113th Annual Report, 1957

Legislative Document (1953)

STATE OF NEW YORK

THE ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTEENTH
ANNUAL REPORT

ov Tae

Prison Association of New York

135 East 15th Street, New York
1987

i

goe-a- 2

PREFACE

‘This is an official report of the Prison Association of New York

to the Legislature of the State of New York, which has been made
smnualy sineo 1845, and constitutes the one Tbundred and thiteenth
Paragraph 6 of Article XI of the act ineorporating the Prison
Association of Now York provides that “‘the said executive com-
mittee’” (of the Prison Astociation), “by such committoes as they
shall from time to time appoint, shall have power, and it shall be
their duty to visit, inspeet and examine all the prisons of the State,
‘annually report to the Legislature their state and condition
and all sueh other things in regard to them as may enable the
Legislature to perfect their government and diseipline."”

CONTENTS

See ise i387"

ior Nearer New Sv City)

‘Aaatt Reception Center

‘Sepancion of Fort Gani Sra for Vouhtal Oise
- Boe Caney Program or Aft

Eyal Batis for Correction’ Mate

Reeivl of ntigs elative to Appoiinea cf Cie

a aes = cane a z
on Aga oo bora ea
Piglets Hoong of Eaton Persad Given Haven

‘Attend te Pousi ‘Taw fa Raison to Jutaping Barole
Tneremed Allowanes for Giiking foe Belous

‘oimaracmont for Maa

Rulnbareanot to Gomi Zostatione for Hoard of Mite
Praag of Serteace =.

New Yor Gly Department of Correcbon
‘AEtriau Law Lactate Model Penal Gods
oeion of Gang Project.

i Conference

ie from Pena Gud ta Connecti
a

‘Pre’ Protection-—ikore Isai

rg Say om he Ge Ofer
Sos Gry Law Net 2

ripples : ee
Latter = “Per fs hs ova :
vlan Geseal Siy

Standard aingmom eles

pay :

Asahitentral ala :
oped Lox ae i ical of

High Sheol Graduation Baurhey at Rikers Taaad’

oe Bind a6 Digan fr Gigi isa
Ertion Facllshe 2b) Mulberry Scot

Lagat A 2 Se

Beaal Reform and ‘is AnesianiGoreeiioual Aasociattou

‘ile Adopicty Uli Nations fog tbe Prataent of
tiodtiry amare Unto Stata! Crreyonéonts fo U2,

ally Abwovinal Biisosert 11002.)
Eebicere Onder Avrat or Awaiting 9

Moaera Gonespion of Prison Sar
Bites of ia ex Conditions of Beri
Recreate? Sta
b. Frfeaioel Pring”

‘THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK

OFFICERS FOR 1957
President
Epwauo P, Munnooxey

Recording Secretary Preasurer
Ware C. Tracer, Jn, ©. C. Avommcross

Corresponding and General Seoretary
BR Cass

Vice Presidents
‘Mes, Sous Oons Amine
. Suvmam Corame
Hato K. Hoceseano
owas 0. Hot

Executive Committee
Bowano P. Muteooxey, Chairman

Class of 1957 Class of 1950
Donan Acxew

Hoexry A. Witanexoma

Banpnxck W. Rrcumoxn las of 3960
@. Howzann Suaw

Class of 1958 Ocoes Ware

Is,
Rican 6, Parsenson, Jn,
Peanom E! Powsut, Jt,

STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1957

(COMMIFTER ON LAW
Cxrancmns, Aanmw, Eaton

COMMITTEE ON FINANCI
©.C, Avonmveross, Hocuscamo, Lee, Wetrm

COMMITTEE ON DETENTIONS
Smaw, Mra, BaLiawausu, Parrenson, Ricaonp

COMMINTTFE ON NOMINATIONS
©. ©. Aucumctoss, Bases, Hocascmiio, Houren

COMMITTEE ON PROBATION AND PAROLE,
Mus, Avie, B.D. Avommotoss, Corto, Mes. Duutas, Powstt,

COMMITTEE ON PRISON ADMINISTRATION
Motrooxny, ALExaNprR, Bancock, Cuoss, Scuoexvano, Tract

ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF
‘THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK

January 20, 1958
Hox, Grosox B. DrLvea,

Liewlenant Governor and President of the Senate:

How. Oswarn D, Huck, Speaker of the Assembly:

Sms—In accordance with Chapter 163 of the Laws of 1846, we
have the honor to present the One Hundred and Thirteenth Annual
Report of The Prison Association of New York, and to request that
you will lay the same before the Legislature,
Respeetfally,
THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK
By Epwaxp P. Munoowxy, President
. R. Cass, General Secretary

‘THE NEW YORK TIMES

Saturday, July 13, 1957

PRISON AGENCY REPORT

In May of 1846 the New York State Legislature
incorporated the Prison Association of New York as
a pavate agency dedicated to "tho amelioration of
the condition of prisoners” and “the improvement of
prison discipline and. government.” The association's
Tram ennual report throws interesting light on how
tridely ramified nd changod is aetivities have beeome
In working toward these objectives, originally 50 sim
ply stated,

Under the direction of a distinguished board, of
which Bayard P. Mulrooney is president and B, R.
Gam genoral secretary, the association is helping to
Dring the findings of the social sefencss and tho experi
face’ of enlightened practice 9 boar on the actual
Sperations of the correctional institntion of the siate
‘That these azencice aze now commonly called “correc
tional” rathor than “'penal’™-or just “prisons” —is
fn index of the profound shift in emphasis that has
{akon place in dealing ‘with those who violate the
Taw.

Tadividual rehabilitation has come to be recognized
as af least of equal importance with detention in the
protection of sovilynot to mention the welfare of
the mats, hemes, But the scion wily
Unger that “he payehologists and the psychiatrists,
Tee social worse and others be wisely and cautiously
employed.”

