104th Annual Report 8 unnumbered plates., 1948

Legislative Document (1949)

STATE OF NEW YORK

THE ONE HUNDRED AND FOURTH
ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Prison Association of New York
135 East 15th Street, New York

1948

‘This is an official report of the Prison Association of New
York to the Legislature of the State of New York, which has
been made annually since 1845, and constitutes the one hundred
and fourth of the serie:

Paragraph 6 of Article XI of the act incorporating the Prison
Association of New York provides that “the said executive
committee” (of the Prison Association), “by auch committees
as they shall from time to time appoint, shall have power, and
it shall be thetr duty to visit, inspect and examine all the prisons.
of the State, and annually report to the Legislature their state
and condition and all such other things in regard to them as
may enable the Legislature to perfect thetr government and
disefpline.”

‘The State law further provides for the printing of a certain
number of copies of this annual report at the expense of the
State. Additional copies of the full report are purchased from
the State printers, at the expense of the Association, for dis-
tribution to its contributors and many others, not only in New
York State but in other states and in foreign countries.

SAINTS AND SINNERS*

‘When some fellow yields to temptation,
‘And breaks a conventional law,

We look for no good in his make-up,
But God! How we look for a flaw!
No one will ask, “How tempted?”

Nor allow for the battles he’s fought;
His name becomes food for the jackals;
For us who have never been caught.

“fe has sinned!" we shout from the house-tops,

‘We forget the good he has done,
We canter on one lost battle,

And forget the times he has won.

(Come. Gaze on the sinner!” we thunder,

“And by his oxample be taught,

‘That his footsteps lead to destruction,”
cry we who have never been caught.

Vm a sinner, O Lord, and I know it,
Vm weak, I bhinder, 5 fail,
T’m tossed on life’s stormy ocean,
Like ships embroiled in a gale.
1'm willing to trust in thy merey;
‘To keep the commandments ‘Thou'st taught,
But deliver me, Lord, from the judgment,
Of saints who have never been caught!

—F Composed by a former inmate of the Federal Reformatory, Chillicothe,

Preface

Saints and Sinners

Omicers for 1948

Standing Committees for 1948

Vetter of Transeltial

‘Taitty-five Years of Service

Recommendations to the Legislatare
Detention Or Correction?
‘A Coordinated Carreetional System
Commitment of Prisoners

or Inmates of Weodbourne and Nepapoch Inttutlong
f Compensation of
rt

‘Detect jualization

Tamates of Weatield: Skate Prison for We

Fingerprinting of Jailers and Deputy Sheriffs Acting as Jailer

Compulsory Treatment of Naveotle Addicts 19

Provision of Internahipa Within the Division of Parole and the State
Department of Correction 2

Department of Correction City of New York

Retention of Pyofeasional Services in State Correctional Institutions

Re-Establishment of Central Guard School

Advisory Committee on Prison Industries

‘Treatment of the Chronic Aleokalie

Gontrol of Remedrine Traffic

Extending the Power of the Board of Parole in Certain Case

Five Year Limit to Coxsackie Sentences

Improvement of Probation

Veteran Preference in Civil Service

State Commission of Correction

examination into Sentencing Process

Publie Defender and Defense Attorneys

‘Attempts to Curtail Prison Industries

Consolidation of Courts of New York City

Going Forward in 1948

Chronie Aleaholie Problem

Aleoholies Anonymous

‘The Nareotie Problem

Sexual Psychopath Study

Priaon Ward Bellevue Hospital

New York State Division of Parole

‘Ten Year Study of Parole

Summary of Faroe Rewsts

ogress Report on the Central Harlem Street Clubs
How Did We Get Next to the Clube?
‘What Do We Do When We Are With the Boys?
What Have We Accomplished Thus Far?
Have There Been Any Changes in the Clubs?
What About the Future?

[57

CONTENTS (continued)

‘Motion Picture Industry
Sentencing
Disharment Proceedings
National Conference on Juvenile Delinquency
International Penal and Penitentiary Commission
United Nations
Cooperation with Director of the Budget.
City Prison, Brooklyn
Detention Pens, Mulberzy Streat
Syracuse Police Lockap
Police Lockupe
‘Meal Tickets for Pollee Prisoners
Youth Term Court of General Sessions
Legislation
Citizens Budget Commission Survey
Prizon Offcers Conference of New York State
Manual of Suggested Standards
Cooperstion with the Classifiation Committee
Floggings of Prisoners
‘Texas Prison Systom
Southern States Conference
Central States Parole and Probation Conference
‘T8th Congress of Correction
‘The Prison World
New York City Youth Board
New York City Police Academy
Courses in Criminology
Welfare Council Correctional Group
‘Welfare Couneil Delegate Body.
Gommittee on Detainers
Givil Service
Navy Department
Naval Correctional Program
‘Nebraska Prisoners? Aid
Foreign Visitors
Assistance in South Caroling
State Conference of Social Work
Sing Sing Prison Visite
Visits to Other State Institutions
Directory of Correctional Institutions
General Service
The Association's Service Bureaus
Employment and Relief Bureatt
‘Visits to City Prison
Visite to Sing Sing
Family Service Bureau
Legislation—1048
Auditor's Statement
Constitution and By-Laws

‘THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK
OFFICERS FOR 1948

President Recording Seeretary ‘Treasurer.
EDWIN O. HOLTER ARCHIBALD S. ALEXANDER C.C, AUCHINCLOSS

Corresponding and General Secretary
E.R, Cass

Assistant Secretary
Roserrs J, WriGH

Vice Presidents
©. C, AucHINCLOss
HAROLD K. Hocuscump

Executive Committee
EDWIN 0, HouER, Chairman

Clase of 1948 Class of 1950
JosePH E, Davis Rican C. Bagcock

©, Dovctas Dinton BURTON J. Les, JR.

Ms. ALLEN W. DuLtes RicHarp C. PatrEeson, JR.
JOHN L. SCHOENFELD Francis B. Powe, J.

Class of 1949 Class of 1951

Guoncz F. BAKER, JR, Mas. Juutus OcHS ADLER
‘AM A. LEWISOHN CHARLes Suypam, Currie

PAUL Moore, JR. Henny G. GRay

G. Hownanp SHaw Epwarp P, MULROONEY

STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1948 ONE HUNDRED AND FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK

Hon. Jor R. HANLEY,
Lieutenant Governor of New York:
COMMITTEE ON LAW Lieutenant G New Ye
eee, Aue ee ‘Sim.—In accordance with Chapter 168 of the Laws of 1846,
-coanarren ‘ou vINAe we have the honor to present the One Hundred and Fourth
AvomNezoss, DILLON, HOCHSCHILD, Lae Annual Report of The Prison Association of New York, and to

request that you will lay the same before the Legislature.
COMMITEE ON DETENTIONS

SCHOENFELD, Bxs. DULLuS, LEE, Moone, Respectfully,

dawserraxeion nournari0ns THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK
AUCHINGLoSS, Davis, HocHsctimn By Epwin 0. Hourer, President

COMMITTEE ON PROBATION AND PAROLE EARGARS, Gonerat Storekory
LEWISOHN, BAKER, CUTTING, SHAW

COMMITTEE ON PRISON ADMINISTRATION
‘MuLROONEY, Mrs. ADLER, BABCOCK, PATTERSON, POWELL,

THIRTY-FIVE YEARS OF SERVICE,

At the regular monthly meeting of the Executive Committee,
held in May, prior to the discussion of general business, Mr.
Edwin O. Holter, President of the Prison Association, made
the announcement that it was the desire of the Exeentive Com-
mittee to observe the occasion of the thirty-fifth anniversary
of Mr. Cass’ affiliation with the Prison Association of New
York. Mr. Holter declared that the Committee was unanimous
in their desire to acknowledge the many years of the General
Secretary’s service with tho presentation of a gift. Mr. Holter
then presented Mr. Cass with a beautiful wrist watch engraved
on the reverse side as follows:
“Baward R. Case
1018-1943,
‘The Prison Association of
‘New Fork”

Mr. Cass responded and extended his gratitude and appreeia-
tion for the generous support given to him through the years
by the Committee, Following this a number of the Committee
members indicated their individual appreciation and recogni-

tion of Mr. Cass’ many contributions to the field of penology,
particularly in this area,

A number of letters and telegrams of felicitation were read,
Among them were included greetings from the following:
Harold K. Hochschild; Commissioner Donald MeMillan, Salva-
tion Army; Mrs. Sidney Cecil Borg; John J. Bennett, Deputy
‘Mayor of the City of New York; Commissioner Schoenfeld and
his staff; Monsignor Francis J. Lane, Elmira Reformatory;
Philip Heimlich, Youth Counsel Bureau; Sanford Bates, Com-
missioner, New Jersey Department of Institutions and Agen
cies; W. Frank Smyth, Jr., Superintendent, Virginia Peniten-
tiary and President of the American Prison Association ; James
V. Bennett, Director of United States Bureau of Prisons; Irv-
ing W. Halpern, Chief Probation Officer Court of General Ses-
sions; Commissioner Albert Williams, New York City Depart-
ment of Correction; Commissioner John A. Lyons, New York
State Department of Correction; Rt. Rev. Charles K. Gilbert,
Bishop of New York; J. Stanley Sheppard, Salvation Army;
Miss Ruth Collins, Superintendent, Women's House of Deten-
tion ; and a eablegram from Joseph J. A. Ellis, Assistant Attor-
ney General, Curacao, Netherlands West Indies.

f11)

RECOMMENDATIONS*

February 28, 1949
To the Honorable Members of the Senate and Aesembly:

Im accordance with Chapter 163 of the Laws of 1846, we
have the honor to present the following recommendations to
the Legislature as a part of the 104th Annual Report of ‘The
Prison Association of New York, and urge that they receive
your serious consideration.

Respectfully submitted,
‘THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK
E, 0, Hourer, President

R. Cass, General Secretary

DETENTION — OR CORRECTION?

To those versed in correctional practices and procedures a
question such as this should require but Timied discussion. To
the layman, however, no other three words could more ade-
quately express the situation facing the people of New York
State,

‘The problem cannot be stated more simply. Shall we be con-
tent with mere detention, or shall we be content only when
Now York regains its leadership in the correctional rather than
‘the detention field?

If the people desire to be content with the knowledge that
prisoners are securely behind the walls and under the control
of steel, coment and bars, then we need not pursue the discus-
sion further. We can say with a reasonable degree of assurance
that those confined in the State's penal institutions will so re-
main until legally released. Our institutions are secure, manned
by an eflicient eustodial force and all legal requirements of safe
custody are apparently being met.

If, on the other hand, the people will be content only when
the State Department of Correction becomes a correctional
agency in every sense of the term, then we have a well-defined
‘ath ahead.

amendations in their completeness were mailed to each
member of the Bente ahd: Assembly on Hesrasry 33, 1040

(13)

4 ‘Tue Prison Association oF Naw YoRK
It is the purpose of this report to present a discussion out-
lining some of the steps the Prison Association feels necessary
if the State's handling of convicted felons is to be correction.
‘over and above detention. This we have done for many decades
through the presentation of specific recommendations to the
Legislature and the olfering of guidance based on many years
of correctional observation throughout the country.

As we pointed out in our Annual Report for 1947"... we
feel something more to be necessary in the overall rehabilita-
tion of prisoners than sturdy buildings, clean surroundings,
modern facilities and secure custody.” We repeat, good house-
keeping alone is not enough.

Reference to the budget of the State Department of Correc-
tion serves as an illustration of the fact that more than good
housekeeping is needed. The budget provides for an approxi-
mate total of 1,550 custodial personnel not above the rank of
correction officer. It likewise provides for 178 additional per-
sonnel assigned to what might be termed the rehabilitation
program including psychiatrists, psychologists, teachers, voea-
tional instructors, ete. Of these the majority are assigned to
three institutions. With a total inmate population in the neigh-
borhood of 15,600 the need for additional professional services
is obvious. The rehabilitation of prisoners cannot be accom-
plished by miracles. Likewise custodial officers alone cannot be
expected to substitute for needed professional services. Corree-
tion needs custody but it requires more than that in the nature
of professional services,

The people of New York need not, at this time, be concerned
with the need for additional penal institutions. Basically, what
we have in a physical sense will suffice for the present. We will
make no plea for large building appropriations,

On the contrary, our major ples is for a clear cut definition
of correctional policy. Our plea is for a definition of purpose,
a specific charting of the course ahead.

jew York is fortunate in having a wide variety of penal
institutions ranging from those of maximum security to se
eral of minimum security, In a sense we have put the cart be-
fore the horse 2s we have the physical facilities but lack the
blueprint of effective correctional administration. Perhaps we
should qualify this comment by stating that seventeen years
ago a well-defined blueprint was drawn. The deliberations of
the famed Commission to Investigate Prison Administration

4 308rd Annual Report of The Prison Aasociation of New York, Legie:
lative Document (1848) No, 86, Publishers Prinling Coy NOC, 1848,
ve.

‘RECOMMENDATIONS 10 THE LEGISLATURE 15
and Construction*, known popularly as the Lewisohn Com-
mission, is largely responsible for a substantial amount of the
progress noted in the New York correctional field during the
past twenty years, The Prison Association, through its General
Secretary, E. R. Cass, was represented on the membership of
the Commission. Its chairman, Sam A. Lewisohn, has given
many years of devoted service to the interests of progressive
correction in New York State and the nation generally. He is
a past president of the American Prison Association and a
member of the Executive Committee of the Prison Association
of New York.

The momentum resulting from the Commission's findings
carried the Department to an undeniable position of leadership,
but the depression years gave impetus to a decline in the
momentum. ‘There are no legitimate reasons, however, why
New York cannot regain its former leadership.

‘Those steps that the Prison Association feel to be necessary
to this end form the remainder of these recommendations to
the Legislature.

Jn keeping with the Association's original act of ineorpora-
tion it is required to report annually to the Legislature. This
we have done faithfully for 104 successive years, Some of the
recommendations that follow are in the nature of observations
and suggestions for what might be termed administrative im-
provement. Others are in the nature of recommendations for
specific legislative action.

The Association feels a discussion of this nature to be appro-
priate because some of the proposals for an improved correc-
tional system do not require legislative action. This report,
then, is in the nature of an account of what we feel is desirable
from a legislative and administrative standpoint. Our com-
ment is made wholly from a desire to be of service and fs to be
construed in no other fashion.

I. A COORDINATED CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM

For the third year we commence our recommendations by
urging legislative support of a coordinated correctional pro-
gram. We urge that a thorough review of the State’s correc-
tional process and needs be made either by a legislative com-
mission with the aid of technical consultants or by a special
professionally qualified committee appointed by the Governor.

‘This review should be conducted during the current year
and provide recommendations for legislative and administra-

* Appointed July, 1980, by Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Presi-
dont Bro Tem of the Senate and the Speaker of the Assembly.

16 ‘Tue PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK

tive revisions of existing procedures in keeping with the most
progressive correctional practices of our time.

Comment:

It is appropriate that we again point out that this review not
be in the nature of an investigation or “head hunting” expedi-
tion, The situation does not require an investigation, a8 such.
‘What it urgently needs is a fechnical and professional review
of current procedures and needs, the first of which is a coordi
nated correctional system.

‘What is meant by a coordinated system?

In the first place coordination of any process is based upon
a well-planned course of action. Such a course requires a well-
defined underlying purpose. It is obvious, therefore, that with-
out a clearly defined purpose or goal the charting of a course
is impossible,

When we recommend a coordinated process we assume, then,
that it will be based upon a elear-cut correctional policy.

‘Tho treatment of the adult offender (with whom this dis-
cussion is primarily concerned) should be a continuous process
and not a series of disjointed and unrelated steps

In using the term “coordination” as relates to the State
Department of Correction, we recognize a need for a revision
of administrative organizations to permit maximum use of the
State's diversified correctional institutions. Few, if any, states
‘can boast of the diversification of confinement units that are
now a part of this State's correctional system. With the pos-
sible exception of California, New York’s variety of institu-
tions rank favorably with the thirty-odd penal institutions
operated by the U. 8. Government, as far as diversification is
concerned.

‘The rehabilitation of prisoners must be by design rather
than by coincidence. One of the guarantees of rehabilitation is
the fullest use of physical facilities in keeping with the basic
purpose for which they were designed.

‘As we stated a year ago°, a clear cut statement of corree-
tional poliey should be the first order of business. To assist in
developing the best of correctional practice and procedure the
technical review is recommended.

1, COMMITMENT OF PRISONERS

It is recommenced that all male felony prisoners be com-
mitted to the State Department of Correction instead of to

"4084 Annual Report, The Prison Association of New York, pg. 18.

RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE LEGISLATURE aw

districts as at

specific institutions on the hasis of judi
present.

Comment:

Chapter 554 of the Laws of 1945 establishes adequate prece-
dent for this recommendation. That law provides for the estab-
lishment of the Elmira Reception Center for male felony pris-
oners between the ages of 16 and 21, exeept those senteneed to
death or life imprisonment,

The excellent record established by the Center and similar
units in various other states: together with the long-standing
practice of the United States courts would seem to substan-
Hate without question a recommendation of this nature.

The establishment of the Elmira Reeeption Center com-
mits the State to the theory and need for a coordinated com-
mitment and reception procedure, The next logical step is to
provide for a similar center and procedure for all mele felony
offenders from 21 up.

One of the first steps necessary to activate this advance is
contained in the following recommendation.

Ill, DESIGNATION OF RECEPTION INSTITUTIONS

It is recommended that Sing Sing Prison be designated as
a reception and screening prison for male felony offenders
over the age of 21.

It is further recommended that the Green Haven Prison be
used as a sentence institution in lien of Sing Sing Prison.

Comment:

The official record surrounding correctional affairs in New
‘York State covers many years of recommendations urging the
establishment of a statewide system of prisoners classification
and reception institutions.

‘Thirty-three years ago, in 1916, the Prison Association ree-
ommended that Sing Sing be a reception prison for the study
and observation of offenders. Using the slogan “Sing Sing
‘lust Go” the Association in 1916 recommended virtually the
same program that it repeats in 1949, The old Sing Sing has
inngely disappeared and to this extent ‘ts 88 year old recom:
mendation has been fulfilled. The old cell blocks met their long
elayed doom during the recent war years.

Two factors stand out among the many substantiating the
Association's recommendation. First is the fact that approxi-
nately 75% of Sing Sing’s commitments are from the New

18 Tum PRIsoN Assocration oF New YORK

sty area. Second tn the announced plan to reactivate
York City aren Sethe rat of the mest sol year. The ater
Green Haven possible a anit of population from Sing Sing
step would male Pes leaving the Ossining institution avall-
abl for use a8 2 Toe San a coceving mstivtion with
vere ere zgonnel to conduct study and observation of
facilities wrtminis followed. by recominendations for, thelr
new commitrtable mtieations for the remainder of, thelr
transfer ‘ihe mira Reeoption Conte i, as a matter of fact

SP ecoption and sreening unk, We tink of Sing
see Gacy for ve Oder Omen. amendation
Sere eae eo imvesugate Prison Administration
ato of February 15, 1981, made the

that every prisoner, immediately

ir prison for a period of

il the unit of the prison

system for ‘and the treatment and
training he

Through the
relation 0%
Trnaae ad he Federal Government

on quipeNsAsION POR INMATES OF WOODHOUSE
1. SUNS ATOR KOA GRE SH EER BERLE
Fee eee ey Oo PRIgON FO
wl =
crdgi Sle Eon for Women be oad with the wore
sae ali i rt ee milo pe

Comment

ae Boe Be kyon Cay Albany, Ne ¥ Drinkers.

RECOMMENDATIONS 70 THE LEGISLATURE 19

may work at industrial tasks for years on end and at the eon-
clusion of their term be not eligible for compensation. This
creates undue hardship and a lack of incentive upon certain
prisoners who, for reasons beyond their control, may be com-
mitted or transferred to those two institutions noted. A sound
rehabilitation program, designed to equip prisoners for their
eventual release to the free community, should include some
remuneration for services rendered. This is done at the prisons
but not at Woodbourne and Napanoch. Few and far between
are those correctional institutions of today whose inmates
are not awarded incentive compensation for their labors.

Female prisoners at the Wostfield State Prison for Women
are now paid up to 8 cents per day, with most earning approxi-
mately 114 conts por day. We urge that female prisoners,
whose labors are just as diligent as male prisoners, be paid on
a seale equal to that of the men.

Y. FINGERPRINTING OF JAILERS AND DEPUTY SHERIFFS
ACTING AS JAILERS

It is recommended that legislation be provided whereby it
will be mandatory that all persons employed in the administra-
tion of a county jail or penitentiary and city, village and town
operated places of confinement, be fingerprinted.
Comment

This recommendation is made in the interests of securing
better personnel for the administration of locally operated
penal institutions and confinement units. The recent disclosure
‘of the appropriation of county property for personal use by a
deputy sheriff assigned as a jailer in a southern tier county
ail is a case in illustration, Following investigation it was
determined that this same deputy sheriff had a police record
dating back some years. Indictments resulted following grand
jury consideration of the charges. For purposes of public pro-
‘ection and in the interests of securing qualified personnel, all
persons engaged in the administration of a locally operated
place of confinement should be required to be fingerprinted.
The procedure requested is simply an extension of a long pre-
vailing regulation of State and Gity of New York institutions
and large institutions in other jurisdictions,

YI. COMPULSORY TREATMENT OF NARCOTIC ADDICTS

It is recommended that the Code of Criminal Procedure be
amended to provide for compulsory rehabilitative treatment of
nareotic addicts and users procuring drugs illicitly.

20 ‘Tum PRISON ASSOCIATION oF New York

Comment

Particularly in the Greater New York area the problem of
nareotie addiction is pronouneed, According to eminently quali-
fied authority, drug addiction is considered a dangerous social
and economic problem, affecting not only the individual addict
but countless other members of the community.

