the stock accounts
He’ proved so expert hat in less thar a ment he was promoted 19
the font office and his pay advanced from $30.10. 875.4 mouth,
Hee was given room and board that he coud not duplicate for $209
a month. Had he been too pout to make a sine beginning he
Ahight fo quote hin," put over: check on’ Wall Strect and get
Some ten of fifteen thousand and be on the run, never fee fem
Ae So eat cop were om my rl

is is but ope of the many examples of men who thought

cll analy tthe. "eee coe ton the

tate prisons and are-of beter quality than thse who come 70m
the local falls nd pententaris. "a ‘a tose who come fs

Earrvoywenr Buses ror Reeaseo Peisosees 81

‘The statistical information relative to the Employment Bureau is
as follows

October 1, 1921 to December 31, 1922

Total number of men interviewed. ad
‘Number of men who came for employment. -..." 90,
Number of men who came for relief... ++ 653

Number of men who came for advice and counsel 323

‘Of different men referred to places of employment

: 77

‘Actual number of men placed:
Number referred but who did not report
employment cae. eepeae sens .
Number referred to other agencies. .
Total umber of interviews...
‘Number of interviews re: employment .
Number of interviews rez relief. ........5
Number of itterviews re: advice and counsel
‘Total number of men receiving Teliefs ec. ene- ++

11520

indirectly referred hira t
days oF a few weeks woul
Successful in getting 2 real good
thought, he will be subject to
Ship males ‘a foreign port,

spindly, and sere ne. RR Tahowed bt be 8d
Te ad teen 1g lameness ed arse boy appareny a

Jer for some
TI tae

82 ‘Tu Prison Assoctation or New Your

that job,” and we started him off. Tn our letter to Superintend-
cent H. we suggested that this boy would do well if directed by a
person that would give him a kind or pleasant word. Ina few
ays Mr, H. telephoned to say that he had done so well he was
giving him a better job at higher pay, and that he found him reli
ble and willing.

¥, H—We recently received a call from a man whose experience
ray prove of interest,

(hen released from Sing

searchetl for works unsuccesstelly,

In one day his fine castle was destroyed. A young man came to
visit a patient, and this young man Was an ex-prisoner, Wiig had
known H. at the “Big House "—Sing Sing. He reeoy 3
at once and though Tf. did not appear to know him, the Ex.”
insisted and put this question: “How much is it worth to keep
my mouth shut?” H. could not and’ would not pay but he id

ing the price.”
continue’ to

et Ha job in hig fine that would pay. livin
wage, bot hgh = trendy acquaintance. go him an iterviee
with the Welfare Director of a large corporation. ‘This_gentiemsn
decided he could do heter than give him clerical work te would
put him ina responsible position in ove of the departments, at a
fair wage, with opportenity for advancement. "H, returned 10 tll
the good news, and to express his appreciation

E. T—At the age of twenty-four he finfshed his thied term in

prison — Elmira, and two Sing Sing sentences,
In the language of the fraternity, he had “packed in,” meaning
that he had quit stealing and intended to work for a living. A

Enprovasnt Bureau vor Revtasyy Prisoners 83

steamfitter by trade, we experienced no difficulty in getting kim
a job in that line, pay $6.00 per day. He came in last January
and told us that he was wow in business for himself and doing
well. The object of his call was to get the address of one of our
paroled men, for whom he had a job.

is case’ proves what can be accomplished by industry and
determination,

HL ¥.—Though comparatively a young man, he had spent nearly
eighteen years in State Prison. He was not paroled to the Prison
‘Association But came for our cooperation. Afaured that his parole
officer would welcome our aid, we referred him to a position, the
salary to be $55.00 per month and keep.

He presented our letier and was accepted, with instructions to
report for clerical duty on the following day. “He failed to do_so
and the place was filled, Again we tried and again succeeded. ‘The
‘work was similar but the pay. was less.

He did not stick, and retumed for further effort on our part
We got him the third job which he held but one day. Intelligent
and well schooled, it was evident that the marty years of indiffer-
tent industry and application had made inroads and he did not seem
aware of it, For a time we did not see or hear from him. Then
We received a phone call from S. (his parole officer), who said
"We have a atan bere and we don’t know what we ‘can do for
him, cam you get him a job?” We advised S, to send him with a
note. Presently the man came, It was H. ¥. with the same old
Story. One year out and nothing of a permanent character accom

Srcept 0 ler indirectly that be was holding on, We had prev
Sinly een holding out’ for a cholce postos Seller Ritual ©
ton of gen

Tt cor his parole agent something to dicover that he was not,
and hat be mds bra hay of supporting mec

intron with the alcraatie of working or going hungry, bad
tne desired fact. We do not tik be was Taking. fie spy lot
sigetsof the feng fae of tine, and. faled to note the changes
Ihining to begin where he had let of

‘Whee told Sy S that he tet now Support himself he went to

F.C. Completing a sicyear term for burglary te came. for
wori, speaking’as one wio isd made up his mind to go ataight
Hic tug that would exp hi for my special caling but
he sald he was wiling td. kindof work thay woul Bring
tg orgs” We get kim a tctry job dn which he could ear
Taoug to tainain Himself and saves litle, Won

omeg ambition fo do beter, he tock an examination for @

position inthe B. Rc Ts and failed ‘onthe physical test. ia Bod

& ‘Tue Prison Association oF Naw Yor
‘was poor and only hospital treatment would remedy the defect. We
gave him a letter to the S. S. B. at B. H. He was received as an
"Tn patient,” and cured.

‘Then through the cooperation of the S. S. Bureau he was sent
to the Burke Foundation for a rest period, and came out a well
man. Since he came to report his good fortune and to offer his
thanks we have not heard from him.

D. A. D.This applicant for cooperation, though you cars
(30) was old in experience. ‘

fe began in’ the local neitution as
ay and graduated to the felons’ class

ils last it was for five Years in a Wester State, During the

if stay he took a correspondence course in lay, completing all
butva third when his time expired. Naturally Mis desire was 10
Segue employment in which his lea knowidge woud prove of

He advertised, and received answers making appointments for
interviews. We were called upon to keep the appointments for
im, that the fell story might be lid before the prospective ems
poyers periaivedy. Notting came of them tnt sympathy snd
Eourtesy.

‘We then got him an interview with a large insurance company,
a mutual frend furnishing the introduction, ‘They offered tm 6
position at ones, in their branch fice, N.Y. Me did not
Bccept becaute it would "take me away’ {rom home end mother,”
fread. We were intensely disappointed, but did not give Up

“He came in again: This time we got him a job as eompostos,—
a trade he had learned in the near-by prisons rat $2so0 per wed
Tre lasted! one day, unable to do the work

‘When he came’ ell of his fale, be told of his ability to
do orderly work We telephoned at once and. got him a postion
iia private hospital; wages to begin: Syo.00 a reonth, roomy board
and laundry. “He proved incompetent and was obliged to quit.

Tn the end D- did not believe that we had done our full duty
‘The Prison Association. shonid. “find” some person, broadminded
evough,” he sail, "10 give mea chance.”
ne what we fave fod es at cover all that was done in

‘case it will convey the idea convincingly, that inte patience
Was exercise, combined with efor =" ae

The Drug Addict —A Dificut Problem for the Employment
eerelary
‘These unfortunates come to us in rags and tatters, No matter
what the contition of their clothing when enfering’ prison, the
Feeeive i without improvement when selease a °
In our short experience we have not found the secret of dealin
with these men succesefly. We do our best to brace them for
the battie about to begin, that they” may have strength to. react,
fhe temptation to return to the old habit. We at onee
their general appearance by furnishing the ‘necessary Cloming,

Enpiovmenr Buresv vor Ruueasen Prsoxens 85

shoes, etc. TE has happened that occasionally we send then forth
‘with complete new vutht, a job, and cask for incidentals.

The job ordinarily, ie. an insiation, far removed from his
old haunts and associates, We fnd there iv great danger of bis
fesuming the habit if he returns to familiar scenes and surround
ings. We-make ita point to hve these men callin for &
chat on their day of and this they very often do.” They continwe
this practice for a tine and are not seen again for months.

‘When they appear itis the same old story: "One hundred days
at Wikers"” New resolutions are nade shd in their hearts they

‘Ail these men are benefited physically by
some gaining as high as fifty pounds dor
om Bur the eure docs aot create will power. “Tiey cannot with
Stand the craving once they are freed.’ Only a small percentage
of ote setenead or dag ang come t0 he Beaon Atco.

Not long ago four (4) adits were released and all came (©
this ing “One came to thi ofc, the ethers went directly to the
orto for a shot” Our applicant thanked God that he. was
feain free and was confident tht he was done forever withthe

Sthow enn ol for job in these tes

o-called “cure,”
the period of deten-

ness, but a rich municipality undertook to cure him (2) and when
‘the prescribed time was up, sent him forth in. ragged, unclean cloth~
ing. It requires more than ordinary sesolution in the poor fellow
‘hus turned Toose to resist the temptation to return to the danger
zone. He has no home—at least not in these parts — no money.
What is he to do? His only salvation is a job. If the job is not
to be had at once we maintain him uncil it is gotten. ‘This assur~
ance buoys him up, for we enable him to get lodging far removed
from his old associates. ‘Then the job comes and he feels that the
period of rehabilitation is begun.

Tt does not tum aut as he, or we, had hoped. "Twas a temporary
ray. He falls again leaving the probiem unsolved.

‘More time and patience is required with the addict than with any
other type of applicant, When free from the drug he is generally
truthful, but when under the influence he will lie and steal to obtain
the money with which to get a fresh supply.

All the money they eatn is spent for it, to the exclusion of sus-
taining food, and as a consequence they waste away until only stcin
and bone remains. i:

‘One such, a chef, who earned more than $40 per week spent it all
for the "happy dust.” Tn time the eraving for more became 30
‘great that his earnings did not suifice for this purpose. He became

8% ‘Te Prisox Association of New York

a thief and was sent to prison for stealing. He had been spending
from $7.00 to $8.00 daily for drugs.

“The Chaplain of one of the local institutions, in years of contact
with drag tsers, said recently that he did not know of one case of
permanent cure

CHAPTER X
Boneav or Revie vor Prisoners’ Faxeiiies
* The problems of prisoners’ families
A. short time ago, when calling on the mother of one of our
families, in which there are five children, she thus described her
first visit to her husband in New York's penitentiary on Hart's
Island.

“Yesterday, I went to see my husband. I had a nice sail
up the tiver. Tes a fine place. I'd like to spend vacation
there in a bungalow. A band was playing when we arrived.
My husband says they do about a third of a day's work He
looks fat and hearty. They sleep in dormitories and laugh and
joke, and he says the food is good. Look at me — I’m slaving
hine hours a day in a steam laundry. At night T do the house-
work. Today is Sunday—wash day for me, Look at that
tub full of clothes! I think it’s a shame.”

‘My reply was ‘I think it’s a joke on civilization.”
Since my arrival here in Jacksonville, I have heard much about

Of prison wher he knows that if
e goes there, his family will be left destitute?” ‘This is one of
the human equations whiels T cannot answer, but it does not alter
the fact that many a man in prison worries his heart ove about his
family, and to prisoners who really care, what more vital comer
stone can there he in the rebuilding of the man than his family?
Suppose the wife writes that the money she had left, after paying
the lawyer, i all gone; that the rent is overdue, ‘and that she
doesn't know which way to tum, and suppose the prisoner next
hhears that his wife, a young woman, in her despair has sold the
furniture, committed three of the children, and taken a place at
domestic service with the youngest child. What effect do you think
this will have on him? Da you think ie will make him anti-social, as

Boneau of Retter yor Patsoweas’ Famuies 87

they call it? In trying to rebuild him, you will have a long row
to hoe to overcame the bitterness he will feel as he says," Why
should my wife be made to suffer for what I did? ‘She had
nothing to do with it. Why should they break her heart by com

Hing her to give up our home and put the chiléren away? “Where

Tris easy enough to give a reasonable and logical answer to this
question. But, in my expetience in situations of this kind, reason
4and logic might as well be a pair of bones in the fingers of an end
man at a minstrel show, Here is a letter to me from the warden
Of one of our prisons

: se have your woman investigator look up

Mrs. C, and find out how she feels toward her fsband, an

inmate of this institution? This man is mentally disturbed ‘and
if you can secure this information for him, we will appreciate
it

This was not a case of a family being in need. Owing to the
man’s alleged ill-treatment of her, his wife would not answer his
letters or bring the children to see him, Through my efforts, she
nally did go with the children.

Having stressed the vital part which I think the married prisoner's
family so often plays in his thoughts in prison, may T tell you
briefly of the relief work dane by the Prison Astociation of New
‘York, of which T have charge.

ier_agencis.

‘When the man ig in Clinton er Great Meadow Prison, from 200
to 300 miles from New Yorke City, it often happens that I am the
only personal link between the wife and children at home and the
san in prion, “This Separation creates some special problems fa
the wark of family rehabilitation. As a general rule, I encourage
the wives fo stick to their husbands, even when they’ are doubtful

8 ‘Tu Prison Association oF NEw York

‘about if,-unless the husband has been cruel to his wife, or unless
his career has been one of repeated deceptions and untruthfulness.
Tn such cases, T do not hesitate to advise the wife to seek a legal
separation, especially if the husband is mentally defective.

‘Tn the cases of “old offenders”, the wives are often bitterly
resentful. Tf the wife decides to give him one more chance, T
sometimes write a letter to the man stating that his wife wishes
now to go on record that she will positively refuse to live with
hhim should he commit another crime, and 1 lay great_ stress on
this when I see him in prison. Whenever T advise a wife against
living with her hushand, T almost invariably suggest that if he will
live apart from her for six months or a year, after his release,
give her support and save some money, if possible, and give it to
hier at the end of this period of probation, tha she should take

T find that the hushands often become suspicious of their young
wives, for most of them are young. Here is a typical letter ad-
dressed to mez

“Your Jeter of roth just reveived, also heard from my
wife and she tells me she will be up to see me this week with-
out fail, and after I see her, I am sure everything will be all
right between us as she knows Tam always more than willing
to forgive and forget. I will asle her about the test we spoke
fof and will let you know what she has to say
to know whether she is really living with her sister.
you could find this out, T wish you would, but I don't want
hier to know that I am so anxious to find this out, because it
may cause trouble between us again, as she is easily offended.
I am perfectly satisfied t0 get her letter, and a visit once in
awhile, that is all Task. Trusting our short interviews of the
15 will remain as a seeret, for T dearly love her and my child.
Thanking you for the (rouble that T have put you through,

cd docs ave it done until he comes home, Af
talking with the doctor, perhaps I convince the man that delay is
Putting a great burden of iil health on his wife, and he may change
‘his attitude. “Again, this contact, which I make between the family

Bureau ov Renisy vor Parsons’ FAites 8

of his sister in Long Island Ci the a
to see him, and so keep him in touch with “all he has to live for,”
as he expresses it.

wei for
Peane get

never get 2 hear a

“Another, whose young wife, with her child, has been committed
to an institution, because of immorality, asks if T won't try to have
her kept there until his release, so that he can take her out and
make a home for her.

“Another asks if we can't find a place for his young wife ina
family in Ossining Where she can work as 2 domestic and so be
near hin, He says her mother’s family, with whom she lives, are
undesirable people. .

‘Numerous instances of a similar type could be cited, but repeti-
tion would weary. -

The majority of our families are Italians, Neapolitans and
Sicilians, They ate a very mercurial people. Their decision as to
what they will do im their relations with each other are often
extremely unstable, and, as a “‘doctor of domestic difficulties,” T
often feel myself to be a failure. But, nevertheless, I do restrain
them from extremes and sometimes” make family adjustments
which give promise of being lasting. Families come to us that do
fot need financial assistance, but they do need advice and guidance.
Tr seems to me that the greatest blight upon these poor People is
their inferior education,

‘When the man comes home, we visit him and have a heart-to-
heart talk with him and his wife, and, after that, we pay occasional
‘bout

Tn conclusion, may T tell you briefly of a few of our family

% Tur Paisox Assocration of New Yore

“Twenty years to life” is what the lawyer told young Mrs. A,

as she stoad outside the courtroom door waiting for the words she

ould not hear, Ter husband had been “away” some Ume, when

‘one small room in cheap rooming-ouse

two years old, She was working ina fac-

sa week, She“ had lost fifteen pounds since

bre went away,” and her health was failing. We paid her rent for

2 while, wen she. was too il to work fall ime. ‘Through our

vice and plan, she secured a place at service with her child in
ihe country not very far from the prison.

“The husband of young Mrs. B, "doing Sve years” asks to see
me on one of my visits fo the  Bastile-on-the-Fladeon.” Te says
tis wife i sick and in need, "He never took out any naturalization
Iapers, so she canuot get slate aid. She calle during office hours
With her infant child, in answer to my Teter, She is 2 frail file
thing, twenty years od, and her baby of seven months tooks but a
‘month old. She is living with her parents, but as she marzied
Sain tein wes they arg sre oer au ae expres
and won't Keep her unless she pays, She pawaed everything she
had, and cannot work because ie baby is so deliete that he nceds
her’ constant care.” We sectred admission for the baby toa hose
pital, and have requested its admission to an infants’ convalescent
frome for observation and convatescent eave. “The mather has gone fo
work n'a factory as a Taras. |‘We hae sent her for examination
tba phusican. He reports that he can find no organie disturbance
She Will not go to the country, insisting that once the baby is ges
ting Detter ands eared for, she will be able to work" ight along.”
‘But through a gradually increasing jfluence over her, we hope
finally to send her to the country for the rest she so much reeds

‘Young Mrs. F lives with her Title giel in two rooms.” She fas
am allowance of eighteen doilars per month. from the Board of
Ghul Welfare, and\a charitable society also helps her. Tn a. Rt
Of rage, her husband threw her out of the window, <0 injuring her
Spine that she has to wear a plater cast, and she will probably be
a cripple for life. She is so discouraged that sie will Mardly listen
fo a word of cheer. ut we shall ask some one of our friends t0
take her out for an automehite ride} we shall back up the nurse in
tying to persuade her to fake up some handicraft, and T shall sce
iter husbatd when I go to the prisons up the State, and ask whether
Tis relatives will not help pay the storage bill onthe furniture.