"Through specific recommendations to the Legisla-
ture, by suggesting Improvements to the state and
sity Departments of Correction based on an inspection
Sf the institutes they operate, and in working with
“ther publie welfare agencies in fx Hel6, the associa
tion doing conspienous service in an important
fause. Tt deacrves all the support t5 needs require.

107

RECOMMENDATIONS *
January 20, 1958

To the Honorable Members of the Senate and Assembly:

In accordance with Chapter 163 of the Laws of 1846, we have the
honor to present the following recommendations to the Legislature
ag a part of the 113th Annual Report of The Prison Association of
New York, and urge that they receive your serious consideration,

‘Respectfully submitted,

THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK
‘Epwano P. Mornooxry, President
Fpwano R, Cass, Goneral Secretary

CITIZEN APATHY CAN BE COSTLY

‘The language in tho above title is not intended to cause alarm
or to seem unduly harsh, but instead to somewhat regretfully
remind that public indifference has proven costly in the past.

n example of what we have in mind is that the disturbances in
our prisons in 1929 wero eostly In life and property, but they did
make for eonspieuous gains, These in their entirety were greater

in preceding years or sineo. 7! repeated question in
‘areas of social welfare is “Must we have such unfortunate happen-
ings in order to go forward?”

What wore these gains? Tmproved physical conditions within
our institutions and the establishment of new ones; a start for the
development of & system of education in its broadest, senso as a
‘part of the departmental program the better eontrol of the prison
population through security measures; the moderation of inmate
body participation in the daily handling of prisoners; slight im-
provement of industrial operations. Generally speaking there was
fan awakening of public conselousness as to its interest and respon

ibility toward the existence of prisons. This was felt through the
[press and otherwise in support of the findings and recommendations
stemming from the formal investigations at that time; as a matter
of fact, Zor several years thereafter. Many of the weaknesses and
needs that were emphasized in connection with the disturbances
hhad for some time previous been pointed out in official and semi-
offeial reports to the Legislature and others.

in the area of parole we havo made our best gains as a result of
seandals, and this is an expression of regret by The Prison Associs-
tion of New York, which body had considerable to do with the
introduction of the indeterminate sentonee and parole in. this
country.

“uring Fespnmnendatons tn mimeograpbed fom ware sade, arte, te

" of ‘Sioa in advance of the

oy

2 ‘Tae Pmitox Assocation ov New Yor

Probation, and community programs for erime prevention, while
showing some progress In recent years, nevertheless continue to
Suffer through a lack of public interest oxeapt in a eyele of upsurge
‘of juvenile delinqueney und youth erime.

Yedoes soem to be an American practice, or tradition, that some-
thing terrible must happen, or some sudden alarm arise, in order
to gain headway in dealing with a social problem such as crime 60
that there will result better public welfare and protection,

New York's Prison Problem

‘The prisons under the eontzol of the New York State Department
of Correction house close to 16,000 felons and misdemeanants. ‘The
‘New York City institutions house over 6,000 misdemeanants. Na-

tional figures indicate that sixty per cant Of the inmates of federal
and state prisons are repeaters—in New York City, the figure jumps
to two-thirds

‘Why this recidivism? The answer lies in the inadequacy of eorree-
tion programs and the sad fact that our eorreetional system doce
not correct.

‘We cannot and do not argue with the premise that criminals
‘must be incarcorated for the safoly of the community. But. we do
argue with the thought that imprisonment in itself is sufficient. Te
ig not enough that wo house prisoners under deeent living condi
tions, with good clothes and adequate food. We must also feed their
minds and spirits. Onr faibive to do this will. result in almost a

and-out-of-prison-again movement of law violators.

"We have underscored repeatedly in our earlier reports the cost
(ano $85,000,000 per year) of maintaining our State Department
of Correction (exclusive of property investment, buildings and

$83,000,000, fr the i
Parole, not to mention the Now Yorke City Department of Corree-
tion expending over $11,000,000. However, added to these Syures
are more millions relating to police opesations snd prosecuting

gencios and tho courts, Te loss to the vietims of eriminal acts im

is big business and takes 2 good slice of the taxpayer's dollar.

‘The Prison Association's Answer

‘The Prison Association of Now York tecls that the basie fonction
of the prison is that something more be done than simply keeping
men within an onclosury and under lock and key. To do this is to
‘subsidize a school for erimo, with the result that the state will have
‘to pay millions of dollars tor the rearrests, the prosecation and

Ngedueation” of its released prisoners

Schools for crime must, become sehocls against crime, AIl the
‘resources of medicine, psychology, peychiatry, penology and instruc:

RECOMMENDATIONS To THE LivOISLATURE 1

tion in sosial living must be utilized in order to return as many
social beings to society as possible. To challenge such a program is,
‘at once to object 10 society receiving such protection, and to deny
that psychiatry, psychology, religion and edueation, lead to the
understanding and reformation of character. The eivilizing power
Of the school, the shop, the elinie, must be furthered in our prisons.

Nor are the constantly incressing number of arrests limited to
adults. Approximately one-quarter of thoso arrested are in the
16-20 year old group. And, of this category, over onesifth were
commitied to institutions.

‘This, then, is ome problem—to reduce the extent of recidivism by
adequate correctional programming—by rehabilitating every person
‘whose previous history indicates such @ possibility.

How Can Progress Be Made?