In the opinion of the District Supervisor of the Treasury
Department's Bureau of Naxcoties, Colonel Garland H. Wil-
Hamas, there ave two general types of addicts, viz., those using
drugs with the consent of a duly licensed physician or dentist
for legitimate medical reasons, and those using and procuring
nareoties in violation of the law. With the former we are not
concerned, It is the common addict who causes alarm and is in
need of treatment, “It i3 an established fact,” according to
Colonel Williams, “that a narcotic addiet iz incapable of for
jing himself to undergo treatment for his addiction, and.he will
‘never complete a cure unless he is placed under some form of

Some states have recognized this fact but New York is not
among them, New York does not require the non-medical
Addict to submit to a cure and, in Colonel William’s opinion
“this aren (New York) ia considered 0 be w refuge and a
happy place of abode for these criminal characters.” The
angwer is simply that addicts must be cured under compulsion

We urge therefore, that the opinion of the United States
Commissioner of Nareoties, Harry J. Anslinger, and his fed-
eral narcotic agents, be accepted and legislative provision made
for the compulsory treatment of nareotic addicts. We urge the
adoption of legislation introduced in tho 1949 session of the
Legislature on Jannary 26, 1949, by Senator W. J. Mahoney
and Assemblyman Julius Volker, entitled “AN ACT TO
‘AMEND THE CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE IN RE-
LATION TO NARCOTIC ADDICTS OR USERS OF NAR-
coTICs.”

‘his legislation is designed to provide the unlawful addict
with the scientific physiological and psychological treatment
now available in the United States Public Health Service Hos-
pitals at Lexington, Kentucky, and Fort Worth, Texas. The
bill in no manner applies to those using narcotics for bona fide
medicinal reasons Who are under the eare of liconsed physi-
cians and dentists. It applies only to those who violate the law
by securing and using drugs illegally. It provides that offend-
ers may be sentenced to imprisonment for # term of not less
than six months nor more than one year, with the additional
provision that the sentencing judge may place such a person on

‘RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE LEGISLATURE 21

probation with the condition that he enter an approved insti-
tution for treatment and remain therein until released as cured
by a licensed physician.

We endorse legislation of this nature and urge favorable
action at this session of the Legislature in the interests of
public protection and the general welfare.

VIL. PROVISION OF INTERNSHIPS WITHIN THE DIVISION
OF PAROLE AND THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF
CORRECTION

It is recommended that budgetary provision be supported
for the making available of qualified interns within the State
Division of Parole and Department of Correction.

Comment:

We join with others in advocating the provision and, in some
cases, extension of the system whereby qualified interns may
be provided the parole and correction departments, The de-
velopment of professional career personnel is necessary to fur-
nish the leadership of the future. It is obvious that the co-
operation of universities and colleges is necessary to effect
the greatest degree of efficiency in the operation of such a plan.
It is true that in the past interns have been assigned to the
correction department and our plea at this time is for an exten-
sion of this system on a permanent basis

VII. DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTION —
CITY OF NEW YORK

2)_It is recommended that legislation be provided enabti
the State to accept jurisdiction of those prisoners currently
and hereaiter serving indeterminate sentences in the Peniton-
Gary of the City of New York, exclusive of those serving
Workhouse indeterminate sentences.

»b) It is further recommended that the New York City Re-
formatory at New Hampton be transferred to the jurisdiction
of the State Department of Correction,

c) Te is also recommended that pending the passage of

islation urged ip paragraph (a) above, the State be obli-
‘ated by logistation to inerense the per day per eapita rate of
ayment for the maintenance of persons convicted of felonies
Sentenced to penftontiaries from sixty cents to one dollar and
fy cents per day.

d) It is recommended that legislation be provided increas-
ing the clothing allowance now paid by the State 0 county

22 ‘THE PRISON ASSOCIATION oF NEW YORK

nitentiary superintendents from ftzen dolar to twenty
Retains cneope for Noveraber through, Mareh when the
five dolla, ono ove the present tveny we dlrs
ae

to fore ae mamended that the Contestion Law be
ot lo, Focommane he ebursciont of enuntien
further amended (provid szasody of Driaoners detaved by
Fete Berea ee

Comment:
‘The Prison Association has for many years advocated the

adoption of recommendations (a) and (b) above. Tn our 103rd
‘Annual Teport for the year 1947 we acknowledged the eon-
iribution which the Citizens Budget Commission made to the
thinking in this field by virtue of their survey of the City
Department of Correction with which the Association co-
operated.

pa) We again reiterate our stand that a city or locally oper-
ated correctional system should not be required to operate
Tong-term sontonce institutions. The Penitentiary of the City
of New York is one of the largest penal institutions in, the
Country and, basically, one of the most secure. Operated by
the City of New York it houses prisoners with sentences rang
ing up to three years. We noted a year ago that there is no
indication that the task of the City correctional department
will be less complex with the passage of time, The intervening:
Year has not changed our point of view except perhaps to give
it added weight.

‘The time, therefore, would seem to be appropriate for the
City to take steps to case its correctional problem and place
portions of it in the hands of the State where it logically be-
Tongs. It fs the provinee of the State to assume responsibility
for the care and treatment of adult felony offenders. As a
matter of fact the law implies that all persons with sentences
fof more than one year should serve their term in a State
penal tit. :

‘Tho present situation, as far as the City of New York is
concerned, resolves itself to the fact that the City is caring
for many prisoners who, had they been convicted elsewhere in
the State, would be confined in State institutions.

In the intorests of the tax-paying publie, as well as the pris-
onor, the Association again urges that all prisoners committed
for indeterminate sentences in the City penitentiary (exclu-
sive of the Workhouse) be confined in an institution to be des-
ignated by the State in Tieu of the present procedure,

RECOMMENDATIONS T0 THE LEGISLATURE 23
b) Again in the case of the New York City Reformatory, the
Prison Association has long been articulate in urging’ the
transfer of this untt to the State. The Reformatory, in theory
a treatment rather than a detention institution, should be an
integral part of the program and plan of the Ehmira Reception
Center. At present it operates independently of the Center.

‘This comment takes into consideration the recent improve-
ment program at the Reformatory and does not imply disin-
terest in the institution on the part of the departmental admin-
istration. The Association is not overlooking the vigorous
efforts of Commissioner Albert Williams toward many im-
provements and progress generally within the Department.
But itis, on the contrary, a recommendation that the Reforma-
tory be coordinated into a unified correctional plan for the
adolescent offender. This is still a further plea for a coordi-
nated correctional system,

‘The record will show numerous recommendations by the
Association that the Reformatory be abandoned as an inade-
‘quate piece of correctional machinery. These have been made
despite our close identity with the establishment of the refor-
matory system in this country in 1868. While we feel that
recent, progress has somewhat broadened its usefulness we
reemphasize the need to assimilate the Reformatory with the
Reception Center and the overall State correctional plan.

©) It is recognized that the above two recommendations are
somewhat long range in nature and pending their possible
eventual adoption we urge immediate stops be taken to increase
payments by the State to the counties for the care of felons
housed in county penitentiaries, The sum recommended is one
dollar and fifty cents per capita per day, an increase from the
current rate of sixty cents. The arguments favoring this pro-
posal are obviously financial and are necessitated by the
greatly increased costs of institutional care. As a matter of
fact, the proposed new figure of one dollar and fifty cents per
day per prisoner is approximately one dollar and sixty cents
below the Citizens Budget Commission's recommended rate
of three dollars and ten cents.

4) and e) Tho same basic reasoning applies to the need for
an increase in the allotment now provided for the payment of
discharged prisoners’ clothing. The increase is necessary in
the light of present day cost

Heretofore, as far as the City of New York is concerned, the
cost of temporary housing of State parole violators has been
assumed by the City as a favor and an accommodation to the
State. It is only logical that again in this instance the State
assume its rightful burden.
‘Tue Prison Association oF NEw YORK

TONAL SERVICES IN STATE

Wt ts secommonded that the mea), peyehiatic, paycho-
logical, educational and other professional services be retaine
fud.expandod within the institutions of the State Department
of Correction.

Comments

7 those writing and reading thie report it would seem
somewhat iconpraoas to plead year after year for the roten-
tian of profecial services. The rhabitieation of prisoners
hinge te expect without the nent of spavialas, and there
Sane no argument 1 opposition to thie recommendation i
the Slats to mualain a covvectional program, We fel 4
Feeommendation ofthis natura fs parieuany selevant in the
Spent of an economie reusoion- itil be rovaled that many
Of the profesional services we dropped dung the depresion
ofthe Bie and white wo do not ike take a persist ew
tre noverlese are force by experience to take a practical
Mwpolt. As noted tte introtaciory statement to these
Rocommeadations, the Department of Correction buiget re

veals approximately 1,550 custodial personnel not above the
dl

grade of correction officer. In additier .
signed to the rehabilitative program as psychologists, teach-
ers, vocational instructors, ete. The majority are detailed to
three institutions. With a total inmate population of about
15,500, the need for additional professional personnel is ap-
parent, As long as we maintain correctional institutions we
will likewise require professional specialists.

178 persons are as-

REESTABLISHMENT OF CENTRAL GUARD SCHOOL

It is recommended that legislative support be given to the
reopening on 2 broad scale of the former Central Guard School
of the Department of Correction.

Comment:

‘New York, at one time, held an enviable position of leader-
ship in the training of prison personnel through the Central
Guard School formerly maintained at Wallkill Prison, Another
victim of the depression and war years, the Guard School
should be re-organized without further delay. A competent
‘eustodial force ean be secured and maintained only as a result
of constant training. Persons whose daily tasks force them to
‘work within institutions tend to become institutionalized them-

RECOMMENDATIONS 70 THE LEGISLATURE 25

selves. To avoid becoming routinized and to remain alert as a
progressive penologist refresher courses are necessary.

XI. ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON PRISON INDUSTRIES

It is recommended that an advisory committee on eorrec-
tional industries be authorized by the Legislature within the
State Department of Correction to aid in the development of
work programs for prisoners.

Comment:

‘The Association has long urged the authorization of an
advisory committee on correctional industries, and again re-
peats its recommendation that such a group be provided as
advisory to the Department of Correction and the people of the
State in general. It is to their advantage, in the final analysis,
that the committee be formed. Experience in other states and
the federal government have borne out the contention that
professional guidance aids materially in the planning of an
intelligent and progressive work program which contributes
to the overall rehabilitation of prisoners, Likewise, it aids the
support of institutions and decreases to a minimum competi
tion with private industry and labor. From a public relations
standpoint an advisory committee could do much to acquaint
the public generally with the intricate problems of inmate
labor.

We suggost that the committee be appointed by the Governor
with the Commissioner of Correction as chairman, with two
Persons representing labor, two representing industry, one
agriculture, and one the public at large. The seven man ‘com-
mittee would serve without salary and in an advisory capacity
only.

Again referring to the 1981 report of the Commission to
Investigate Prison Administration and Construction, a spe-
cial sub-committee on prison industries urged the establish-
ment of a permanent advisory committee. We feel that their
recommendation of eighteen years ago should be activated

without delay.
XIL TREATMENT OF THE CHRONIC ALCOHOLIC

It is recommended that the State adopt a constructive pro-
gram for the care and treatment of the chronic alcoholie,

Comment:

In 1948 the Association reported to the Legislature that it
had been working in close cooperation with the Westchester

26 ‘THE PRISON AsgocIATION oF NEW YORK

County Joint Committee on Aleoholisim in urging the separa
tion of the problem from the point of view that it is a penal
problem. Obvionsly, this opinion refers only to those who may
be confined solely because they are convicted of public intoxiea-
tion whieh, in and of itsclf, remains a crime on the lawbooks
of the State, Our recommendation does not refer to those
committing crimes while under the influence of alcoholic bev-
rages. We stress again the fact that jails and prisons are not
Appropriate agencies for the care and treatment of the prob-
jem drinker. Unfortunately, in isolated instances jails are
contributing more in the manner of constructive treatment
than hospitals. This, however, is something of a makeshift
arrangement until the public recognizes the need for a State
administered long-term care program for these sick indi-
viduals.

"The history of the State is rich in experiments to cope with
this problem dating back to the early 1800's, Most, if not all
projects, have failed of their primary purpose of curing the
Alcoholic. No formally accepted program is currently available
under State auspices. We at once acknowledge the excellent
program of Alcoholiés Anonymous and other local endeavors
Dut at the same time feel the need for sound scientific experi-
mentation and urge legislative support to this end.

‘As the record will show, the Association’s interest in the
problem drinker dates back many yoars. This, likewise, is true
88 far as the Bar Association, medical groups and others are
concerned. We are glad at this time to endorse the legislation
proposed jointly by the Association of the Bar of the City of
New York and ‘The New York Academy of Medicine. Propos-
ing the establishment of a state bureau of alcoholic rehabilita-
tion in the State Department of Mental Hygiene, the law would
provide a system of hospitals, clinies, and farms, with admis-
‘sion by court certification or by voluntary action.

‘This is a Drogressive measure long needed within this State,
and the Prison Association again urges its adoption.

XII, CONTROL OF BENZEDRINE TRAFFIC

It is recommended that legislation he provided to make ille-
gal the introduction of benzedrine into a penal or correctional
institution for other than official use and classifying such an
act as a felony.

Comment:

‘One of the difficult problems faced by administrators of
penal and correctional institutions is the control of benzedrine.

RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE LEGISLATURE 27

Prison administrators throughout the country agree that the
uncontrolled flow of benzedrine is detrimental to the health
and morale of prisoners. The fact that benzedrine is not classi-
fied as a narcotic, and that no penalty exists in this State for
the introduction of the barbiturate within a ponal institution,
adds to the difficulty of administrators in solving the many
problems resulting from its unauthorized use by inmates. It
has been noted that legislative action in this vein has already
‘been provided by the California legislature and other states,
‘and penal institutions in those states are now relieved of the
problem. Benzedrine may be purchased from any druggist
without a prescription and its easy availability adds to the
present problems of control

XIV. EXTENDING THE POWER OF THE BOARD OF PAROLE
IN CERTAIN CASES

It is recommended that Article 8, Section 219 of the Cor-
rection Law be amended so as to empower in suitable cases
the State Board of Parole to determine what portion of a
remaining maximum term is to be served by a parolee commait-
ting a felony while on parole.

Comment:

Discretionary power should be provided the Board of Parole
to determine in each individual case the time to be served on a
current sentence from whieh a parolee has been paroled and
who commits another felony while on parole. It would seem
unfair to require all parolees without exception to serve the
balance of their maximum sentenco before commeneing the
second sentence. There are instances where parolees have
made excellent records on parole only to make another mistake
resulting in another felony sentence. We hold to the opinion
that parole, to be of its greatest value to society as well as the
offender, should be determined and administered on the basis
of individual cases. New York State has, without exception,
the most. progressive parole system in the country and this
added discretionary power can be safely placed in the hands of
the Board membership. It should be noted that Chapter 678
of the Laws of 1945 excluded Elmira Reformatory violators
from the mandatory language of Article 8, Section 210 of the

XV. FIVE YEAR LIMIT TO COXSACKIE SENTENCES

It is recommended that Section 848 of Article 184 of the
Correction Law be amended so as to impose a five year limit

28 ‘Tue PRISON AssociATION oF New YORK

on all sentences of those committed to the New York State
‘Vocational Institution at West Coxsackie.

Comment

On the basis of experience with a similar limitation of
sentence applying to all sentences of those committed to the
Elmira Reformatory (by virtue of Chapter 678, Laws of 1945)
the Association recommends that Coxsackio sentences be so
Timited, Particularly in the cases of adolescent offenders it is
highly unlikely that the average offender will profit from more
than five years of confinement, and whatever rehabilitative
means the institution has at its disposal. The institution at
Coxsackie should not be burdened with the task of housing
offenders for longer periods. To do so weakens its basic
program,

XVE IMPROVEMENT OF PROBATION

It is vecommended that, the following proposals be given

legislative support in the interests of improved probation in

New York State

1a) Legislation to raise to the highest possible level of

ganization and efficiency the eight different and unre-
lated probation departments now in operation in New
York Cit
Extension of the authority of the State Probation Com-
mission to the point where its authority will be of
greater value to the people of the State than is the case
with its present limited powers.
The establishmont of a State subsidy for the development:
of probation in those areas not now utilizing this pro-
gressive correctional technique.

Comment:

‘The subject of probation, particularly in New York State,
is a matter close to the interests of the Prison Association. AS
is well known, the first probation law to be written in this
State was drafted in the offices of the Association more than
40 years ago. Despite the many advances noted in probation
there is still room for considerable improvement. We are
pleased to note that some of the best probation departments in
the country are located within the boundaries of Greater New
York.

‘The probation departments of General Sessions Court and
Kings County Court rank at the top and in our opinion are

RECOMMENDATIONS To THE LEGISLATURE 29

unsurpassed. The same, however, cannot be said of some of
the remaining six probation departments in Greater New
York. Despite qualified administrative supervision some of
these departments have been starved, in fact almost to extine-
tion, during the past few years. Several solutions suggest
thohselves,inclnding State subsidy, consolidation of services
combination of both. We lean toward the latter as a first
stop. It should be noted, however, that recent steps to eon:
solidate the local courts will obviously affect a recommendation
of this nature. The subsidy plan as recommended would also
enable the development of probation in those areas not now in
position to financially sponsor such a service, In the interests
of improved probation services in other sections of the State,
the Association recommends the extension of the authority of
the State Probation Commission beyond the point of its
presont limitod powers.
‘The State Probation Commission, in a 1946 report to the
Mayor of the City of New York, recommended the consolida-

tion of the probation departments of the eight courts and
stated:

‘A consolidated probation department would provide
the best means of coordinating and systematizing the pro-
bation work in the City, eliminating the duplication of
effort and overlapping of functions that now exist. . . .
The primary purpose of a consolidated department would
be to establish and maintain the highest quality of proba-
tion work for the entire City.”

‘The Association again urges favorable legislative action
toward the improvement of probation services within the
State,

XVIL. VETERAN PREFERENCE IN CIVIL SERVICE

It is recommended that the Legislature take favorable action
in connection with the passage of the Mitchell-Van Duzer
resolution, relating to extra credits allowed veterans compet-
ing for civil service positions.

Comment:

‘The Mitchell-Van Duzer bill provides a fair basis for the
establishment of a system of permanent veteran preference
and evens out the inequalities now existent and further ex-
tended by the Condon-Austin proposal. In consideration of the
sacrifices of thousands of New Yorkers who served their coun-

30 ‘THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF New YoRK

try in time of war we stand with many others for their
recognition in civil service. We feel, however, that there is no
Justification, either to the veteran or to the people of the
State, in perpetuating the inequalities proposed by the Condon-
‘Austin resolution. The approval of the Mitchell-Van Duzer
proposal is urged.

XVIIL STATE COMMISSION OF CORRECTION

It is recommended that the law be amended so as to remove
limitations now placed upon the functioning of the State Com-
mission of Correction. This will involve a study of Sections 401
and 410 of Chapter 606, Laws of 1926, and Sections 46, 47 and
48 of the Correction Law (Chapter 248, Laws of 1929).

Comment:

The Prison Association is largely responsible for the estab-
lishment of the State Commission of Prisons, the successor
body of which is the present State Commission of Correction.
In urging the establishment of the original body, prior to 1894,
‘the Association held that there should he a state financed, inde-
pendent, frechanded supervisory body to concern itself with
‘the penal and ecrrectional institutions of the State. Under the
presont arrangemont, the Chairman of the State Commission
of Correction is the Commissioner of Correction. This was not
the ease prior to 1926. It is evident that there now exists the
anomalous situation whereby the head of the Department of
Correction is also the Chairman of the Commission (a Consti-
tutional provision which we do not consider sound). ‘The Com-
mission is required by the Constitution to visit and inspect
the institutions designated for the housing of sane adults
charged with or convieted of crime. Under present procedure
the Commissioner of Correction is in a position somewhat
similar to that of the head of a corporation who could control
‘the audit of its books and affairs.

‘The Association has recommended and continues to recom-
mend that the words “. . . subject to the direction and control
of the Commissioner of Correction” as applied to the general
powers and duties of the Commission be omitted in the chap-
ters and sections referred to above. By deleting the specific
“direction and control” language there is less danger of re-
stricting the activities of the Commission or defeating the
purposes for which it was established, to wit, frechanded in-
vestigation and supervision in the interest of good manage-
ment and publie welfare.

RECOMMENDATIONS 10 THE LRGISLATURE aL

XIX. EXAMINATION INTO SENTENCING PROCESS

It is recommended that the Law Revision Commission re-
ceive legislative authorization and direction to conduct an
examination into the sentencing process of the various courts
with provision of the necessary funds for the completion of
the study,

Comment:

It has long been acknowledged that a disparity of sentences
is evident throughout the State. The major result of this con-
dition is discontent and a focling of injustice among those con-
fined in the institutions of the State Department of Correction
and other penal institutions within the State. The goal to be
attained is the even application of justice dispensed on the
basis of individual consideration rather than stereotyped pun-
ishment, The Law Revision Commission is the logical body to
conduct such a study and the Association urges legislative sup-
port to this end.

XX. PUBLIC DEFENDER AND DEFENSE ATTORNEYS

It is recommended that the Legislature authorize the Judicial
Couneil to explore the question of the advantages and disad-
vantages of the public defender system and its possible adop-
tion by the various counties as a part of their judicial process.

It is further recommended that the Judicial Council be di-
reeted and empowered to investigate complaints by defendants
in criminal actions relative to the inadequacy of efforts and, in

many cases, failure on the part of some attorneys to render
satisfactory service. An undertaking of this nature should be
patterned after that employed in curbing “ambulance chasing.”