“The husband of voung Mrs. B, wlio has one ile chil, four years
ld, has been in prion for over four years, and it will be seven
Jears before he is relesed, She occupies two rooms on the top
oor of @ Mott Street tenement,” The rent is $10. She had been
working in a bution factory, but she had'a nervous breskdown, We
ald her rent and brought her to the notice of the Bellevue Social
Service Department. ‘They sent her tothe Burke Foundation for com
valescent care. We shall continue to pay fer rent and shall make
every effort to see that she has further treatment and convalescent

Bunsav oF Rexiee ror Prisoness’ Fannins or

care, and then plan to place hep at service wth er cid with
cate, and th ee coed snsiuton, where she can carn ugh
fo support herself and be cared for until her ‘husband’s release.
eager el 2a imate surance would perm ab
iy wh ak a ou tail Bey wheneet
go, Or a eee orth aos pl defect
avi isceable by a layman, suchas icketa, tonsils, defective
eye sight, and defective teeth. When the satis ye. gone
ee cadres Clik "wire she cso be examined by
WWE sau quit a good many
fem to go, 20 the hospitals
see eeprom or Bie
Meee hte sat he

See
eee
fiome, TA short, we do as much welfare worl
pomes Im ee the economic sondion 0
eat pou “*

srt PD sen, we fo hat our work een, Tn
aad atte serial assistance, when needed, or aim is to cheer and

chin 1 ae a ee pad calacesn'a Get may
erenurage a pi veered and that ocr forts il,
Some extent, reduce crime, and thereby, the taxpayers bills for the
some exten, Soe Seer be vedimed, But we are
Teper ey by the knowledge that we are Bghsing the demon of
Hae ei erowe a ingrete the sum of tmnee a
Pm une) ard em are dang wear po ine
wel being. 0d > 1 4 Jit Ue onan Tsay" Dow forget
ae °

son, Adelson has ben most fortune i secsrng the

one eee Hore as sucesor to the ite Roswell
SSC MET sre was ere Seno i,
Ske J Me fetes det and use of ti
40 fet er Pein fami eave wos wae well enuipped
fer sen yer duties which were 30 tnsually well discharged by
Site

er lowing is aetna! satement. eave the, work of
anc fate age a ners amen forthe bei
Miata:

October 1st, xga, to Decembor 5st, 1922

Families under care October 1, 1921. 2..00++

Families received during the period of October 1, 1921
‘December 31, 1922 di 3

Familfes discharged during the period of October 1. 1921
December. 31, 192: Ss comes ons

Families under care December 31, 1922.

2 Tu Patson Assoctarion or New York

Visits made to families by Me, Roel Ske} Jt and Mr,
lore doring the fifteen months peri aoe
‘Tee gunber Smet interviewed, Garng to dicen spony
‘Period, a the Penitentiary at Blackwell's Island, the Branch
Beniteatary at Hart's Island, andthe dierent C
and in Sing Sing, Great Meadow and
fom October to December 3136, 1921
Women refers to hospitals for keneral examination.
Women referred to Bellevue Hospital for treatment,
Women referred to Neurological Hospital for estment.
Weren and children refersed for examination of the eyes and
fo whom glasses were. furnished.
‘Women and Children sent to the dente. ‘
Women reierred to the Greenpoint Hospital for treatment.
Women siete tthe Kinga County Mow or eae
Women referred fo St Barnabas’ Home,
ors january to December st, 1922
Cadre stereo Me: Sina Hon for tool and adenoid
Wornen refervel to Women's Hospital for exemisation’
Women referred to St. Luke's ‘Hospital for treatment.
Families referred t0 the &. B.C. :
Families referred to the Department of Public Gharides.”
Women referred to the Newrological Hospital for tretment
Women referred to the Lying-in Hospital
Girls referred to the Manhattan Trade School.
Ghildcen referred to the Catholic Big: Sisters,
Moshers provided with Thanksgiving dimmer
Chidren provided with Thankegiving dinner
Mothers provided wih Chistnas Gis
Gules prove wih Cas Sane:
Women referred tthe Child Welfare, cligtbie for
‘Hlowances Tor ther children, under the State Lee

CHAPTER XI
Lucistarion x 1922

‘The Assocation was again active during the r9z2 Session of th
ure. ‘The activities of the Association were centered prin

Albany during the Session, ‘They consisted in appearing

before the various committees of both Houses in support or in
‘opposition to bills in which the Association was interested, also in
personal contact with members of both Houses relative to. bills
"At the request of the Prison Association a bill was introduced
amending Section 2189 of the Penal Law, and providing that in a
case where the offender had previously been convicted two of more
times of a misdemeanor, the committing judge could use his dis-
cretion in the granting of an indeterminate sentence. Under the

Leatstation. 18 1922 98

existing law, regardless of the number of previous convictions for
fmisdetfeanois, & prisoner convicted for the first time of a felony
Fecelves at indeterminate sentence the miniamim of which can not
fe more than one-half the maximum. It often happens that. a
Prisoner bas many convictions for misdemeanors before he is fin-
Elly convicted of a felony, and at that time is treated as a first
fffender ‘This sittation not approved by the Prison Association.
‘The bill that was offered by: the Assocation passed the ASsem-
Bly pt was held i the Sele Commies 9 0
"There was again 2 conspicuous prescice of so-called “crime
ware’ ‘ils intended to amend the Benal Law Dy increasing he
Iaximunn penalty for certain crimes such as robbery, burglary and
Isseult. "These bills were similar to those introduced in the 1921
Legislature, During thar Session bils. of Unis character passed the
‘senly bu fled inthe Seas, whereay thin year ey. pase
the Senate and failed in the Assembly. The Law Committee of
the Prison Association took the std that it would not oppose rea-
Sonable inereases in the maximum penalty to be imposed, provided,
owever, no effort was made to iverfere wits certain featares of
the existing indeterminate sentence fa.
"There were numerous bills which did not pass. Some of these
were a follows
1. To abolish capital isnt
2. To set-up the office of Public Defende
3 To inereave the amount to be paid to prisoners at the time
of Yelenee
4. To sinend the Constitution so as to establish a State Boaid
of Pardons to take over the power of the Governor in respect
{o repeiewes, commotations and pardons.
‘The Law Commitee of the Prison Association recorded itself in
opposition to the following bills
"A measure that would have veriowny affected the opera-
tion of the Probation Law
2 Another that would hove affected, the, indeterminate
sentence law to the extent that judges cotld give'a minimum
Sentence that would come so close to fhe maximum tat the inde-
Terminate sentence feature would be eliminated and practically
otal ceatence would be the rene. For instance, an inde
terminate sentence of five (o ten years could be made a sentence
Of rine years and six months to ten years if the proposed amend
tet wae writen in the “law ty soning
‘measure amending the Prison Law by providing that
ay convict never bers convicted of sei patishabe by im
ronment could apply for a release on parole if he had s
leven months aid could be released at the crd of twelve months.
‘This was an attempt to establish what emight be termed a genuine
indeterminate sentence:
Wl the Associaton is in favor ofthe theory of an sbsctue
indeterminate sentence, yet the above measure waa opposed on the

4 ‘Tue Paison Association or New Yous

rounds that the necessary machinery for the impartial, cautious,
Ena etfective administration of the propoved Taw was not available
and was not provided for in the
‘Some of te bills that received the indorsement of the Law Com.
anitie of the Prison Association and were subsequently signed by the
Governor, are
1, Amendment to the Prison Law in relation 9 the compensa
tion of inmates. in State. prisons. At the time the law as
usted prisoners were recerving a cent and a half a day. The
Smended law allowed for an increase in this amount, provided,
oweves, there were suficient supe funds available from the
arnings of the Industries.
2.6 sme the Cade of Criminal Prods slaton to
rofessional and corporate bondsmen. ‘This legislation impos
‘tain restrictions that were intended to ‘rb certain abuses
under the bail bond system.
ss TAmending the Insanity Law in relation to the transfer of
mentally defective iamates of State hospitals to institutions for

‘The establishment of Children's Courts and the defining of
their jurisdiction, powers and duties.
hig as Iw was peshape the most important passe during the
1922 Session, bec = far-reaching effect in the treatment of
the juvenile offender. measure was drafted by the Child Wel-

fare Commission and provides for the establishment of county
children’s courts to hear cates of child offenders and neglect. For
years an increasing amount of dissatisfaction has been noticeable

specially concerned with helping delinquent and
neglected children, because of the failure of the machinery in up-
State counties to meet adequately their needs. Especially ‘has this
been true in rural sections of the State where sach children were

‘As many as 3700 of

among those espet

Noveniber, 1921, approving the constitutional amendment authorizing
fhe Legislae fo enact laws to permit the estalichment of separate
Children's Courts, with broad powers of equity, imposed apon the
Legisisture. » responsibility which it cosld ‘not overlook. ‘The bill
‘which becaine a law constitutes Chapter 547 of the Laws of 1922,
and provides in brief that separate Chillren’s Courts shall be ns-
{ablighed in all counties outaide of the cites of New York, Bu‘falo
a Syrian ap tg oid of the coulis now operating under
Separate acts’ "A Judge ist be chosen atthe next general election
S2 Chikvens cours jadge wnless the Hoard of Supervisors certify
Bing the county judg eto take over the added
ites, The court is given jorisiction overall neglected and
delinquent “children and over adults who contribute to. the

children. It also is to have the same jurisdiction

sted. in county courts over bastardy proceedings

Depanruexr oF Conractiox, City or New York 95

and the appointment of guardians in adoption proceedings. Com-
plete machinery is provided dor selling up a Children's Court,
including the probation service co necessary to insure its success. In
general the court is similar to the courts now in operation in the
three counties mentioned, but the bill provides additional highly
desirable powers and privileges not granted those courts.

‘As Governor Miller well stated in his message to the Legislature
in January, 1922: “The vote on the constitutional amendment was
aan’ expression of public disapproval of the present system or lack
of system of dealing with neglected and delingent  childven
Juvenile delinguency should be dealt with in accordance with the
‘conditions and needs of the child, not under the penal law, or in
accordance with the rules of criminal procedure.” ‘The enactment of
the Child Welfare Commission bill on the subject marks a long step
forward in making possible proper treatment of child offenders and
neglected children in all portions of the

amend the Prison Law in relation to alien convicis of

State Prisons, This greatly facilitates the deportation of alien
convicts,

6. Amending the Inferior Criminal Courts Act so that appeals

from Magistrates Courts will be heard by the Court of Special

Sessions instead of as heretofore the Court of General Sessions.

CHAPTER XII

Department of Cosazcrion, City of New York

‘The Department was established as a separate department in 1
or to tat time it was a part of the Depertment of Public Charities
For the period beginning January, 1918, to December 33, 1923, the
Garmmisloner of the epartnent ‘Correction ‘wip Jamel A,

{amilton. He resigned from this office to become Secretary of
State and was succeeded by Frederick A. Walls, former Commis
sioner of migration. The inatitutions of the Department include
all those within the greater city used for the detention of prisoners
‘uring examination and trial, and for those serving a sentence. ‘The
following institutions are the exceptions since they are under the

the sherifs of the eaunties in which they are located
vdiow Stet Jal in Maniattan, the lt Prisons fp
Kings and Queens, ad the County Jail for
Brsoners in the enntes of Richmond and the Brom,

Walue of the tuildings and th ‘the jurisdiction of the
Department is approximately ion dollars. These buald-
ings, about 130 in number, are located in the Boroughs of Mi
hattin, Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and in Orange County. ‘They vary
in construction from wood and frame structures #0 the brick stone
and cement iype. The majority of them are very old, some having
licen erected a8 far back a5 1832. The buildings of New Hampton

4

96 "Tae Prison Assocrstion or New Your

Farms and Grey Court whea fully completed will represent an out-
lay of over one million dollars. An appropriation of $750,000 has

Structure have been it ic expected. that the
tecestary bonds to meet the appropriason will be issued. The need
fora Licusc of Detention for Women has been repeatedly emphasized
in the Reports of this Association. For nearly a decade efforts have
deen made to secure in the borough of Manbattan an adequate
oder Louse of Detention for Women ee

“The importance of the Depertment is in pert indicated by the mum-
ber of inmates commited fo its jurindiction. For instance, there
were received directly from the courts in 1922, 46.215 males and

3399 females

‘Phe following clases of sentenced prisoners are received by the
Department of Correction:

T, Males between the ages of 15 and go sentenced to the New
York Ciy Reformatory.

Fr Mak drug addict sentenced to the Male Workhouse Hospital,
indaing st ‘viticts with previous records of
slinguicy 0 Tentenced 9 the

eltional Hospital, (formerly the Worlehouse) on Welfare Islnd.
Sfate and femme drug acto eei-committedy with no previous
fecord of delinguency® or “cure,” are now: sent divectiy to. the
Metropolitan and: Kings County Hospitals without commitment by
Deputy Commissioner Simon ef the Nareoue Division of the Police
Beparaoent by arrangement with Commissioner Cole of the Depart
tent of Public Weilse.
fales and females sentenced to the Penitentiary for an inde
tefiniate sentence with @ three year mascinum and to the Work-
House mith a two year maximum, the Corsecton Hlespital serving a5
the combined female Workhouse and Penitentiary.

“Those committed on a definite sentence either to the Peniten-
tady or tes Workhouse. “The sentences up to (en days are served
the city and district prisons. The definite sentences to the Work”
house are ftom ten deys to twelve montis

Court caves are sometimes sent to the Municipal Farms and
CCoSrction Fempta for deng treatment before tral. This ia routine
proceiure in the Borough of Brooklyn

Persons committed as ramps from outlying counties are some-
times received a the Penitentiary on definite sentences

Cry Prisons

‘There are three such institutions. One in the Borough of Man-
hhattan known as °" The Tombs,” one im the Borough of Brooklya
Xznown as the Raymond Street Jail and the third for the Borough of
‘Queens, in Long Island

‘The City Prison, Manbattan, receives prisoners held for the Grand
Jury, Court of General Sessions, two parts of Special Sessions, the
Municipal Court, the ‘Traffic Court, the Homicide Court, the Chief
Magistrate's Court, the Third District Prison, and the four Federal

77 Besnnriten 8F Conner

wor New You 97

ig number of prisoners reesved by thd Tombs from the Courts
-yg2 Was 6, ies and 384 femalescompared 10 6,425 males
and $65 Tenales i ggt-THe average daily census in 1921 was StS
males and 3o females. The total cost of operating the institution in
1921, exclading the salaries of the Sherif! and his personnel, was
s2i2.g64.77. The tral dally ex capt contin 1g was $131, which
was figured on the basis of 198783 " prison days.” This was the
Towest per capita cost of the City Prisons.

The total capacity of the City Prison, Manhattan, is 950, but there
are only 320 separate cell in the main building.” ‘The dormitory
the finest part of the whole prison, has a capacity for over 100 cot,
The cell capacity of the" female Annex” is about 70, allowing one
‘woman to each cell, Seventy cells of the male Annex each have two
bumls, but the celle are much smaller than in the main building.

Tn the main building of the prison there are two cell blocks of
four tiers each, occupying about three-quarters of the space on eight
Hors. The cell blocs are separated hy a twelve-inch cement floor.
‘The tiers run north and south and each contains 40 cells, with a
corridor in front of the cells. The backs of the cells are separated
by a utility corsidor. - Bach tier is intersected in the middle by a short
fist fo west corndix. “The distbution of the famates by ters is

Tiex Nor
Mixed Felons.
Fugitives from justice.
‘Those held for observation.
Tier No. 2
Felons of Dangerous Character.
Highwaymen,
Burglars
Assault cases
Murder and Homicide cases.

Tuer No, 3
The same ae No, 2, but no siurder or homicide cases,
Tree No.
The same as No. 2, but no murder or homicide cases.
‘Tren No. 5

Boys (first offenders) from 16 to 20 years old, felons and
misdemeanants, Different religious denominations and
whites and blacks kept separate if possible.

Trex No, 6:
Boys (second offenders) felons and misdemeanants.
‘Tusa No.7
Federat cases

98 ‘Tar Prison Assocration or New Yor,

‘Trex No. 8

(a) Isolation for inmates with venereal and other contagious

‘diseases. Divided into four sections for venereal, tuber~

ccilotis, skin diseases, ete. Bvery inmate who has over

03°F, temperature or who needs Hospital care is sent to the
Prison Ward at Bellevue Hospital

When an inmate has skin rash that is suspicious a Board

‘of Health doctor is called and transfers the case to the

Willard Parker Hospital if it is an infections disease.
(b) Mixed felons.