In previous annnal reports we have used such opening expres.
sions as ‘On Behalf of Implementation”; ‘Implementing the
“Accomplishments”; “Are We Meoting the Challenge?” This Ian-
guage was intended to indicate that we do not suffer from the lack
of sound ideas and suggestions in most phusea of eorrectional treat
ment in en offort toward implementation and the finding of more
satisfactory solutions, but that we are woofully weak in activating
many of the suggestions based ou intimate knowledge and experi:
fence, It is too frequently assumed that reports of investigations oF
special studies, ar resolntions adopted by eivie bodies are routine
‘and need not ta be taken. too serious

Yet the truth is that in these various aetions there is a gi
potentisl and the essence Zor progress, certainly in the area of
rime study and treatment, to give the people of our state better
‘protuction, While the people ss a whole are concerned, and some
are the victims of criminal aets, yet they luck organization to
Gevelop au impetus that will being action in branches of govern
ments. However, at limes of evisis publie lethargy quickly tums
to-shock, condemnation and vwrat

‘This Association, in pleading for a more steady application of
sound recommendations for the improvement. of our correctional
‘media, has only one objective in mind and that is the publie welfare
fand protection, We know that there is sometimes afield the thought
these siggestions have as their foundation the desire to coddlo the
criminal. So far as we are concerned it can be very definitely said
that the’ coddling of prisoners is not a part of our recommenda
tions, or various sugyestions, and we do not believe it, to be con-
sonant with prison development or reform, As far as the prisoner
is concerned, he ought not to be idolized, nor should he be ostracized.
We do not believe that most prisoners are asking for sentiment,

there are many men in prison who recognize their weaknesses and
are asking for # fair chance toward their rehabilitation, Experience
hhas tanght that we eannot treat our great social problems on the

“ ‘Tax Prison Assocutio or Now Youc

basis of excessive sentimentality or excossive hatred. Neither one
is going to accomplish the resulta we so greatly desire. The problem
of erime and its treatment has baen @ challenge through the ages
and always a threat to the woll-being of mankind gonorally. Its
‘Solution is not easy or simple, there berng no ono answer or any one
‘ure. ‘Such simplideation is’ eagerly sought, again in periods of
ftisis, by some who become experts overnight and lack wide
Tn harmony with the above introduction the Associstion again
‘makes recommendations to the Legislature, some of which have been
made before. It is our hope that daring the 1958 session as many
‘8s possible of these recommendations will be activated in the public
bebalt.

RECOMMENDATION I, COORDINATED CORRECTIONAL
‘SYSTEM

‘Tho Prison Association has, for a number of years, advocated
and urged that logislative support be given to the further eoordins.
tion of the State's correctional system, While much of this may be
accomplished by administrative dircetion, legislative approval of
the necessary funds is needed, Coordination, in this sense, may
etter be defined as contralization of services within’ the head-
quarters of the Department of Correction, New York has long been
in noed of a centralized, dopartment-wide elassification system,
Tooking toward the more ‘efficient utilization ‘of the wide variety.
of institutional facilities now available. Further, there should be
centralization of other special services, such as” expanded educa
tional, medical, dental, and industrial, each placed under the imme-
Ginte supervision of qualified leadership.

There is no alternative to efficient correctional administration.
In general, and in theory at least, the responsibilities of classifiea-
tion ‘and treatment, institutional services, personnel and adminis.
tration should each’ bo placed under a competent deputy commis

RECOMMENDATION I, ACADEMY OF CORRECTIONAL
‘TRAINING

Pocilitigs and funds should be provided for the establishment
of an academy of correctional training in the Department of Cor
ection. It is being increasingly recognized that satisfactory eorree-
‘ional personnel is essential for progress in the administration of
sand institutions and thet sueh personnel
ity and selected othor than a hitand-miss

‘The State of New York made substantial progress when years
it placed its wardens and enstodial staff under of
lowever, this has not been adequately supplemented with in-servieo

Recommenanions 0 ae LaGstaree 18

training programs and refresher courses, A good demonstration
‘was made with the establishment of the Guard Sehool at Wallkill
Prison somo years ago but this has been Jong discontinued and as
a kind of substitute there has been some correspondence courte
activity or the efforts of the individual personnel toward self
improvement and better preparation for service and promoti

‘The Police Department of the City of New York has long mai

tained a Police Academy and this has hoen further developed
‘through the establishment in 1956 of the Baruch Sehool as a part
of the School of Business of New York University. The Federal
Bureau of Prisons and tho State of California have made substantial
demonstration along the lines of improving the quality and fune-
tioning of their wardens and custodial personnel through courses
and supplementary schooling and inspired leadership. ‘The New
York City Department of Correetion in 1967 established an acade.

RECOMMENDATION Il. A RECEPTION CENTER
NEARER NEW YORK CITY

It is desirable that there be established closer to New York City
‘a reeeplion eentor similar to the one presently operating at Elmira.

Approximately 65% of the commitments between the ages of 16
to 21'to the Elmira Reception Center come from the New York
City area whieh requires transportation for more than two hundred
miles to the Center and then following decision as to a program of
treatment a goodly number of those received must be returned to
institations nearer New York City. This procedure is eostly and
constitutes a duplication of movement of population. A further
reason is that the congestion at the Reception Center at Elmira
and the pressure on the stalf there eould be relieved through the
establishment of the proposed new unit in Orange County im the
‘event that the property now known as New Hampton Farms and
‘owned by the City of New York is acquired by the State.

Je notomorty, that when the st for what is uow newn_s
‘the Elmira Reception Center was being discussed some years af
the thinking was that the onit should be nearer New York City bat
‘unfortunately there were no facilities available then.