Comment:

‘The public defender system has long been an integral part
of the judicial process in such cities as Los Angeles, Omaha,
Columbus, Memphis, Providence, St. Paul, St. Louis, San
Franeiséo, and others; and the States of Connecticut, Missis-
sippi, Nebraska and Virginia. It is apparent that the plan em.
bodies features leading toward the breakdown of the use of
court-assigned defense attorneys which too often degenerate
into “shyster lawyer” practices. This should be considered of
sufficient value to warrant the adoption of the public defender
ayatem, It is felt, however, that legislative authorization to the
Judicial Couneil’ to make suitable inquiry and recommenda-
tions is appropriate and advisable prior to making specific
vecommendations for legislative action.

92 ‘TRE PRISON ASSOCIATION oF NEW YoRK

Concerning the second part of this recommendation it may
be stated that the modus operandi employed by some attorneys,
to obtain compensation constitutes a disgrace in the legal pro-
fession. While it is not denied that attorneys should receive due
compensation for services faithfully performed, it is, however,
to be expected that adequate defense in accord with the highest,
ethies of the legal profession be given in return. Those attor-
neys who devote moxe time to finding ways and means of
obtaining compensation instead of providing wholly satisfac-
tory services o¥ who unge clients to plead guilty on the alluring
promise of receiving tho morey of the court through release
or light sentence should not be permitted to trifle with the
predicament of their clients or the high standards and honor
of their profession.

XXL ATTEMPTS TO CURTAIL PRISON INDUSTRIES

We feel it is in order to again depart from our custom of
many years in limiting this section of the Annual Report to
legislative recommendations, to urge the members of the
Legislature to be alert to attempts to curtail the prison in-
dustries, Unfortunately each seasion of the Legislature for the
past few years has witnessed an attempt to seriously enrtail,
if not prevent altogether, the prison industries of this State.
Now operated in keeping with progvessive penological think-
ing, the prison industries produce for State-use purposes only.
Competition with free labor is negligible. In fact, the problem
of securing sufficient work to keep prisoners occupied is one
of the most serious of many facing the institutional admin-
istrator. Idleness amongst prisoners is one of the greate:
producers of discontent and turmoil. To those versed in prison
affairs of this State this fact needs no elaboration. The riots
of 1929 and the idleness of the depression days ave experiences
no prison official is anxious to repeat. The sight of men
lounging about and loafing in prison shops and yards and other
places is in striking contrast to the law-abiding citizen who,
anxious to earn his living, goes regularly to his work for eight
hours a day or more,

We urge the Legislature to be alert to defeat or ignore at-
tempts by selfish interests to curtail the industries as well as
the vocational operations of the State's institutions, At the
same time we call upon the Legislature to strengthen and en-
courage the present industrial facilities and operations
through appropriations for modern and urgently needed new
equipment and trained instructor personnel,

RECOMMENDATIONS 70 THE LEGISLATURE 88

XXIL CONSOLIDATION OF COURTS OF NEW YORK CITY

It is recommended that the Legislature give eareful consid-
eration to the proposals to consolidate the various courts of
the City of New York.

Comment:

‘The Prison Association endorses in principle the proposed
legislation having the endorsement of the Bar Association of
New York and the New York County Lawyers” Association
originating with Presiding Justice David W. Peck of the
Appellate Division, First Department. In the interests of offi-
cleney of operation and increased service to the people, long-

planning is necessary leading toward the eventual con-
solidation of the numerous courts.

GOING FORWARD IN 1948

‘The year 1948 found the Association exercising its alertnese
and breadth of interest in all branches of correctional

sion and administration. The Association's record of over 100
years of service and intimacy with historical backgrounds, re-
lating to various movements and achievements in the corree-
tional field, continually enables it to function in accord with
the vision and example set by its founders. During the year
there was continued public anxiety regarding various phases
of the crime problem and the ery from time to time that we
were experiencing a crime wave attributable to the aft
effects of the war. Despite these various flur

and excitement, the statistical information does not support
the feeling that we experienced a crime wave or a substantial
increase following the war. However, whether or not we have
an upsurge of crime at different times, with varying emphasis
on certain types of crime, the fact always remains that we have
too much crime, and its effect on the public welfare and its
burden to the taxpayer presents a challenge continually requ
ing that the public be reliably informed and that our private
agencies and government officials be unceasing in their efforts
‘to reduce crime. An examination of the reports of the Associa-
tion through the yerrs will reveal an eagerness and alertness
unsurpassed with devotion and accomplishment. Many of the
pillars of penological progress in this State and nation are
traceable to the initiative and steadfastness of those identified
with the Association's efforts. These fine people were able to
see not only the immediate needs, but were possessed of 8
vision that resulted in giving us some of our best methods of
crime treatment in operation today.

Interest on the part of the Association dui
However, to obtain a fuller idea and evalua
tion's work it is necessary to examine our report in its entirety

Chronic Aleoholie Problem

One of the many difficult problems facing administrators of
local and short-term institutions concerns the commitment and
treatment of chronic alcoholics. In all Counties of the State,
outside of the Greater New York Area, public intoxieation is
an offense as such. Within the five Counties of Greater New
York publie intoxication as such is not a crime but is generally
covered under such offenses as disorderly conduct, vagr:

(34)

GoING FORWARD IN 1948 35

etc, For a number of years the Association has been working
ndividually, and at times in cooperation with other groups, to
impress upon the people generally that the problem drinker is
not an appropriate subject for a penal institution.

In 1948 we continued our close cooperation with the West
chester Joint Committee on Aleoholism and the appropriate
committees of the Bar Association of the City of New York
and the New York Academy of Medicine, Mr. Wright, Assis-
tant Secretary of the Association, also served as Vice Chair-
man of the Westchester Committee and as Chairman of its
sub-committee on long-term hospital treatment. Detailed state-
ments have been compiled by the Committee proposing that the
State accept responsibility for providing facilities for the care
and treatment of chronic alcoholics and considerable public
interest has been aroused throughout the State. Copies of the
suggested program were forwarded to the Governor and his
Counsel.

‘The New York ‘Times on Sunday, December 12, 1948, earvied
a lengthy news item concerning the proposed legislation for
the treatment of chronic aleoholies, sponsored jointly by the
Association of the Bar of the City of New York and the New
York Academy of Medicine. 'The news item, together with an
editorial in the New York Herald-Tribune of the same date,
noted the long interest of the Prison Association in this matter.
It is the intention of the Association to approve the proposed
legislation when it is introduced in the 1949 session.

On May 10th the Westchester County Committee on Aleo-
holism sponsored a dinner meeting of some 75. judges and
other Westchester civic leaders at the County Penitentiary. At
this meeting a representative of the Connecticut Commission
on Aleoholism presented a statement concerning the progress
being made in that State. It was brought out by Warden Paul
R, Brown of the Penitentiary, and Chairman of the West-
chester County Committee, that of the 190 prisoners under his
care at that time, 120 were committed for public intoxication.
None of these had committed a crime but had been convicted
and sentenced purely as problem drinkers. Also in May the
Association forwarded letters to the Westehester newspapers,
approving the work being accomplished by the Committee and
Aleoholies Anonymous, with particular reference to the latter's
interest in the County Penitentiary and Wallkill Prison,

‘The AA unit at Wallkill Prison celebrated its third anniver-
sary with a supper meeting on April 26, 1948. Approximately
175 prisoners were in attendance, together with some 25 mem-
bers of civilian AA groups, This meeting was planned and
managed by the prisoners and was attended by Warden Brown

36 ‘Tus Prison AssociATION oF NEW York

and Mr, Wright. Numerous talks were given by the prisoners
and outside AA members, including three or four Wallkill
parolees, Wallkill is one of the first correctional institutions to
make use of the AA movement and much credit is due the
administration and the Catholic and Protestant Chaplains for
their efforts in promoting its cause.

Alcoholics Anonymous

As noted in the above statement, the Association has a good
deal of interest in the work of AA in Wallkill Prison, By
special invitation, the Rev. George F. MeKinney, Catholic
Chaplain of Wallkill Prison, diseussed on March 18, 1948, for
the benefit of the Association’s Executive Committee, the back-
ground and work of the unit at the institution. In outlining its
background Father McKinney stated that three officials of the
institution and two former prisoners visited an Alcoholics
Anonymous meeting in Forest Hills in April, 1945. As a result
of this meeting and with the approval of Commissioner of
Correction Lyons and Warden Walter M. Wallack (who was
one of those attending this meeting), the unit at WaNkill was
established. Sines that time weekly meetings have been held

between the “taking of alcohol and the comn

and stated that at Wallkill the Alcoholics Anonymous work
was “born of necessity.” At the beginning a few members of
AA in nearby communities were asked to tall with prospe
tive members at Wallkill. The first session included thirty-five
prisoners and this dropped to fourteen by the time of the see-
ond mecting. It was obvious that the curiosity seekers had
decided not to continue. At the present time there is a member-
ship of approximately seventy and the same number attend
regularly each weekly meeting. These persons ave alcoholics
and those considering alcohol to be the basis of their problems.
‘Twice 2 month members of outside AA units ave invited to
attend their meetings,

Father McKinney, in outlining the strength of the Aleoholies
Anonymous unit, emphasized the importanee of following the
twelve steps which ave considered necessary for membership.
He outlined briefly three or four of these steps and indicated
that he would make copies of the twelve steps available to
members of the Executive Committee. The first and probably
foremost step relates to the fact that an aleoholic must be
willing to acknov‘ledge that he is a slave to alehol and entirely
under its control and that he is in need of help. Acknowledg-
ing this fact prospective members are then asked to acknowl-

GomNc Forwanp 1N 1948 37

edge that belief in God is the answer to the way out. They
make special emphasis of the point that there is no set defini-
tion of God and that members should accept God as they believe
Him to be. It is obvious that Aleoholies Anonymous works in a
spiritual manner and at the meetings members make publie
testimony of their problems and experiences.

‘The Chaplain read from several letters received from
parolees and stated that of 67 former members of the institu-
tional Aleoholies Anonymous group, seven had relapsed, so to
speak, and had been returned. One of these has since rejoined
‘AA and is making successful adjustment in the communit
Members upon release are referred to outside groups and the
Chaplain indicated that the record at Wallkill was unusually
successful. He stressed that the Alcoholics Anonymous group
is under the general guidanco of the two resident Chaplains
and stated that “the men are proud of the work of their own
hands.” He brought out the point that members of the institu-
tional AA unit were model prisoners and showed that the value
of membership was reflected in the men’s Institutional con-
uct. There is no custodial supervision and there has been no
single embarrassing incident aines the group started. All per-
sons, regardless of race, creed or color, are welcome as mem-
bers and Father McKinney stressed the value of the men realiz~
ing that they are doing something for themselves.

"There were several questions on the part of members of the
Executive Committee and Father MeKinney discussed the con-
Gut of a typical meeting: and pointed out that the Alecholics
Anonymous experiment Was one of the very few movements
making for the possibility of successful adjustment of alco-
holies to the community. It was brought out that an aleoholie
is seldom eured as such. He remains a potential alcoholie right
along, because one lapse would again produce acute intoxica-
tion, it is the members’ realization of this fact, simply that one
drink is too much and one hundred not enough, that accounts
for much of the success of the movement.

Generally speaking, Alcoholics Anonymous around the
country claim seventy per cont of its members vemain “dry.
‘They likewise infer that persons cannot be considered “dry”
until they have been abstainers for at least two or three years.
An inereasing number of institutions are utilizing the Alcohol-
ies Anonymous movement and progress in these groups is being
watched with considerable interest by correctional workers.

‘The Narcotic Problem

‘The Association continues to be deeply interested in this
problem and is presently supporting a bill before the State

38 ‘Tue PRISON ASSOCIATION oF New YorK

Legislature, Senate Int. 793, Pr, 816, by Mr. W. J. Mahoney,
and Assembly Int. 1040, Pr. 1063, by Mr. Volker. During the
Year the Executive Committee had as ils special guest Col.
Garland H. Williams, District Supervisor for the New York
‘Avea, Bureau of Nareoties of the Treasury Department. He
presented an interesting and informative discussion coneern-
ing the Nareoties problem in this area. It is briefly summarized
as follows:

‘The basie purpose of the Bureau of Nareotics, according to
the Colonel, is (a) to regulate, supervise, and control the flow
of nareoties and (b) to attempt to eliminate illicit traffic in
hareotics. Theit entire activity is governed by international
treaties to which 67 countries have signified their support. In
this connection Colonel Williams indicated that individual
physicians, as an example, could be controlled by reference to
international treaties.

‘Phe Bureau of Nareaties in the United States is organized
into fifteen districts with the New York district of greatest
importanee. This district covers the entire State of New York
and the northern part of New Jersey, with greatest emphasis
being given to New York City. The Colonel stressed the fact
that Metropolitan New York is the centor of illicit drug traffic
in America and stated that practically the entire supply of
drugs used by addiets east of the Rocky Mountains originated
in New York City in addition to a good part of the drugs used
illegally west of the Rocky Mountains. Approximately one-
fourth of the strength of the entire Bureau of Narcotics is
‘centered in New Yori: and some sixty-five agents are at work
in this vieinity

Colonel Williams indicated that drugs presently cost the
addict somewhere between $25 and $100 daily with the average
addiet spending about $25 a day for this purpose. He pointed
out that the relation of this to eriminal activity was obvious
fand that a good part of an addict’s income represented the
proceeds of cvime. ‘The Colonel was careful to stress that drug
addicts make dealers and that dealers in drugs never make
addicts. This is a point that often escapes the attention of

"The answer to drug addiction, while it may be simply statoc
is most diffienlt to attain, according to the Colonel, but it is
basically the curing of addiets. The Federal Government in
this respect has established twe hospitals for addicts under the
direction of the United States Publie Health Service at Le

ington, Kentucky, and Fort Worth, ‘Texas. There is a vast need
for additional treatment centers, particularly in this locality,
‘The Colonel indicated that there Were approximately five thou

Gomna FoRwAno IN 1948 39

sand known drug addicts in New York City representing about
80% male and 20% female,

The Colonel likewise stressed the need for legislation in this
State providing for the commitment of drug addicts for spe-
cifie periods of time, The present difficulty is that addicts may
not be compelled to remain for treatment. He is of the opinion,
that with proper legislation a good many of the addicts in New
York could be controlled,

Particular emphasis was given to the use of opium (now in
decreasing use), heroin (in increasing use), and marijuana,

Con.
cerning marijuana,
legally classified as’a drug but that its use in some areas of
‘New York was increasing. At the same time he was careful to
emphasize that most, if not practically all, of the numerous
stories concerning the use of marijuana by juveniles and ado-
lescents is simply the product of news reporters. He made the
encouraging and heartening statement that every single com-
plaint concerning the use of marijuana by juveniles is imme-
diately investigated even at the expense of removing trained
personnel from serious organized drug traffic cases.

‘There is considerable confusion in the mind of the layman
relative to the differenee between barbiturates and marijuana
and the Colonel indicated that the use of the former by adoles-
cents is not unknown, These, however, are not classified as
nareoties and legally eannot be controited by the Bureau of
Nareoties. The use of barbiturates prior to the war was un-
heard of, but sinee the war some 90 per cent of addiets arrested
have various forms of barbiturates in their possession. They
create unpredictable behavior and frequently persons can be-
come unmanageable as a result of their consumption, Often
they are used as substitutes for nareoties when drugs are
not available because of scarcity of supply or unsuaully high
priee,

Sexual Peychopath Study

‘As proviously stated, the plan agreed to by the Governor’s
Interdepartmental Committee provided for a clinical study at
Sing Sing of a selected group of inmates located there or
transferred from other institutions. The study began in April,
1948, and was under the guidance of the State Department of
Mental Hygiene, headed by the Commissioner, Dr. Frederick
MacCurdy. This study has progressed through the year but
has not arrived at final conclusions, and should be extended for
a longer period. The intensive analysis of the character and
background, mental, physical and social, of a number of indi~

40 THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF New York

viduals, has given ample encouragement for the continuation
of the study and the making of some far-reaching plans look

ing toward better understanding, treatment and control of
these problem people. The Association continues to be allied
with the Governor's Interdepartmental Committee, through
membership of its General Secretary, and it is therefore grati-
fying to know of the value and progress of the stndy thus far.

Prison Ward Bellevue Hospital

Commissioners Schoenfeld and Cass, functioning both for
the State Commission of Correction and the Prison Association
of New York, maintained a careful wateh of the prison ward
‘at the Bellevue Hospital in New York City. Early in the year
eonditions were found to be extremely unsatisiactory. ‘The
criticisms related to inadequate quarters, improper separation
‘as to ages, uncleanliness, insufficient supply of towels and
wearing apparel, damaged equipment, and some insecurity
relating particularly to the women's section, These conditions
were brought to the attention of Mayor O'Dwyer, Commis-
sioner of Hospitals Dr. Bernecker, and Commissioner Albert
Williams of the New York City Department of Correction,
‘The interest and concern of the Mayor and his Commissioners
was quickly noted and during the course of the year all of the
criticisms were remedied and the entire tone and administra-
tion of the prison ward completely changed for the better. A
substantial amount of money was made available for repaint-
ing and also to make much needed structural changes. The
final check made by Commissioners Schoenfeld and Cass on
December 4, 1948, vesulted in most gratifying observations.
Regardless of the Vast improvemtns that were made, it is not
intended to convey the impression that the prison ward ar-
vangement is at all ideal, It is contemplated to provide in the
new psychopathic pavilion more adequate and better designed
detention quarters. It is fitting to acknowledge the cooperation
given by the Mayor and his Commissioners.

New York State Division of Parole

There was made available, during the latter part of 1948,
4 summary entitled “Ten Years Experience in a Scientific Ap-
proach to the Evaluation of Parole.” The summary is included
here because of its particular interest to the Prison Association
of New York, the organization having had so much to do with
the introduction of the indeterminate sentence and parole in
this country. Furthermore, the Association as far back as 1915,
and 1916 initiated the movement for better parole organization

GoING Forwarp 1N 1948 a

and procedure through its various studies and attacks on the
shortcomings of the parole system. The fact that New York
State now has the best parole organization in the country is a
souree of deep gratification to the Association, which carries
with it a feeling of reward for the hard labors that aided in
bringing this about, and especially since the early efforts were
not popularly received in official quarters. The summary that
follows, covering as it docs a ten year period and including
21,760 persons, thoroughly upholds the value of good parole
organization and administration,

‘Ten Years Experience in a
Scientific Approach to the Evaluation
of Parole*

‘The usual method of presenting statistics regarding the re-
sults of parole is to indicate the number of parolees declared
delinquent during a statistical or calendar year and to compare
this with the number of persons who were under supervision
all or part of the same year.

‘This does not show the final results of parole as regards
different individuals but indicates merely what happened to
those under supervision during a given year.

While the average period of supervision in this state is
longer than one year, this method concerned itself solely with
delinquencies of one year, The number of such delinquencies
are then divided by the combined total of those released during
the given year and those continued under supervision from
previous years. The resulting pereentage is usually found to
be small.

‘The claims that only two, five or even ten per cent of those
placed under supervision have been found to violate the terms
of their release have resulted in sound and justifiable eriticism
of parole statisties based upon this method of computation.

While the Board continues to compile and publish annually
statistical information regarding the movement. of the parole
population during each calendar year, in addition, beginning
with 1934, separate records have been maintained for persons
originally released to parole supervision during each calendar
year. The releases of each year have been treated as a separate
unit and have been followed for a period of five calendar years.
During this five year period notations are made of all occur-
venees which affect the parole status of each parolee. At the
end of five years tabulations are made showing the number

“Ehle material,on request, was supplied by the Chairman of the Board
ot Parley Fredarise A Mors in November of 1048

42 THE PRISON AssocrATION oF New YoRK

dodared delinguent, or restored to supervision, and those dis-
decares at the explvation of thee maximum sentences or bs
death ator date itis planned to publish the results of a de
tae MIAMG cial wil ietude specie violation rates based on
tale shady Mrevious criminal records, edueation stata, Tength
ae eruulonal eaten, and other social data

Peres poulole, however, to summarize the results of
2 ee ter mach groupm, which include 21,760 individ
parole for tor ed. oom the Bima. Reformatory and the
sre the State during the Years 1984 to 1948. The resus
Peso of one pectin of the 21,760 porsons for five years,
are based on sige dive year eviod as the parolees remained
der the foridiction of the Board

Summary

1. Two-thirds of the 21,760 persons were never declared
ep Mors wore 796, or 8p cant, who had wold they
er chons, 402%, or 180 per cant, were arrested; an
Parete  sper conty ad absconded or ad violated the ols
regulations of parole. .

a0 TOE tae 028 individuals arvented, 1,721 were convicted of
tebe ana Td wore convicted of misdemeanors of lesser
felonies, and te yemaining, 710 eases the charges were dit
offenses ot diaposed of athe end of the five year period

ae asthe 1721 cases convicted of felonies, the Courts
citkordioured or suspended sentences, Of the 1,504 individu.
ther deters miademeariors of lesser offenses, 826 had thelt
at (onoes dofersed or suapended by the Courts

nen eter Convene declared dalinguant 6,848, or 858

pe eens returned to the Elmira Reformatory ox the
Ber cents ihe State, In 260, or 49 per cent, the individuals
Prone ot ieseniencos in institutions not under the jurisde-
Bere serine ey York State Department of Correction, and
tion of toe tion, warrants, had been lodged against them.
ware vend nineteen, oF 84 per cent, were abscondere
Six hundvot juen apprehended, and in 68 cases, oF fess than
Versa, te inaiiceals had ot bao relarned because fe

rositon of thelr eaaea Was pending. "
Aisponitien ear onesBtth (18.5 por eent) of the 21,760 ind
viduals under observation for five years had been arrested

is period

during (aiegan 8. per cont of the 21,760 parolees had beet
convicted of felonies during the five year period,

GoING FORWARD IN 1948 43

8 A total of 9,556 persons in good standing, or 48.9 per
cont of the 21,760, were discharged from jurisdiction at the
expiration of their maximum sentences.

9. At the end of the five year period of observation of the
21,760 persons released to parole supervision during the ten
year period 6,156, or 28.8 per cent, still remained under super-
vision in the community. The other 15,604, or 71.7 per cent,
had been either permanently removed by the expiration of
their sentences or by death, or had been temporarily removed
by declaration of delinquency.