Sie le ee ere a
kept in the Tombs. Pending the erection of this new building if
peolner a age per eye egreereeye

Durarruenr or Comucrioy, Crry of New Yous 99,

Prisoners are allowed to exercise in the corridor from 7 a. m. to
9a, m, and from 2p. m.t0 4 p.m. Outdoor exercise in the Prison
Yard is provided when the weather permis

‘Medical work is in charge of one physician who is assisted by a
draggist. Etnergency eases daring the night are taken care of by an
mbulance surgeon from one of the City: Hospital. The prison
Diyas makes physieal examination of al sew
Eases constitute the largest and most important
The successful study and followup of drug and other cases in the

istions of the Department will not be satisfactory until copies of

histories and records relating to each case from the police, the cours
and other institstions and departments are sent 1 a central City
Bureau of Records and_ Identification

‘Mental cases that create disturbance or show signs of insanity im
dhe pion ae given a preliminary examination bythe plyiian, why

fen appeats before the judge having jurisdiction in the case an
Makes an affidavit slating that the indlvidval ie a St case for the
Paychopathic Ward im Bellevue. The Manhattan judges and magis-
trates cooperate satisfactorily in committing such cases

Recommendations for City Prison, Menhation

1.—That dhe dormitory space, the brightest and most desirable
pati of the institution, be used to ts fll capacity for that class of
EEtfes that would be most beneited by tht environment

2a That the open dormitory, being too large fo be used to it fll
capacity, be divided so that tol better serve tne needs OF the prison

Wynne the drug adcets be kept in amore somay, lee crowded
aod beter lighted part of the prison. TMs is pareulrly necemary
ieeause i thi ngation drug sdct are tented inthe prison ant
pues by ihe coat ‘i ee

ww that drug addicts who are not guilty of other than drug

addiction be placed under the jurisdiction of the Department of Wel
fare or Healt, instead of the Department of Correction

Sr Separation ofthe young ale delinquents from the main cll
Uke so at they wil ot cole in contac ith the other prisoners
during exercise and in going. down to the visting boots,

6" Te transfer of al women originally beld i the female Annex

the Tombs to the and District Prison

joo That te Anner now being wsed for women be used for the
extension of ‘the easstcation Sf male éalinguenls, particlarly

also he used for
in the various Distact Prisons in Maghattan

8 The eight hour working schedule for keepers,

‘Increased aalsry for the Warden to compensate for the lack
of quarters and food for his famiy, which is provided for in the
other nso

Tom That the medical service of the City and District Prisons be
consolidated and that additional doctors be provided. A paychiatrist

100 ‘Tue Patsox Assocration oF New Youx

should be available from the central paychopathie service of Bellevue
Hospital, to serve the courts and the prison.

‘Tue Ciry Prisox, Buooxiyy —Raysionp Sreer Jan

‘This is the only prison in Brooklyn that receives prisoners held
for examination MP eemitoent ftom the foures courte. in
za Ebere were, 11,906 males and o6 females received from, the
Seo compared we gg9 males and 879 Females im toat. The
lover 1901 is string expecially as
there was a slight derteace in the mafes received at the Tombs, The
Inge number af pesoners received from the courts which was $510
more males and 594 unore femates than were reccived by the: City
Enson, Manhattat, is explained by the fact that all the District
Coutts n Brooklyn Send their prisoners tothe City Prison. Tae censug
on July 21, 1922, was 283 inmates, which sneluded 4 minors, of
swhih 37 Were male and 6 female, and nine Federal prisoners. The
Tensus on December 11, 1925, was 28g miles, ineludmg 23 homicide
Sind murder eases, and 34 tamates held for more than $5000 bal, oF
without bai, There were 1jt awaiting tal, 7 convicted and 49
Sentenced. ‘There were also 31 female prisoners
"The average daily census in ret was 295 males and 21 females.
“The total cost of puaistaining. the nsttton, onclading. sal
administration, food and clothing, was $177,S8668.. The total
er capite cost was $1.53 of which So.198 sas for food. Ths daly
Per capita cost was 22 cents higher thay the City Prison in Manhattan
“The buildings and cellblocks are of partctlar interest from the
standpoint of the prisonets’ welfare, ter safe keeping, classification
Eid the assignment of the personnel, ‘The prisan was built abost 70
years ago. “The min prison is of rectangtlar form about 180 feet
by 75 by ao feet, built of brick, cement and stee Tt fsa cell house
Confaining two celblocks seperated: from each other by 9 central
Sonido fet wide an om the oud wall by corridos each
1 fest wile. ‘The entre suds of the building rons approximately eat
and west, The outside walls of the cellhoese are fitted with windows
about 3 feet by 17 feet at intervals of about 8 feet. The roof has
three siglights giving fight to the central corridor. ‘The two cell:
blocks are four fiers high, each with screened galleries. About half
the number of cells receve direct sunlight only part of the day. ‘The
fells on each tet are arranged back 10 back, twenty-five in os
Zhe prisoners are camel and awigoed to the vavows ers as
Tier No. 1 North—-Minors 16
after conviction
‘ler No. 2'North— Minors 18 to 21 yeas of age, before com
‘Tier No. 3 North —Minors sentenced ond awaiting transfer.
Tier No. 4 North— Narcotic ond Investigation coves, placed in
three separate parts of the ter.
North" Fomicile and murder cases; this tier is on

18 years of age, before and

DerartueNr or Correction, City or New Youx 101

a level with the cell flats facing the central court, in direct view of
the central platform,
Tier No.'6 North — Adults after conviction and the overflow of
those held om bail in excess of $5000.
‘Adult felons before conviction under less

North — Penttentiory “help” This is one of the
uppermost tiers, next
South <-awily efter cowicton, those. awaiting
the overflow of homicide cases and observation cases.
‘South— Adult felons over $5000 bail, or without bail
South Aut felon Defare comtction wader loss

bas
Tie No, 4° Souih— Short term prisoners sentenced to te City
Prison,
Tier No. § South—Short sentence prisoners, “10 days” men,
for instance, like chauffeurs, peddlers, ete. This tier is next to the

‘Male prisoners are exercised three times a day in the cell house
from 7 a: m. to 7:45, and from 1 p.m. to 2745, and in the prison yard
except those prisoners who are being held

tani 5:40 p. my and exercise in the yard from 12:30 f0 130 p.m
daily.” No work is dose by inmates with the exception of the imate
“help” assigned from the Penitentiary. One of the pressing needs
of te institution is addtional cells for the separation of drug addicts,
‘enereai or contagions cases, the euapected insane and minors.

“he quters ot the Wardens fay osany the grOund and Set
‘Hoors of the west side of the prison, which space could be used
vantage for'new cal This shange cond be age the nse
banned for the Warden's fanny were completed. “The constriction
‘tas discontinued on this building because the Labor Unions objected
to the wse of prison labor

‘The medical service has been improved during the year. A doctor
visits the prison daily, anda room next fo the Warden's office has
teen equipped for dispensary purposes. ‘The doctor males physical
examinations of all new caser in the afternoons aud looks after
Snmates that report sick.” "The ambulance connested withthe Comber.
land Street Hospital takes care of all emergency cases occurring in
the morning or at night during the doctor's absence. Practically no
cases are set 10 Brookdyn hospitals. for treatment although Kisgs
County Hospital is equipped to handle sick prisoners, drug addicts
sn the suspected insane’ ‘They must be hep either i thet cells oF
fent to Welfare Tsland, which is out of the jurisdiction of Kings

unt.

"Te new prone sr, divered so the prion by vans and ate
accompanied’ by their commitment papers; which do not ‘include
detale of the character of crime committed or general
shout the individeal. No mental examinations afe made in the court,

102 ‘Tus Paxson Association of New Yore

and sane and insane are delivered together and the Warden and his
‘ssistants must obtain this information by their own observation,
“The prisoner's conse] ot District Attorney ean ask for the appoint
ment of lunacy commission. - The Warde and doctor of the prison
an only bring to the notice of the District Attorney that the snmate
{S probably insane and should be examined. ‘The inmate's counsel
night object Io thin ad ad "othe time hat, the troublesome
Driscner i kept in the city prison. Under any circumstances and
Fespite certain provisions of Section 36 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure an apparentiy insane prisoner is leept in the prison pent
ing the appointment and sitting of the Commission and this too fre-
Gquacntly, through delay, i responsible for mach disterbance, The
nguage of section 836 further provides that prisoners guilty of
offenses for which the maxinvuns fine does not exceed! $00 and the
term of imprisonment one year, shall in the boroughs bi Broo
‘Queens and Richmond be given over t0 the care and custody of the
Gommissioner of Public Charities, who shal keep stich persons ina
safe and comfortable place wnt she qitestion of their santty be deter-
ined. However, ahough there is a large psychopathic ward in Ue
Kings County Hospital not fac from the jail the provision
law is not followed out. Quite a different sition prevails in the
Borough of Manhactan. Despite cevtain limitations under Section
836 of the Criminal Code as fo what type af eases may be sent to
the Psychopathic Ward in Bellevue Hospital, itis the practice of the
courts £0 commit temporarily to the psychopathic ward all eases, in
which iis brought to Ure notice of the court, that there js indication
Sf probable insanity. The same practice should be. followed in
Brooklyn for like cases and if itis felt that this cannot be done the
law should at east be followed as it relates to the temporary transfer
of eonimitmient of cases of minor offenders.

Improvements made in the prison during 1022:
(2) A high planked fence about 200 feet long lias been,constructed
ny prisoners af the southeast corer of Use jal property to do away
the nuisance commited in the Warden's unnished house by
“"(2)_ New plumbing and sewer system was installed by prisoners in
the store house. ‘ fe
(3) ‘The administration office and the cell block have been painted;
the grill work on the outside of the windows has been painted by
contract.

Recommendations for the City Prison, Brooklyn

(1) The Brooldyn judges should commit apparently insane per-
sons in the City Prison to the psychopathic ward of Kings County
Hospital for examination on the recommendation of the Warden
sand an affidavit of the prison doctor

(2) That the procedure of the Magistrates’ Courts of committing
to the psychopathic service of the Kings County Hospital prisoners
Fequiring’ mental examination or study, be adopted by the higher

Derantatesr oF Correction, City or New You 103

is i He EE cy conaraael lone ony. Be
a a eh a BT
a sama Gal
Fe a iso enlres sin ut

‘Tue Crry Patsox, Queens, Lowe Isvanp Crry

‘The prison functions much the same as che Manhattan and
Brooklyn City Prisons except that it is much smaller and women
are now only kept temporarily, daring the session of the courts and
Pending their transfer. The new admissions to the prison in 1922
tvere 17713 males and 78 females, which was an increase of 247 males
and a dectease of 9 females compared to 1921, and 4.089 fewer admis
Sions than the City Prison, Manhattan, in 1922, ‘The average daily

104 ‘Tue Paisox Assoctation or New Yore

census for September 1922 was 77 males and 1 female. The census
fon October 6, 1922 was 75 males, of which 33 were inmate help, 25
awaiting Grand Jury, 2 Federal prisoners, 4 sentenced prisoners
sralng transfer, 1 ating exeaion, 4 en day” prisoner, 6
awaiting trial or examination. It is to be noted that practically the
‘ine mitaber of inmate “help” ate used inthis prison as int
prisons that have a much higher census. The prison has 137 eells for
Inales and 72 for females 0 that i 18 not nearly used to capacity
"The total cost of operating this prison in 121 amounted to
$65,486.05 and the total daily per caplia cost $2.12, of which $0.24
wat for food, ‘The per capita cost of this institution, second only
to New Hampton Farms, was the highest of any institution in the
Department de to the low census and the resulting high cost of the
administration, The personnel of the institation consists of the
Varden, Frank W, Fox, alead keeper, 14 keepers and only 1 matron,
‘The male prisoners received include # vatiety of cases. such as
minors, crimial witnesses, misdemeanants, felons, drug addicts, et,
cparate, 1o prevent commingling, espec
Te Sekar ad ine tcl mak a eoretie
The ‘worn that are Fecived ia this prison are only, held
temporary detention pending their transfer to Correction Hospital
Weltave Island, despite the ample female cel capacity rae
transported back and forth between the City Prison, Queens, and
Correction Hospital until their cases are disposed of by the courts.
One of the ten vans of the Department is used for this service which
fg really not economical or necessary. The cells at Correction
Hospital now used for the detention of women {rom Queens are

+ or an adequate Iundey
and disinfection service is deplorable. "The two small tubs for han
washing are not adoqtate. ‘There is further the danger of trans-
muting’ venereal or cher commaniable diseases. “Tie need’ of a
andi and start she Jeferon Mave andthe oir Die
ft Frsons might he considered in planing a central Taundy ad
disinfection service for these institutions of the Department,

Recommendations for the City Prison, Queens

Ee a deen ose ori ceed be el
ie chasiy crs eae ete aoe oe at
indy ere oped i adit unger he
Miah Ds Prins and Ques ly Eran en Be oper
Tins “Ste provided n-th the fomate eb of the
soe on tc one he pon ceed a ae
rales of" emo the wan seve Tn tng te
Tals nies Goetetn Lined Wels ce taeda ae
wi ae pons commie deci tse whe be fen
pr! oben oo come a Oa eet et Gd
Sorinel wea wiley tas Geman ea

Derastatent or Cosnecrios, Crry or New York 105

‘That a doctor always be on call for attending imtiates in the city
lang district prisons instead of relying on the ambulance service of
the city hospitals to treat drug addicts and make emergency calls.
‘Mhat. some means of transportation be provided to facilitate the
sending of laboratory specimens to the board of health and the
‘emergency visits of the doctors to the prisons.

“o. That ite escapes be provided for the north and south wings.

New Yorx City Distaicr Prisons

“The District Prisons are confined to the Borough of Manhattan.
The eight District Prisons, Traffic Detention and House of Detention
for male criminal witnesses are wmder the direction of Warden
Peter Av Mallon of the Department of Correction. There are also
some deiention cells attached to the First District court, These are
cider a keeper assigned by the Warden of the ‘Tombs, ‘There are 31
Keepers, § principal keepers and 31 matrons in these institutions. In
three of the prisons the keepers work about 12 hours a day and in
the others the average is 8 hours dail

“che prisoners held for the Magistrates courts, Traffic and other
‘Municipal courts in Brooklyn are kept in the court * pens ” under the
Supervision of court attendants during the session of the courts an:
ae transferred to the City Prison, Brooldyn, for lodging and food.
The prisoners held for the five District Courts in Queens and two
Disiriet Courts in Richmond are temporarily held” in the “ pens”
Adjoming the Magistrates ‘Courts until transferred to the City
Prisons.” In five of the Magistrates Courts of Manhattan prisoners
field. for temporary detention are under the scpervision both of
keepers and eoisrt attendants.

Yinny of the duties of court attendamis and fingerprint experts
attached to the Magistrates Courts in. Manhattan and the Keepers
issigned to the District Prisons are similar. A fingerprint expert is
Essigned to practically every Magistrate's Court in Mankattan to
Gingerprint and. thereby investigate the past criminal record of
Cagrauts, prostitutes, drunkards and those charged with disorderly
Cofduct involving moral turpitude. In the District Prison keepers
Gho are in no, way qualified as Gngerprint experts take fingerprints
Of prisoners after they have been sentenced to the jurisdiction of the
Department of Correction,

“Phere are 116 court attendants in the 34 Magistrates Courts in the
Greater City of New York. ‘There are 18 fingerprint experts and 3
Engerprint ‘photographers attached £0 these courts, In the entire
Department of Correction there are only 2 fingerprint experts and 2
fingerprint, clerks

Bhe 2nd District Prison, Jefferson Market, now, serves 23 the
ential house of detention’ Tor women prisoners in Manhattan
‘The 4th District Prison was changed into a temporary place of de-
tention and the Men's Night Court was transferred to the 7th Dis
tGict Court in the year 1922, so that the census of the 7th District
Prison, s3rd Street, was increased by 1420 males over the
Census! of ig2r and’ the census of the 4th District Prison was

106 Tue Parson Associstios oF New Yous:

decreased by 674 in 1922. ‘The Trafic detention census was increased
bby 1,262 in 1922 over sg21 and this included &% cases from the
Homicide Court that was established in this building October 2,

"The total cost of operation of the Distriet Prisons in 1921 was
$158,757.85 which included $21,154.78 for general administration,
$78,720.13 for personal service and $2,884.05 for medical services.

‘The comparison of the census of the District Prisons service ia the
years 1921 and 1922 1s as Follows

Bite on tn Mata).

So asi

‘The 4th District Prison at 153 East 57th Street (Yorkville) has
been reduced to a small tier of eight cells for males and a detention
room for females limited to the grosmd oor. The second tier has
been replaced by a Roor to allow more space for the Family Court
which now occupies the entire first oor.

‘The main entrance is used exclusively for the Family Court while
the entrance to the District Court and Prison is through a newly
constructed brick side entrance. The male Night Court hae been
removed to the 7th District Prison,

‘The 4th District Prison now serves only for temporary detention
for prisoners as a van transports hem ‘tice daily to Jelferaon

farket and the Tombs Prisons. Many important improvements
hnave been made this year including: em

1, Through painting of the cells and detention room,

2, New and widened window frames and sashes

3, New lighting and heating systems

‘Che old iron toilets and’ wash basins remain.)