RECOMMENDATION IV, ADULT RECEPTION CENTER

‘We renew our long standing proposal that there be established
a reception center at Sing Sing Prison and add to ft now by urging
that there be another at Attica State Prison,

An essential toward intelligent handling of those committed to

16 ux Prison Assocraniox ov New Yori

institutions of the Departament of Correction is classification and
distribution af population, These classification wnits of course should
be adequately staffed and headed by a qualified classification direc-
for. Progress has heen made through the setting into operation of
the Reception Center at Elmira bnt this ineludes only those between
the ages of 16 and 21, aud therefore it does not. go fax enough, Here
again the Federal Prison System and the States of California and
Tilinois lead by providing =

tudied and elsssified and placed in institution:

their rehabilitative needs, Criminals a8 persons, and. as personalt
ties, differ and require various media of study, Randling and treat
ment, In various areas the idea is taking hold that all prisoners
feanmot be treated alike and that there is something more required
than safe custody and the placing of all inmates in one or more
institations without selentifie basis of distribntion,

RECOMMENDATION V._ EXPANSION OF FOREST
CAMP PROGRAM FOR YOUTHFUL OFFENDERS

Budgetary support should be given to the continuation and exten.
sion of forestry camps for youtltnl offenders, ‘The demonstration
thus far with respeet to two camps gives hope for the future

RECOMMENDATION VI. DEVELOPMENT OF FORESTRY
CAMP PROGRAM FOR ADULTS

Budgetary support showld bo given for the development of a
forestry camp program fo:

While the exiphasis has bom on youth rogarding the renewal of
the camp idea in this State, it is wall to think of it im terms of
‘those in other age groups a8 well, Good work is being done for all
ages in the camp operations of the States of Pennsylvania, Cali-
fornia, Wineonsin, Massachusetts, Vineinia, the Federal Govern
ment, ‘and others.’ C ‘moze cheaply maintained than
large-sized institutions, espectally as velaias to their physical faeil-
ities, and if properly loeated they offer opportunity for wholesome
activity programs, ‘The eamp idea is not new to the State of New
York, It goes hack many years prior to the present revival. Te is
sound in principle and praetieal im operation if piven a chance.

Diversified housing, espesialiy in a Stato as large as New York
js a necessary part of & correctional department. organization.

RECOMMENDATION VII. EQUAL STATUS FOR
CORRECTIONAL MATRONS

Provisions shoula be made to provide equal status with eorrection
officers for matrons at Albion and Westfield prisons for women and

Recosmenpanions to 111m Luore.ArURE a

to provide equal salary and to permit the Department of Correetion
to require the higher qualifcations which aro essential for the
inportant work of rehabilitation of women offenders. Some women,
probation officers, parole officers and polieewomen, a2 well as New
York City correction offleers, now reesive equal pay with men.
‘There is no justifleation for the disparity in the New York State
correctional institutions.

RECOMMENDATION VII, REMOVAL OF RESTRICTIONS
RELATIVE TO APPOINTMENT OF CORRECTIONAL
INSTITUTION HEADS:

Tris recommendation ie being repeated and ss in support of
carller recommendations made by the socalled Knapp study grosp
at several years ago, and other bodies, While the appointment of
Conectional Institstion heads is sn administmative matter between
the ivi servieo and correction depariments, the Associetion Uryes
{avorablelogsiative support of the removing of cartaia restictions
that now presinde the aipointment of wardens std superintendents
‘rom outaide the eusrodial service

"il i no sone a eriticim ofthe custodial group, Te i, however,
a critic of the prevent eyeem of appointment. We feel that in:
{iigations should be onder the diestion of the best potlble person,
fin limiting ell service examination opportunities to those in the
‘iformed tanks solely ie not in the best interste of approved
‘orretional administration, Ay we have Sadiented previously” if the
Corrections! service isto be cateor-cntered, surely no spesal group
Should he singled ovt gs the only ones qualified: We would make
the same recommendation # appointments wore resivicted to, any
ther special group, sch as physicians, busines manager, edo
for oe Wate apo of the fact thn rections ah
ar presently apply sorve fo deny equal opportunity for qualifying
se mtpermtendant ce wasdane Tb obvcee hat my denis
Derants, with seats of experience, lose interest in the correctional
Ecvice wen promotions tre not evatlable to them. Iris onr recom-
menditon that promotional examinations for top. administrative
posts be opaned to all qualifed departmental persons, including the
Euistodal person, Any other practice is eipy shortsighted and
tot in keeping with correctional procedures noted those states
lgeneraiy rogarded as having top-tight correctional system

RECOMMENDATION IX, MAINTENANCE OF STATE
PAROLE, VIOLATORS

Tt is unged that Article 8 of the Correction Law, Section 216, be
amended %o provide reimbursement by the Stata on a reasonable
per diem per eapita cost for the maintenance of State parole vio-
ators while in temporary custody in local penitentiaries or jails

18 ‘Taz Paison Assocuanios or New You

We are reposting this recommendation but not with any desire
to condict with recommendations that will be coming from Governor
Harriman’s committee appointed to study the organization and
administration of parole in New York State. We are withholding
other contemplated recommendations on parole in anticipation of
the forthcoming report of the Governor's committee.

RECOMMENDATION X. PRE-PAROLE CAMPS

As an initial experiment there should be established a pre-parole
facility near the Iarge Industrial hiring areas for preliminary ad
ustment and testing as relates to approaching parole. Going straight

tod
rrangemeat of @ shock abuorber device. It is granted of cours that
Teleass ip a joy to practically all prisoners but m many eases there
abs exists the clement of bewilderment. Parole offers and. social
figeneies know this a beso, There is trond in some areas, neloting

jel Government to make a gradual change in prem
housing and privileges shorty before Tetease aot only sa rewa
but ae a kind of steadying influence, In England, on the Isle of
‘Wight, at the institution at Camp Til when it housed adults there
war provided separate quarters outside of the insitulson proper
here prospective parolees were relieved somewhat of the righty
Of the Fugulay Snsiention routine, again as an easing off or a bal-
tmeing dnfiuence.

“We are repeating this commendation but not with any desire
to confliey with recommendations that. will be eoming from Gov-
emor Hatviman’s committee appointed Yo study’ the onganteation
fand administration of parole im New York State, We are. with.
Holding other contemplated recommendations on parole in antl
pation of the fortheoming report uf the Governor's committee

RECOMMENDATION XI. STATE AID FOR EDUCATIONAT.
PROGRAM IN CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS,

eh mat 0
it Division of Rehabilitation and otherwise, to assist the State De

partment of Correction and the New York City Department, oF
Correction in the development of thelr edueational and rehabilita
tivo programs.