Yeteran Preference

‘Mr. Cass was made a member of the Executive Committee
of the Citizens Gommitteo on Veteran Preference, which is
sponsored by the Civil Service Reform Association, It will be
recalled that two bills were introduced at the last session of
the Legislature concerning the problem of veteran preference.
‘The Association is taking a stand on the Mitchell-Van Duzer
Bill, which somewhat parallels the prinetples of the Federal
system in that veterans are given a certain number of points
in keeping with their service experience. Present day proce-
dure in New York State, it will be recalled, gives veterans
complete preference over all others on the list regardless of the
veterans’ mathematical standing. The Association's position is
concisely stated as follows:

The exciting carte blanche veterans preference, while well
intended, works an injustice to non-veterans and has shown
itself to be the basis for discouragement and discontent among
employees of correctional departments and institutions. It
tends to stymie the initiative and opportunity of those capable
and faithful employees who for legitimate and good reasons
were unable to serve their country in the armed forees. Believ-
ing that veterans are entitled to preference consideration we
support the Mitchell-Van Duzer Bill as a more just and
equitable formula of procedure.

Street Clubs Project

‘The Association, as stated previously, became aware of the
need for this project through the intimate knowledge of con-
ditions, especially in the Harlem area, by a member of its
Executive Committee, the Hon. G. Howland Shaw. Through
the finaneial help secured mainly by our Treasurer, Mr. C. C.
Auchineloss, the project was put in motion and has been kept
going, under the administrative guidance of the Welfare
Couneil of the City of New York. The combined enthusiasm of

a4 ‘THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK

‘Messrs. Shaw and Auchincloss has proved to be the keystone
in this worthy endeavor in behalf of young people in Harlem
who need the right kind of understanding and guidanee. Dur-
ing the latter part of 1948 a progress report was submitted on
the Central Harlem Street Clubs Project, and that report in
its essentials is set forth as follows:

A PROGRESS REPORT ON
THE CENTRAL HARLEM STREET CLUBS
1947 - 1948

PROJECT

‘The purpose of this report is to share with you our experi-
ences of the past year, our disappointments and failures as
well as our achievements. It will outline for you our general
objectives for the coming year and point up some of the
problems confronting us in achieving the overall goals of the
Project.

Las

year, you will remember, we had just begun to work
with several strect clubs. At that lime we had been set up in our
office for about three months. Our staff consisted of an Area
Director, a Research Director and by the end of the year, three
‘area workers. We had made contact with one street club, The
Noble Dukes, and were in the process of making contact with
the Capitols and Copians.

We had three overall objectives. First, we aimed to work
with a number of anti-social street clubs from the inside, using
their gang life situation for socially constructive ends. Second,
‘we planned to form a Neighborhood Couneii made up of adults
in the community to work with the project and carry it on
after the demonstration is over. Third, we hoped to work out
methods which might be applied in similar projects in New
York City and elsewhere. In connection with this third objec-
tive, we set up a limited research program to evaluate the
effectiveness of our work.

We were, and ave operating in a terribly congested slum
area. The population increased 40% during and after the war.
Instead of swimming pools there are bars of the gin-mill
variety; instead of baseball diamonds there are pool rooms;
instead of teen canteens there are prostitutes operating on the
corners opposite club hang-outs; instead of basketball courts
there are candy stores which front for number-playing and the
selling of narcoties. The environment is hostile and frustrat-
ing. The boys react to it with aggression—against each other
and against themselves, Feeling rejected, they in turn reject

Our clubs are reputed to be among the most aggressive, ant

‘lubs in Central Harlem. Each elub has a “past” spotted

GoING FoRWARD IN 1948. 45

with violent gang warfare, weapon-carrying, stealing, and
rape. Truancy is common among the younger members. Many
boys drink, smoke narcotics, and gamble. Tangles with the
police are frequent, and many of the older boys have court or
prison records.

A year ago we were not at all sure that it was possible to
gain acceptance in such clubs, but we felt that if a warm,
understanding relationship with an adult could be established,
it would be a potent tool for encouraging construetive changes.

Now we have behind us a year of actual experience in the
ficld. Our staff is complete, and includes, in addition to the
a veh Director, four male area work

have strengthened cur relations with soclal agencies in the
community. We have organized the beginning nucleus of a
Neighborhood Council

‘We are currently working with three street clubs on a full-
time basis. (The Noble Dukes—ages 17-20 ; the Capitels—ages
18-16; the Copians—ages 15-19.) We are in close contact with
approximately 135 boys, and have casual relations with about
500 other boys and adults. We plan to work with one other
boy's gang and with girls who associate with boys in the gangs.

How Did We Get Next to the Clube?

One worker contacted his club by “hanging around”. The
worker introduced himself on the club's block as a person look-
ing for an apartment. He talked to superintendents, ice-men,
number men, pimps and candy store proprietors. He spent
many hours in the boys’ hang-out, a candy store. He played the
juke box, drank coffee, did a lot of listoning, and oceasionally
chimed in on the boys’ discussions of baseball, the Apollo,
he-bop, boxing, the army and girls. Thereafter, the boys in-
vyited him to pitch pennies and play football with them. They
got to know each other's names and the relationship developed
rrom there,

Another worker was introduced to his club, the “Copians,”
by friendly members of the “Noble Dukes”. He was presented

a8 a guy who can help you with a basketball team and
things like that, He is from that office where they work with
us ‘Noble Dukes’.”

‘The third worker replaced an area worker who resigned
from the sil. He was introduced tothe “Noble Dukes” by the
Area Director as 1¢ guy who will take B.J.’s place in
working with you.” ‘At fae the “Noble Dukes” mistrusted
him, but later they grew to like and accept him.

‘THe PRISON ASSOCIATION oF New Yor

One worker comments, “They were highly suspicious of me at fet,
‘oith & basketball team they began &

What Do We Do When We Are With the Boys?

Mostly we do what the boys do. When they have a bull
sion, we join in, When they shoot pool, we play pool. When
they go to the movies, so do we. We join them in stickball,
stoopball, baseball, listening to the radio or records, “jumps”,
ping-pong, swimming, overnight hikes, block parties, flying
pigeons, bowling, and playing cards.

‘We see chib members almost every day (usually in the after-
noon and evening) and spend anywhere from 15 to 25 hours
a week with them, Usually we see from four to twelve boys in
a contact. Sometimes we may see only one boy in a contact,
sometimes as many as fifty. Most contacts take place wherever
the boys hang out—the street, candy store, roof, or pool room;
some take place in the Project office.

‘We vary our role with the needs of the group. Usually we
seem to be just “one of the boys.” At times the boys ask us to
arbitrate disputes, they ask for help in getting jobs, they ask
for advice on personal problems. Our word is not law, and the
boys freely accept or veject what we say as they see fit. OF
course, we have the same privilege. If we feel like disagreeing
‘with them we do so, -

When the boys discuss anti-social activities our role varies,
depending upon circumstances. Frequently, we will just listen
without approving or disapproving. Sometimes we may ask
questions to learn more about their attitudes or behavior. At
other times, we openly disapprove of their behavior and give
our reasons. (When we disapprove, we try to disapprove the
activities, not the boys.) We may point out dangerous conse-
‘quences, or we asi them to put themselves in the victim's shoes.
OF course, sometimes we don’t say anything, because we don't
Inow what to say. We never use force with the boys. Once we
had to forbid the use of office telephones and typewriters. We
gave our reasons for this, and the boys readily cooperated.

‘What Have We Accomplished Thus Far?

We had two immediate goals this first yoar. First, we wanted
to contact a number of hostile gangs, gain their confidence and
trust, and establish a relationship through which we might
influence them. Second, we wanted to learn as much as we

Goma Forwanp IN 1948 aa

could about these boys, what they were like, how they lived,
What their needs were—in order to plan our approach intli-
gently.

‘We believed that a good relationship with the boys was abso-
lutely necessary if we were to stimulate desirable changes in
‘them, We felt that the boys would have to trust us enough, and
feel free enough, to drop their usual defenses. We realized that
‘they would have to have confidence in us, thal they would have
to accept us as guys they might want to listen to and learn
from without feeling inferior or humiliated. We realized that
‘we could influence them only if they liked and respected us.
The more they felt such like and respect for us the freer we
could be to help, to advise, and to disapprove when necessary,
without making them feel resentful. In short, they would have
to feel that we were with them, not against them.

Establishing a good relationship with the boys was not casy.
We were strangers. For all the boys knew we were “cops” or
“stoolies.” We had to overcome natural suspicions. We had to
avoid threatening the leader's status in his club. We had to
meet them on thelr own terms without “pushing.”

‘What kind of relationships have we been able to achieve?
We have been in some of their homes and met their parents.
‘They share their food with us. They tell us about their personal
problems. ‘They seem to consider us as members of their clubs.
They freely discuss secret club business with us. They tell us
about their anti-social scrapes. They invite us to dances and
other social activities.

Two area workers have been invited to their clubs’ secret
hang-outs, One club leader introduces his area worker as his
“brother.” Another area worker is teased freely by the boys;
they call him “lame” and “turkey” as they do other club
members.

‘However, we can't claim that all the boys like us to the same
degree. Some do more so than others. For example, one boy
feels cool toward his area worker possibly because he feels
that the worker favors another boy. Once, when our worker
with the Copians discouraged a gang fight, some of the younger
boys were angry at him because they felt he had caused them
‘to “punk out.”

‘We felt it was necessary to fulfill our second goal-learning
as much about the boys as we could—in order to plan our ap-
proach intelligently. We had to learn their “language,” their
likes and dislikes, their fears, their needs and frustrations. We
realized that we could not be accepted as “one of the boys”
unless we “knew our way around.” If we were going to stimu-
late changes, we had to learn which attitudes and behavior

48 'THE PRISON ASSOCIATION oF New York

patterns required change. If we were to deal with causes rather
than superficial symptoms, we had to learn why the boys felt
and behaved as they did.

We feel that we have learned a great deal about the boys
this past year. Most important, we have learned that the boys
do have the ability to establish a relationship with an under-
standing adult. We have learned about the world in which they
live. We have learned what their typical days are like. We have
Jearned about their anti-social aetivities and their attitudes
toward these activities We have learned how they feel about
parents, school, the police, girls, sex, and other racial and
religious groups.

We still have much to learn, Although we know something,
we need to know more about why they fight, why they steal,
why they hate authority, why they hate being pushed around
while at the same timo they push others around, and which of
their basic attitudes are most vulnerable to change.

Mave ‘There Been Any Changes in the Clubs?

We have concerned ourselves thus far with the immediate
objectives of the past year. However, we feel that these should
be seen in relation to tho overall goal of the project. Can the
energies expended on such activities as gang-fighls, rapes,
stealing and use of narcoties be re-directed into socially con-
structive channels? We recognize that such re-direction of
energy must involve deep-rooted changes in attitudes and be-
havior. One year has passed. What has been accomplished thus
far? Have we noted any significant changes in the atitudes of

‘This is @ difficult question to answer. Fer one thing, we do
not have auy precise estimate of the extent to which the boys
engaged in various activities at the beginning of the project.
Therefore, it is extremely difficult to make accurate compari-
sons with their pattern of activities today. The boys tell us a
great deal, but we can’t be sure they “tell all” What we learn
trom them may give us only a partial picture of what they do
and think.

Despite the above uncertainties we feel we can make certain
tentative judgments about change in the clubs. These estimates
‘are personal impressions only; they will need to be verified by
systematic analysis of our records and other checking ‘pro
ccdures.

1, Constructive activities have increased markedly. The boys
spend more time in constructive activities than they did at the
beginning of our relationship. They have organized baseball

GOING FORWARD IN 1948 49

and basketball teams. They have held five block parties. They
have sold raffle tickets to raise money for athletic equipment.
‘They have raised funds (approximately $28.00) to send a smali
girl to camp. They have gone on two over-night hikes. They
have put on movie programs and parties. Approximately 85
boys have sought our help in getting jobs, and about half this,
number obtained employment,

Behind most of these activities there are weeks of planning
and organizing. The boys hold meetings, swap ideas and sug-
gestions, and assume responsibilities. They learn about new
resources that are open fo them. They learn that they have
“the stuff” to carry through projects successfully and as a
result they gain confidence in themselves. They see that adults:
—storekeepers, parents, “even cops”—are willing to help them,

2, Anti-social activitios have decreased somewhat, None of
our gangs have engaged in warfare with other gangs since the.
beginning of the project. (Of course, it isn't safe to conclude
from this that we have stopped gang fights, since we know of
other gangs in the area, with whom we do not work, which
have also been at peace.) Stealing, fighting, weapon-carrying,
and sex offenses have decreased. (On the other hand, truancy
and drinking have remained fairly, constant. One area worker
feels that his gang gambles more than it used to, Another
area worker feels that his group has increased its use of
narcotics.)

‘We fecl that if reductions in anti-social activities have really
taken place, this may have resulted from the fact that the boys
have begun to substitute for these activities more satisfying,
socially acceptable activities. One area worker feels that he
may have influenced his boys by letting them know frankly
how he feels about their anti-social activities; they seem to
respect his opinion. Another area worker feols that some of
the reduction may be attributable to inereased age and chang-
ing interest.

8. Relations within the group have improved slightly. We
eel there has been some improvement in the group atmosphere
within the clubs. The leaders seem somewhat less autocratic.
‘They call for members’ opinions a little more often than hefore.
Boys who never previously participated in discussions are now
taking part.

‘The worker with the Capitols feels that there is a more
friendly atmosphere in his group now. The boys don’t Sight and
argue with each other as frequently as they used to; seape-
goating has decreased.

‘One area worker is inclined to attribute some of these
changes to his frequent suggestions that “we get everybody's

50 ‘Tum PRISON ASSOCIATION oF New York

opinion and Jet the guy who doesn’t get a chance to talle be
allowed to talk.” The worker with the Noble Dukes feels that
meetings held in the Project office setling tend to encourage
more democratic participation.

“4. Relations between the club and community adults have
improved slightly, We feel that adults on the clubs’ blocks have
shown more sympathetic interest in the boys. Parents helped
them put on their block parties; storekeepers on the block have
been expressing less hostility toward them. We feel that if
these changes are genuine, they may also be due to the reduc~
tion in the clubs’ anti-social activities and to the increase in
their constructive activities.

‘Two workers feel that there might be a slight improvement
in their clubs’ attitudes toward the police. These slight changes,
may be dtte to the clubs’ favorable experiences with PAL
danees and games and to their obtaining block permits from
the poli

What About the Future?

It is not the purpose here to suggest that all of our problems
have been met. Whatever wo may have accomplished seems to
be in the area of pointing out the even greater tasks which lie
ahead :

1. All boys do not participate in the organized activities of
the clubs. One of our future goals will be to facilitate maximum
participation in the planning, decision, and execution of their
undertakings.

2. Although anti-social behavior may have decreased some-
what, much yemains to be done, especially with the clubs’ anti-

7 the clubs remain essentially autocratic, even
though somewhat less so than they were a year ago. One
our goals will be to encourage more democracy in club rela-
tions.

‘4. Within the elub there are many boys with severe per-
sonal problems. Solutions to these problems must be worked
‘out with the individual boys involved.

'5. Although community acceptance of the clubs has im-
proved slightly, there still remains considerable negative fee!-
Ing toward them, One of our future goals will be to encourage
greater mutual aeceptanee between our elubs and community
adults,

‘We recognize that much of the club members’ overt behavior
is symptomatic of deep-rooted conflicts in themselves, and that
in many instances it will be necessary to get at these inner
conflicts. We feel that through the medium of the group, and

Going Forwarp iN 1948 51

through the relationships we have established with the boys,
along with the Neighborhood Couneil and all available com-
munity resources, it will be possible to effect positive changes
in these areas as well as in overt behavior. On the basis of our
experiences of the past year, we are confident that together
we ean meet the challenge inherent in these tasks which lie
ahead of us.

Along with our optimism, we realize that we are working
within the framework of exacting limitations. These boys live
in an area of impoverished housing, inadequate facilities of all
sorts—hospitals, school, libraries, parks, and playgrounds. Job
opportunities are much’more limited than in other areas of the
city. Nor should we ever forget the haunting spectre of racial
discrimination with all of its attendant evi

Working every day in this area, we realize that our goals
are severely limited because of these factors. We further recog-
nize that before any program directed toward changing anti-
social behavior of street gangs in Harlem can be totally effec-
tive, it must be accompanied hand-in-hand with a broader
program which reaches the basle problems of inadequate
housing, unemployment, and racial discrimination.

Motion Picture Industry

‘The Association joined with others in urging the Motion
Picture Producers Association of America to revise the regu-
lations and eodes to halt the produetion of pictures glorifying
the criminal and making crime inviting to young, people. These
revisions were made in the closing part of 1947 and during
1948 we had the continued help of The Hon. Richard C. Pat
‘terson, Jx.*, a member of our Executive Committee, in keeping
alive our contaets with Mr, Brie C. Johnston and his associates
in the Motion Picture Producers Association.

Sentencing

During March of 1948 there was considerable public hos-
tility and alarm relating to the conduct of one Hugh Coughlin,
who killed a policeman and critically wounded another during
an early morning escapade. It was obvious that if better eontrol
had been established earlier in this man’s criminal carcer the
unfortunate killing might not have occurred in that Coughlin
would probably have been in safe eustody for some time prior.
A letter addressed by the General Secretary to various New

“Former Commissioner New York City Depastment of Correction,

former Chairman of the Board of RKO, former Ambassador to Yugo"
flavin, and now United States Ambassador to Guatemala,

52 ‘Tum PRISON ASSOCIATION OP New YoRK.

‘York newspapers pointed out that Coughlin was not a suitable
type for a reformatory commitment and under a better pro-
cedure would have been sent to an institution for mentally
defective delinquents, such as Napanoch. The hasty and super-
ficial examination of this prisoner by psychiatric personnel
practically tied the hands of the Court, making commitment to
Napanoch impossible at the time.

Disharment Proceedings

It is sometimes said that the halls and recesses of a Criminal
Courts Building shelter those who act like human vultures in
that they are continually alert and anxious to exploit for their
own gain the serious predicaments of those charged with or
convicted of crime, Criminal activity should never be con-
doned, yet the plain truth is that the effects of criminal con-
duet are widespread. It is necessary to take into consideration
at times the disgrace and bewilderment and helplessness that
falls upon not only the criminal himself but many times his
loved ones, be it an old mother, a wife and children. It is regre
fully noted that some members of the legal profession, quite
contrary to the high standards of their professional schooling
and their pledge under oath regarding their privilege to prac-
tice law, are included among these human vultures.

For a period of over a year the Prison Association, together
with other groups and individuals, focussed interost on the
disbarment proceedings of a woman attorney residing in
Harlem, She had been known to our office for a number of
years through complaints made by letter or at the time our
prison visitor made contact with inmates in the course of his

yutine duties. This woman repeatedly challenged the jurisdic-
tion of the Grievanee Committee of the Bar Association and
showed an utter disregard at any attempt to halt her inhuman.
and avaricious conduct. Finally the day came when the Bar
‘Association determined to act for a showdown. The Appellate
Division subsequently appointed a Referee, the Prison Associa-
tion of New York testified before him, and in due time the Ap-
pellate Division formally disbarred the woman attorney. All
concerned, interested in ordinary decency, were rewarded for
their efforts to bring this woman to just

National Conference on Juvenile Delinqueney

Mr. Shaw continued to be active in his capacity as Chairman
of the Continuing Committee of the National Conference on
Prevention and Control of Juvenile Delinquency. Its purpose
is to spread, so far as possible, the benefits and conclusions of

Gouna FORWARD IN 1948 58

the Conference held in November of 1946. During the year
there was released a Proclamation by the President in support
of the Conference, and relating to its important field of inter-
est. A significant sentence reads
“11, Harry S, TRUMAN, President of the United States of
America, do hereby call upon the people of the United
States, in their homes and churches, in the schools and
hospitals, in social welfare and health agencies, in en-
forcement agencies and courts, in institutions for the care
of delinquent juveniles, and in their minds and hearts, to
act, individuaily and together, for the prevention and eon
trol of juvenile delinquency, so that our children and youth
may fulfill their promiso and become effective citizens in
our Nation.”

‘The full Proclamation is contained in our files. Also distrib-
uted by the Conference is a Handbook setting forth the “First
Steps in Organizing State or Local Conferences on Prevention
and Control of Juvenile Delinquency.” The President in his
Proclamation strongly suggested that these local conferences
be held,

We can take satisfaction in having Mr. Shaw, a member of
our Executive Committee, so conspicuously active in this
tional effort directed toward the reduction of juvenile delin-
queney and the betterment of community life.

Joternational Penal and Penitentiary Commission
As has been stated previously, there exists a question as to
the future of the International Penal and Penitentiary Com-
mission, established in 1872 under the ingpiration and guidance
-.B. C. Wines, a General Secretary of the Prison Associa

tion of New York, The question hinged mainly on the point as

to whether the IP.C.C, should continue to function in the light
of the establishment of the Economic and Social Couneil of the
United Nations, The Association from the start of this discus-
sion held to the position that there was a definite place for the
LP.C.C. in the field of worldwide erime study and treatment,
and that it had much to offer in the way of knowledge and
experience to cooperate with the Economic and Social Council,
if that be desired. This position was steadfastly held and sup-
ported by the Hon. Sanford Bates, the American representative
on the Commission and also its President. Through the year
there continued earnest discussion and the passing of various
letters and memoranda, Mr. Cass accompanied Mr. Bates on
the occasion when he was given, finally, the opportunity to
appear at Lake Success before 2 sub-eommittee of the Heo-

ba

‘Tue PRISON AssociATION oF New York

nomie and Social Council. Strangely enough, at that meeting
more than two hours of time was consumed in a discussion of
‘Mr. Bates’ credentials and his authority and further, on the
‘question as to the relationship between Spain and the L.P-P.C.
Mr. Cass was permitted to sit in at this meeting as Mr. Bates’
advisor. Mr. Bates was confronted with a seemingly unneces-
sary number of obstacles and should be commended for the
patience he displayed.