‘The Warden of the District Prison lives there. Two keepers and
‘a matron are assigned to this’ prison,

ison, ‘The

Devarrusnt oF Counsction, City or New Youx 107

‘a that is stationed at this Prison covers West Farms” and the
Courts of the Brome and Washington Heights and relays prisoners
to the van of thc ath District Prishn, for the Women's Detention at
the and: District Prison and the "Tombs and: Workhouse after
fezsce One ma set, both van driver and gard andthe van

‘On fh average twelve women pass through the Harlem Prison a
month. "The matron, Min. Kelly. works during the session of the
Court, about eight hours dally. “The women's celllock is composed
Of 16 cas and ton the sed and 4th doors; each cell contains a single
ot and an iron wask-bosin and fish, tlle

“The imale section of the prison consists of a pen with a capacity of
1g cots used for the." ten day ”’men and three ters of eight cells each,
‘Sith two bucks and an von washbasin and Ash toilet in each cell
‘There is one head Keeper, F. T- Morehead, and two keepers on duty
weve hours daily and three keepers on dity at night from 7” pet
07 am. These working hours, with addivonal reserve dies are
tnidely too long 10 hinge Tor the best reals
The census of the prison on December 19, 1932 was 33 males and
feqnaien Of this mambee ta were” prison help assigned rom the
enitentiary, five were “ten day” men serving their time in the
detention pen; the otter 16.prisgners were court cases who occupied
celle in the mal eelibiock, Phe “help” occupied a dormitory oppesite
the male cellblock, The prisoy is not nearly used to eapacty except
‘when an occasional police raid fs made

The prison is being thoroughly painted by penitentiary “ help.”
The ventilation and lighting are good: The kitchen is lange end well
equipped. "A prison cook Sssigied from the Penitentary, although
exper

Fs

most of the other District Prisons the prisoner's family

sa send food to the prisoner at any time, This practice is
condemned because it breaks down the discipline of the personnel
and provides an easy means of smuggling things into the prison

The drug addicts are kopt here until committed. Tf the keeper
considers them seriously il the
is called to give treatment,
hot see them as a matter of routine because he attends the personnel
(of the Department and is unable to do both. In this as in the other
District Prisons the addicts are not systematically treated,

The Seventh District Prison, 317 West s3rd St. is one of the
three prisons where prisoners are Kept indehnitely until committed
by the Court. "The male Night Court is now held in the Seventh Dis
trict Court. The census on February 27. 1922, was 25 malesof which
umber 12 were “help” assigned from the Penitentiary. Women
Kept here only for temporary detention as they are transferred twice
dally to the Women’s Detention at the Second District Prison,
this prison, Ike the Mifth Distsict Prison, the Penitentiary “help
forms an important part of the census. An average of about 17

108 ‘Tue Paisox Association oF New York

prisoners daily are passed through this prison bat these do not all
Appear on the censut as same only stay a few hours,

‘The Seventh District Prison, next to the Second District Prison,
is the largest of all the District Prisons. It is a very old building of
about ten stories, with very high ceilings and a lot of wasted space
and many windows in the side walls. On the ground floor is the old
“ten day” roam now used for temporary d
‘The lower celblock is composed of three tiers of 8 cells cach.
upper celiblock is the same as the lower except that the ceiling of
the lower tier is about 20 feet high. On the ninth floor there 1s a
dormitory for prison “help.

‘The Kitchen and the Jatindry are in the front and back of the
cellar respectively. The laundry space is the langest of any Disrict
Prison and offers possibilities for establishing a centratized laundry
service that is badly needed,

‘Much repair work is necessary in this old building as the window
sashes and frames are rotted and warped and the high walls need
seraping and painting.

‘The morale of the keepers was also low in this institution due to
the long hours of work. There are on the 12 howr schedule, a head
keeper, Mike Donnel, and five day and four night Keepers. The
matron, Mrs. Reardon, works about eight hours a day.

‘The Second District Prison at 118 West roth St, adjoins Jeffer-

son Market and the Second District Court. The prison is divided

Shepherd Ploweict Cotuctua ied eter iseiatioe ae" of the

Deragrwenn of Corsscrion, Crrv or New York 109

reyort is returned. If the laboratory report is positive the woman is
ent to the Kingston Avenue Hospital, 1 she is a first offender, and
to the Correction Hospital, Welfare Island, for a minimum of 100
days treatment, if she is a second offender. The female drug addicts,
who are not prostitites, are sent to the Tombs immediately while the
others are treated by the Bellevue ambulance staff in the prison,
Drug addicts who are first offenders and have no past record of
delingueney or previous “cures,” can be sent to the Metropolitan or
Kings County Hospital by Deputy Potice Commissioner Simon with-
out being committed. The magistrates and judges commit drug
addicts for treatment at Correction Hospital, Bedford Reformatory,
for Kings County Hospital

Many improvements have been made in both the male and femate
sections viz: the inside of the building has been repainted ; modern
Porcelain toilets and wash-bowls have been installed in each cell; the
Hers have been divided off from the cell flats by wire mesh door.

‘There is no laundry and all the washing in the male section is don
by male “help” in two small tubs in the basement. In the " help"
dormitory and the male cells sheets and towels showed a decided need
for better Inundry facilities,” In the female section the washing is
done by the 4 women “help” in two tubs adjoining the cell Mats
‘The women accupants of cells change often and clean sheets and
towels must be provided. ‘The washing of sheets and towels, often
contaminated by infectious discharges, ought to be done thoroughly.
by machine and not hy hand. sacra i

‘The blankets in this prison are not regularly. sterilized because
there is no sterilizer and sending them to the Tombs at frequent
intervals is not practical dite to limited transportation.

In the Detention Room adjoining the Traffic and Homicide Courts
there are two keepers who receive homicide and traffic cases, finger=
‘print and receive bail money irom committed prisoners,

The detention room i about Go x 20 feet, freshly painted, clean,
well ventilated and heated and with a modern toilet and enamel wash

Since the Homicide Court was opened in October, 1922, 84
homicide cases fave been handled in’ the Detention Room by’ the

Th the Trafic Court there are for and in the Homicide Court two
court attendants; in the latter court there is also a patrolman on
uty.

‘The entrance to the Detention Room and Homicide Court, is
through the Traffic Court which is so populated during court session
that it is dificult to pass through.

Ta the Third District Prison, Essex Market, there are six cclls on
the ground floor adjoining the court for detention of both males and

10 ‘Tue Puisox Association or New Yor

females under a court attendant. On the first floor are a group of
six cells under a Keeper and three separated cells under a matron
for the males and females coming under the Department's jurisdiction
Some of the prisoners are fingerprinted by a fingerprint expert
attacked to the court; others are handled by the keeper and matron
Who are not qualified

‘The cells are well painted, clean and have modern porcelain toilets
and wash-hasins. The detention cells for committed women fas an
excellent shower bath adjoining; unfortunately these cells were not
being used for women under the jurisdiction of te court,

‘The building was in charge of a janitor under the jurisdiction of
the Departmest of Public Buildings and the cleaning was being done
¥y civilian serub women, The keeper and matron were working
tinder an eight hour schedule,

‘A van is attached to this prison and transfers prisoners from the
Homicide and Traffic and Third District Prison to the City. Prison
and the Womens Detention at the Second District Prison. This vat)
is one of the tvo in the entire Department that is ananned hy two

Recommendations for the District Prisons

1— Abolish the 364, 4th, 6th, 8th and rath District Prisons of
Manhattan placing the prisoners, held in temporary detention in the
cells adjoining the corresponding Magistrates” Courts, under the
Supervision of court attendants

Z-—The eight hour working schedule both for keepers. and
matrons should be enforced i the remaining and. (Jefferson
Markel), sth (Harlem) and 7th (g3ed Street) District Prisons

‘3— Aitdtional matrons are urgently needed in the women’s deten-
tion section of the Second District Prison

4—A sterilizer for the clothing and blankets of the District
alone should be installed in Jefferson Market Prison as it it not
practical 1 use the apparstuy i the City Peison

SA laundry should be provided in the Jefferson Market or
33rd Street District Prisons fo il the urgent heed that is not and
Sanat he ropery han hy band wake done by male and female
inmate “help

6-~"The transfer of the males originally kept in the and District
Prison to the City or the ath District Prisons so that the entire
Jefferson’ Market can be devoted to women serving “ten Gay”
Sentence and thnk awating he actin of the ours

7 The transfer of women now occupying the female Annex of
the Gity Prison. (Tombs) to the and District Prison, so that the
Annex tan be used for the prirposes of additional elasifiction of
imales in the ‘Tomb

S— That all the fingerprinting now being done in the District
Prisons by unqualed. keepers ‘be performed by the fingerprint
experts attached to and ander the jurisdiction of the Magistrates
Courts for the records both of the Department of Correction a well
fs the Magistrates. Courts.

Durarruenr or Cosrsction, Crry or Naw York 111

9A combination of the Central Bureau of Identification and
the Bureau of Fingerprinting of the Magistrates’ Courts to. con-
solidate the identification records of every person convicted in the
Magistrates’ Courts regardless of the nature of thé erime or the
institution to which the individual is committed. The consolidation

ould include the Bureau of Identification of the Police Depart-
tment, but if this i not possible in the near future, a closer coopera~
ton ‘and more systematic exchange of records should be brought
about

10-—The sending of food to inmates in Di
families and friends should be discontinued

1t-—More vans of a etter type should be provided to transport
prisoners between the Courts and City and District Prisons,

Prisons by their

‘Tue Counry Pesirextiagy, Weurase Istaxo

‘The New York County Penitentiary on Welfare Island serves as
the combined Workhouse, Penitentiary and the clearing house and
hospital for males for the entire Depattment of Correction. Under

apter 628 of the Tas of 1917, that part of the Penitentiary
formerly used a8 the Industrial Building Wwas named the Clearing

© and 2,049 Penitentiary

the Penitentiary for reclassification or discharge. In 192t there were
5549 Workhouse and 1675 Penitentiary cases received. | The total
Soe of sunning this institution in 1924, with an average daily popa-

§880 and the total daily per capita cost was

Bhop buildings, for about 4oo Workhouse prisoners.
“The new ‘inmates are received directiy from the Magistrates
Courts, Bronx and Richmond County jals and the Manhattan Dis-
flee and the City Peisons, The sate keeping and discipline of
Inmates inthis insitution offer special difficulties, due to its proximity
{o'Maahavtan and the adjoining institutions on the Tsland and the
eat variety of mmates-
fn the Pentetany the sort dine Workhouse cay, hes
vert, the older Penitentiary inmates, many of the “cured ” dei
Ridices ant the overflow from the reformatories serve their ful
Sentences.

“The work done on Welfare Island by the Penitentiary and W.
house niale prisoners is varied.” ‘The Foad building program is ex-
tensive; last summer about two miles of sracadired roads with
Sephalt gutters were laid by the prisoners on different parts of the
Shad. All of the treuch seork and hauling of ashes and coal

ue ‘Tue Prison Association or New York

for the City and Metropolitan Hospitals, the City Home for the
Aged and the Correction Hospital is. done. by. the Pe
"The supplies received on the Island for the, Depar
ment of Public Wellare and Correction are moved and distribated
the Penitentiary inmates, The engine and fire rooms are marmaed by
The painting plumbing and electric work of the Women’s
Workiouse and’ Correction Ionptal is done by tie Penitentiary
risoners. The painting, excavating, hauling of ashes, ele of the
Department of Welfare alone, requites 18 keepers and 3go ommates
daly from the Penitentiary.” ‘Bead is supphied trom the Pen
tentary bakery for the othe institutions of te Department of Cor
retin
‘The morale of the institution is dificult to uphold with an in-
adequate staf of a deputy warden and his assistant and 76 kespers
for day and nighe shifts working about r2 hours ovt of 24 and also
becanse of the complete Ine of grading of pay and a fixed system
of promotion. In 1919 before the Workhotse was combined with
the Penitentiary there were two wardens and 85 keepers for 8 pop
intion of s00 prisoners
“The City and District Prisons and all institutions of the Depart-
sent were made branch workboues a few years ago so that inmate
‘"help"™ could be assigned. from the Penitentiary for the cleating,
rmuetemnce and terion constriction work. The bp in the
fifferent institutions do the cooking, painting, plumbing. electrical
work, cleaning, service forthe prisoners in the cells, ees They seep
in dormitories and serve out their sentences in the institutions to
hich they are assigned as "help "subject to good behavior
The New York City Reformatory haw a present capacity for about
290 boys and is intended for young men ftom the Peniteatiary, who
ihave been guilty of minor offenses and who are adapted to ard will
be enelted by afar environment and schooling. “The Reformacory
Prison, Harts Island, has a present capacity for about, 630 males
abie Bodied prisoners from ‘the Penitentiary, who are. especialy
Adapted for industrial and other productive worle
hhe drug addicts are always sent from the Penitentiary to Munici-
pal Farms, Wikers Island, for treatment, but alter 109 oF Mote days
Of freatment these prisouers are returned to the Penitentiary, for
reclassification. » No! distinction is made between prisoners” simply
Addicted to the dru habit and those gully of other evimes ie ate
fion fo drug addiction, except that they ate partially seperated a
Municipal arms after they Anish theif active treatments A prob
tem at the Penitentiary clearing house is the redlasiicaon std
ausgrnent of “phyekay cre dr addin cerve the remair
of their sentences, The outstanding difsculty ito provide guadasce,
work and environment that might strengthen thet chatacters and
ake thir moral standards and to keep them apart from other classes
Of prisoners,
abt dts of the Acting Warden ingle all of the details of
administration of a large institution, inctading about 25 daily poe
sonal interviews with Inmates and’to see that thelr tequests nd

Devagruenr ov Coneseriux, Crt or New York 113

complaints are dealt with; to scrutinize the daily visitors; t0_Jook
after the daily working aisigament of keepers and inmates. Since
their are only two paid clerks and neither one ie bonded the Acting
Warden has to handle about §2000 of prisoners’ funds weekly. The
Acting Warden is also. responsible for the proper classification,
itansler and discharge of prisoners. ‘The classifeation is, of course,
only incidental to his many other daties,

‘ie personel avaiable forthe las aon of arnones is
extremely inadequate. detailed history is taken by ont of the two
paid ofice clerks in the institution neither one being qualified, hav

sufficient tine, oF subeiently paid to expect the searching and
Veriied information necessary. ‘he prisoners given" indefive”
Sentences answer the detailed questionnaire on the “Interview Sheet”
tinder the direction of the eles, « copy of shich is sent to the City
fe Board to be used for parole purposes. The occupation that
te inmate chooses {0 give i noted on a separate card for the
‘ccupational cand index, “The inmate is fingerprinted and also photo.
sraphed and measured by the Bertllon system, if he has been
Sentenced to the Penitentiaty of Reformatary. In this way his past
riminal record in tie Department of Correction is disclosed but a3
there is ao centralized identification bureaw for all city departments
itis not necessarily complete. ‘The resident doctor makes 2 physical
smsination of each prisoner and reports physical disabilities, ete,
fo the Acting Warden. Inmates who are caasidered (or assigaments
to the kitchen and for the handling of food are given laboratory tests
to determine whether they are free from venereal infection,

Mental examinations are made only in exceptional cases when
inmates act peculiarly. “Ja the last’ three months of 1922" the
psychiatrist made 63 complete mental examinations out of 3 census
E720 nee Guts and 1250 cue rafered back to the Restenany
for feassignment or discharge. As there is only one prychintrist for
theatres Depart an san extended, aeration and various

‘necessary to. definitely diagnose mental cases,
ion, even of those prisoners that are Fepeatedly
comantted, is impossible, '

“Acting Warden McCann gives au interview to each new prisoner,
which is uecessarly a very short one. He examines the commitment
dapers which suggest the seriousness of the crime committed, bat
‘ho copies of histories or investigations of the case tade by the Police
br the Courts are forwarded to the Penitentiary. “The history taken
by ‘the clerk, the past criminal record, if one is found, ahd. the
physical examination reported by the doctor, and im exceptional cases
2 trent examina, are atthe dhponl of the Warden when the

looner is classified.” The prisoner ean be kept in the Penitentiary
End assigned to one of the'so oil working gangs; t0 the (ity oF
District Prisons, as “help.” or to the Municipal Farms, Rikers
Islan, fora drug * cure.” Only a salt proportion of the suitable
cases can be transferred to the reformaterier at Harts Island. and
New Hampton Farms because of their very limited capacities.

‘The problems of properly classifying an average of 22 new inmates,

1g ‘THe Prison Association or New Yous

penitentiary and workhouse, reclasifying 13, transferring
Uisenarging 19 prisoners cach day is utterly impossible for & Warden
Miioat anpe"assitance he dielsy of claleation i, the
Penitentiary is growing yearly as there were about Gso more drug
acts committed fz than in 1920, a the total census has
ibeen increasing while che number of personnel and the capacities of
the reformatories and] the Penitentiary have remained practically the
Same. ‘The tabitual criminals, the insane and epileptic and. the
Serious types of criminals gre received together with the accidental
Gnd occasional offenders; ‘The minor prisoners are received. with
ihe aged vagrants together with the drug addicts and moral perverts
Prisoners tapatle of learning skilled’ trades are received with
imnbeces-and'iow grade mental defectives. ‘The sccessfal Fetorra:
thn of cones 3nd the sucess of parole depends upon effects
aselfcation, ut” without fearing. a good deal about a ma’
‘character, his weaknesses and strength, his proper elassifeation is not
possi.” When the sia. of the Penitentiary includes a qualified
Social investigator,” addtional lesa and. suficient number ol
peyehlatriats the Warden will be able to classify prisoners more
Feleuifcally, When the capacities of the reformmtories have been
Jncreased and a separate colony for moral perverts has been estab-
Tied and the non criminal drag addicts can be treated apart from
the crial addicts, die classification will become more effective

Recommendations Cousty Penitentiary

1That a specialized staff be engaged for the investigation and
classification of male prisoners in the penitentiary clearing house.
‘This should include sufficient psychiatrists, so that a routine systema-
tic mental examination can be made of all new admissions,

‘2—That all copies of histories and data obtained by the Police
and the Courts be forwarded with the commitment papers so that
the Warden can be better guided in the classification of the prisoner.