"The present Fdveation Law makes provision for the furnishing
of vocational vehabilitation services to the handicapped but. ex
tludes from its benefits persons confined in any penal, eorveetional,
fF mental inslitution. ‘This seems an unneesssary limitation in the
intorest of rehabilitating not only persons physieally handicapped

Reoounenpanions To ‘He Leors.aTURE 9

but other charges of the Stato as well, AI! eorrectional institutions
in the State should have the benefit of the guidanes, the skills, and
specialized experience of the State Department of Bdueation to
promote educational programs in the various categories,

RECOMMENDATION XII AGED PRISONERS

A study should be undertalwn to determine more economical and
‘more generally satisfactory means of handling aged prisoners

‘At present there are approximately 1,000 prisoners, age 65 oF
over, being housed mainly in maximum security institutions of the
Department of Correction. ‘This housing is costly and in some ine
stauces the physical layouts impose a hardship on the older pris
ners because of conditions of health or various, infirm:
example is Sing Sing Prison and snoth
ong passageways need to be traveled, a8 well as stairways. In any
future planning thought should be given to the possibility’ of pro
viding not only a less expensive type of housing but a design of
institntion based on the physieal considerations of the aged,

RECOMMENDATION XL, ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON
CORRECTIONAL INDUSTRIES

We again urge that thore be established an advisory committee
on correctional industries,

We have confidence that this arrangement will produce in time
aan industrial program that will rank among the best in the country.
Ar should make for better understanding on the part of Tabor, man-
agement, and the publie generally, and stimulate activities theough
energetic leadership,

Precedence ior this recommendation may be found in similar
bodies established in the Federal prison system, California, and to
some extent in Massachusetts, It is our contention that a committee
composed of representatives from industry, management, labor,
agriculture and the public generally, would provide a wellrounded

of experience of immeasurable value to an industrial program.
‘This committee should be limited in size to not more than seven
persons, with appointment by the Governor, and with the eommis-
Sloner of correction an ex officio member.

Coordination of the prison industries progeam would be the frst
onder of business of this committee, with a view to the employment
Of every possible prisoner

One of the greatest problems in correctional administration is the
full employment of the prisoner body. Monotony and idleness breed
discontent and no state ean afford to permit the presenes of
breeding ground of trouble in. prison. It is provoking to observe
idle prisoners recognizing, at the same time, that their dependents
‘may be compelled to accept relief at an added expense to the public,

20 ‘Tre Prison Ascocranios or Nuw Yonx

RECOMMENDATION XIV. AUTHORIZATION OF TRADE,
"TRAINING COMMITTEES

‘The utilization of eitizen groups ean be extended through the
ng committees, Referring again to California,
‘spine 50 stich committees each compo
each of the major trades. For example, a
‘a method of welding.

endorsement be given.

RECOMMENDATION XV. CAUTION AGAINST
CURTAILMENT OF CORRECTIONAL IND

Fe regret the nesesity of again extending to the Legistture
wond of Saution lost there be tmwerranted. atiempts on the part of
word Phateren to eartal existing comeotional mdusteis. Tt mast
Fee mterGued that hie Stats corsestional indastral program it
uo Tinie andthe full construc employment of all
‘able-bodied prisoners is a hope rather than a reality. Certain at-
a Y tail the indus et spoken and cannot be mis-
‘ho privilege of members

‘nig whatever bills they fool to be appro,
priate, {his Association will be on the alert to the introduction of
Bilis that would set back the State's correctional progress. For more
than a century we have maintained a sland npholding constructive

of the Legislature introd

labor for prisoners and have supported wholeheartedly the prin-
tiple that prisoners should work and not be tax burdens, Tt ig good
Susiness to preserve existing indsteies, and to expand the indus-
trial prouxain wherever possible, Further, it serves as good riot
prevention insurance. Tt has been well demonstrated in the Federal
Duisom gystem as well as ip the varions state systems, that the so-
falled 'State-Use System’ of prison labor makes Zor a minimum
‘of competition with free labor.

Prison management is one of the most specialized tasks, and t
deat of administrators cannot suecessfully surmount the problen
resulting {rom desmovatizing idleness, As we have indicated on other
beeasions, idleness is to be eouderned bnt at the same time it should
be kept in mind that most prisoners axe not idle by choice. They
fre idle beeause adequate work outlets are not provided by the
State.

‘While we make this as a separate recommendation it bears clove
relation {oa foregoing recommendation urging the establishment
of an Advisory Committee on Correctional Industries (Recam-

"A Committee such as this with rupresentation
of labor, management, industry, agriculture and the publie-stlarge,
‘would serve a8 the best possibie guardian of correctional industries.

‘Recomacenpavions 10 rire Lucist.arume

RECOMMENDATION XVI. FARM OPERATIONS AT
‘WESTFIELD STATE FARM

‘They have a place in the rehabil

this kind. They provide opportunity Zor the improvement

the cultivating of the habit of industry, and the psyehologieal value
of observing growth and development as a resalt of one’s labors.
‘There are also esthetic values that should make for the development
of the inmates. Experienee in other aroas has emphasized these ad-
‘vantages and visitation to those institutions has brought forth re-
eatedly the interest and joy of inmate participation in farm
‘operations

RECOMMENDATION XVII. INADEQUATE HOUSING OF
INSTITUTION PERSONNEL AT GREEN HAVEN PRISON

Definite stops should be taken to solve the problem of inadequate
housing of institution personnel at Green Haven Prison, and thus
eliminate the glaring anomalous situation whoreby correctional
personnel is obliged to sleep in cells.

‘The problem of housing personnel in Green Haven Prison has
been identified with that prison sinee its opening. Employees of all
classes, exeept for a few who are fortunate to he able to live within
f short distance of the institution, are required to travel many mil
fut far as Ponghtcoepsie in some instances, and on December 11, 1957,
it was noted that 60 prison guards were sleoping in the calls of
Cell Block A. This latter condition has existed for years, is long
overdue for remedy, and in itself has a demoralizing elloct, ‘The
turnover at this institution is more noticeable than at any other in
the department. Cells have always been intended for prisoners but
not, for custodial or any other personnel identified with an insti-
tation.