‘This meeting, however, did not settle the main question and
it was not until later in the year that it was finally agreed, at
‘a meeting in Paris, that the International Penal and Peniten-
tiary Commission would be included among a number of inter-
national bodies on a consultative basis.

This is the prosent status, and Mr. Bates and his associates
‘on the Commission are prepared to be of service to whatever
extent is desired. In the meantime, he has undertaken the task
of reorganizing and strengthening the personnel of the office
staff of the Commission.

‘Throughout the prolonged period of correspondence and dis-
cussion Mr. Bates kept Mr. Cass informed. He likewise has
indicated appreci counsel and moral
support given without reservation.

United Nations
‘The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations,
interested in correctional methods and procedures, requested
that there be organized, to consist of American representatives,
a Working Party on the treatment of adolescent and adult
offenders, The plan was to have various statements prepared
under titles such as “Parole and Other Release Procedures”,
“Trends in Penal Treatment”, “Selection and Training of Per-
sonnel”. The Genoral Secretary of the Prison Association was
asked to treat the subject of “The Selection and Training of
Personnel”. The complete list of assignments is as follows:

“Parole and Other Release Procedures” by the Hon. San-
ford Bates of New Jersey.

“Use of Correctional Camps and Colonies for Adolescent,
‘and Adult Offenders”, by Karl Holton of California

“The Pre-Sentence Examination of Offenders”, by Dr.

‘gia
“Trends in Penal Treatment”, by Thorsten Sellin of Penn-
‘vania

specialized ‘Treatment of the Woman Offender in Amer-
ica and the Reasons for the Suecess of this Movement”,
by Miriam Van Waters of Massachusetts

Goma FoRwanp IN 1948 55

“The Selection and Training of Personnel”, by FE. R. Cass
of New Y
“The Habitual Criminal”, by James V. Bennett of Wash-
ington, D.
“The Short-Term Sentence and its Alternatives in the
United States”, by Walter C. Reckless of Ohio
“Classifications”, by F. L. Bixby of New Jersey
“Function of Penal Institutions”, by Austin H, MacCor-
mick of New York
“Adolescence”, by G. Howland Shaw of Washington, D. C.

A similar Working Party was organized to deal with pro-
bation and parole. The material gathered from these two Work-
ing Parties is designed to serve as a reservoir of information
to be utilized by the Economic and Social Couneil in its treat-
ment of correctional problems in the various countries of the

Cooperation with Director of the Budget

‘The Association was called upon to assist the Director of the
Budget of the City of New York following up the recent study
made by the Citizens Budget Commission (this report under
the title “A Better Government for a Better City” was re-
leased January 12, 1948). During the year the Association
cooperated with the Commission and assisted in the prepara-
tion of that part of its report concerned with the various opera-
tions of the Department of Correction, The Director of the
Budget was requested by the Mayor to analyze and evaluate
the numerous recommendations made by the Commission. The
Budget Director's representative conferred at length with the
General Secretary, with particular reference to the New York
City Reformatory at New Hampton. The Association has long.
been concerned with the numerous problems facing the Re-
formatory and the question at hand is whether or not the
institution should be turned over to the State for use as part
of the State's correctional program.

City Prison, Brooklyn
‘This institution has been discussed in various reports and
by different bodies over a long period of years, The conclusion
most times has been that a new institution is desirable. In the
Year 1948 definite progress was made in that a site was deter-
‘mined upon and the drawing of plans and the making of neces-
sary appropriations resulted. During the year Commissioners
Schoenfeld and Cass cooperated with Commissioner of Corree-
tion Albert Williams and the architect, Clarenee B. Litchfield

56 ‘Tue Prison Association or New York

of the firm of Alfred Hopkins and Associates. This relationship
‘with tho Commissioner and the architect began early and was
dicated in our 108rd Annual Report for the year 1947 (be-
ginning page thirty-three). Both Commissioner Williams and
‘Mr. Litchfield are to be especially commended for the thorough-
ness of their approach to the problem and their desire to reach
the best conclusions. It has been a refreshing experience to
observe the care and earnestness employed in this particular
project. At this writing progress continues and early in 1949
excavation and construction should be under way. There is
every reason to believe that the eampleted institution will be
a model worthy of the study of those who have similar respon-
sibilities in other arcas.

Detenti

In our report for the year 1947 our objections to the deten-
tion quarters and detention pens in the old Polico Department
Headquarters Building at 00 Mulberry Street, as emphasized
repeatedly by Commissioners Schoenfeld and’Casa, were ve-
corded. One of the most gratifying results during the year
1948 was the discontinuance of these undesirable detention
pens and the reopening, on July 26, 1948, of the Lower Man-
hattan Magistrates’ Court in the Rssex Market Court Building,
2nd Avenue and 2nd Street. The detention facilities in the
Essex Market Court Building are not new, but they are in
every way far superior to those in the old Police Headquarters
Building. Commissioner Schoenfeld particularly is to be com-
mended for his persistonce which contributed substantially to
bringing about this much needed change.

mn Pens, Mulberry Street

Syracuse Pol

On the night of October 26, Commissioners Schoenfeld and
Cass inspected the lockup located in the basement of the head-
quarters of the City of Syracuse Police Department. Their
inspection revealed conditions which could not be excused or
tolerated by any public official. The jail itself was in a filthy
condition and apparently had not been cleaned for some days.
It was obvious that the city olficials had given little or no atten-
tion to the local jail despite the fact that similar conditions
were previously noted. At that time, the Mayor was informed
of the conditions and he promised to give orders to have the
lockup cleaned. ‘This was not done and in the opinion of the
inspectors conditions were without parallel, considering their
years of widespread observations. An official report was made
to the State Commission of Correction, recommending that un-

ce Lockup

GoING Forwanp IN 1948 or

less conditions were improved immediately the City should be
cited to show cause why the jail should not be elosed as unfit
for human habitation.

Subsequently the State Commission of Correction served
a “show cause” on the Mayor of Syracuse and other city off-
cials, requiring their presence at the December 22nd meeting
of the Commission. In response to an order of this nature,
municipal officials are required to show cause why the place of
detention should not be closed for reasons of inadequate facil
tics, unsanitary conditions, ete. On December 22, 1948, the
Mayor of Syracuse appeared before the Commission’ and
agreed regarding the criticisms. He gave assurance that im-
provements were under way and that every effort would be
‘made not only to keep the lockup clean, but to make all neces-
sary repairs and to have it supervised by the Police Depart-
ment in accord with the best practices, It is expected that the
Mayor this time will keep his promises. Tt was quite evident
‘that, he was greatly surprised and disturbed at the conditions
in the lockup. The city will be required to expend perhaps a
considerable sum of money to make certain repairs and renova
tions, but this should not be a cause for complaint because of
the fact that for many years the lockup has been neglected.
‘The written report of inspection makes anything but pleasant
reading at a time when there is so much diseussion about re-
specting the dignity of man.

Police Lockups

Commissioner Schoenfeld, acting both for the Prison As-
sociation of New York and the State Commission of Correction,
continued zealously through the year his inspection of police
lockups, prineipally in the New York City area. In this respect,
he had the best kind of cooperation from the late Chief Inspec
tor Martin J. Brown; the various precinct commanders; and
the Superintendent of Buildings, Byron P. Wilson. The nature
of this relationship is set forth in a departmental letter of Jan-
uary 15, 1948, addressed to Commissioner Schoenfeld, relating
to conditions and progress in various lockups. It is interesting
to note the value that the Police Department attaches to these

spections and, of course, it is gratifying to experience their
response and eooperatin. It is shown that the minuteness of
some of these inspections brings to light conditions not known
to experienced police officials.

Meal Tickets for Police Prisoners

Commissioner Schoenfeld reported that he had a conference
with Police Commissioner Wallander, which resulted in a re-
58 ‘Tum PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW York

: istribution of meal
vision of the procedure concerning the distr
ison of the Potice Department to prisoners in their custody.
‘Under date of November 30th Commissioner Ww ‘aliander vais
Heer gvanit price was being changed from 10e to 16c. This
da the jmovemant over the previous inadequacy.

‘Youth Term Court of General Sessions

‘of General Sessions. He was asked to speak on the operations
of the Youth ‘Term in that Court. In introducing: ae Se
fie ie

epoca
ree
welfare of the bere By ae
sul este ie ante aah
sendmail edo
i ie io aa
seg oe aie ine aati Oona
fe an ph ay
=i 0 yy ra
riot Sle reste ancte de
ie ery in es

Goma Forwanp 1N 1948 59

‘Those between the ages of 16 and 19, according to Judge
Street, make up 21% of all cases coming before the court, A
preliminary examination and conference between the district
attorney and the court is held and a decision made as to
whether or not the offender may be adjudged a youthful
offender. The final decision is postponed until the probation
department submits its detailed report, which may take up-
ward of three weeks.

‘Judge Streit stated that of those coming before the Youth
‘Term Part for examination, 85% were hold for larcenies and
60% of these were larceny of automobiles. He added that $9
were girls; 96% had normal intelligence; 60% had attended
high school, with 5% graduating, He pointed out that 60%
were from broken homes and that 47% were unemployed. In
comenting upon the three outstanding factors which led to
adolescent delinquency Judge Streit felt that broken homes,
lack of education, and unemployment were largely to blame.
Of all offenders examined by Youth Term Court, 5% of those
investigated were disapproved and 85% were approved and
adjudged youthful offenders. Of this 35% approved, 95% wore
ultimately placed on probation. These offenders are not legally
charged with the commission of a crime but instead they are
charged with violation of the Youth Offender Act. Technically
this permits the avoidance of being classified as a felon and
likewise enables offenders to state legally that they have not
been convicted of a crime. The offenders are entitled to trial
without jury and the judge must find the offender guilty be-
yond a reasonable doubt. The offender’s “slate ean be kept
clean” and the felony indictment as such dismissed. The court
papers are sealed and are not available for perusal by any per-
sons without explicit court order. Of those on probation, Judge
Streit added that 89% were successful and that of some 700
youthful offenders on probation during a four-year period none
was returned for violation or additional delinquencies, “The
‘Youthful Offender Act is here to stay,” Judge Streit remarked,
and added that extreme caution should be exercised in expand-
ing the age limits or in making additional changes in the law.
He felt this to be nocessary in view of the experimental nature
of the entire procedure.

Legislation

It has long been the practice of the Association to concern
itself during the Legislative session in the matter of bills
affecting the administration of criminal justice. For a fuller
statement of the bills which held the attention of the Associ

60 ‘Tim PRISON ASSOCIATION oF New YORE

tion during the 1948 session, see page (84). Of immediate
fiterest isthe following tabulation regarding a total of 66
bills:

‘Total number of Billa holding our attention 66
Bills approved by the Associntion ri
fecame Ia

Falla of
Tolecretary of Siaic (Veterans! Preference

i

"yodiies precent fy
Bills opposed by the Association

‘Became Taye i
8

Vetoes
Fale of passage

Lcretag Gf stake” Weterana! Breterence—

Te eiids resent eyatem without modifeations) 1

Of special interest is the signing by the Governor of the bill

that sets up an experimental unit at Sing Sing Prison to deal

th the sex offender. This bill is now Chapter 609 of the Laws

Of 1948, Another bill of particular interest is one initiated by

the Association designed to expedite the transfer of those who

are regarded as insane from institutions of the New York City
Department of Correction to the Mattcawan State Hospital.

Citizens Budget Commission Survey

"Dwyer, early in 1947, re
mn to undertake a survey of

Prison Officers Conference of New York State

‘This Conference was held in Albany during September, 1948.
‘There were adopted various resolutions and these were later
referred to the Prison Association of New York and other
organizations for discussion and comment. The Prison Associ-

Goma Forwanp iv 1948 6

ation at one of its monthly meetings agreed to support in prin-
ciple the following resolution

‘The need for providing a twenty-five service retirement
for prison guards and their supervisory officers.
‘The provision that standards to be required of applicants
for the position of guard in County or New York City
correctional institutions shall be not less stringent than
those required of State prison guards.

. That the Legislature provide by law for the creation and
maintenance of prison guard training schools for the use

of State, County and New York City correctional per-
sonnel,

Manual of Suggested Standards

This maual, developed under the direction of Mr. Sam A.
Lewisohn, a member of the Executive Committee of our Associ-
ation, has become a guide and textbook for those desirous of
progressively organizing and arranging for the intelligent
administration of their correctional institutions and systems,
Its distribution included not only every state in the United
States but practically every country around the world. Dr. Paul
Cornil, Deputy Minister of Justice of Belgium, at a luncheon
meeting of our Exeentive Committee, highly commended the
value of the manual. It is also being used by members of the
International Penal and Penitentiary Commission and staff
members of the Economic and Social Council of the United
Nations. When the original supply became exhausted Mr. Lew-
isohn, again at his own expense, very kindly made available
another printing.

Cooperation with the Classification Committee

Both Messrs, Cass and Wright met with and cooperated in
the plan and operations of the Committee on Classification of
the American Prison Association. This committee is respon-
sible for producing the valuable and very much desired Classi-
fication Handbook, published in 1947. As a follow-up of this
excellent contribution to the fleld, the committee is expanding
its interest to implement classification with ease work proced-
ure and therapeutic methods. Further, the committee, headed
by Dr. Norman Fenton, Chief, Classifieation Bureau, California
Department of Corrections, is made up of those who are de-
voted to their work and who have a Wide range of practical
and theoretical knowledge.

2 ‘Tus PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK

Floggings of Prisoners

‘A letter was written on March 80th, urging Governor Field-
ing L. Wright of Mississippi to sign bills before him relating
to the improvement of pardon and parole proceedings and the
partial elimination of flogging. Favorable action resulted and
the Association is happy to have played a part in the effort to
make for this much desired progress.

In October it was noted that the Director of the Alabama
Department of Correction defended flogging in testimony be-
fore a prison investigation committee in his State. One of his
points was that the Legislature had twice abolished it and it
Was later reinstated, Protest was recorded by Mr. Cass, and
‘one of the wardens in the State of Alabama indicated that he
personally was not in favor of flogging. He indicated that at
his institution solitary confinement is utilized in Neu of flog-
ging. He further commented, “We are trying to get away from
Both corporal punishment and solitary confinement and use
complete isolation instead and I believe our program will go
over.”

‘Texas Prison System

During the year the General Secretary was consulted on nu-
merous occasions by the General Manager, Mr. 0. B. Ellis,
‘whose interest and efforts give promise of progress in the re-
vamping of the Texas Prison System. For too long a time has
it been known that many changes are necessary if the people
of Texas can claim any credit for dealing intelligently and hu-
manely with their prison population. Repeatedly through the
years there have been various charges of mismanagement and
brutality directed toward the system. With the advent of Mr.
Ellis it is gratifying to report that he, together with the mem-
‘bers of the Prison Board, in a short time made a very frank
and unprecedented statemient of the shortcomings of the Texas
Prison System, and also earnestly appealed to the citizens of
the State to give assistance toward progress. Many changes for
the better have been made and there is likelihood of an encour-
aging response by the Texas Legislature, but in all events,
will be a long journey before Texas can take its place among
the progressive states in the field of penology.

Southern States Conference

On invitation, Mr. Cass attended the Southern States Pro-
bation, Parole, and Prison Conference held in Nashville, and
spoke on the subject of the sex offender. Copies of this address
have been generally distributed. The Southern Conference em-

GOING FORWARD IN 1948 6

braces fourteen states and the meeting was well attended. There
was considerable earnestness and enthusiasm. It is quite clear
that there is a desire to do better regarding the various correc-
tional processes among most of the Southern States.

Central States Parole and Probation Conference

Mr. Cass, on invitation, addressed a large luncheon meeting
of the Contral States Parole and Probation Conference held in
Des Moines, Iowa, on the subject of the sex offender. Discus-
sion was directed toward the problem generally, and the efforts
made legislatively in New York State, and the final establish-
ment of a unit at Sing Sing Prison for the study of a selected
group of offenders.

78th Congress of Correction

‘The Annual Congress of Correction was held under the
auspices of the American Prison Association, of which Mr.
Cass is also the General Secretary. This national body stemmed
from the interest and activities of the Prison Association of
New York, going back to 1870, and this is one of the reasons
why the Association allies itself so closely in the affairs of the
national body. It gives opportunity to extend the influence of
the Association and to assist in the effort to keep progressive
thinking and objectives before the heads of departments, com-
mission members, and personnel of institutions and agencies
throughout the country. In 1948 the Congress was held in the
City of Boston, August 29th to September 8rd. There were
registered 850 delegates from 41 states and 5 foreign countri
‘This was the best attended Congress since 1941. There was
considerable interest and enthusiasm in the Congress program
from the opening to the final meeting. The Congress empha-
sized the theme of unifying the correctional processes and
pointed out the necessity of applying the different correctional
techniques as one general process.

‘The Prison World,

This is a bi-monthly publication of the American Prison
Association, running more than 40 pages. It has become in a
sense the trade publication for the workers in the correctional
field. The preparation of the various issues we consider an im.
portant national contribution on the part of the Prison Associ-
ation of New York through the combined efforts of its General
Secretary and its Assistant Secretary, Mr. Roberts J. Wright.
A very important addition to the rublieation, begun in 1947
and added to during 1948, is the section under the title “Cor-

64 ‘Tsim PRISON ASSOCIATION oF NEW YORK

rection Officer's Training Section”, This material is included in
‘about 4 pages of each issue and it is prepared by various cor-
fection officers throughout the country and deals with perti-
nent problems of administration, such as “How to Search a
Cell”, “How to Transport Prisoners”, “How to Patrol a Tower
Box”, ete. These ave all vital factors, varying in degree of im-
portanee, which make this section of The Prison World a kind
pe textbook which is being inereasingly sought by departmental
Qnd institutional personnel. The editorial consultant is Dr.
Walter M. Wallack, Warden of Wallkill Prison, New York, who
Gischarges his responsibility with the unusual skill and pa-
tience that he fortunately possesses. In a short period the
aiition of this section to the magazine accounted for over
1,000 new subscriptions.

New York City Youth Board

Upon invitation of the Executive Secretary of the New York
City Youth Board, Mr, Wright, our Assistant Secretary, is
functioning in a covsultant eapaeity with the Youth Board’s
Bronx Pilot Project. The project is leading up to a neighbor-
hood conference on the problems of juvenile delinquency and
ie acheduled for the first part of 1949. It is anticipated that a
Considerable sum of money Will be set aside by the Youth Board
for implementation of the various recommendations which will
iindoubtedly be made. ‘The project looks forward to the estab-
lishment of a community action program and covers the areas
of Mott Haven, Tremont and Morrisania.

‘The Youth Board has planned an extensive citywide pro-
gram of delinquency prevention aimed particularly at spotting
Fotentially delinquent children within the city's schools. With
Gity funds matched by the State through the State Youth Com-
fulssion, the project is scheduled to be launched early next year.
‘The Board will strengthen existing facilities, provide training
“Opportunities for social workers and teachers, and for the first
{ime on citywide scale will provide attention to the problem
on an individualized basis. At the invitation of Mr. Nathaniel
Kaplan, chairman of the New York City Youth Board, Mr.
Wright of our staff has accepted appointment as a member of
the Board’s Advisory Committee on Child Welfare. Consisting
of twelve members, the Advisory Committee will provide tech-
Qical guidance on the planning and implementation of the
Board's programs.

New York Gity Police Academy

Ak the request of the Commanding Officer of the New York
City Police Academy, Deputy Chief Inspector William A. Turk,

Gore Forwaxp my 1948 65

Mr. Wright, Assistant Secretary of the Association, gay
weekly lectures to a total of 1.200 police officers in what is
Enews ag tie Detectives’ Tratnlng Otho Tho course slartal
January 29th and continued through March and Mr. Wright
repeated the same lecture on successive Monday afternoons.
Toy coun enussted of « fourday gpmsire wating beret
and suecessfal graduates’ were placed in a pool from which
detectives are appointed. This is the first time, according to
the Commanding Officer of the Academy, that they have in-
Gated & Usracion of cilslaclogy ant pensions mk
Grove We tel the gaveun canst opens te tn Petaon
Masten to creversie me let ene we Gs Coe
Department Ai the colon af the urn Wright re
titel the following ker af appreciation from Potce Cont
missioner Arthur W, Wallander:” me Belle ane
"Dear Me. Wott:
=
Sere ce es eee
Lo
a bs Mena if them in the future in the performanc of their
ay pairs me oe
Sones yous,
Ver ARTHUR W, WALLANDER"
Courses in Criminology
Mr. Wright, for the 13th consecutive year, continues to con-
duct the criminology course at Springfield College (Massachu-
setts). This involves one afternoon a week and offers an excel-
Iai partaniy f euch alc group of shania some of
‘whom Indicate a ateong desire to take up correctional wor
whom iia take up correctional work as
‘luo, Ma, Wright has been added to the faulty of N
f m added tothe faculty of Now York
tater a conduc eure en pono. his to ran from
diary Os fuse, cag cl te eapaatiog prveman ot
under the Graduate Division of Public Service Training. It
Sioa by acted ies ae Ueavecdiey ta marley extenaiee pos
tonsa ean is ring program Ths ea an
orca try ay cutiacl in fos Goa -
reetional Administration. ate Esouram 08 Ce

Welfare Council Correctional Group

__ One of the seven conference groups of the Welfare Council
is the Conference Group on Correctional and Allied Services.