~ That a" Centralized Bureau of Criminal Records and Indenti-

fication" be established so that copies of all fingerprints taken in the

ty will be fled in ene bureau, and thar closer cooperation with the
State Bureau of Tdentiication’ will be made possible, ‘That copies
of all histories and institutional records of prisoners be sent to this
bureau for fling under the fingerprint aumber of the individual,
which does not change during his lifetime, The records of this
Tureau would make complete data readily available for the use of
the police, the Courts, probation and parole work and would greatly
assist in the classification of old offenders in the Penitentiary

‘4o— That teackers of elementary school grades he provided, either
by coe cith he : holding
‘examinations for keepers with qualifications for teaching, the same
‘way a8 examinations are held far keepers skilled in trades

S-— That elementary schooling be provided for young illiterates
and some more advanced classes for other prisoners, especially diar=
ing the winter months,

Deranraewr oF Conszcriox, Crry or New York 115

lassification of civil service employees called “ prison
neipal keepers” be changed and that some title
he suhstituted for the word " keeper " to better express the important
administrative diitics and instructive supervision of these employees,
‘That skillet keepers and Keepers engaged in insteuction work be
iven recognition and the opportunities of filling other vacancies in
the institution that offer better salaries and advancement,
7-— That automatic, yearly increases ‘of Wages he given to the

‘one of whom should be bonded, be
provided for the effice work to take over the duties of inmate clerks
| 9— That qualified assistants be provided for the Bertllon and
fingerprint expert who has to fingerprint abort 8000 and meastire
land photograph more than 2000 prisoners yearly with the assistance
fof four inmate helpers and a Keeper. ‘The work of this bureau is
Of the utmost importance as it is the only direct linke with the State
Bureau of Wdentification and supplies important statistics and deter
mines recidivists.. Ta fact, the employment of inmates in any capacity
in the identification bureau is contrary to the rules of the State
‘Superintendent of Prisons,

10.— That a telephone be provided in the Bertillon bureau so that
telephone calls may he received and sent without going to the main
Jnalding and leaving the bureau without adequate supervision.

1 the Bertillon expert be made a peace officer for his
cown personal safety and the anfe kesping of prioaness wale under=

stil cases are not benefited by serving sentences in
the Penitentiary and the administration is embarrassed and handi-
‘capped by them, Provision should be made for them in an isolated
institation or colony where they could be studied and treated
experimentally and made to work under a different eavironment than
inthe Femioniy.

—That some provision be made for clothing and carfare for
discharged prisoners to be furnished atthe discretion of the Warden
‘This ean probably be provided for from the funds of the Coram
saries, Drug addicts in particular need clothes ‘as they outgrow
theirs by their marked gain in weight during treatment,

Ty That the Acting Warden be promoted to the grade of
Warden in recognition of difficult work well performed,

Cornnctiox Hosprtac, WeLrare Tstanp

‘The Correction Hospital is an institution used exclusively for
Women and receives wamen sentenced to the Workhouse or County.
Penitentiary. The admissions inelude women from the District and
Gity Prisons needing hospital care, self committed drug addicts,
those held in detention for the Courts in the Borough of Queens and
female criminal witnesses. It was formerly called the Workhouse
and was used for males and. females and as a. place of
Getention for all women held for the courts in Manhattan, ‘The male
Workhouse prisoners are now received at the Penitentiary and the

116 "Tue Prison Assoctarion or New You

female prisoners in Manhattan are held in detention in the Second
District’ Prison, Unti) the institution at Greycourt, in Orange
County, for women gentenced to the Workhouse and Penitentiary, 1s
finished, the Corvection Hospital must be used despite its many

medical and surgical treatment of inmates.
sis ec have end mons ad the Ho :
that feport to the Superintendent. ‘The supervising nurse is, 0
course; under Dr. O'Connor in s0 far as the medical work is con-
femmed, “There were three doctors and part Gime psychiatrist and
Sight Tegstered arses in the hospital, and- 38 matrons in the inst
ction,

“The reception and classfcstion of inmates is done on the ground
floor of the South Wing or Hospital section. ‘The new inmate has
her history taken, is fingerprinted and receives an iostitutional ume

jer. A woman sentenced t0 serve a Penitentiary sentence is ploto-
fraphed and measured) apd receives & State Hertillon number fom
GreWWertifon expert atthe County Penitentiary (male). “The woman
{s given a both and her clothing fs stored. She is provided with
complete prison outfit, consisting of bedding, underwear, towels, 2
frush, com and area worsted sweater all marked wath the inmate's
umber, "When ai inmate Teaves the iustittion the aticles.are
Esmgued to snuther inmate after being stvifsed and lasndered. The
Teale is operated by women inmate. The prisoner's traneferred to
Sour on the first for in quarantine, until the physical examination
has been completed, after which she assigned either {0 the hospital
(South Wing) or t0 the Workhoose (orth Wing). No rodtine
moval examination ie made of the new case he! fended

hiatist divides his time between the Penitentiary. (male) an
‘ths institution and he 8 aable to examine more than a small
faction of the eases. Im fact very few mental examinations. are
rade in this Institation. No senogeapher, inmate or employes, 35
ssigned for this work and no typewriter ie avalabe

Derarrwent or Conrsction, City or New Yore 117

‘The South Wing, formerly the men’s mess hall, has four stories, a
central court and skylight, and has been completely remodeled so that
ie is now ssed for the reception and classification of all new cases
and surgical and medical wards for the treatment of all women
Prisoners in the Department. It is separated from the central
Structure and the Workhouse in the North Wing by locked doors.
On the first oor are the reception, fingerprint and medical examining
rooms and shower baths for new inmates and the cells used for
the detention of women held for the Courts in Queens and for the
temporary observation of all new inmates. On the second floor are
wards used for the venereal cases, the third floor for drug and
Surgical cases and for feeble ol ind the fourth floor for

three elaasifienions

“The North Wing’ (Workhouse) receives prisoners from the South
Wing after they have been examined ‘and classified or undergone
treatment. [cis composed of galleries four ters high which encircle
flange central court that is lighted by a large central skylight, "There
fre 104 cells, or rooms, and the dimensions of each call about 13 x 10
58 fect; each cell has two bunks that fold against the wall, “Toets
and wash rooms for general ase of the inmates are oatside of the
fells Go that buckets must be sed at night. Women are kept two in
seell as they prefer company... The upper ters are kept for the Peni.
tentiary cases and the whites and blacks are kept in separate parts of
the tiers, but the classification only olds good when the women
are locked in their cell at night as all the inmates worl and eat
together

“The kitchen is in good condition. ‘The equipment is adequate
sanitary and modern. Mri, ‘Donalue, in. charge, who has had
Experience in domestic service, acts a3 a dicticizn. The cooking and
food supplies were clean and wholesome, The daily menu is varied
and the following is a tair example: Brealefast, hominy, bread and
coffees Dinner, pea soup, Mashed potatoes, brown gravy, bread;
Supper, Lima beans, chocolate pudding, bread avd. ta
setae hen 9 complete dng it which he keeps in
er custody thiring her confinement, consisting of two bowls, a plate,
fork, and two spoons. The mess hall has the old syle benches and
Seats, The meals are served cafeteria style; the women. pass. ia
front of a service window and receive their food which is carr
fover to the mess table. Agate ware 8 used for bowls and dishes,
Earthenware cups and earthenware or alaminuen dishes are prefer
able. "Many of the inmates, asin the other institutions, patronize the
Drisoners’ commissary.

‘The sewing room and laundry are practically the only industrial

ns ‘Tue Putson Association oF New Yor

occupations in the institation. Women are assigued to the doctors
End nurses dining rooms and trained to: properly wait on the table
tw ft them for ths work in private fans, Difficulty exats in find-
Sheplers for al fe rns "Aboot forty were workin the
lauadey, forgy in the sewing room, tventy in the kitchen, ewenty in
the mia al, five nthe ernie room, ax) the reine are
Imore of lee engaged in institutional wou

“The laundry isan active industry.” Work is done for the institu-
tion ne doctors and gone for the City Prisons Gueete, The
euipment ig modern and compares well with a commércial laundry.

The Sewing Room is atiractive, well Tighted and ventilated.” Alt
the inseittional work is done hy the inmates; there are 20 electric
and 4 foot power sewing machines,” Women receive instruction in

swing which is beneficial to them in free life

"A greater variety ad more vocational work should be taught.
TThere'are many vocations that could be taugit in an. istittion o
this sort if examinations for shied matrons, ike "skilled leepers,”
were held wider the Civil Service and the equipment and snatcrais
Provided to establish this wor

~A sthool has recently been opened. A school teacher has been
assigned {rom the Department of education and gives instructions
in elementary subjects

‘The librareis sal, consisting of about 4oo books and 15 monthly

‘ brary would andoubsedty finish a supply

‘There seems to aie ‘ho definite program for recreation and ent
are allowed the freedom of the cell house from
onally ey are permitted in the open but more
‘ould be provided. Moving picture exhibitions
fare given about once a week
Thirty-three inmates. were undergoing treatment at the hospital
for drug addiction on December 11, 1922, The gradual reduction
process is used — fourteen days on mnorphine, two days on strychnine,
And a week on tonic, After about three weeks of treatment the
addict is moved from the hospital to the Workhouse section. Many
convalescent patients were mixed with the Workhouse population.
‘During the past year over one-half oF the inmates committed to the
Correction Hosplta! have been drug addicts, a
‘Women convicter of prostitution are examined by medical officers
of the Department of Health for evidence of venereal disease. Those
found aiteased are divided into two classes and disposed of as fo-
a. The youthful, who are taken to Kingston Avenue Hospital,
Brooklyn, for treaiment by the Board of Health,
. The older, or move hardened offender, is sentenced to the
Department of Correction, treatment being carried on in the
venereal wards of the Correction Hospital (Workhouse for
Women) ‘Welfare Island.
The average number of women under treatment in 192t for
gonorrhoea daily was 104 out of a total census of 330.

Deragritent oF Correction, City or New Your 119

About 4o per cent of the women convicted for all crimes need treat=
ment for gonorrhoea. Gonorzhoea does not alveays produce pain and
discomfort in the female and is very resistant to treatment. "Women
‘often go through their daily duties, innocent of the fact that they
have gonorrhoea. Prostitutes may co-habit, ignorant of their having.
this disease. On the other hand, the male must needs take treat=
rent to relieve a very painful affection
‘in 1920 the treatment for syphilis and gonorrhoea was outlined in
Getail by a beard made up of consulting’ physicians of the Depart=
Ients of Health and Correction.
syphilis. consists of the administration
over certain periods of

‘
as the foci of infection for the spread of these very loathsome
diseases, ‘There were art females who received treatment for syphilis
and there were 176 major stzgieal operations perform
tion Hospital
‘The average female census of the entire Department of Correction
"330 Which was au increase of 24.56 per cent over 1929.
female censis in 10 years was in 1920 and the high-
BE was 955 in the yeas 1015. The laws of gts created a Parole
Commission for the City of New York which began to. ac
Srna TIE. The eased nny seoeae ar edd mic ee
Jn the Departnent from 1916 fo 1921s explained by the incressing
number of indefinite sentences given by the Courts and the Parole
Supervision and. reducing. the humber of inmates given repeated
Sentences. The Courts are now giving straight sentences to women,
convicted many times, and repeatedly’ in the same year, instead of
indefinite sentences which would place them under the jurisdiction of
the City i
Single woman committed to the Workhotse was given an indefinite
ithough 76 women were sentenced and 31 had served

ff 1,360 women sentenced to the Department af Correction in
here were 758 with previous criminal records, and about. 75
per cent of the women sere sullering from some disease or physical
Sisability
were sentenced for the second time.
sentenced for the
sentenced for the
Sentenced for the
Sentenced for the
sentenced for the
Sentenced
sentenced
sentenced
Sentenced
e sentenced i
‘And Too were being sentenced for more than the twelfth time.

tenth time,
eleventh tne
el

‘Tas Paison Associarion or New Yoax

Recommendations for Correction Hospital

§— The completion of the ildings at Greycourt, Orange County,
with dhe Teast posible delay.

2-—Plans showld be made for the further development of Cor-
rection Hospital as a Women's Hospital for the treatment of drag
sits, venereat Cats, ct Tt should become a casifestion centet
and clearing house: with a specially developed peychintrie inte to
weed out the low grade mental defectives and (pychopathic cases,
Te could also serve as prison for "fem day” aid ether shor term
prisoners now kept inthe City and the ond Divirct Sein.

3— That systematic mental exaininations be made of all admis-
sions, especially those repeatedly. committed.

“doc That toilets and other plumbing be installed in each cell

5— That the Department of Health er Public Welfare be asked to
take over the treatment of the drug addicts not guilty of other erimes
than drag addiction,

‘6.—That the Civil Service Commission ‘give examinations for a
clase of “ skilled matzons,” as for "skilled Keeperg,” so that more
vocational and industrial instructors can be provided,

7-— Development of 2 plan to enlarge and increase the vatiety of
the vocational work io correspond to the schede sn fem reformer
tories

8— That all women sentenced by the courts be fingerprinted so
that their past criminal records can be couipletely investigated before

being sentenced.
9— That all women whose offense and past criminal records are
included, under the City Parole Law should be given indefinite
sentences by the Magististes and Judges so that they may be sub
jected to Parole supervision,
10— That drug addicts given repeated “cures " should be given

increasingly long Setenrn tothe sani fo lngten he con

valescence period, during which time reformatury work and the cor.
rectional influences can be made more ‘effective.

eld forthe courts in Queens be kept in the

nd that the cells now used for this purpose be

ourt is finished the women “ten day ” prisoners
r sentences in the Queens City Prison where plenty

of cells are available and it is omly necessary fo assign matrons

13 —The assignment of an inmate stenographer, pending the
appointment of an employee, tothe paychiatis

‘4 Providing a typewriter for the typing of mental examination
reports

1§.— Mote open air exercise for the inmates.

—A definite program of social work and recreation should be
eatablished to attempt some moral reformation, to countereact the bed
influences of the depraved in contact with the lesser offenders: and
to Bil n the ile recreation hours from four to six p.m. when inmates
have the most time to gossip together and become sociehle,

Devarraent or Connection, Crrv or New York 121

17.—The public Hbrary should be requested to furnish books to
supplement ele smal library

TB Discharged prisoners in destitute circumstances should be
provided with some clothing by the Cty. Drag addict, in particular,
Eannot wear the same clothes they had when admitted dae to their
fain in weight during the * cure

Revomsatory Ixsrizetions o” THe New York DEvakrMent
‘OF Counserios

‘The institutions considered in this group are: The “ Municipal
Farms," Rikers Island, for male drug addicts; the “Reformatory
Prison,” Harts Island,’ and the “New York City Reformatory,” at
New Hampton Faems.

‘The Municipal Farts, Rikers Island, isthe institution where male
deug addicts with any record of delinquency or of “previous cures ”
are treated, In 1922 there were 455 self committed addicts treated
at this institution. The addicts undergoing their first “ cures ” anc
‘with no. previous record of delinguency ean be treated at the Metro-
politan Hospital or Kings County Hospital, by applying in person to
Deputy Police Commissioner Simon of the Narcotic Division of the
Police Department. Opitim smokers are not sent to the Municipal
Farms as they are able to give up the habit without bad effects, s0
that the S00 per cent increase in arrests of opium smokers in 1922
over sg2i did not effect the census of this institution. Male drug
addicts in Brooklyn are sent out of the county's jurisdiction to the
Municipal Farms, through the Penitentiary Clearing Howse, without
‘being committed, After treatment they are returned to the City
Prison, Brooklyn, for trial. The drug addicts are not sent to the
Municipal Farms’ fom the City Prison in Manhattan and the Dis-
trict Prisons until they ate corm

station of this institution in rgae was
{$222,030.73 and the average census for the year was 372. The total
Der capita cost was $1.64 daily, of this the food cost per prisoner
was $0.273 which was the highest in the Department in spite of the
vegetables and pork produced at the institution. However, this is
largely explained by the extra rations allowed.

The census on December 6, 1622, was 418 compared to 383
inmates on December 6, 1921. "The inmates were classified on this
date as follows

‘The infirmary cases, 43 in number, including self committed
addicts, those not yet committed, coming irom Brooklyn, the Work-
hhouse and the Penitentiary eases, were in Pavilion No. r

Seventy-five Brooklyn prisoners nat yet committed, to he returned
to the Courts for (ral after Ireatment, were in Pavilion No. 3,

Penitentiary prisoners with indefinite sentence cases were in
Pavilion ‘No. 4." These inmates after two or three months treat
‘ment and convalescence are returned to the Penitentiary for reclassi=
fication to serve the remainder of their sentence:

‘The misdemeanants and 79 self committed addicts were in Pavilion
No.7.