RECOMMENDATION XVII CIVIL SERVICE STATUS TO
COUNTY INSTITUTION PERSONNEL

Asa stop toward tho further removal of penal institution opera-
‘ion from political eontrol, tho Prison Association again urges that,
civil servico provisions be ¢xtended to personnel employed in eounty
operated detention units. County jails should not be manned by
those who sceuro their jobs solely bocanse of political considera
tions. ‘They should, on ‘the eontrary, be administered by cancer
persons. From a wholly practical and realistic standpoint, we ac
Knowledge that sheriffs, az county offers, will remain as elected
offleials, pointing out at the same time, however, that, the Sherif’
of New York is-a civil service official, We mention this simply to

22 ‘Tas Pawson Associanion ov New You

Indjate that iis posible to have a ely sorvicesherif, as uspopular
‘as this thonght may be among sheriffs

There have buen a enicient. number cf unfortunate instances
tin county Jel during the past sovoral eam to indicat that
these id trained and experienced personnel, Tt is quite
unlikely that competent personnel, appointed through the merit
system, world have permitted them to oeear.

"The Association is not willing to approve the freezing into the
service of ineompetents or those who hold their positions solely
Deeause of political connections, Wo state again that this recom
mendation strikes at the very het of the power o
‘ent, but we would be unfaithful to the best correctional practice

sae a make ts rvcmmandation Te should be sated forthe
reeord that personnel of the Department of Correction of the City,
Of New York is under civil service as are those of some of the eounty
penitentiaries

RECOMMENDATION XIX. ALCOHOLISM

Alcoholism continues to be @ major problem in American life,
and ils relation to the inoreasing erime rate has been substantiated
‘humerous tines, Knowledge in this field, while extensive, is limited,
but enough is known to convines us that further experimentation
through the use of Stateaided clinics and research prourams is
imperative. The Legislature is nrged to take every possible step to
aseure the people of the State that a salution of the problem is being
sought. Thore is a signifieant body o? knowledge available througit
such agencies as the Academy of Medicine, Aleoholies Anonymous,
Yale University School of Alcohol Studies, and many others, and
the suggestion is made that an oficial study group be established to
sift data available and ¢o consalt with appropriate. authorities in
this ‘and other states where oxperimentation 3s under way. Aleo-
holism requires much more attention than it is now receiving, and
the State shoold greatly expand Hts exiting serviews in the area of

RECOMMENDATION XX. AMEND THE PENAL LAW IN
RELATION TO JUMPING PAROLE,

It is urged that approval be given to proposed legislation which
‘will add e new section to Article 162 of the Penal Law, to be known
‘as Section 1694,
Comment
At presen, section 16040 of the Penal Law makes bail dumping
a crime, a felony if the underlying erime is a felony, 01
demeanor if the tondorlying wrongtal act is less serions, However,
the paroled defendant (or, as the terms are sometimes used, the
fendant released on his own or another's reoognizanee or custody),

Recosmnapanioss 10 THe LegearoRe 23

restrained only by his or another's word and risking the forfeiture
St no assets, may fail to appear without risking any eximinal co
Sequences

“he purpore of sction 1004 i o ase the appeatune of those
notated defendants who ave on parole, As thor i no. leverage:
Of any kind to assure their sppobranee, such as the Zocietare of
sets, some sanetion is espeetally needful

“al Teislaton ns seca. Borel defendants ane not sos
sarily persons whose character is sc as will asure their reappear:
ance. Beeause of crowding of han
Seith mindemeonoss ane fee
hott their background, Even accused felons may be pavoled, espe.
tially when there isa delay Defore tial , a

‘he propost legislation answer another need as well Ts en-
aciment would. cueowrage bath courts and. prosettors to make
ireater use of parole. This would relieve defendants of the cepnomie
hhurden of hails; would caso the overcrowding of detention faci
ties; and woud diminish the frequently "wuwholesome contact: be
tween nearly” impeeuniots defendants and oesusioual bondsmen
cwyer combinations. his last aspect i not. without signifleanee,
n'a report handed up in December, 1956, after nearly tives years
af investigation into the actvitica of professional bail bonvstatny 8
New York County Grand Jury resommended legislation making &
failure to appear for tral, after parole on a pendg charge, a ein.

‘The proposed legislation oes much further than docs the exis.
ing bail Fmping statute to protect defendants. It expremly pro.
‘ices that if « defendants fatlare to appear i oeeasioued by facts
‘beyond his contro, ineluding illnes or Fresh arrest, thin shall be @
defense to sy change of violation of this section. Moreover, the
proposal provides for expliel warnings to paroled. persuus that
they shail have to appear when again aired, under penalty of

‘Phe proposed leplaton has nothing to do with parole violation
bay correction depariment parolees; but conceras onty parole jump.
tng (or violation of release on one's own or another's recognizance
aroustody) by persons facing pending chorges, The sate alk in
terms of both “paroie™ and “release on one’s own oF another's
Tecogniance or euslady”” because these terms are used to deseribe
the same status im diferent parts of the state, (“ Parole” fo used
in New ‘York City, and “release on one’s own or another's recog
nizauco or custody" in certain upstate communities) This statute
does not concern the so-called “discharge on one's own. recog:
zance’” a term used in New York City as-a form of quasi dismissal
That ss 0 “discharge?” not a lease”