66 ‘Tim PRISON AssocLATioN o¥ New York

Consisting of some 68 private and public agencies affiliated
with the correctional problem in New York City, regular
monthly meetings of its Steering Committee of 18 persons were
held during the year , our Assistant Secretary,
was elected Ch:
1947, and continues in office until the close of the 1948-1949
season, Various open meetings have been offered by the Con-
Group dealing with such topics as “Are we preventing

Juvenile Delinquency in New York City?", the problem of
securing adequate institutional placements for disturbed chil-
dren, the Street Clubs project, and other pertinent topies. At
the January, 1947, meeting dealing with the question of juve-
nile delinquency, an overflow crowd of 400 persons heard pa-
pers prepared by Adrian Burice, Judge Justine Wise Polier of
the Children's Court, and former Judge Martin Callagy,
Attorney-in-Chief of the Legal Aid Society

During the year the Conference Group had a number of sub-
committees at work attempting to improve various specific as-
pects of the local prevention and correctional picture. The
annual meeting of the Conference Group was held on March
48th. The guest speaker was Branch Rickey, President of the
Brooklyn National League Baseball Club, who gave an impres-
sive presentation concerning, juvenile delinquency prevention.
Im addition to Mr. Rickey’s tall, Mv, Wright reported on the
year’s activity of the Conference Group, which covered the
work of the various sub-committees, including 2 sub-committee
on problems of institutional placement of juveniles, a_sub-
committee on personnel standards and legislation, the Teen-
Age Committee, and others. 'The aflliation of the Association
and Mr. Wright personally with the Welfare Couneil Corree-
tional Group offers numerous opportunities for both to be of
service to the correctional interests of the city. Association
cooperation with the Welfare Couneil dates baek to its begin-
ning and has been continnd ever since.

Welfare Council Delegate Body

‘Mr. Shaw and Mr. Cass are the two delegates for the Prison
Association to the Welfare Council, There was a meeting of
‘the Delegate Body held on February 10th at the Russell Sage
Foundation building in New York City. The important busi-
ness was to discuss the financial difficulties of the Counc
Mr. Shaw, as President of the Council, presided and told the
hard facts which threaten its future and the loss of Its service
to the agencies of the community. Various proposals were dis-
cussed and acted upon. They included:

Goma Forwanp IN 1948 or

|. Freezing the Rateable Shares for the year 1948 at the
dollar amount of the 1947 dues for each agency ;
Authorizing the Board to negotiate with the Greater
New York Fund for withdrawal from participation in
the Fund in order that the Council could seek supplemen-
tary support from publicly held corporations, partner-
ships and employee groups and in addition seek increased
support from individuals and foundations;

;. Authorizing the Board to develop a new formula for
agency dues for 1949 and thereafter that will retain the
important principle of equitable distribution of dues in
relation to agency incame and expenditure; and
The setting up of a commitice to study the various pro-
posals that have been made in the past for finaneing social
work in New York City.

Item 1 was voted favorably; likewise 3 and 4. Regarding
item 2, it was evident that there was hesitancy about approv-
ing the withdrawal from the Groater New York Fund and the
matter was left open until a future meeting, with instruction
that in the meantime the Welfare Council endeavor to have
the Greater New York Fund reconsider its decision that would
affect the continuation of its financial support to the Couneil.

In compliance with the request at the February 10th meet
ing of the Council that member organizations write the Greater
New York Fund urging that it reconsider its decision affecting
the Council, it was voted that the Prison Association send stich
a letter.

‘The General Secretary at the February 10th meeting spoke
a number of times and took the position that the Association
believed in the Welfare Council, was glad to pay its rateable
share, but was somewhat concerned as to the danger of in-
creasing the cost of supporting the Welfare Couneil beyond the
limits of reasonable participation by the membership agencies.
He stressed the point that all agencies, large and small alike,
are finding it difficult to obtain financial support and that,
therefore, future outlays would of necessity require careful
consideration. He stated frankly that it would be a ead day
when a professionally equipped organization with a good ree-
ord of public service would be prevented from belonging to the
Welfare Council solely because it was too eostly.

Committee on Detainers

‘The Goneral Secretary participated in meetings called by
the Council of State Governments. There wore present repre-
sentatives of the Association of Administrators of the Inter-

68 ‘Tue PRIson Assocrarion ov New York

state Compact for the Supervision of Parolees and Probation
ers, the National Association of Attorneys Generals, the Sec-
tion on Criminal Law of the American Bar Association, and
‘The American Prison Association.

‘The purpose of these gatherings was to arrive at some better
basis of operation regarding the fling and execution of detain-
rs. The attitude of the authorities of the various States differs
with the result that there is confusion and slowness in the
administration of justice as well as some injustice. Whether
the problem can be dealt with throngh national legislation or
some kind of a compact between the States remains to be fur-
ther studied and explored. It should be noted that so far as our
particular interest is concerned, the filing of a detainer, know-
ing when it is shown later that there is no serious intention of
executing it, is a handicap to an administration attempting to
formulate a rehabilitation program. Generally speaking, men
in institutions against whom there have been filed detainers
are restrieted in their operations

vil Serview

During the year Mr. Cass cooperated with the Civil Service
Commission in the matter of promotion examinations. Mr.
Wright, together with Mr. F, Spencer Smith of New Jersey,
conducted oral examinations at the request of the Civil Service
Commission of the City of Baltimore, for the post of Deputy
Warden of the Baltimore City Jail. This form of service is
arduous at times, but is very important in the general direetion
of obtaining the right kind of personnel for correctional oper-
ations,

Navy Department

‘Mr. Wright, who served with the Corrective Services Divi-
sion, Bureau of Naval Personnel, during the war, at the re-
quest of the Navy, returned for two weeks’ active duty with
‘the Bureau of Personnel during the month of June. During
the year Mr. Wright was advanced to the rank of Lieutenant
Commander, USNR. The Navy Department has demonstrated
its interest in maintaining a progressive correctional system
and through Mr. Wright, and others affiliated with the program,
a strong relationship exists between the Association and the
Corrective Services Division.

Naval Correctional Progeam

In the early part of 1948 the Secretary of the Navy convened
a civilian advisory board on naval coniinement policies to re
view and make recommendations concerning the naval corree-

Gotna Fonwanp un 1948 69

tional program. Mr. James V. Bennett, Director of the United
States Bureau of Prisons, was appointed chairman of the come
mittee, with the following members:

Richard A. McGee, Director, California Department of
Corrections, Austin H. MaeCormick, Executive Director,
‘The Osborne Association, Hon. William J. Campbell, Judge,
United States District Court, Chicago, Rev. Louie D. New:
ton, Atlanta,

Later in the year, after the committee had visited many of the
naval confinement units, Mr. Wright, the Association's Assis
tant Secretary, was requested to act as secretary for the com.
mittee.

Several two day meetings were held the latter part of 1948,
including a series of conferences with ranking naval officers
and civilians. It is anticipated that the committee will issue,
carly in 1949, a detailed report consisting of general observa
tions and recommendations concerning the Navy's confinement
program. The Association has been encouraged to note the
commendable progress being made by the Naval Correctional
Division under the direction of Captain Jack Maginnis, USN,
Head, Corrective Services Branch of the Bureau of Naval Per.
sonnel. The program meets with the best of progressive peno-
logical thinking and surpasses the existing procedures in many
states.

Nebraska Prisoners? Aid
Assistance was given to interested citizens of Lincoln, look-
ing for guidance toward the formation of a prison association

ous suggestions and giving general guidance and also sent lit
erature including copies of our Annual Reports.

Foreign Visitors
During the year the Association assisted numerous visitors
from foreign lands and in some instances developed extensive
itineraries for their institutional visits throughout the country,
were persons from Belgium, Iran, India, Turkey,
England, France, Holland and’ the Netherlands West

Assistance in South Carolina

Again on invitation, the General Secretary addressed the
South Carolina Conference of State Social Work at Columbia,

70 THE PRISON ASSOCIATION oF New York

‘He dwelt on the essentials of progressive penology. At the same
time he gave special emphasis to the need for improvement
within the South Carolina penal institutions. A letter, dated
October 11th, from the Executive Sceretary of the Confereneo,
reads, in part, as follows:

“We ave writing to thank you deeply for your visit to
our state and the splendid contributions which you made
fon the program of our State Conference of Social Work.
We feel that those in attendance received much informa
tion and inspiration from your talks and will be able to
express to those in authority the need for effective plan-
ning for the prisoners confined in the prisons in our state.”

Likewise, @ letter dated October 14th from Colonel Wynd-
ham M, Manning, Superintendent of the South Carolina Peni
tentiary, reads, in part

“Thank you for the very effective boost you gave our
plans in your talks.”

State Conference of Social Work

Mr. Cass presided at a morning general session of the New
York State Conference of Social Work on October 22nd. Speak-
crs at that session were; Judge Thomas Walsh of the Richmond
County Court; Kings County Assistant District Attorney Hel-
fand; Dr, Glenn M, Kendall, Director of the Elmira Reception
‘Genter; Frederick A. Moran, Chaivman of the New York State
Parole Board; and Leonard Probst, Member, New York State
Probation Commission. Mr. Cass commented upon the
quality and Zrankness of the discussion and the practical view-
points which the speakers followed in discussing the problems
of the adult offender.

Sing Sing Prison Visits

‘A visit was made on Mareh 16th by Messrs, Hochschild and
‘Shaw of our Executive Committee and the General Secretary.
‘The physical layout of the prison continues to reflect a hodge-
podge design. The need to keep alive the suggestion of aban-
doning this prison as a major type of institution and using it
only for special detention and for reception purposes seems
always in oxder as one views its physical layout and operations.
‘The overmanning of the industries and the lack of sufficient
employment is one observation that immediately gives rise to
the question: How can men be improved without adequate
‘work opportunity of a productive or educational nature? This

GorNe Forwanp IN 1948 1

presents again the whole question of the purpose of the insti-
tution, the adequacy of its program, and the complex problem
of prisoner employment.

On December 7th Messrs. C. C, Auchineloss, Reginald Auch-
incloss, George F. Baker, Jr. John L. Schoenfeld, Walter C.
‘Teagle, Jr., and E, R, Cass visited Sing Sing Prison. Mr. Auch
incloss' commented upon his favorable impressions of the insti-
tution compared with earlier observations. He added that insti-
tutional visits on his part drove home the necessity of develop-
ing adequate probation and parole services which have long
been the concern of the Association,

‘Visite to Other State Institutions

State School Annez—On November 12th Mr. Wright visited
the State School Annex located adjacent to the City Reforma-
tory at New Hampton near Middletown, New York. The Annex
was opened twenty-two months ago on a five year experimental
basis for those boys unable to adjust satisfactorily at Warwick
and Industry. The population at that time was 46 and plans are
being made to extend the present capacity to approximately 60.
‘The Director of the Annex stated that some 50%, in his opin-
ion, are in need of special psychiatric treatment and that the
boys are chronic runaways and many are noticeably aggressive.
Offenses range from homicide on down the scale, Certain weak-
nesses in the program were apparent but none of them were
considered to be alarming. Most of them resulted from the
fact that the unit is operating on an experimental basis and is
without precedent in the New York State Department of
Social Welfare. These weaknesses include:

(a) A rather loose social service program lacking adequate
psychiatric and case work services,

(b) there is need for strengthening the relationship between
after care officials and the institution program,

(c) the school program is in need of strengthening partieu-
larly with respect to vocational training opportunities,

(a) there is considerable question concerning the location
of the Annex in close proximity to an adult reformatory,

Concerning this last point, the Director of the Annex indieatod
that plans were being made to sct up a separate institution re-
moved from the present location at some future time.

(Clinton Prison—On November 22nd Messrs. Shaw and Cass
visited Clinton Prison at Dannemora, New York. Mr. Shaw,
commenting upon the visit, stated that both ho and Mr, Cass
‘were most favorably impressed by the high standards of house-

2 ‘Tum PRison Association or Nzw YORK

keeping and compared it with the United States Penitentiary
at Atlanta, Georgia, which he visited a week earlier. Mr. Shaw
indicated that Clinton in this respect was ahead of Atlanta. It
‘was apparent that a full program of industrial activity was
available. He also commented upon the high quality of the hos-

ital facilities and administration. He remarked that he and
Mr. Cass were of the opinion that a favorable program was in
operation generally. The humane attitude of the Staff and the
recreational program did not support any suspicion of harsh
treatment of inmates. Mr. Shaw remarked that it had been
called to his attention that the institution had been practically
rebuilt in recent years.

New York Training Schoot for Boys—Tho State Training
School for Boys at Warwick was visited on December 11th by
Messrs. Lee and Moore of the Executive Committeo, and Mr.
Wright, Following a round table discussion of the over-all pro-
gram of the institution those present were taken on a tour of
the facilities, In addition to those mentioned, the visiting party
included Mr. James R. Dumpson of the Welfare Council of
New York City, Mr. Elmer Reeves of the Court of General Ses-
sions Probation Department, and Mr. John Murphy, Superin-
tendent of the New York City Children’s Center. Mr. Murphy
was formerly a staff member of the Warwick institution, Mr.
Lee reported on the visit, stating that he and Mr. Moore and
the others were highly impressed with the physical facilities and
the general appoarance of the boys. He said that while a few
hours’ visit is not sufficient as a basis for specific zeeammen-
dations he felt that possibly a stronger leadership might be
advisable on the part of the top officials. It should be noted,
however, that the institution lacks a superintendent pending
the results of a recent civil service examination for this posi-
tion. The present Acting Director is the regular assistant su-
perintendent. The institution is not filled to capaeity and ex-
pansion of the faeilities is dependent upon additional person-
nel. The population at the time of the visit consisted of 384
boys.

Directory of Correctional Institutions

A valuable service to institution heads, law enforcement
agents, probation and parole departments, is the Directory of
Correctional Institutions for the United States, Canada, Eng-
land and Seotland, prepared annually in cooperation with the
American Prison ‘Association, This directory is the only one
of its kind and the eager demand for it each year is ample tes
mony of its rich content and practical value,

GoING FoRWAND IN 1948 13
General Service

Again wo are glad to report that we continue to receive re-
quests for information and guidance from those in other States
who are anxious to correct unsatisfactory conditions and make
for progress generally. These requests by letter, telephone or
personal visit come from schools, colleges, women’s groups,
logislative committees, moving picture producers, magazine
writers, the press, broadcasting companies, heads of depart.
ments and agencies, probation and parole officers, heads of
prisons and reformatories, civil service bodies, ete. We con-
sider the handling of these inquiries as a very imaportant serv-
ice. To give helpful information requires time and in instances
whore the information cannot be readily given from this office,
the interest and cooperation of others must be sought and eulti.
vated. An examination of our files will disclose a surprising
volume of such correspondenee,

‘THE ASSOCIATION'S BUREAUS OF SERVICE
Employment and Relief Burean

manpower contiues to make drastic inroads in employment

[74]

‘THE Assocravion’s BUREAUS OF SERVICE cr

adopted such measures as to enable their respective inmates
to avail themselves of desired vocations, thus encouraging de-
velopment of individual skill, a vital factor if one is expected
to meet the requirements of prospective jobs.

‘The Prison Association of New York has been foremost over
the past century in the task of aiding the parolee and dis-
charged prisoner. For the past seven years the Employment
and Relief Bureatt has been under the able supervision of Mr.
Harry Schwartz who is credited with more than thirty-five
‘years experience in the field of crime treatment and prevention
in New York City. Mr. Schwartz’s activities include hundreds
of personal contacts with employers, innumerable visits to
whom eover an extensive area representing equally extensive
fields such as business houses, factories, mills, garages, laun-
dries, stores, etc. A note of encouragement worthy of mention
is the fact that where no actual placement took place, our
representative nevertheless was accorded heartening coopera-
tion on the part of those visited.

‘The Bureau is more than an employment exchange for its
clients. Some of the more prevailing problems with which our
clients are confronted include financial stress, inadequacy of
proper clothing, lack of necessary transportation to job loca-
tions, required tools, union dues, fees, ete. In each ease the
sought aid is granted when fully substantiated by thorough
investigation. Those clients whose retarded health or advanced
years have rendered them somewhat helpless insofar as self-
sustenance is concerned, make it requisite for the Bureau to
sorve through the medium of financial aid that will guide them
through the critical period of reajustment. The contacting of
families and friends in addition to referrals to the proper wel-
fare agencies who can better assure more permanent and long-
range financial aid and support comprise only a portion of our
program.

Of the extensive number of cases with which the Bureau
found itself deluged during the past year, each and every one
is worthy of mention here, However, limitation of space com-
pels us to select only a few at random for the edification of the
reader.

R, M.* having spent fifteen years in prison for armed rob-
bery, his second offense, recently was released at the age of
forty-one, He appeared at the office of the Bureau's secretary
where he presented a true portrait of dejection. He was totally
forsaken, with no prospect of work or lodgings and was emo-
tionally upset to the point of threatening to “blow his top.”

All initials and names axe fictitious,

% ‘Tue Paison ASSOCIATION OF New YoRK

ur gecretary secured employment for R. M.* where he soon
found means of complete restoration of self-confidence, During
hs second visit to our office, R. AL* was a0 completely over:
Whelimed that he broke down and wept and further swore by
his departed parents that he would remain faithful for the rst
of his life, Upon taking his leave, R. .* suddenly seized the
hhand of our representative and lessed it fervently, Our secre-
tary was deeply touched by this display of profound gratitude.
‘An adlded note hove isthe fact that RM.” is doing excellently
at his job as was attestod by his employer who telephoned for
the express purpose of so advising him,

1. W.", an erstwhile juvenile delinquent who advanced to the
auestionable heights of a wayward minor and later graduated
{committing sand larceny, was convicted and sentenced to
2 tenithy term: ils petiod of incarceration was utilized fo fl
advantage. Upon his velease, Le W-" owas placed with a large
hospital where the Bureau sectred employment for him and
where he fs doing very well

IM, Re*, a frst offender, had been arrested and convicted for
Assault and had been sentenced to serve an indefinite term,
During his poriod of servitude, BE. B.* was a model subject
fand upon his release. was placed with ‘an. established frm
through the means of the Bureau and where ne is doing eredi-
ably.

"An interesting note here is the fact that Mr. Schwartz re
cantly had occasion to contact an employer regarding possible
Placement for-a client, whereupon the employer promised 0
Consider it and further informed him that a parolee who had
been placed ith him three years ago by the Buren, now is
foreman and is earning better than S100 per week.

"The following is 4 ease history taken from our Report of
1046 and reprinted herewith for & very definite reason —

id that the man he had rescued was an

©All iniials and names are Setitious.

‘THB AssoctATION’s BUREAUS OF SERVICE 7

Recently this same 'T. M.* came to us and informed us that
he had a splendid opportunity to enter into a business of his
own as general contractor—an enterprise that required five-
hundred dollars, which amount 'T, M.* sorely lacked, but he
told us of a sister who resides in California and who was ina
position to advance the required amount. However, T. M.* felt
reluctant to approach his sister lest she refuse him'on the basis,
that he would not use the money to good advantage, and so was,
prompted to turn to the Bureau for aid, The Bureau eontacted
‘T. M’s* relative and obtained the necessary amount of money
on the strength of T. M.'s* promise to make early repayment.
T. M.* now is doing a thriving business and has repaid every
cont of the loan.

Visits to City Prison

Anent our regular semi-weekly visits to the City Prison,
‘Manhattan, we would like to publish herewith the following —

At is indeed very pleasing to record that the Association con-
tinues its long established practice of making contact with
‘those held in the City Prison, Manhattan, charged with or con-
victed of crime. Often prisoners write for an interview if they
find themselves in trouble or out of touch with friends or rela-
tives—many of them have no contact whatsoever, In this phase
of our work we are glad to acknowledge the cooperation of
Warden Herman J. Ruthazer of the City Prison and his stat
members.

‘This form of service has the value of keeping prisoners out
of the hands of designing persons and thus prevents exploita.
tion in time of trouble. This is particularly true regarding legal
services and it has been our privilege to refer to the Voluntary
Defenders’ Committee of the Legal Aid Society prisoners who
are without funds with the knowledge that they will receive
tho best kind of logal guidance and service.

‘We would like to introduce a personal note here to illustrate
that the accomplishments of our sceretary are not confined to
office duties alone. It was during one of his frequent visits to
City Prison that Mr. Schwartz chanced to befriend L. B.* who.

spent three days there for intoxication but whose magnetic
personality nevertholoss had failed to be dulled. Our secretary
soon learned that this gentleman had been an actor of no little

‘Al initials and names are fictitious,

% THB PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW York

renown but who now was finding the “way back” a little too
steep. Mr, Schwartz furnished him with financial aid as pro-
Yided by the Bureau, but later took him home to dinner and
outfitted him with articles of clothing. A few weeks later, the
eldest daughter of the secretary, Mr. Schwartz, extended an
invitation to L. B.* to share Thanksgiving dinner with her hus-
band and family, an invitation cheerfully accepted by L. B.*
Who later expressed his profound gratitude for having been
received with such warmth and sincerity by all those around
him. Gradually he is making his way upgrade much to the
gratification of both his new friends and himself!

Visits to Sing Sing

Our seeretary makes periodic visits to Sing Sing where he
meels various inmates and invites them to call upon the
Bureau's services, as the following excerpts from letters re-
eeived from these men can attest—

'V. Le writes “... and I have wrote my mother eight letters
and didn’t get any answer yet and the letters did not come
ack... so would you try and find out what's wrong.

3. please send someone to my brother's house to
pick up bankbook or death cortifieate of my Inte wife so that T
an collect balance of joint account . . . my own brother prom-
Jong hel gond bankbook but T never got it.

Tam in need of some legal help at present and
oad appiscuts it if you will grant me an interview on your
next visit here.

‘The Bureau continues to reeeive a flood of letters of thanks
from grateful clients who are most sincere in their expression
and who further pledge their utmost support as the reader can
readily gather from the following excorpts—

From W. W.* “... Lam returning to you a portion of the
Joan I made approximately three weeks ago. T shall never veally
be able to thank you enough for your kind assistance. I can
only hope that someday I may be in a position to help you as
you have helped me and other fellows like myself when we were
‘own in the ‘dumps’. I sincerely wish that you have all the
success and good fortune that you rightly deserve. On behalf
of the fellows who shalll seck your assistance in the future, and
myself, let me onco again say, as s0 many have said; may’ God
bless you and guide you.