122 ‘Te Prison Association oF New York
Penitentiary cases were also occupying the lower floor and mis-

AIL of the inmates ext im oie mess hall and are assigned to work
according to their fitness. There were 161 Workhouse cases on this
date. ‘The proportions of the different classes of addicts vary from
time to time and the classification must be modified accordingly, but
the facilities for separating prisoners into groups are strietly Henited.
‘due fo the sinall number and dormitory type of buildings,

The buildings of this institution are one and two story irame struc

tes are housed in eight open dormitories measuring

45 by 110 feet. The ome modern ‘ireproot building is a cement
disciplinary building consisting of 4o large cells, constructed in 1917,
to follow a plan for a centralized male disciplinary building for the
entize Depariment of Correction, bist this is not being wsed There
fate two tess halls, the warden’s house, a chapel, keepers’ quarters,
fa stable, shop building and some shacks Duile on a tract of 75 acres,
the only natural ground on the Island

TThe island consists of about 525 acres which is increasing steadily.
out 8

A cent of the island is made from ashes and refuse from

for settling, This is to be continued until about 640 acres of filled
found have been male, ‘The ashes and rubbish are not incinerated.

Slow burning, smouldering fires constine a portion of the trash but
these give rise to an ever present fire hazard to the frame buildings
tf the institution especially with the high winds that sweep the Island,
So far the oxly thing that has happened was the destruction of the
Biggery tnd 99 pigs and sows fa

largely chiminated if all of the refuse was completely incinerated,
The rats that have destroyed over 30 per cent of the crops in previ-
fous yents were well controlied this year by the Use Of a rat virus

‘All of the 109 acres that have been cultvated is arsfcial growed
composed of broken glass, ashes and refuse which makes cultivation
very dificlt, and give the tractor and farming implements very hard
Service. The high alialinity of the ashes offery advantages for
cevtain’ kinds of garden tuck but ‘ts extreme drying effect and
poresity are injucious to cultivation especially when there is Himited
fainfall: ‘The great need of this artifical ground for cultivation is a
dirt top soil. Dirt from surdace sweepings of Manhattan were pro
‘ded er period of two months in the previous year but due to
tansporiation difficuies it wat discontined, Subway or sewer
excavations from upper Manhattan would offer 4 practical solution
‘A kell 15 feet high on the northera exttemity of the natural Tsland
covering about 1/4 acres if leveled would provide the necessary dict
to cover the acreage now being eultivated, The lack of equipmest for
leveling this knoll and for transporting the earth to the farm, does
not make it practical, but a steam shovel and a balf mile of track and

Daranssenr of Correction, City or New York 123

some duenp cars loaued from another City Department would sulie.
gain in prodhction of the yearly crops, planted” would alone
pay for expense of furnishing top soil for the (arm

The discipline of the institution is very” good in spite of thé
limited number of keepers, theit tong hours and the evils of the open
ddormiteries for howsing drug addicts, There is only one industiat
instructor and no teacher of leiters. ‘The greatest imeliate needs of
this. ineitution ate instructors in letters and experienced social
workers with the broadest experience in bringing back" down and
tnt” men to the moral level trom which
‘hem #0" higher
hopeful possibilities are that the inmates are young, iterate gang:

crs, the average age Deing about 25." Many iho never had a trade
feadiy learn mechanical work and do useful work at the institution.
Much ime is wasted in winter due to the inclement weather and the
itmpessilty of Going octloor work; this would be a logieal time to
devote to teaching and character building, "These young waywatd

to moral influence snd teaching in prison
they ever mere when xt liberty. Tn spite of all of the known dif-
fcuities of handling morally weakened drug addicts social workers
Save been successful in bringing back older and more hardened
individuals,

The plivsical “cure” is successful and there ace no fatalities in
gradually breaking arldicts away from their drag addiction, in spite
Gf the inadequate medical foree consisting of a angle doctor. The
Scents occ after the addicts are released when they tke the
Same "dove" they ‘were accustomed to belore the cure” ot
Tealising that they have Tost te tolerance for the drug the heart
{effected death follows sch an overtane

Consitecable inustial work fs dome by inmates under the supe
vision of Instructor McCarthy and sifted beepers. The followin
trades are taught, vie.: plumbing, electrical. Gnsmith
machinist, shocmalcer. carpenter, wheelwright
2 necessarily small scale as there are not enough skilled keepers in
Spite of the number qualifying under civil service examinations, and
the bul mt equipment ae very Himited. The new addition to
the shop ‘uiding, measuring 84 feet long. 57 feet on, each side
and 10 feet high was just completed in December." The
ing i of wood but. sione setting has been made atong the east
wall for the forge. Thia industria! building will allow the consolida-
tion of practiealy all of the industries wmer-one root, which fa
reac improvement over the scattered Industries that existed reve
Snsly. "This winter the tractor 6 horse carts, 2 platform trucks and
{are implements are unergolig extensive repairs in these shops

Since the piggery was horn Isat Septewber cement foundations
and ‘walls have been completed for 20 separate breeding pens. with
Separate yarls enclosed by Walls, Tive pig raising of this institution
ina grown rapidly from the beginning, 3 years ago, with 4 sows 36
the intial stock. In December there, were 220 pigs, besides the 90
destroyed by the fre and 1.400 pounds of pork furnished to other

124 ‘Tue Prison Association or New York

institations in the Department. The swill {rom the different institu-
tions of the Department is sent here by boat, so the feeding cost is at
2 minimum. ‘The hogs are s ‘the farm and about
inmates at a time are being instructed i the buteber trade by &
Nulled kee

"The Inde, with a washing machine andthe extractor and mangle
that were bought in i921, provides work for 16 jamates and Takes
tare of the institutional news very We

922 important inproveinents bave been made by inmates
in te buildings and the equipment inetading
tition partly of conerese and of lumber has been constructed
sefashting Pavilions No. g and No. 6.

“The 7 wooden shower sulls in dormitories No. s and No. 6 have
been replaced by shower baths with sate slabs and concrete floors

The woolen’ wash troauhs in these. pavilions, were replaced by
cement troughs wieh 11 rater faucets emptying into them.

Four modern, porcelain toilets and an automate Roshing inal
were placed in tath of these psvilions.

“This completes the standardized. plumbing equipment finished in
all of the dormitories during the last 295 years. The floor of No. §
Pavilion is being laid in concrete, "Deep excavations are beng 6
tinued for laying the 12 inch sewer pipe During 12a there was laid
130 finear feet of this sewer at an average depth of 1674 feet, under
the direction of Instructor MeCarthy

“The Eaton Company plan, just across he river from the farm
recently completed layiig another eletne cable to the Island. This
[Site stcond cable las! ad wil provi cletricity forthe machinery
Gf the inunity and the industries. ‘The electrification of the i
Gustriat work will increase the efiiency and decrease the Are asad

Tn 1922 4 recreation stand with a seating capacity of Goo was
built to the nonh of the Administration building. The conerete
work and 78 wooden perches were made by priscners. The cost
OF $300 paid from the commissary fund was for the raw materials,

Abner mving ture machine costing i 00 wa provided it
of te conmssay und“This wa ial in the chapel where a
partition was removed to add 40 feet fo the length of the Dulding
Tor this purpose.

“The following recommendations are for the needs of the immediate
future, asthe great need for more buildings of a more suftable type
ashen meine Tn many of oor prem dal reports Vi

Experienced social workers, who could be specially qualified
keepers, to make it their business to stay the individual addicts and
alee them to their highest possible moral levels, “To follow up te
eased drug addicts and to pat them in touch with helpful outede
fgencies and to see to ft that they do nr realy return to their old

to, provide for the average
‘weight increase of 30 pounds per individual during the “cure
Glothing destroyed by inmates while undergoing the * care” should
De replaced as inmates cannot alway’ be held responsible during this
period.

Derantussr or Coranetion, Ciry or New Yor 125

+3. Teachers in leters, either to be provided by the Board of ady-
cation or by holding spetial examinations for keepers with these qual
fications. “The advantage of having keepers fanetion as teachers is
that they are responsible for the discipline and ‘custody oF the
prisoners a8 well as the instruction,

‘4. More slled and regular keepers to supplement the force,
wie ie very inadequate

“The installation of a water pump to increase the water pressure
which {snow very lo, Tor fire prevention ”

6. Blectrification ofthe industries and the Ian

7. Recommend to the Magistrates and Judges t0 give increasingly
Jong sentences in proportion to the number of convictions for dru
adton, se month ations forthe second and the hed cone
victions, ete. This has been done by the Judges in Philadelphia by
2 uta agreement al some good deere resus have oct

8 Closer cooperation hetween the Departments of Public Welfare,
Heatth and Correction in the handling of scif committed drug ad:
dicts with records of previous “cures,” but of no other ctimes,
If this dass of self committed addict were sent to a ” disciplinary
hospital” for a" cure" on suspended sentences discipline could be
enforced ancl commingling with criminals aveided.

9. The dumping grounds ought to be treated continuously with
the virus. The Health Department ought to enforce sanitary meas
ures to destroy the ly breeding Inthe futare, ifthe refuse is passed
through incinerators, before dumping, the odors, flies and rats wil
be elmisated

10, More adequate medical personnel including at least an addi-
tional doctor

i, Improvement of the schedule of te boat transportation which
can be made without extra expense now that the Steamboat Service
of the Departments of Health, Welfare, Correction and Plants and
Structures are being combined:

12, Complete histories and specialized statistics of the drug addicts
ovughi to be kept more thoroughly in this sstituion to be sede
onjunetion with the analyes of the past crimiaal records of addicts
hove being made in the Conte! Furenu of Identification of the Dee
partment of Corvection, Tlie best statistics for ro22 of drug addicts
‘rere made up at the Central Bureas, but these only showed the total
umber of addits committed and the nimber of their previous con
victons.. The 1925 data will show the number of previous " cures,"
the number of previous crimes and their relation to the addiction of
the individual. "Tabelated Kitories and studies of individual addicts
sade at this instittion would be very seal

Tue Rerorwarony Paisox, [fants Tstano

The Reformatory Prison of the Department of Correction is used
for selected male Workhouse and Fenitntingy prisoners for the
chief purpose of reformation. Before New Hampton Farms was

126 ‘Tue Patson Assoctariow oF New Yor

established this institution was used as the Reformatory for Mis
Memeanants. Harts Island, because of its healthy environment, is,
falso used for males affected with tuberculosis and old vagrants con
mitted to the jurisdiction of the Department of Correction,

Harts Tsland lies in Long Island Sound about 18 miles from New
Yorke City and opposite City Island, It contains about 77 acres
which are owned by the Gity of New York, with the unfortunate
exception of 4 acres, on the southern end of the island, owned by
private individuals,

‘Detailed descriptions of this institution have been made in_previ-
ous annual reports, therefore present conditions will be deseribed in
relation to immediate and near future needs,

‘The capacity of the institution is limited to 6s0 inmates in nine
dormitories. The average daily census for 1921 was 793. From
January 7, 1921 to June 30, 1922, there were 2,459 inmates admitted,
and 2,331 transferred From the Institution.” ‘The daily average
‘census for 1922 was about 31 and so per cant of young males suit
able for this institution had to be Kept in the County Penitentiary,
Where the opportunities for reformation are practically nil im com:
Parison.

‘The buildings of the institution consist of: An administration
building, nine dormitories, general and tubercilosis hospitals, some
‘very old shop buildings, a disciplinary building, a group of antiquated
cottages for old men, a beat

ere Ss ester ita

Deraxtuewr or Consectiox, City or New York 127
inmate workers, This keeper receives only $1,837 a year and
here iso chance for hin to be appointed Insc lough he
je\apparentiy competent The civilan firemen at this fnatntion get
Sogo ny for 8 hours worl, with no responsiblity for the cmstodeal
are of prisoners and no extra reserve duty and they have less to do
than oller Bremen because the prisoners do the actual work under
Ihe direction of a keeper. There are keepers in the Department who
are qualified firemen and who could combine the duties of a Aeeman
dnd keeper. The same treatment of keepers has happened io many
instances in the Department which partly explains their low morale
‘An automobile mechanic. was appointed from the Civil Service ist
inet year at $10.2 day to fila postion at the County Penitentiary fo
replace a Keeper, with an excellent record of years of service. The
Contrast between the $10 a day for eight hours work for the newly
“ppointed mechanie and the $1,537 a year and the twelve hours work
ing schedule for the veteran salied Keeper is another example Of the
Inte of reward for merited service performed by Keepers. ‘The
Gaily supervision and contact between a discouraged and overworked
Keeper and criminals committed t0 his charge cannot bring about
Ssctessial reformation of the prisoner or improve the temper and
Standards of the keeper
@ inmates in the dormitories were grouped according to theie
working fitness and assignments for employment atthe boys were
kept ina separate dormitory. Most of the inmates had indeterminate
feptences asd had taken the drug "cure
ibefore being sransferved to i
imo five grades for the purpose of parole, vie: A, By
Inmates of A class are the best in, work: and discipline and they eam
35 marks a day. Grade B (medium class) are inmates earning 10
‘sks a day.” All inmates entering the institution are placed in
Grade C and earn § marks a day. Grades D and E carn uo marks
and are diciplinary grades
“The edveational work is limited to instruction in mnasic and vo
tional york incidental tothe operation of the manufacturing indas-
tres Tere were wo clan nds isruetors and one svn
Imosic teacher; a third industrial instructor died during the
‘There was not a single instructor jn letters although no otter measure
for reformation could be of more importance for this class of young
we weekly services held by the different religious denominations
are helpful but not adequate fo supply all of the moral needs of
prisoners. ‘The night keepers in charge of the prisoners, when the
ays Work is over and there ie plenly of time for them Yo think,
are mest likely to receive confidences and requests for advice
‘This institution iy the center of the industrial work of the De-

partment of Correction. ‘The Superintendent of Industries of the
Department has hie office in the institution and supervises the work
with the assistance of two civilian industrial instructors and one
Keeper acting instructor. The products manufactured are: clothes,
underwear, shoes, beds, mattresses, brooms, and brushes. The print
ing for the department is done here.

5

128 Tue Paisox Association oF New Youe

‘There are about 200 machines in the old, overerowded industrial

power broom
: are ae
Inachine, r shoe edge polisher, power sewing michines,

Since tor8 the Superitendem Of Indusifis has used the cost
system restiting in more effctent administration, The paper assets
Ae now about $230,000 witereas in 1918 these were abott $00.

‘he varies operated under the State Use. System "ae an
excelent investment Jor’ the city: that he new buildings and

machinery needed should be provided with this in mind.

‘The cost sheet for mantifactured articles is based on the cost of
the raw material plus 33 1-3 per cent to cover eqhipment, tools and
efersthing, ‘The prises chateed are considered very reasonable, The

City Hospitals, Asylums, Almshouses, Reformatories, Industrial and
Bducational Institutions are quoted prices and can’ choose from a
catalogue containing: Beds of diferent heights and lengths, ait
and ticking mattresses of different weights, hair and ticking pill
five types of floor brooms, four different weights of house brooms,
two whisk brooms, nine types of street and stable brooms, counter,
ceiling and floor dusters, seven different scrub brushes, horse body
and mane brushes, stove brushes, shoe brushes, window brushes, hair,
nail, radiator and sink brushes,

The clothing manufactured for males consist of: Outfits for
discharged inmates fram hospital for the insane, outfits for discharged
inmates from New Hampton Farms, winter and surmmer underwear,
for inmates, overalls of Khaki and of summer goods for inmates, caps
of khaki and of summer goods for inmates, institution suits. (coats
vest and trousers), insitition overcoats, winter caps and mittens,
white duck suits, night gowns.