RECOMMENDATION XXI. SEX OFFENDERS

‘We urge that there bo a review of the administration and acoom-

plishmente resulting fom a passage of Chapter 525 of the Laws
of 1950. . meee i

m4 ‘Tne Paison Associanios oF New You

‘ho Prison Aswiation of New York has bem. iterate in the
re Pie lender lgislation Sor mang” years and was rispon-
BbleTor the troduction of ail sn 1047. Governer Dowoy at that
Be eign te bil on technical grows but because he was 80
Eeiecrsed about the problem he appomnted departmental com
sektte, This commition, of which the Association's General Seere-
aie as ¢ momen, mado an exhaustive study and submiied a Te
Dor that reulved jn tho passage of a bill that became Chapter 925
fh bases of 185
‘The question preva as to whether any good has been acoom-
pnhea tir this law, both throng Sts appleation by the courts
micipatednoseurch and’ treatment activities directed
tule fi contol of the State Department of Cor
feelin, A canier review indicated heaitaney on the part of the
hint io exoreue the provisions of the law. eis doubUful whether
{his situation ns since Smproved
Wilh regard to the appieation of the law to inmates of institn-
MY " On ests that there is room for further
i fecomnized, of coun, thatthe

Te is recognized that the ‘problem but we
‘cannot stop titere and he eomtont with that observation if we aro
to wive the public the kind of proteetion it needs,

RECOMMENDATION XXII INCREASED ALLOWANCE
FOR CLOTHING FOR FELONS

cle 19 of the Correction Law, Section 484, should be amended
to increase reimbursement by the State of the monetary allowance

for clothing to he issued to felons upon discharge rom loeal prisons
‘or penitentiaries,

RECOMMENDATION MBURSEMENT FOR
MAINTENANCE OF MISDEMEANANTS

Je T-A of the Corroetion Law should be amended to provide
that when any misdemeanant or lesser offender hias been. sentenced
to an indeterminate term and such sentenes extends beyond one
year the full cost of maintaining sueh prisoner beyond one year
Shall be charged against the State.

‘Recomesparions to ‘Tare LEcrstaTuRs

RECOMMENDATION XXIV. REIMBURSEMENT TO
COUNTY INSTITUTIONS FOR BOARD OF
STATE, PRISONERS

We urge thot there be additional compensation for the Board of
Stale prisoners in county penitentiaries with particular reference
4o per capita costs for maintaining prisoners in institutions of the
New York City Department of Correetion. ‘There is need for a
flexible seale of relmbursoment to be determined on the basis of
actual casts, Obviously

York City is more thi county. Costs even. vary
between these upstate county institutions. ‘The present maximum
amount as authorized in 1956 is inadequate, especially as relates to
‘New York City.

RECOMMENDATION XXV. PUBLIC DEFENDER SYSTEM

For many yoars, and thns far without success, the Prison Asso-
ciation has uzged that there be an cxploratory study made of the
advisability of establishing a publie defender system in New York
Slate. Hxporience in other areas, such ag Omaha, Los Angeles,
Cokumbus, Memphis, Providence, St, Paul, St, Lonis and San Fr
‘isoo have made satisfactor and full justioe
within the criminal eourts. The Assooiation was gratifed to note
early in 1955 that the Aitorney General of the State recommended
this plan before a hearing of the Temporary Commission on the

urts, Noting. also that legislation was introduced in the 1956
Legislature, with endorsement by the Attorney General, to provide
State financial subsidy to localities to help pay publie defenders in
Juvenile delinquency” cases, the Association urges Tavorable eon-
sideration of this measure

RECOMMENDATION XXVI, INEQUALITY OF SENTENCE

It is recommended that, funds bo provided for the Law Revision
Committee to undertake for the State of New York a study of the
inoquality of sentences

‘This recommendation has been made in the past end is renesed
because of the increasing interest in the subject on a national level.
‘There are hills before Congress relating to federal offenders. Por
some time now the American Law Institute has been studying the
Statutes of the various states in an ellort to come up through a
‘Model Act or otherwise with suggestions for an improvement of the
‘present situation

KEEPING FAITH THROUGH 1957

During its 115¢h year the Assovition endeavored to Keep Zaith
with the vision ‘and courage of its founders through a variety of
Titans and approaches 10 more effectively deal with the menacing
Wiilenge of juvenie dalinquency and the evime problem generally
{While the Association yas organized in Te4d to glve assistance to
Maa oming out of prison, those who drafted the objects of the
‘Risocation had. the Toresight to understand that there was need
Zee lies concept and program to deal with the subject of time
Woe elequntcly tthe nvrest of the publie welfare and protetion

STATE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTION

angering igen to pee RP ca
she ibe Sg Deparan of Coton, hada oes
feng These Hop, nine argue te 2 a
Interest in the extension of probation services and the need to
aan

ae rare ree ine High of our past endeavors toward thelr ule

[NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTION

‘We are pleased to again record the unceasing efforta spearheaded
by Cmaiaioner Anna Ieoss, with the backing of Mayor Wagner,
12 sake for progres inthe operation and Tucilitos ofthe New York
Git Wopardeon of Corretion, hr this meapest she has had our
Geet eterest ‘and seapport. consistent with modem penatoteal
deiiting and pretiece Tn our 1i24h annval report we listed the
see seojens pointing toward the improvement snd enlarge
TEER"Se Sho ghigeal facies and in his eonnestion progres has
Feat Rade davagh the accomplishient of further” preliminaries
eSK aa the drawing of plans and the providing of addtional ands

‘Ande from improved morale and more enlightened and coopera.
cthatte partepation, tere. are Zour conspievous achievements
listed belo which will stand ax matkers of progr

‘Kegese Farr Tmouert 1957 a"

_1. Tho Opening of the Brooklyn House of Dotontion, with the set-
ting aside of a substantial part of this for the concentrated housing
of young offenders and their improved treatment mentally and
hysically during the period they await action of the grand jury
Gr disposition by the court.