1L. K-* said in part “.

Tam terribly sorry for not writing

you sooner. I am doubly sorry for allowing such an important
matter as the loan to slip»my mind. Please forgive me. I sin-

All Initials and names are ftitious,

‘Tue Association's BUREAUS OF SERVICE 9

cerely dread the thought of being the one who might end the
marvelous work that. you are doing. . .

From P. T.* ".. . just a word or iwo to thank you for splen-
did help you gave me. I am now working at the ——Company
as a delivery boy and am learning to be a polisher when [ am
not making deliveries. Iam sure I am going to make good. ...”

H. R* “... this is to acknowledge the courtesy you have
shown me in answer to my letter requesting your assistance in
securing employment. That yours is a tremendous task and so
makes inevitable delay I understand, You, however, leave me
filled with gratitude, for your hand has been extended. . . .”

Letters of appreciation are not limited to those men who
have received aid from us, There have been countless others
from chaplains, heads of various institutions and relatives and
friends of inmates.

Institution Superintendent L. 0.* wrote us in part “... Your
organization has been very helpful in the past and I want to
assure you that I am very grateful for the assistance that you
have given those men. . . .”

The aims and achievements of this Bureau are most con
structive and valuable as can be attested by those we have
holped. Their continued loyalty, trustworthiness and efficiency
is our conclusive proof. In remote cases we oceasionally learn
that one of our men has sadly disappointed his employer, the
Bureau and himself, but these occurvences are so negligible as
to be completely obliterated by the vast number of those who
have remained faithful to the confidence entrusted in them.
Thus are we rewarded for our combined efforts.

Statistics for Employment and Relief Bureau for 1948,
Office interviews
(increase of 211 over 1947) 208
Other intcrvewst
aet

Diese men intevicied

Men given cas
Tela ane ‘pent toicly for relief Gnciades cash meals and
“dei $5,939.60,
~All initials and names are tition
ne

ersonal and tlepone interviews with eins, parle an
protition officers and agency dtelsia ee

80 ‘Tus Prison Association or New York

Family Service Bureau

During the year 1948 the Family Service Bureau of the
Prison Associstion experienced one of its busiest and most
fatistying periods from the seandpoint of the aumber of fam
Iles served with constructive programs, From the table given
Immediately below it will be seen that during 1948 the Bareat
Supervised 860 casos and istributed $7,042.98 for relief pur-
poses,
Statistics of Family Service Bureau for 1948

Families under supervision January 1, 1948
New cases received

ee
obi ao genet ey va
es ern ee ee a a
ee oes

‘lise seating turer are nenontten fre tn mca gel by
the tnerocsnd onat af lvtues which sda te noeengary for m0)
iby seoliess © oak fr Guntclel aptetuney: Under porn!
living conditions they would have beon able to maintain eit
fannie on theis Wage earnings: Further iia ot the policy of
ihe Asgociaton to supplement Department of Welfare budgets
except tl osce Where pane socdel lame aiinclunea an te
Getare badees or pectin crpioton at ete invententon:

EE orcs fhe Fong Soros Cems samen of eas
some or les mat have cone Uemter of hs foerly prism
Sronder to be eligible for tho Bureai's services, Tho Erigon
deetetiea sors only wn tha lonligs of mie orisceare
Famniles of women prisoners are referred to the ‘Weran's
Prison Assocation in New York City.

Clients are brought to our attention by prison wardens and
chaplains, pacolo officers, prisoners themselves, agencies i te
city such asthe Dopartnunt of Welfare, social esvvicedopart,
Gabi o: berilala tyleuts of te Ammeistoy, deruyuen oe)
tose

is Coie 0 panianea te he meen eR RE
report that, despite tay's otonome conditions an increasing
inumber of cients sought the sorvices of the Bureau for advice
and help relating to family dificultis instead of asking for
taonoy. Thote clonts deprived of tho husband's share of the

F7TRis docs not include innumerable telephone contacts with agencies,
famalies and institutions,

‘THE AssoctaTION’s BUREAUS OF SERVICE 81

responsibility in the conduct of the family group, have come
to rely upon the Bureau for the advice, assurance, and sense of
security so badly needed by those confronted with what seems
to them a hopeless task—playing the role of both mother and
father in the home.

‘These family problems take the form of a rebellious and
disobedient adolescent, illness in the family, future plans in
the event of the prisoner's release, anxiety regarding an ille
timate child born during the husband's absence in prison, the
problem of a mother who must choose between committing her
children to an institution or applying for Department of Wel-
fare maintenance, and other difficulties created by the absence
of the head of the family.

During 1948, the Bureau in its efforts to help clients set up
and maintain their own homes, became acutely aware of the
difficulties presented by the housing shortage in Greater New
York. It was found that living in a publie shelter such as the
‘Municipal Lodging House, with its lack of privaey and other
disturbing elements coincident to mass living, had a most de-
moralizing effect on the family and a destructive influence on
the children, A child derives from his own home a sense of pos-
session, of security and protection. Deprived of these, one can
Getect in a child almost immediately the deleterious influence
‘on his behavior. There is, too, in a publie shelter, always the
danger of infection and contagion, to which children are par.
ticularly susceptible.

‘This situation presented a challenge to the Family Service
Bureau which was able to help in finding some available apart.
ments and provide second-hand furniture toward the reestab-
lishment of the home.

‘Typical of some of the eases handled hy the Bureau are the
following stories, illustrating the problems brought to us and
the steps taken by the Burcau in an effort to solve them.

‘Mrs. B.* was employed as bookkeeper until her fifth month
of prognancy when she left her position because of her condi-
tion. When her hushand was sent back to prison as a parole
violator she knew not where to turn for aid. Her family was
unsympathetic and estranged. They had opposed her marriage
to an ex-conviet and now in her humiliation and misfortune
there would only be reeriminations and accusations —remind-
ers of her marriage against their advice and wishes. She had
confidence in her husband and their future. She believed in him
despite her parents’ attitude and the indications of his lack of
responsibility and integrity.

* All initials and names are fictitious,

82 ‘Tum PRISON AssoclATION oF NEW YorK

‘She knew that as soon as the baby was born she could return
to employment. She had training and experience in many lines
of office work and was confident that she would be able to find
a position and perform successfully at her duties. She could
arrange for a friend to take care of the baby during the day.
‘The Department of Welfare would hardly accept her case,
‘They would feel she should live with her parents which meant
the complete break-up of her home, at a time when it would
bbe so difficult to find an zpartment when the time came for her
husband's release. If the Prison Association could help her
with rent, the money she had saved for the baby's layette, baby
carriage, ete., could be used for food for the next three months
and then she could keep her home so her husband would have a
place to come to when he left prison.

‘The Family Service Bureau was able to help in this situation
so that Mrs, B.° could return to her position and maintain her
home during her husband's absence.

Mrs. L.* has spent three years in a mental hospital. At the
time of her nervous breakdown her three children, 4 years, 2
years, and 8 months, were placed in a child-caring ‘institution,
Two years ago when she returned home from the hospital, she
and her husband tried to get their home together so that they
‘could gain custody of their childven. When their next child was
two months of age, Mr. L.° was committed to prison. Mrs. L.*
was discouraged and frightened. Her greatest fear was that
she would lose the baby as she had lost the other children,

‘The Municipal Lodging House with its numerous occupants
and the resultant confusion and commotion only increased
Mrs, L.’s* fear and loneliness.

‘The Family Service Bureau was able to secure a room for
‘Mrs. 1." and the baby with an elderly couple who are giving
‘Mrs. L.* the encouragement and reassurance she so much
needs,

When Mr. G.* was sent to State Prison, his plucky wife
secured employment as a receptionist and switchboard oper-
ator, earning $45 per week to support herself and three ehil-
Gren, twins 1d and a daughter 10.

Exhausted by worry and overwork she wondered whether
to place her children in an institution, or apply for publie agsis-
tance. She preferred to work, but with the ever increasing bills
to meet, and the loss in salary when she was forced to remain
at home to take care of one of the children who was ill, she
feared a nervous collapse.

‘The Family Service Bureau was able to help with some of

©All initials and names are fictitious.

‘Tue AssoclATiON's BunEaUus oF SERVICE 83

the unpaid bills and to give supplementary financial assistance
so that Mrs, G.* could continue her employment and main
a home for the children, me ‘sn
Before James’ third birthday his father was sent to State
Prison for a long time, His mother went to work in a factory
to support herself and child, arranging with neighbors and
relatives to take care of James. James is now 10 years of age
Easily influenced, he has become a member of a street gang.
His mother is obsessed with fear that he will become like his
father. She would have liked to move from the neighborhood,
but there were no available apartments. With counseling and
muidanee, a better relationship developed between the mother
and son. Arrangements were made for James to join a neigh-
bothood eonter where boxing and swimming lessons were given
and in which James is particularly interested. The mother is
gaining a constructive attitude toward her son. She is gradu
ally acquiring a eal intorest in the boy's activities, showing
in place of the former tendene
nag, criticise and humiliate. fendeney fo

“All names and ini

LEGISLATION — 1948

‘The following is a brief summary of those bills reeetving
our support or apposition during the 1948 session of the Legis=
lature, We have always regarded as an important phase of Our
efforts toward fulfilment of the purposes for which the Associ
tion was established, the keeping of a watchful eye an the
iseussione and the bils introduoed during legislative days and
{heir relation to progress in the correctional field and public
protection generally, The Association males personal represen-
Ration in Albany, addvesses communications to the various
committees, and fs requested to give fis advice concerning les
{slation to oiicials and others. Te has a Tegisative serviee that
tnables it fo know what bills are being introduced and what
Sction is taken on them from day to day during the session. Te
is gratitying to note throughout the years that the opinions
expressed by the Association for of against bills are respected
and appreciated by not only members of the Legistature but
the Governor's office as wel. (See page 60 for tabulation on
bills).
Approved

ReDveTiON oF SENTENCE, Senate Int, 146, Pr. 2917; Assem-
bly Int. 168, Pr. 3929: Allows prison boards to put into effect
refuctions of sentences to state prions and pententares, for

ood behavior and diligent. pertormance of duty,
‘how mate by governor on Fecamendation of prison boards,
Chapter 631

FELONY Cosatirtup Wilite on Patoun, Senate Inf. 284, Pr.
294; desembly Int. 446, Pr. 418: Authorizes board of parle to
determine portion of former sentence which felon shall nerve
After committing fetony while on parole; extends provisions to
Inciude parolees from Elmira reformatory, Failed of parsage

Danaanovs Tovs. Senate Int. 842, Pr. 948; Assombly Int.
365, Pr 800: Makes ita misdemeanor to manufacture, se oF
dispose of toy gun or weapon from which tear gas or other
dangerous gas, fluid or fire spazks may he projected, Failed
of paseage.

FINGERPRINTING FIONTERS AND PROMOTERS, Sonate Int, 422,
Pr, 9896: Requires boxing commission to cause fingerprints to
be taken of applicants for licenses; copy shall be filed in erim-
inal identification division of correstion deparcment, Albany
Chapter 685.

[34]

Laarstation — 1948 85

CORRECTION OFFICERS’ SALARIES. Senate Int. 450, Pr, 2034:
Provides when cities maintain correction departments, mini-
mum annual salaries of competitive civil service employees in
title of guard, prison officer or correction officer shall be not
less than that paid corresponding police officer or patrolman
‘with same length of service, Failed of passage.

Connection OFFICERS’ SALARIES. Senate Int. 551, Pr, 562;
Assembly Int. 601, Pr. 605: Establishes minimum salaries £
members of uniformed force of N. Y. City police and corree-
tion department, fixes grades and provides for referendum to
voters of city at general election in 1948. Failed of passage.

DELINQUENT CHILDREN. Senate Int, 824, Pr. 1924: Requires
court to file as sealed indictment, one found against person who
was 15 years at time of commission of crime punishable by
death or life imprisonment, upon statement by district attor-
ney that recommendation will be made to investigate defendant
for determining whether or not action shall be removed to
children’s court; grand jury may make similar recommenda-
tion and if court so determines, indictment shall be dismissed
and defendant shall be transferred to custody of children’s
court. Chapter 568,

ITION OF CRIME AND OF DELINQUENT CHILD. Senate
Ind, 830; Pr BIIL nents roms defelioweat delinquent, chil-
dren 15'years of age who commit crimes punishable by death
or life imprisonment unless order has been made removing
action to children’s court. Chapter 554,

DEFINITION OF DRLINQUENT CHILD. Senate Int. 826, Pr.
1812: Excepts from definition of delinquent child for children’
court purposes children 15 years of age who commit acts pun-
ishable by death or life imprisonment unless order has been
made removing action to ehildren’s court. Chapter 555.

DEFINITION OF DELINQUENT CHILD. Senate Int, 827, Pr.
2112: Extends definition of delinquent ehild for N. ¥. City do-
mestic relation’s court purposes to include children over 7
and under 15 years of age who commit acts punishable by
death or life imprisonment. Chapter 556,

Conrnssions. Senate Int. 923, Pr. 944: Prohibits use in evi
dence, of confessions made by defendants whose arraignments
did not take place within 24 hour period after arrest and eom-
petent court or magistrate was available for arraignment dur-
ing period. Failed of passage.

86 ‘Tie PRISON ASSOCIATION OF New York

PER CAPITA MAINTENANCE. Senate Int. 967, Pr. 988; Assem-
bly Int. 1182, Pr. 1152: Increases from 60 cents to $1.35 a day,
per capita charge to be paid by state for felons sentenced to
penitentiaries. Failed of passage.

FELONS IN OrFick IN LABOR ORGANIZATIONS. Senate Int.
1645, Pr. 1754; Assembly Int, 1908, Pr. 2004: Provides that
persons convicted of felonies shall not hold elective or appoin-
tive offices in labor organizations; excepts those pardoned by.
governor or receiving good conduct certificate from parole
board. Failed of passage.

DiscreTioNany REDUCTION oF DEPINITE SENTENCES. Senate
Int. 1747, Pr. 1868; Assembly Int. 2879, Pr. 2560: Allows pris-
oners to be released on parole and to receive discretionary re-
Auction of definite sentences for certain convictions as 2nd or
Brd offenders. Chapter 230.

DUTIES OF PROBATION OFFICERS. Senate Int. 1778, Pr. 1899;
Assembly Int. 2078, Pr. 2198: Requires that probation officers
shall report to head of bureau or department, if there be one,
instead of directly to the court, Chapter 215,

CONSOLIDATION oF LocaL PROBATION SERVICES. Senate Int.
1779, Pr. 1900; Assembly Int. 2080, Pr. 2200: Provides that
officers and employees of county probation departments shall
be in competitive class of civil service and changes provisions
relating to appointment of county directors. Failed of passage.

EnpLoyenr oF FELONS By ALcoHoLic Baveracs Licht

SEES. Senate Int. 1840, Pr. 2009 ; Assembly Int. 2140, Pr. 2279:
Exempts from provision prohibiting employment of felons by
aleoholie beverage licensees, those who have received certificate
‘of good conduct from parole board to remove disability. Vetoed.

Domestic RELATIONS Court Acr. Senate Int. 1860, Pr. 2029;
Assembly Int. 2424, Pr. 2614: Corrects erroneous references
and clarifies provisions relating to administration of N. Y. City
domestic relations court. Vetoed.

DELINQUENT CuILD. Senate Int. 1990, Pr. 2798: Changes
lefinition of delinquent children for public welfare purposes to
except children of 15 years of age who commit acts that would
be punishable by death or life imprisonment if committed by
adult, unless order removing action to children’s court has been
made. Chapter 557.

Liars. aTion — 1948 87

RETENTION OF INSANE PRISONERS. Senate Int, 2018, Pr.
2216; Assembly Int. 2323, Pr. 2498: Provides that examination
of persons for retention by Dannemora state hospital shall:-be
made in same manner as preseribed for commitment to Mat-
teawan. Chapter 877.

Lists oF PRISONERS IN JAILS. Senate Int. 2069, Pr. 2290;
Assembly Int. 2405, Pr. 2505: Transfers to Criminal Code,
provisions of County Law relating to reporting lists of prisor
ers in jails to courts. Vetoed.

Coury Jams. Senate Int. 2078, Pr. 2294; Assembly Int,
2412, Pr. 2602: Transfers to Correction Lavi, provisions of
County Law relating to use of jails and custody and control of
prisoners. Vetoed.

Conaurmants 10 MATTEAWAN. Senate Int. 2268, Pr, 2518:
Provides that if physician of correctional institution in N. Y.
City reports that prisoner confined is insane, warden shall
transfer prisoner to Bellevue or Kings county hospital for
observation, and if insane shall be certified for commitment to
Matteawan state hospital. Chapter 447.

ConsrrruTtoNaL, AMENDMENT — CIVIL SERVICE APPOINT
MENTS. Senate Int. 2870, Pr. 2615, Assembly Int. 2902, Pr.

31: Changes provisions relating to appointments and promo-
tions in state and municipal civil service and to preference for
veterans. To Secretary of State.

PUNISHMENT. Senate Int. 2884, Pr, 2629; Assembly Int.
2008 Pe, ASST Pyoelden a heen ad petbons ce:
mitted to correction department reception center,

‘ent is not determined by court, shall be terminated by parole
board. Failed of passage.

EpUcATioN PROJECTS. Senate Int, 2488, Pr. 2771: Strikes
out provision limiting education projects for youth bureaus to
children who show signs of probable delinquent behavior.
Failed of passage.

INEBRIATES. Assembly Int. 298, Pr. 298: Requires mental
hygiene commissioner to establish centers in or adjacent to
state hospitals other than Matteawan and Dannemora state
hospitals for care and treatment of inebriates and drug ad-
diets, Approved in principle. Failed of passage.

88 THE PRISON ASSOCIATION oF NEW York

CeRTIFICATION oF TNBBRIATES. Assembly Int. 805, Pr. 81:
Senate Int. 859, Pr. 880: Provides that certificates presented
for commitment of inebriates to mental hygiene department
institutions, shall be executed by at least two certified instead
of two qualified examiners and that petition, certificate, orders
and decisions shall be presented at time of admission, to phy-
sician in charge of institution and copies forwarded by him to
department and to office of clerk of county in which inebriate
resides. Chapter 32,

Eryncr or Apsupicat1ion. Assembly Int. 1091, Pr. 1111:
Provides that the taking of youthful offenders into custody
shall not be deemed an arrest. Vetood.

Bupaer Br. Assembly Int. 1222, Pr. 1243 ; Senate Int. 1085,
Pr. 1077: Makes appropriations for personal service, mainte.
nance and operating expenses of state government.’ Chapter
st

Bupaer Bub. Assembly Int. 1225, Pr. 1246; Senate Int.
1038, Pr. 1080: Makes appropriations irom postwar recon-
struction fund for construction, improvements, repairs and
‘equipment in various state departments. Chapter 102.

BupcEr But, Assembly Int. 1227, Pr. 1248; Senate Int,
1040, Pr. 1082: Makes deficiency appropriations for support of
government. Chapter 104,

Bunder Brit. Assembly Int. 1281, Pr. 1252; Senate Int.
1044, Pr. 1086: Increases minimum ‘salaries of warden and
chief administrativo officor of correctional institutions where
felons are eonfined, from $5,000 to $5,700, with annual increase
‘of $570 instead of $500 and maximum salary of $9,120 instead
of $8,000. Chapter 136.

Count oF SPECIAL SESSIONS. Assembly Int. 1424, Pr. Senate
2821: Provides that part of N. ¥. City court of epecial sessions
for hearing and trial of cases against adults, shall be held every
day in the year oxcept Saturdays, Sundays and holidays in
Brooklyn, instead of at least three days a week. Failed of
passage.

» Conpuct—ArToRNEYs, Assembly Int, 1698, Pr. 1699;
Senate Int. 866, Pr. B84 Authorizes appellate division to ve
Sale of modify oor of dbarment of attorneys after board ot
parole grants cortifeate of good eonduet removing disability
Fase of felony conviction, Vetoed,

LacisLaTion — 1948, 89

Goop ConpUcT— INSURANCE ADsUSTERS. Assombly Int, 1629,

Pr. 1815; Senate Int. 1379, Pr. 1489: Provides that restrictions

on licensing as insurance adjusters, persons convicted of felony

or certain fraudulent crimes, shail not prevent employment

atter receipt of certificate of good conduct granted by parole
urd removing disability. Chapter 621.

FINGERPRINTS AND PuoTOGRAPHS, Assembly Int. 1651, Pr.
8153; Senate Int. 1894, Pr. 2260: Provides that in criminal
cases, fingerprints and photographs of persons acquitted shall
be returned after previous conviction elsewhere if crime or
offense, vagrancy or disorderly conduct is not as defined by
penal law or eriminal code of this state, Vetoed,

PROBATION. Assembly Int. 1857, Pr. 1949: Permits revoca-
tion of probation by court of special sessions and city magis.
trates in N. Y. City within maximum periods fixed; court may
issue warrant for arrest for violation of probation and may
revoke or impose sentence on arraignment. Chapter 845,

YOuTHYUL OFFENDERS. Assembly Int, 1879, Pr. 1975; Senate
Int. 1644, Pr. 1758: Provides that an arrest shall be considered
detention in proceedings involving youthful offenders. Vetoed.

CORRECTION OpFIcER COMPENSATION. Assembly Int. 1997,
Pr, 2105; Senate Int. 1890, Pr. 2072: Allows persons employed
in local penitentiary or by municipal eorreetion department as
guard or correction officer, expenses for injuries in perform.
ance of duty and pay for period of disability. Failed of passage,

Connection OFFICERS’ SALARIES. Assembly Int. 2041, Pr.
2161; Senate Int. 1889, Pr. 2071: Provides that gross annual
pay for penitentiary guards and correction officors in eompeti-
tive civil service class of municipalities, shall not be less after
equal years of service, than gross annual pay for patrolmen of
the local police force. Failed of passage.