‘The clothing manufactured for females consist of: Inmates insti-
tutional dresses of seersucker, drawers, unbleached muslin, chemises,
nightgowns of unbleached muslin, petticoats, womens overall suits

"The knitting industry includes: "Men's half hose, heavy weight,
men’s suits, winter underwear (cotton), men's winter amdersiets,
men's winter drawers,

The shoe industry includes an assortment of varieties, viz: Shoes

ait _welt and wailed soles with” Arai
uppers and Korry Chrome soles for males,
Colt uppers and Korry Chrome soles, Shoes for boys discharged
from New Hampion Farms of a quality similar to former. Heavy
work shots forthe male intates are made with beavy Korey Chrome
soles and farmer grace

“The Standard Screw Machine which serews the inner sole, slip and
inner soles together is being used extensively, instead of the wetting

Derarrewt oF Correction, City or New York 129

machine which was adopted a few years ago, because the process is
‘more simple and gives hetter results in guantity production with
inmate workers

‘The average weekly production of shoes is 300 pairs. The average
length of service of an inmate sworker is sever months. 1

they cout to the nethaign Tor he hes tne The hasten wi tg
longest term are chosen, f possible, for training in the more skilled
‘work, bat the ime spent in receiving treatment or before transfer to
the inatieution reduces the time allowed for learning a trade
‘maximum sentence of men tent to Harts Island fe three years. ‘The
work in shoemaking, for example, ranges from the simple process of
Iacking and polishing to the difacelt work of culling uppeds by hand
and operating the Standard Screw and Hlel machines. Ta the Shoe
Department there were atout s§ men under a single keeper who also
filled the position of instructor

Ta the clothing department there were Go inmate workers under an
instructor, "The clothing ingustry ought to be much enlarged. ‘The
present quarters are not adeguste to permit expansion. "Certaily
Be Dense of Correction an othr Cy ations need ae
clothing than is now being produced, On Rikers land, for example,
Atmore inmates had overcoats, more work could be done during the
winter months, No clothing is supplied by the City to discharged
destitate prisoners. ‘The present scarcity of tailors the increased
number of iamates suitable to this occupation and the low cost of
production are added reasons whieh favor the enlargement of this
Indust

Tmate workers occasionally destroy machines and_ material
maliciously.” ‘The gang spirit is hard to combat due to mingling of
Inmates in" the dormitories at might and. the limited number of
keepers. ‘The individual inmate must be repeatedly tried and care
fully studied in the different industries before he can be definitely

ssigned, for example: his intelligence, his past experience, Dafional=
ity, the size snd shape of hie hands’ and his disposition. A few
individuals can do a great deal of harm by ‘inciting others to do
rer and less work and to destroy mateial, “The limited super
ston males it dificult to detect inmates im the act of destruction or
‘wrongly influencing other workers,

“The production of mattresses averages only a day and these are
‘made by band. Three machines are needed for sewing, tlting a
Fling mattresses, ‘The inereased prociuction and. the dnstric
sade possible in the handling of modern mattress machines would be
yer proable invenmene for the City “Aout so dose su of
jenited ‘underwear and the same number of suits of summer under
Wear are made yearly. About 30,000 street brooms arc made for the

yeatly. The estimate was mace that 40,000 ash cans are
required by the Ciyy in a year
Island, bu they should be manufactured inthis istit
State institatlons do not fully cover this need

130 ‘THe Prison Association or New Yor

On December 18, 1923, there were on hand im the Institution
about: S80 deren pairs of soce, 1100 vests, 3000 shirts, 1100 coats,
2000 pairs of shoes; 200 eaps, 2500 street brooms, so overcoats, 2200
pairs of pants

“The Printing Industry is fimited to the work of the Department
of Publie Charities and the Department of Correction. This worle
Should be extended and, if possible, cover a hroader field

‘Beds and mattresses are made for: The als, City Alm
houses, City Reformatories, Lity Industrial and Hdeational Ins
tations.
abi eit are a ange part of thi work, Old beds set in by the
city Departments are recenstzxcted with new springs and redipped
and put in excellent condition ee a

Recommendations for Reformatory Prison, Harts Island

1 That 2 building be constructed without delay, on the
unfinished dormitory foundation, according to a plan affording cell oF
room quarters instead of a dormitory, for additional inmates

‘2-—That other additional buildings composed of inmate cells, or
roams, be planned and constructed in the near future $0 that more of
the suitable prisoners at the Penitentiary can be given she advantages
Of the industrial and farm work at this fostitution.
tion be made for a new up to date industrial
{good investment for the City in view of the
now being manufactured here for all City departments and
ihe possibility of increasing the variety and quantity of pro
thereby reducing the City’s purchases in the open markt.
‘4 That the frame dormitories be rapidly replaced by fireproof
buildings composed of cele or rooms
‘5 That the clothing industry, particularly, he enlarged so that

ii the same way that
illed keepers

‘9— That additional keepers be provided to reduce the number of
working hours for each keeper and to limit the number of nights that
Keepers must be on cal for reserve duty

en That the’ personel clade. Ove resident worker whose
particular qualifications and duties are to study, correct and guide
the character, morals and social welfare of the inmates; fo sssst
them in making new contacts and entering into better environment
after release, and 10 ascist the Parole officers.

Devaeratext o Corsscrion, Crry or New York 331

‘hat a more complete history be kept of each prisoner while

sid he topes of

is. A copy of the

Tent

Sumber for the future guidance of the police, the courts and the
ere cs be provided °

a= That some new trucks be provided to improve the transporta-
tion of the products of the induaies between the Industrial Center,
Haris Taland, the Central Store House of the Deparcment on Welfare
nad, and ine arog iy Deore

Acting’ Warden Deen should be advanced from Deputy
wirigs to Warden jt recon Of dice, work wall pee

T4o—That the four acres atthe South end of the isfand be pur-
chased from the private owners wilh the last delay posible in order
to make capes Sn sugges Pose nlf reduce te extra
Supervision tecessay on this account

so= That the use of Potter Field on Hart Tsland be greatly
restficted,

TO Thae the farming be progressively developed.

17— Tat many helpless old vagrants tanofered to Harts Island
to serve Worlhoute sentences be comunitted, instead, to the Home of
the Aged and Indrm, Welfare Island, on sispended sentences,

‘x. New Youx Crry Reronsearony

New Hampton Farms copsist of 610 acres owned by the city,
sitonted in the beaoifol foothills of the Retnapo Mountains, Orang’
County, Ne. ¥., about 65 les from Manhatten, Tris a combined
{atm atid school established for the purpose of reforming reckless and
tigvided young men commiced fo the Department of Correction
Biter conviction for misor ofenses, ‘The aguation receiver made:
treananis between the ages of 16 and. jo who are sleet by the
‘Warden atthe Penitentity deating house according to theit favor
able chargeter, offense committed,

Bitty to farming, induatil andl

isin the process of early development so that the present capacity 6
Hitedo sbost 290 iumates, which is in no way” adequate for the
needs of the Depariment. ‘The Department of Corretuon in 1931
feccived rar youths between the ages of 16 and a0, incisive, and
"7.a8a young shen between the ages Of ad 30, acusive, out of a
Wat of nab mols ich stggest the ue for fnressng the
Capactes‘of both the Reformatory Prison, Harts Tandy and the
New Vork City Reformatory, New Hampton Farms. Although all
the males received inthe Cty and Distt Prikons ace not necessarily
omintied by the Cours ¢o serve seatences in inaitullons under the
forisdiction ofthe Departoent but atleast so ger cent of the young
ten who are sercved at the Penitentiary chaning howe are kept al
the Penitentiary due tothe limited capacites of the te male referma
tories

132 ‘Tae Prison Associarion of New Yous

‘The buildings of the institution are composed of permanent and
temporary structures. ‘The cubicle laundry, industrial and storage
buildings’ andthe power house are of permanent. construction,
herent thease and mest als chen, residences, an ont.
oases are temporary.

‘The Administration building is of fireproof brick, four stories
high and composed of a central structure, basement and wings. IE
i fe, and bas a capacity for toa inmates,
The offices occupy the central part of the first Roar and the keepers!
rooms and 25 inates" rooms are on elther side, “The second oor
‘contains $1 iomates’ rooms and on the third oor there are 26 inmates
Toome ail the hospital. ‘The basement fs used for schoo! rooms and
{or storage. The individual room of the imate is 10 by 12 by 7
feet with a cot, desk, chair, rug and mirror. It has an outside
window and lighted iy elect and ented by team, ot has
yo tollet or lavatory, ‘There is a general tollet which gives rise 0
Siete and aetins bh Zor te heeprs and mate, eel
at meh.

‘The cubicle building, named after a peculiar form of cell room, is
cof fireproof brick construction and in three stories and a basement
Te is 210 feet loug and 32 feet wide and has a capacity for 136
inmates.” It contains abost 150 cubicles, exch cubicle i 6 by 7 d)°8
feat and contains a cot abd chair, but no tollet ot lavatory. A gen
tral toilet giveg rise to the same unfortunate condition as in the
‘Sdmnnistration builaing

‘Corridors separate the rows of exbicles from the outside windows,
which allows close supervision, while the backs of the eubicles are
Covered with a wire mesh for light and ventilation. In the center of
the building between the rows of cbicles is a wide corridor used
for recreation purposes, supplied with books, magazines, paper and
pen and ink, where inmates can read and write or study, until they
Ere locked in their cubicles for the mht. The bullding ¥ heated by
steam and lighted by electricity. The basement is also being tem-
porarily used as a dormitory

"The laundry building consists of one story and a basement

Although it has heen completed for over a year the equipment has not

in front and without a dressing room to provide the necessary rive
building. ak
meron Bo fat ng sl ee ie 7

Deraraenr or Comnsction, Crry or New Yor 133

Fey rk oF Grn Ate gross ga ore

134 THE Paison Assoctarion or New Youk

head keepers, thirty-six Keepers, one senior prison helper, one baker,
two head cooks, one cooky ome store-keeper, one assistant. stores
Keeper, one. store keeper's helper and two clerks. The variety of
instructors includes’ One teacher and two asintant teaches (wo
plumbers, four carpenters, ene painter, ane tailor, one blacksmith,
fe baer, one barber, one mason, one electrician, and three farm

Tino other institution in the Department was there any comparison

instructors. Inthe

ry Prison, Harts Island, for example, where inmates 45

most all of the indwstrial mantfacturing in the Department there

Were only four industrial instructors suclucling the Superintendent of

Tadic and ng iniructor i leer n the ger intations ot

the Department skilled keepers are gradually being employed winder
the Civil Service examinations for neen skilled in trades to superv

and instruetsimates incidental to their castodial doties. In the other

Inntitutious of the Department what tle teaching i= given to inmates

in Correction Hospital, is by. temporarily assigned

instructors from the Department of Education, wliereas in the City

Reformatory instructors in letters are in the direct employ of the

Department.

‘The outstanding work is the cultivation o ‘The inmates

‘cultivated oro acres at New Lampton, 031 acres at Warwick and 288

General {arm crops and garden produce are

ge quanities and a dairy farm js maintained at Warwick
iggery and hennery are operated at New Hampton; large

‘uantities of ats and vegetables are raised. A cannery fs operated

atthe Giy Reformat, the prodcts of whic sippy all he

huvions of the Depart

and Greseourt, the “ honor camps,” are the ones best hited physically

and the most trustworthy.

The educational work in letters is conducted by-a head teacher and
three assistants andl {s limited mostly to very elementary subje:
taught to iliterate and foreigners, ail some shorthand, mathematics
and civics. Only about 30 bors attend summer classes and about 0§
in winter. ‘The temporary quarters in the basement of the Cubicle
and Administrative builings are poor and ussuitable for school per
Doses, Suitable school rooms should be provided and comptdsory
Ettendance enforced in winter and the courses should include instrite-
Hom Siete faring. More schoo! hooks and school equipment

‘hospital ican in charge of the matical and hospital wor
He makes a physical examination of each new inmate and meatal
xaminations of those who act peculiarly. ‘So fas about Bfty meatal
examinations have been made by: the doctor. It is possible, that
Daycho-analysis might he developed ¢ this institution so that it
Essst in a proper understanding of the mental conflicts and se
problems of the young inmates and their elimination in the reforma-
tion process. The hospital is on the third floor of the Administration
building. Tt is equipped more like a dispensary than a hospital and

any inmate that requires a major surgical o
the Penitentiary, Welfare Island, A civilian orderly and mse
provided but no’ assistant physician, Fortunately the health of the
Jamates is exceptionally gond on the whole due #9 outdoor work and
the excellent environment.

“Phe discipline of the institution ig good. Punishments are
imposed by a disciplinary board consisting of the head keeper and
three keepers in charge ‘of the farm buildings and. construction
find. the doctor, Peusities ‘are: deprivation of privileges, 1oss
‘of service time, from one to fea days, and guarding the” gate
Guard duty at the gate consists of waldag ap and down a limiced
pathway in plain view of the buildings during the working day, Little
br no. confinement in cells or isolation is imposed. If an inmate
requiring punishment is found to be abnormal, physically or mentally,
tels transferred back to the Penitentiary, scapes were causing com
sHlrabe rouble Dut most of the prisoners mere ecaptred and

Baseball and other feld sports are permitted during the summer.
‘Moving pictures are given during other seasons, A ban and orchestra
under asband master are onganired and lay regularly, There fs 90

rrmasitim and no tolitaty training
SrA "Temporary chapel is 14 the laundry building, although a chapel
buliding fp incuded in the permanent pan. Religious services are
held weekdy by the different denomina’

The lbrary consists of only Soo hooks which is entirely inadequate
‘The books are little nsed because they’ are not well selected and do
fot include scientife subjects. ‘The number of magazines and other
periodieals should be increased.

Recommendations,

—That the asserably and messhall, Kitchen and other buildings
planined be constructed with the least possible delay
‘hat new construction for School purposes be made as soon
as possible.

3-— That the housing capacity of the institution be inereased so
that 1,990 boys can be accommodated.

‘4— That, male delinquents be discharged directly from New
‘Bampton Paras instead of being returned to the Penitentiary for

So 'That the laundry equipment be installed in the laundry build
ing without further éelay.

G- That the library be cplcged aud should include. more
periodicals, magazines, “select fiction and particutacly
Trae Spiral aa uber soars abe

7-— Tha the school work should be graded and should incude
courses in scientific agriculture, and teaching in more advanced

More inmates should atiend classes, particularly during the

‘That school teachers ‘he provide, preferably by, social

examination for keepers at this work so that teaching

136 ‘Tue Prison Association oF New You

cin be combined with custodial duties and the minimum personnel
can handle the institution.

‘Q—- The industrial Instructors in the Department should be
inclided with the skilled keepers in a class properly graded to
standardize the industrial instruction, and to make promotion
possible

1o— That an employee of the Department should be engaged,
through Civil Service, with special qualifications for understanding
Doys, contributing to their character building and guiding their social
activities. Ie should be his particular job to study each boy regard-
ing his moral and mental makesp and his social attitude in order
to bring out the probable causative factors of his delinquencies.
"The data obtained in this way would serve for the proper handling
of the hay daring tis imprisonment ard after his release on parle

copies of histories taken of the boy while in the insti
tution be forwarded to a." of Identification and
Criminal Records
the fi
guidance of the police, the courts and the Department in case of
future need.

Conpinioxs oF Pensoxani. is Ixsrirorions oF THE DEPARTMENT
‘or Consecxion, New You Crrv

‘The three Civil Service grades of employees in the institution of
the Department of Correction are: " Warden," "Head Keeper
and “Prison Keeper,” which come under Part of the com
hha entaihed by, the New Virk City Chit Service Commiss
The title “Keeper” and “Head Keeper” are misleading as their
dates ate adubictraive and inseuctivess unch ap catedia They
function az peace officers, foremen, clerk, bookkespers, cashiers,
stewards, buiiers and instructors in twenty ciferent tas.
¢ type of men applying for the position "prison keeper ” has

greatly improved since the special examinations have, been held for

prison Keeper with a knowledge of a skilled trade.” Since 1919
there have been 347 applicants and 43 have been appointed; out of
291 of the applicants 50 passed the examinations, Since 1917 there
hhave heen 1,224 applicants for the regular position of“ prison
keepers” there were 1,013 applicants, exclusive of the last examina~
tion held, and only 212 passed and 157 were appointed, ‘The men
how being employed as “prison keepers” and as " prison keepers
with a skilled trade” are picked from a Jong list of applicants and
their past records and training are up to a good general standard,
‘The same individuals under present conditions and after years of
long hours in contact with criminals, with litle time for their home
life and outside amusements, are botnd to lower their standards and
to become materially affected by the criminal associations and prison

"The discipline and morale of keepers and matrons is of the utmost
importance for the welfare of the prisoners. AC present the

Devartaens or Connecsion, Crry of New York 137,

discipline is good but the morale is low due to very definite reasons

1—Under the present systera there is no uniformity of wage
scale, working hours, food allowance, time off or granting of main-
fenance for prison personnel in the penal institutions of the New
York Department of Correction. ‘The number of working hours and
aie ei toes sw gurney te eng of re

Keepers skilled in trades get the samme additional reserve duties and
rate of pay as unskilled keepers,

3— The lack of standardization and grading of wages, especially
sisce 1919 when the general increase. went. into effect and the
Automatic increases for Years of service were discontinued, Keepers
jn institutions today are practically all getting different wages and
some of the veteran alle lerpers are geting che to the premnt

w'That skilled keepers are not eligible for advancement 10 Al
vacancies inthe Department in spite of their qualifications by
entrance examinations, Skilled keepers being in the “ competitive
class ” of the Civil Service are not eligible {or the better paid positions,
Tike mechanics, that come under the " Lrbor Class.” No transfers
are made from one class to another and if the examinations are taken
hho preference is shown for the keeper's record of service

¢ Keepers and matrons worry a good deal over the possi-

biflty of being summarity discharged by the Commissioner without
regard to their past records and years of service. The morale would
be impraved if the employees were graded according to their le
cof service, record of deportment, initiative, knowledge of a skilled
trade anu teaching quallfcain. ' Tf the diferent instations were
graded according to the advantages available for the personnel
Sssignments and transfers of Keepers and matrous could be made
accordingly

16-— The absence of a system of arranging the hours and grading
the pay of the principal Keepers and wardens is similar to the st
of the keepers and matrons, ‘The 18 principal keepers get six rates
of wages not based on yeats of service, length of hours or efficiency
Some work eight and others twelve hours. Two deputy wardens have
iycen Silling important wardens’ positions successfully for a period of
years without being promoted. Practically every warden gels 2
‘ifferent salary which fs not graded on any systematic basis.

‘Tae Prisox Association or New York

General Recommendations

—Estimate the minimum personnel necessary to operate each
institution under the elght hour worldng schedule.

2 Grate the institutions according, to the advantages for the
ersonnel; convenient Incaton to the eiy, kind of dates required,
tiass of inmates handled, reserve. duty. ecessary, maintenance
allowed

Establish grades of pay according to the years of servic
beginning with six months probation service at the minimium 3
and advancing to the maximum in about Ave years of service

“4m Modify the classifcations of Ciel Service so. that” ski
keepers will be given the opportunity and preference to qualify for
other vacancies fn the department

TREASURER'S REPORT
Paoris ax» Loss von Tie Penioo oF Farrer
October 1, 1921 to December 30, 1922

Income — General Funds:
Donations — General $29,623 40
Taterest and Dividends « TEI “zig00 63

rk State Reformatory, Elmira 5
Refunds (loss) from ex-prisonets

Total Income — General Fun

Note: Donations received toward specie pu
poses —as operation of bureaus, cte— which
‘were insuificient to cover the ensire expense in enel
Instance, are indicated below:
Bxpenses— General Funds
Bureau of Administration. Sesrez
Bureau of Parole ‘
Bureau of Probation.

Bureau of Investigation and Research.
‘specific donation :

deficiency from general funds

Bureau of Relief (operation)
specific donations.

deficiency from general funds.