REIMBURSEMENT To COUNTIES—PAROLE ViOLATORS. Assem-
bly Int. 2322, Pr. 2497; Senate Int. 2085, Pr. 2306; Allows
counties to be reimbursed for temporary eustody of prisoners
xelaken for violation of parole, to be paid by state at rate of
$1.50 a day after first five days. Vetoed.

AL PATIENTS. Assembly Int. 2849,
tment of patients in state instit

90 ‘THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK

RANSFER OF CHILDREN. Asvembly Int. 2895, Pr. 2578: Pro-
vides for transfer of children from one institution or ageney to
another after commitment by N. Y. City domestic relations
court, on application of first institution or agency, because of
condition detrimental to institution or childven therein, Failed
of passage.

CANTEENS. Assembly Int. 2897, Pr. 3126; Senate Int. 2385,
Pr, 2630: Authorizes correction Commissioner to allow heads
of institutions to establish canteens for use of inmates and em-
ployees and to deposit profits therefrom in special fund for
general purposes of institutions. Chapter 585.

Exnina Rzvonmarony. Assembly Int, 2899, Pr. 8128 ; Senate
Int, 2886, Pr. 2631: Provides for confinement in Elmira re-
formatory of persons convicted of offenses less than felonies
and transferred by correction commissioner from another in-
stitution. Chapter 647.

SEXUAL, PsyeroparH Clinic. Assembly Int. 2949, Pr. 3271;
Senate Int. 2 r. 2954: Appropriates $85,000 to mental
hygiene department for study of persons convicted of sex
crimes; study shall be made at Sing Sing prison where prisoners
shall be transferred by correction commissioner. Chapter 609.

Bovorr BULL. Assembly Int. 2978, Pr. 8847; Senate Int.
2557, Pr. 2960: Makes supplemental appropriations for sup-
port of government. Chapter 468.

Opposed

BRUSH-MAKING. Senate Int. 215, Pr. 2153 Assembly Int.
1487, Pr. 1520: Provides that no brush-making shall be done
in any state prison, penitentiary or reformatory for state or
political subdivision or for public institution, except as may be
required for use in state correctional and charitable institu-
tions. Failed of passage.

PAROLE. Senate Int. 883, Pr. 1019; Assembly Int. 447, Pr.
1083: Provides that prisoners on parole shall not be released
except by majority instead of unanimous vote of members of
parole board; if member of board is unable to act, governor
shall appoint competent informed person to act during dis-
ability. Failed of passage.

DISCRETIONARY REDUCTION OF JAIL SENTENCES. Senate Int.
918, Pr. 934; Assembly Int. 1181, Pr. 1151: Increages from five
to ten days for each month during period ef sentence to county
Jail, amount of discretionary reduction which may be allowed
{for efficient and willing performance of duties. Vetoed.

LagisLaTion — 1948, aL

Bau, Sentence Int. 921, Pr. 1850: Permits city magistrates
to admit to bail persons charged with fete con
district attorney. Vetoed. . Se NT ES:

2964: Establishes
of age, to be kno
courts;
eases are being con-
authorizes court to enter
welfare of girls or to re-
trie study to city hospital

Coun Arsuspants. Senate Int, 485, Pr. 2861; Ao
{nt 1880, Pr. 2580: Authorizes fuiges of acorns cen ee

sions in N. ¥. county to appoint attendants; hes qealinentog
and civil service status, Vetoed. seguteniooe

Vonsc my Pavows, Senate Int. 1725, Pr. 1844 Provides
that disqualification of voters convicted fom tei see
So years after expialion of musanim sees ante
ne

Yours. Ormenonts, Senate Int 1708, Pr, 2268; As

Ind 2114 Pr. 22402 Defines youth offnders 0 ated
oceeings, a those who have hot seach ser atc
19. Failed of passage. echn ge SY, tnetond of

LBA oF GUIRY, Senate Int. 172, Pr. 1884 Aes
2196, Pr. 2887 Authorizes cours fase Seceesgme me
belt iio wert nen tpl te etchant
‘tas ng th pea Poke

Civ, Sunvics, Senate Int. 1704, Pr. 19895 Ao

mate Int. 1794, Pr. 1989; Assembly Int,
2040, Pr, 2160: Brovides that conviction of erie hela
into military service shall not disqualify. honorably discharged
war veterans for civil srviee employment Pesiod sess

REMAND oR PAROLE OF CHILDREN. Senate Int, 1859, Pr. 2028;

Assombly Int, 2894; Pr. 2577: Authorizes N. Y.
relations court to remand or parole children
commitment and delivery to associations,
institutions. Chapter 838,

~ City domestic
between time of
agencies, societies or

92 ‘Tum PRISON ASSOCIATION oF NEW YORE

REHABILITATION, Senate Int. 1884, Pr. 2066; Assembly Int,
506, Pr. 508: Provides for rehabilitation by release of penalties

disabilities on petition of offenders convicted of felonies or
misdemeanors aften ten years have elapsed without another
conviction since suspension of sentenee or expiration of parole,
probation, or imprisonment. Failed of passage.

Vistravion By JupaEs. Senate Int. 1988, Pr. 2186; Assembly
Int. 2486, Pr, 2676: Authorizes children's court judges to visit
schools to which children have been remanded or committed
‘and to attend conferences and mectings of children’s court
judges’ association; traveling expenses shall be paid by coun-
ties. Failed of passage.

Caine INSTITUTE, Senate Int. 2267, Pr. 2512: Establishes in
correction department, state institute for study of crime and
for rehabilitation and treatment of delinquents and criminals;
appropriates $15,000. Failed of passage.

SEGREGATION oF Finst OFFENDERS. Assembly Int, 2162, Pr.
2801: Requires that state correction commissioner shall segre-
gate first offenders from other prisoners in state prisons.
Failed of passage.

Fingexpxin’s oF YourHFUL OFFENDERS. Assembly Int. 2828,
Pr, 2507: Provides that after end of parole or probation, fin-
gerprints of youthful offenders shall be returned to them upon
order of judge of court of record and upon recommendation of
parole oF probation authorities, Failed of passage.

Sex OvFENDERS. Assembly Int. 2437, Pr. 2627 : Requires that
persons convieted of sex offenses shall register with chief of
police or sheriff within five days after effective date, or within
five days from release from custody, or within five days after

ng state; notice shall be given of change of address
within 24 hours. Failed of passage,

CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT — CIVIL SERVICE APPOINT-
MENTS. Senate Int, 2259, Pr. 2504; Assembly Int, 2680, Pr
2900: Provides that after Dec. 81, 1950, and until Dee. 31,
1955, war veterans shall be entitled to preference after dis.
abled veterans for civil service positions only as to appoint-
ment and not for promotion. To Secretary of State.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

‘THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK
GENERAL. FUND
STATEMENT OF INCOME AND EXPENSES
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1948,
INCOME
Donations special pun
The

poses
Greater New POR Pana
Other Fangs “Sto

onations—unrestricted 1o7a2.25 $27,508.44
406.18

2 1,270.00
Dividends on stock AP5050 19,891.28

‘Total Income 46,890.73
BXPENSES

operat adminetration 18,508.59,
10.982.58
6250

Perineal custodian’ foes’ and

House maintenance

‘Telephone snd telegraph
Anulting, legal and legislative

Total Expenses 46,981.08

NET LOSS FOR THE YEAR 3 am

AUDITORS’ OPINION

We have audited the books, accounts, minutes and other records of ‘The
Pra Mesclation of New York Zor the year ended Decenbor Si 1048
fairly dhe resus of the operations for that year, = ne" wove Presents

(signed) WERSTER, HORNE & ELSDON

Now Yorks N. ¥. Gertified Public Accountants

May 12, 1830

[93]

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS

An Act to Incorporate The Prison Association of New York.
‘Passed May 9, 1846, by a two-thirds vote. (As subsequently
amended.)

The People of the Siate of New York, represented in Senate
and Assembly, do enact as follows:

Section 1. All such persons as now are and hereafter shall
become members of the said association pursuant to the consti-
tution thereof, shall and are hereby constituted a body corpo
rate by the uame of The Prion Association of New York, and
by that name have the powers that

eighteenth chapter, of the first part of the Revised Statutes, are
declared to belong to every corporation, and shall be capable of
purchasing, holding and conveying any estate, real or personal,
for the use of said corporation, provided that such real estate
shall never exceed the yearly value of ten thousand dollars, nor
be applied to any other purpose than thoze for which this cor-
poration is formed.

§2. The estate and concerns of said corpovation shall be
managed and conducted by its executive committee, in con-
formity to the constitution of the said corporation; and the
following articles that now form the constitution of the assoei-
‘ation shall continue to be the fundamental laws and constitu
tion thereof, subject to alteration in the mode therein pre-
seribed.

ABTICLE FiRst

‘The objects of the association shall be:

1. ‘The amelioration of the condition of prisoners whether
detained for trial, or finally convicted, or as witnesses.

2. ‘The improvement of prison discipline and the government
of prisons whether for cities, counties or states,

3. The support and encouragement of reformed conviets
after their discharge by affording them the means of obtaining

an honest livelihood and sustaining them in their efforts at
reform,

ARTICLE SECOND
‘The officers of the society shall be a president, four vice-

presidents, a recording secretary, a corresponding secretary,
and a treasurer, and there shall be the following committecs,

[4]

Consmrvrion anp By-Laws 95

viz.: a finance committee, a committee on detentions, a com-
mittee on prison discipline, a commitiee on discharged eonviets
and an executive committee. The number of the executive com-
mittee shall consist of not more than thirty-five, of whom not
more than ten shall be officers of the society, and not more than
‘twenty-five shall be persons other than officers.

ARTICLE THIRD

‘The officers named in the preceding article shall be ex-officio
members of the executive committee, who shall choose one of
their number to be chairman thereof,

ARTICLE FOURTH.

‘The executive committee shall meet once in each month, and
keep regular minutes of their proceedings. They shall have a
general superintendence and diretion of the affairs of the
society, and shall annually report to the society all their pro-
ceedings, and such other matters as shall be likely to advance
the ends of the association.

ARTICLE FIFTH

‘The society shall meet annually in the city of New York, at
such time and place as the executive committee shall appoint,
and at such other times as the president, or in his absenee, one
of the vice-presidents, shall designate.

ARTICLE SIXTH,

Any person contributing annually to the funds of the assoc
ation not less than five dollars shall, owing to such contribution,
be a member thereof. A contribution of five hundred dollars
shall constitute a life patron; a contribution of one hundred
dollars shall constitute an honorary member of the association
for life, and a contribution of fifty dollars shall constitute a
member of the association for life, Honorary and correspond-
ing members may, from time to time be appointed by the execu-
tive committee,

ARTICLE SEVENTH.

A female department shall be formed consisting of such fe-
males as shall be selected by the executive committee, who shall
have charge of the interest and welfare of prisoners of their
sex, under such regulations as the executive committee shall
adopt.

96 ‘Tite PRISON ASSOCIATION oF New YORK

ARTICLE EIGHT

‘The officers of the association shall be chosen annually at
‘the annual meeting, at which time such persons may be elected
honorary members as shall have rendered essential service to
the cause of prison discipline.

Auricue NINTH

“Any society having the same objects in view may become
auxiliary to this association by contributing to its funds and
‘cooperating with it.

ARTICLE TENTH.

‘The executive commitive shall have power to add to any of
the standing committees such persons, as, in their opinion, may
be likely to promote the objects of the society, and shall have
power to fill any vacaney whieh may occur in any of the oflices
Of the association, intermediate the annual meetings.

ARTICLE ELEVENTH

‘This constitution may be amended by a vote of the majority
of the society at any meeting thereof, provided notice of the
amendment has been given at the next preceding meeting.

‘The officers elected Zor the curvent year, under the constitu-
tion shall continue to be the officers thereof until others shall be
duly chosen in their places.

‘And it is hereby further enacted that no manager of said
society shall receive any compensation for his services.

§ 8. The said executive committee shall have power to estab-
lish a workhouse in the county of New York, and in their dis
cretion, to receive and take into the said workhouse all such
persons as shall be taken up and committed as vagrants or di
‘orderly persons in said city as the Court of General Sessions of
the Peace, or the Court of Special Sessiona, or the Court of
Oyer and Terminer, in said county, or any police magistrate,
or the commissioner of the almshouse may deem proper ob-
jects, and the said executive committee shall have the same
Powers to keep, detain, employ and govern the said persons as
are now by law conferred on-the keepers of the bridewell or
penitentiary in said city.

§4. ‘The said executive committee may, from time to time,
make by-laws, ordinauces and regulations, relative to the man-
agement and disposition of the estate, and concerns of said

ConsmrruTion AND By-Laws 97

association and the management, government, instruction, dis-
cipline, and employment of the persons s0 as aforesaid eom-
mitted to the said workhouse, not contrary to law, as they may
deem proper and may appoint such officers, agents and serv
ants as thoy may deom necessary to transact the business of
the said association, and may designate their duties. And the
said executive committee shall make an annual report to the
Legislature and to the corporation of the city of New York, of
the number of persons received by them into the said work-
house, the disposition which shall be made of them by instruct
ing or employing them therein, the receipts and expenditures
of said executive committee and generally all such facts and
particulars as may exhibit the operations of the said association.

§5. The said executive committee shall have power, during
the minority of any of the persons so committed to fe said
workhouse, to bind out the said persons so being minors, as
aforesaid, as apprentices or servants, with their eonsent dur
ing their minority, to such persons and at such places, to learn
such proper trades and employments as in their judgment will
be most conducive to their reformation and amendment and
future benefit and advantage of such persons

§6. The said executive committee by such committees as
they shall from time to time appoint, shall have power, and it
shall be their duties to visit, inspect, and examine, all the pris-
ons in the State and annually report to the Legislature their
state and condition and all such other things in regard to them
a8 may enable tho Legislature to porfect their government and
discipline. And to enable them to execute the powers and per-
form the duties hereby granted and imposed, they shall possess
all the powers and authority that by the twenty-fourth section,
of title first, chapter third, part fourth of the Revised Statutes,
are invested in inspectors of county prisons and the duties of
the keepers of each prison that they may examine shall be the
same in relation to them, as in the soction aforesaid, are im-
posed on the keepors of such prisons in relation to the inspee-
tors thereof; provided, that no such examination or inspection
of any prison shall be made until an order for that purpose to
be granted by the chancellor of this State, or one of the judges
of the Supreme Court, or by a viee-chaneellor or cireuit judge,
or by the first judge of the county in which the prison to be
‘examined shall be situate shall first have been had and ob-
tained, which order shall specify the name of the prison to be
examined, the name of the persons, members of the said associ-
ation, by whom the examination is to be made, and the time
within which the same must be concluded.

98 ‘Tun PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW Yor

BY-LAWS"

1. There shall bea slated meeting of the executive committee
on the Third. Thursday of each month, and special meeting
hall be held on the requisition of the Chairman or any three
mombbers of the exccutive committee. The call for a special
Imecting shal, in all eases, state the business to be transacted
it said meeting. The simnval meeting shail be held on the third
‘Thursday of January in each year at an how and place to be

lesignated by the executive committer

ete number of monbors composing the exeeutive committee
exclusive of the officers of the association, is hereby fixed at
‘renty-four, and divided into four groups or classes a8 follow
‘At the election held at the nnnval mecting of the year 1916,
‘here shall be elecze, to serve from that date, six members £0"
the term of one year, six for the term of two years, six for the
term of threo years, six for the terin of four years. At each
nual meeting thereafter sie members shall he elected for the
term of four years in place of those whose terms of office ten
texire, Any vacancies in the membership of the committee by
Geathy resignation or otherwise; may be filed either by the as-
Scciation at any annual meeting or, in interimas between the
fnmual mocting, by the exeentive committee

I, At every meeting of the execntive committee five mem-
bers shall be necessary’ to constitite s quorutm.

TH, The order of business st the anntal meeting shall be as
follow

1, Election of chairman and secretary.
Reading of minutos of the last meeting.
8, Report of committee on nominations.
4, Blection of officers.
5. Report of corresponding secretary on work of year,
6. Annual report of the treasurer.

IY, The order of business at every other stated meeting
shall be as follows:

‘As amended by the Executive Committee of the Association at its
3881

lay in Jame
t the November mesting tho By-Laws were

ie it the monthly raeting be bed the third

lay of cach out ag heretofore, and that the annual meeting of
the Association be held ou the third Thureday in January of each year.

ConsmrruTion AND By-Laws

1. The reading and approval of the minutes of the last pre-
coding meeting,

2. Report of treasurer.

8, Reports from standing committees,

4, Report from the corresponding secretary.
5. Reports from special committees.

6, Report from the general agent.

7. Miscellaneous business,

At a special meeting no othor business shall be transacted
than that for which the said meeting was called.

Y. The chairman shall appoint all standing and special com-
mittees and decide all questions of order, subject to an appeal;
and the rules of order shall be those embodied in Cushing’s
manual so far as they are applicable.

VL The recording secretary of the association shall be the
seeretary of the executive committee ; and it shall be his duty to
keep the minutes of the proceedings of said committee, to re-
cord them in a book provided for that purpose, and to give due
notice of all meetings of the committee,

‘VIL. The corresponding secretary shall conduet the corre-
spondence of the executive committee and of each of the stand
ing committees; and shall act as the general financial agent of
the association, ‘and shall report at each stated meeting of the
‘committee.

VILL The treasurer shall have charge of the funds of the
association, and shall give such security as the executive com.
mittee may require. His duties are more fully defined in by-
law X.

IX. There shall be at least the following standing commit-
tees: executive; finance; law; detentions; nominations pro-
bation and parole; prison administration. Such committecs in
addition to any powers or duties conferred by these by-laws
shall severally possess the power and be subject to the duties
designated from time to time by the executive committee. Fur-
thermore, the committee on probation and parole shall fune-
tion as the committee on discharged convicts mentioned in the
constitution, and the committee on prison administration shall
function as the committee on prison discipline mentioned in
the constitution.

The duties of the above named committees, not otherwise
provided for in the constitution or by-laws, are as follows:

100 ‘THe PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NeW YORK

It shall be the duty of the committee on detentions to inquire
as far as may be practicable or necessary into the causes of
‘commitment of persons held in institutions of the Department
of Correction of the City of New York, and, whon deemed de-
sirable, to adopt available measures for procuring the dis-
charge or providing for the defense of such as shall appear to
be entitled theveto, It shall further be the duty of the commit-
tee, when arrangements are made therefor, to extend its work
to jails, penitentiarics, veformatories and prisons outside of
the City of New York and within the Siate of New York.

‘Tt shall be the duty of the committee on nominations to con-
sider the qualifications of persons available for election as vice-
presidents or available for membership on the executive com-
miltee of the association, and to make recommendations
thereon to the executive committee for final action

Tt shall be the duty of the eommittee on probation and parole
to be associated with the operation of the probation, parole and
employment bureaus of the aseociation, and, from time to time,
to make recommendations in respect thereto.

‘Tt shall be the duty of the committee on prison administra-
tion to consider the internal organization and management of
county jails, penitentiaries, reformatories and State prisons,
and the welfare of persons confined therein,

X. ‘The committee on finance shall be charged with the duty
of raising and caring for the funds.

‘The funds of the association shall be divided into two parts
to be known as

1. The endowment fund,
2, The general fund.

The Endowment Fund.—The endowment fund shall consist
of such contributions as shall be given with the restriction that
the income only shall be used for the purpose of the association,
and all legacies.

The Endowment and Generat Funds.—The endowment and
general funds shall be undor the immediate direction and con-
trol of the committee on finance, and all investments of the en-
dowment fund shall be ordered by the committee, of whieh the
treasurer shall be a member and chairman.

‘The securities belonging to the association shall be kept in &
custodian department of an institution selected by the members
of the committee on finance,

‘The executive committee may in their discretion draw upon
such portions of the endowment fund as are unrestricted, for
the general purposes of the Association,

Consrirurion AND By-Laws 101

‘The General Fund.—The term “general fund” shall cover all
receipts of the association not constituting a special fund or
specified for the endowment fund, the intention being that all
tho income, except legacies, including donations for general
purposes, and income from ondowment fund, shall be eredited

‘each activity of the association shall be charged at the close of
the fiscal year.

‘The treasurer shall notify the corresponding secretary im-
mediately on receipt by him of any sum for the account of the
association that such receipt may be entered at once to the
credit of the proper account on the books of the association.

‘The corresponding secretary shall be the general disbursing
agent of the association, the object of the provision being to
‘keep in the central offices of the association, all receipts for
payments by him for the association of any kind, nature or
description, and to have in the central offiees immediate record
of all his disbursements.

All donations received by the corresponding seeretary shall
be entered by him upon the proper books of the association and
then deposited in such bank as directed by the treasurer to the
eredit of the association. Whenever the executive committee
shall make an appropriation out of the general fund the eor-
responding secretary ehall send to the treasurer a copy of the
resolution making the appropriation, certified by the recording
secretary, which certified copy shall be the treasurer's author-
ity for transferring the appropriated amount to the corre-
sponding secretary.

‘The treasurer shall keep an account covering the general
fand in the namo of the association, subject to his check as
treasurer in such bank as may be selected by him and approved
by the committee on finance.

‘The corresponding secretary shall keep a bank account in
the name of the association, subject to his check as correspond-
ing seeretary for current disbursements, and shall deposit to
the crodit of said bank account all moneys he may receive from
the treasurer drawn from the general fund.

‘The committee on finance shall arrange for annual audits of
the accounts of the treasurer and of the corresponding secre-
tary.

At each regular meeting of the executive committee the
treasurer shall make a detailed statement of the receipts and
disbursements for the preceding calendar month. He shall
make a statement showing tho investments and the receipts
and disbursements of the endowment fund; he shall make, at