Deearrwenr oF Coasucrion, Crry or New York

Breau_ of Empioymeat
Specific. donations

deficiency from general funds.
Relief of Prisoners’ Families
specific donations... +++
Aeficiency from general funds. .
Relief of Discharged Prisoners (clothing)
specific donations ot
deficiency from general funds.
Exchange on checks

Total Expenses — General Funds

Sunway

Tota) Income— General Funds
Total Expenses — General Funds.

Excess of Income — General Funds.

“Deficit for the two years ending September 30, 1921. $6,012
Less Saving Effected during the fifteen cen mot 8
ing December 30, 1922

Deficit forthe period, October 1, 1919, to December
30, 1922 «

I certify thet T have examined the books, accounts, and vouchers of
1e Prison Association of New York for the period of fifteen
months, October 1, 1921, to December 30, 1922, and that the above
Hexry C. Scnexcr,
46 Cedar street. Auditor.

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS

AN ACT to incorporate The Prison Associntion of New York

Pas May 9) 46, bya tworteds ote. (AB sulneqenthy
The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and
Assembty, do enact as fotos:

Section 1. All sich persons a8 are now and hereafter shall be-
ges eho the etn Fp the cnt

ereof, shall and are hereby constiatd © body corporate by. the
name’ st"Ihe Prion Atsoaton of New Yor and by dat fame
have the powers that by the thizd tie, of the eightcendh chapter,
Of the frat part of the Revised Statates, are declared to belong ts
very corporation, and shall be capable Of purchasing, holding sand
onveying. any estate, res! or personal, for the use of said cospore
tion, provided that such real estate shall never exceed the yecrly
pide gh fo thou dre, toe be apie tony ater pone
Than oe for which the coiperaton fe form

Phe estate and concern of said corporation shal be managed

and conducted by is executive comintie,'in conformity to the core
stitution of the suid corporation; and the following articles that ow
form the constitution of the association shall continue to be the
faindamental lews 2nd consttsion thereof, subject to alterations
the mode therein presribed

‘The objects of the association shall be

1. The amelioration ofthe condition of prisoners, whether detained
for tal, or finaly convicted, o

2. The improvement of prison discipine and the government of
etn ‘whether for cies, counties Or 3 & ;

he. support and encowragement of reformed convicts after

thaledisenarge, by alordng the the means of cba at honest
Hivelthood, ant ssstaning them in their efor at Feform

The officers of the society shall be a president, vice-presidents, 3
recording secretary, a corresponding secretary, and a treasurer, and
fe shall be the {following standing conmmittecs, vie.: a finance comt-
iitiee, a committee on detentions, 2 committee on prison discipline, =
committee on discharged conviets and an executive committee. ‘The
number of the executive committee shall consist of not more than
thirty-five, of whom not more than ten shall be officers of the society,
land not more than twenty-five stall be persons otlier than officers.
‘The officers named in the preceding article shall be ex-officio mem.
bers of the executive committee, who shall choose one of their num
ber to be chairman thereof,
tuo)

Coxstirurios ax By-Laws 148

“he excctive committe shall pect onc in each month, and Keep
regular minutes of their proceedings. ‘They shall havea general
superintendence and direction of the affairs of the society, and shall
lanhially report to the society all their proceedings, and such other
atters a8 shall be likely to advance the ends of the association.

The society shall mect annually in the city of New York, at such
time and place as the executive committee shall appoint, and at such
other times as the president, or in his absence, one of the vice-presi-
ents, ‘shall designate.

person contributing annually to the funds of the association
not leas than five dollars shall, owing to such contribution, be a mem-
Ther thereof. A contribution of five hundred dollars shall constitute
a life patron; a eoutribution of one hundred dollars shall constieate
‘an honorary member of the association for life, and a contribution of
tty dollars shall constitute a member of the association for life.
Flonorary and corresponding members may, from time to time, be
appointed by the exectitive committee

A female department shall be formed, consisting of such females
as shall be selected by the executive cormmittee, who shall have charge
Of the interest and welfare of prisoners of their sex, under such
regulations as the executive committee shall adopt.

‘The officers of the association shall be chosen annually at the
annual meeting, at which time stich persons may be elected honorary.
members as shall have rendered essential service to the cause of
prison discipline.

Any society having the same objects in view may become auxiliary
to this association by contributing to its funds and co-operating with.
ARTICLE TENTHE

The executive committee shall have power to add to any of the
standing committees sich persons as, in their opinion, may be likely
to protite the objects of the socely, and shall have power t0 fil
any vacancy which may occur in any of the offices of the association,
Jntermediate the annual meetings

‘This constitution may be amended by 2 vote of the majority of
the society at any meeting thereof, provided notice of the amendment
hhas been given at the next preceding meeting.

142 ‘Tae Prisox Assocranion or New York

‘The officers elected for the current year, under the constitution
shall continue to be the offic
chosen in their places,

‘And it is hereby fuirther enacted that no manager of said society
shall receive compensation for his services,

§ 3. The said executive committee shall have power to establish a
workhouse in the county of New York, and in their diseretion, to
receive and take into the seid workhoute all such persons a8 shall be
faken up and committed as vagrants or disorderly persons in said
tity as the Court of General Sessions of the Peace, or the, Cotrt of
‘Speciat Sessions, or the Court of Oyer and Tevminer, in said county,
‘oF any police magistrate, or the commissioner of the allmshouse may
‘deem proper objects, and the said executive committe shall have the
same powers to keep, detain, employ and govern the said persons as
are now hy law canfersed on the leepers of the bridewell oF pent
fentiary in said city.

$4. The said executive committee may, from time to time, make by-
Jaws, ordinances and regulations, relative to the management and dis
position of the estate and concerns of said association and the manage-
ment, government, insteuction, discipline and employment, of the
persons s0 as aforesaid committed (o the said worlchouse, tot contrary
to law, as they may deem proper, and may appoint such officers,
fagents, and servants as they may’ deem necessary to transact the
‘business of the said association, and may designate their duties
And the said executive committee shall make an annual report to the
Legislature and to the corporation of the city of New York, of the

timber of persons received by them iito the seid workhouse, the
disposition which shall be made of them by instructing or employing
them therein, the receipts aud expenditures of said executive come
mittee, and generally all such facts and particulars as may exhibit
the operations of the said association

§§ 5. The said executive committee shall have power, daring the
minority of any of the persons so committed to the said workhouse,
to bind out the said persons so being minors, as aforesaid, as
apprentices or servants, with their consent during their minority, #2
Such persons anda suc paces (0 leap Such proper trades and ene
ployments as in ment will be most conducive to their
Pefgrmaton oid amendment and Tature benelt and ‘advantage of
such persons.

§ 6. The said executive committee by such committees as they shall
fcom time to time appoint, shall have power, and it shall be their
duty to visit inspect, and éxamine, all the prisons in the State, and
annually report to the Legislature sheir state and condition, and all
‘such other things in regard to them as may enable the Legislature to
perfect their government and disci ‘And to enable tiem to
execute the powers and perform the duties hereby granted and im.
posed, they shall possess all the powers and authority that by the
Twenty-fourth section, of ttle first, chapter third, part fourth OF the
Revised Statutes are invested in inspectors of cavnty prisons and
duties of the keepers of each prison that they may examine shall be

thereck wntil others shall be duly

Consterution axp By-Laws 143

the same in relation to them, a8 fn the section aforesaid, are imposed
on the Keepers of such prisons in relation to the inspectors there:
[rovided, that po such examination or inspection of any prison shall
We" made until an order for that purpose to, be

chancellor of this State, or one of the judges of te Supreme Court,
or bya ical orca jude, of bythe Ret judge ofthe
euity in which the prison to be examined stall be situate hall frst
fave been had and ohiained, which order shall specify the mame of
the prison fo be examined, the mames ofthe person, members of the
said association, by whom the examination ip to be made, and the
time With which the same must be concluded,

I, There shall be a stated mesting of the executive committee on
the third Thursday of each month, and special meetings shall be held
fom the requisition of the chairman or any tiee members of the
executive committee. The call for a special mecting shall, in all
cases, state the business to be transacted at said meeting, ‘The
annual meeting shall be held on the third Thursday of January in
teach year at half-past three in the afternoon at the office of the

the excutive commitee x
clusive of the officers of the association, is hereby faxed at twenty-
four, and divided into four groupe or asses ay fellows: At te
election held at the annual meeting of the year 1016, there shall be
elected, f0 serve fromm that date, six members for the term of one
Sear, six for the term of two years, six forte term of three years,
and six for the term of four years! “At each annual mecting thete:
‘iter six members shall be elected for the term of fout years in
Blace of those whose terms of office then expire, Any vacancies in
the membership of the committee by death, resignation or otherwise,
may be filed ether by the association at any annual smecting, or, i
Interim between the annual meetings, by the exccutive comeltes
TL At every meeting of the executive committee fve members stall
be necessary fo contitite quorum,
‘obit, Ihe onder of busts at tie annoal meeting shall be as
. Election of chairman and secretary.
‘The reading of the minates of the last meeting.
Report of ‘committee on nominations.
| Election of officers
port of corroding secretary on the work of the year.
). Annual report of the treasu if *
‘The order of business at every other stated meeting shall be as

. ‘The reading and approval of the minutes of the last pre-
‘ceding meeting. z

Tue Prison Association oF New Yori

2. Report of treasurer. ;
5: Reports from stancing committees,
Kfar sm the coreponngssttry.
Reports from special commiiets
& Report from the gencea! agent.
7: Mitclizneows busines.

‘At o special mecting no other business shall be transacted than
that for which the said meeting was calle

YV. "The chairman shall appont al standing and special committees
and decide all questions of order, subject to an appeal; sod the rules
GF onder shal be those embodied in Cashing’s Mason, 0 ar as they
Ste applicsble

Vi Eine recording secretary of the association shall be the seretary
af the exeuave committee) and i shall be his duty 10 keep, the
finutes of the proceetings of said committee, to Tecord them in
Took provide for thr purpose, and to give due notice ofall meetings
OF the commites,

VIL The corresponding sccrctay shall conduct the correspondence
of the exccutie committee and of cach of the standing committees;
thd shai acts fe genrl ancl agent othe sutton, sd
Shai! report at each stated meeting ofthe commits

VIE The tcasurer shall have cure of the funds of the associa
tion, anid shall give such security as the executive committee may
Temsre, His Gutes are more fully defined in bylaw

TC rnere shall be six standing commitees, namely, on inane,
dctenions,dacharged convicts, la, house, an Henry

SE The’ commits on finance shall be charged with the duty of
raising and caring for the funds

"The funds of the association shall be divided into thre parts to be
known as!

1 The endowment fund,
2: The reserve fa
3: The general fund.

The Endowment Fund—The endowment fund shall consist of
soch contributions as shall be given with the restriction that the i=
Some only shall be used for the purpose of the assocaton, and al
legacies

The Reserce Pund:— The reserve fund shall consist of such sums
as anny be act aside from the general fund from tie to me by the
txecutive commitee for investment. Whenever any part of the
fcserve fu shall be appropriated by the executive committe, sich
Som shall be immedintly transferred tothe general fund
Endowment snd reserve funde shal be under the immediate diretion
nd contol of the committee on nance, and all investments of these
fonds shall be ordered by the commaitice The treasurer of the a2-
sociation shall bea member and act as the trenurer of the commit
fon fiance, a7) shall be responsible for the safedceping of the
Streties of the endowment and reserve fands

"Any univested balance of the endowment and reserve funds shal

Coxstrrenion aN By-Laws 4s

hoe kept each in separate trust companies in the name of the associa-
tion, subject to chece of the treasurer, and shall, whenever possible,
beat interest. "All income from the endowment and reserve funds
may be transferred to the general fund as soon as received.

No part of the reserve fund shall be used for any purpose except
by resclution of the executive committer, and. whenever any part
shall be appropriated by the executive committee it shall immediately
ijetransferred to the general fund

The General Fund-— The term “ general fund” shall cover all
recelpts of the association not constituting a special fund or specified
for the endowment fund, the intention being that all the income,
except legacies, induding donations for general purposes, and income
{rom endowment and reserve funds, shal be credied to the general
fund to which the authorized disbursements of each activity of the
association shall be eharged at the close of the fiscal yea.

“the treasurer shall notify the corresponding secretary at once of
all transfers of come from the endowenent ard reserve funds to the
general fond

“The treasurer shall notify the corresponding secretary, numediately
om feet hin of ay sr for the acco of he ston Hat
Such receipt may be enfered at once t0 the eredit of the proper 2c-
‘ou on the Book of te ssa,

he corresponding secretary shall be the general disbursing agent
of the association, the object of the provision being fo leep in the
funtral offices of the association all Feceipts. for payments by himn
for the association of any kind, nature or description, and to have in
the central offices immediate record of all his disbursements. - This
provision shall not apply to the endowment and reserve. funds.

‘All donations received by the corresponding secretary stall be en-
tered by him apon the proper books of the association and then de=
posited in suelu bank as directed by the treasurer tthe eredit of the
Zssociation. Whenever the executive committee shal! make an
Priation out of either the reserve oF general fund, the corresponding

secretary shall send to the treasurer a copy of the resolution making.
he appropriation, certified by the recording secretary, which verti-
fied copy shall be the treasurer's authority for transterring the ap-

propriated amount (o the corresponding secretary.
he treagurer shall keep an account covering the general fend in
{Be ZED oF the astciaton,sbjet fo hie check as treasurer fa sth
35 may be selected by him and approved by the committee on
finance. "Such account shal be separate and distinet. from those
‘ceount opened fr the uiivestd blanc of the edoWnent and
“The corresponding secretary shall keep a bank account inthe
azn ofthe acim, sie co his che as eorvesponding ee:
ry for current disbursements, and shall deposit to the eredit of said
hanle account all moneys fe may receive from the treasurer draw
from the general func
“The committee 0a Finance shall audit and report upon accounts of
the treasurer and of the corresponding secretary.

146. ‘Tae Prison Association or New You

At each regular meeting of the executive committee the treasurer
shall make a detailed statement of the receipts and disbursements for

preceding calendar month. Ie shall make a statement showing
Investments and the receipts and disbursements of the endowment
land reserve funds; he shall make, at the annual meeting of the ass0-
ciation, a detailed statement of receipts and disbursements for the
fiscal year.

XI Te shall be the duty of the committee on detentions:

1. To inquire, as far as may be practicable or necessary, into the
causes of commitment of persons in the prisons or houses of detention
fn the cities of New York and in Brooklyn, and to adopt proper
rmeastires for procuring the discharge or providing for the defense of
such a5 shall appear to be entitled thereto

‘To visit frequently the prisons under their charge, and to en-
eavor to improve both the physica! and moral condition of the
prisoners in all suitable and practicable ways

“XID. Tt shall be the duty of the committee on discharged convict

4, To correspond with prison agents or superintendents relative
to the character and trades'of prisoners, and to ascertain, previous to
the discharge of each prisoner, his feclings, views and’ capabilities,
with a view of making the best arrangements for his future employ
ent,

2. To keep a record of all persons who will employ discharged
prisoners and of their several occupations; to procure such employ
ment for prisoners and applying therefor as seems Dest adapted 10
the capacity of each; t0 hold correspondence with employers; t0
keep a record of the conduct and prospects of those for whom places
hhave been obtained, chat they may be sustained and encouraged with
the idea that a continued friendly interest is felt for them.

5. To secure suitable boarding places for discharged prisoners,
swilre they will not be exposed to corrupting influences, tang care
Rot to have more than one in a place, where ft can be avoi

‘4. To see that she prisoners are provided with suitable clothing, of
a ikind that will not ateact pacticular attention,

5. To consider the internal erganization of the management of
prisons, and the physicial and moral influences to be exerted of the
PNsoners during’ their confinement, to report upon their health,
Feformation, upen convict labor, administration and internal police,
fon the comparative merits of different prison systems, and on the
visitation of prisons and houses of reformation,

ZXITL, It shall be the duty of the committee on law to examine and
report from time to time upon the penal legislation of he State
with their suggestions for the amendment thereto, to consider ques:
tions relating thereto which are under discussion in the press or the
Legislature, including’ pending bills, and report their views and con
clusions upon them, also to care for the law business of the associa~

‘XIV. It shall be the duty of the committee on house to care for
the maintenance of the real estate of the association.

Conserrurion axp By-Laws

XV, It shall be the duty of the committee on Ubrary to see that it
js properly housed and catalogued and to take steps for its increase.

XVI. One or more agents may be appointed by the executive com-
mittee to ania the standing committees in their duties.

XVIL. The president, chairman of the executive committee, and
corresponding secretary shall be members, acolo, ofall the stand=
Sng. committees.

"VIII, No alteration shall be made in these by-laws except a
notice of the proposed amendment given at a previous macting of the
‘executive commie,

LIFE PATRONS

By Contributions of $300 oF More at One Time

The Laura Speman

ibofies, Mrs. Anna,
HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS

By Conteoaton of S109 at Que Time
css
& Ww.
Bend

Mics bez, Wiling

Dabs. ies Katherine
Durand, Mess Predee
Bawight, Wintsrop E-
Ehret

raze Mr Resale.
Frenchy, doc.

"Mr. Josenh
ire

mart Seren

ied Wiiam B.
(Chg, Mrs. Wiliam P. Hikes, Mex. Stah’R
Deceased.
1181

Hall, Mrs, Botton,

Hsin fasts A. & Son

Herne ies

Re Taam G.

Howonary

Mewoers

oon, Wil
Badri Mes Gove,