2, Tho Establishment of an Academy of Correction om Rikers
Island for the training of the custodial personnel of the department.
‘his i an excelent Hea hich in ‘arous furedietios has boen

iseussed oF activa ‘sometimes lapsed. Tt is pleasing to note
that its value has been recognized by Commissioner Kross and it is
now reality. ‘This medium serves a8 2 toning device for the thinking
and practices of the personnel, giving some the benefit of initial
{information and guidanee and others the opportunity for refresher
courses, a Duiding and stimulating inten te should prove ot
inereasing value

‘On duly 3, 1957, Mr, Arthur K, Schoenfeld, a member of our
Hxceutive Committeo, and the General Secretary participated in
the dedication coremonies of the Correction Academy on Rikers

Young Offenders Transferred from the Former Reformatory at
Hey Sitar, Soralores fps ts Cerne Beemetey
in ans eit ey see cee ees
fhe Be ete at ei eel na os eee
sm es a ele ee py ee
pales pon oe pe an ee fe er a
sors bbs ee Sa oe cn ee,
re oe er ee a ee le
a reo epider ee ke
oo ol a ee a ee
ey Bega ae nde ol as ond

an) uous occ grr ases) braun «Had is
ony Barras al tay 02 ter) eae tik
rss Certs, ses copes son Dee
eS of ie ew a oe ee
se See rere Bt tre he Pes ee
Rely a fae i Dec a ere
ores aa eae er aca Be
sericea pa ee te oat eet
Eos St bh to fain coes oe ter fe neat
Ba ar a oe ve ena fee a
ee ba es de ee Se ee as ee

28 ‘Tux Puisom Association ov New You

rection. Tis content is reviewed in oar report of that year to the
41957 Legislature, (Legislative Document 102.)

‘We regard the pastage of Local Law #25 as a milestone of prog-
ress and mere pleased fo have epportunity 10 support the ll by
‘personal appearance when it was before 1 Connell, and like

Pete hen tenis before the Mago for his decision.

Organization of the Board of Correction

‘Mayor Wagner in communication dated October 7, 1957, indi
eaied his appointment of the General Secretary, Mr. E. R.’ Cass,
See member and chairman of the newly authorized Board of Cor
rection, as follows:

“Dear Mr. Cass:

“1 am pleased to appoint you a momber and Chairman of
‘the Board of Coneetion af the City of New York in accordance
With the provisions of Local Law #25 (1951). T know that you
will serve with distinetion in this capacity, and that yon will
Tend your talents 10 the suecessiul operation of this newly
created ageney of our municipal government,

‘aia eondanee on tue pert of he Mayor and the nAed oppor
tunity for service was indeed very pleasing tothe Asincation, How.
ver, Lieve arose legal question as to whether the General
Shey could accept because of the provisions of Section 89 of the
city charter, and also ease of his membership,

Tanship on’ the New York State Commission of C

Mayor indicated a willingness to iasne a waiver as permitted in the
above section of the charter. With regard to the General Seevetary’s
Identity with the state government, te question was referced to
the State Attorney General who camo to the conclusion that, the
General Secretary could not serve os both a member of the City
Board of Correction and the Stato Commission of Correction. He
‘based his opinion on vatious court decisions and the provisions of
the public offclais low. This was au unexpected development for
all concerned. Hovrever, regardless of the outcome it has been made
Known to the Mayor that our Association will continue to cooperate
for progress in the tof Correetion, not
only with the new!

for some years nov, with Commissioner Kross.

BROOKLYN HOUSE OF DETENTION FOX MEN, AND

‘PENITENTIARY AT RIKERS 181.1

On March 20th, Br, Reginald L. "sinc a member of our
‘Executive Commilter, and the Gene tary visited the above
Jnstitntions together with The Honorable Abe Stark, Praddant of
the New York City Conne!l, and Anna M. Kross, Commissioner of
Correction of the City of New York. The purpose of the visit was
to observe the operation of the activity program for young offenders

Reserve Farm Tanouen 1957

at the House of Detention for Men in Brooklyn and to participate
in the presentation of High School Equivaleney diplomas to 35
inmates at the Rikers Island Penitentiary.

Brooklyn

‘The activity program for youths at the Brooklyn House of De-
tention as observed was in striking contrest to the usual scene of
congestion, idleness, and promiscuous association noted in other
detention places. At present all youths, except from the Borough
ff the Bronx, are housed in the mew building in Brooklyn and are
reeelving specialized attention in aa effort to keop them whole-
somely occupied throughout the day and into the evening, There
are such activities as sehool classes, gymnastics, directed reading,
Yoeational pursuits, and direeted open alr excreise and game play”
ing. It is anticipated that shortly the boys from Bronx County will
be included,
Rikers Ieland

At Rikers Island, President Stark of the City Council presented
‘High School Equivaleney diplomas ta these inmates who, on their
‘wn time and principally during the evenings, prepared themselves
through study to talee examinations prescribed by the State De-
partment of Education. Having passed the oxaminations they are
entitled to a certificate which gives them the same standing as a
high school diplome, The entire inmate body of about 1500 wit-
nessed the presentation of the eertifieates and it is felt that the
‘ccasion was sufficiently impressive to be seriously weighed by those
present,

"The above activities at the two institutions are further evidence
of the desire of Commissioner Kross to engender the Department
with a new spirit, more realistically allied with the torms'‘eorree-
Hon” and “rehabilitation

AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTE —MODEL PENAL CODE

During the close of 1956 the General Seeretazy participated in
meetings at the Bar Association in New York City to discuss pro-
visions of the model penal code being developed by the American

Taw Institute with a view to changes that would be more accepta-
ble to those interested in probation and parole and correctional
‘media generally. The following five points highlighted the disous-

Minimum and maximum sentence periods were discussed and
is lly that sho ten year maximum provision in the ten-

tative draft of the ead will be altered.

‘The appearance of counsel at Parole Board hearings was dis

approved and there is a feeling that the Inetitute will actin

focond with the protest.

Parole ama ight wasn prot and hore agin

felt that the change will be made in the see

‘Tae Prison Assocramion or New York

. During the various diseussions it developed that there was

need for a new term o apply to those who are released, but
not in accord with parole board aetion. In other words, those
‘whose release is mandatory or by the action of another au-
‘thority and over whom the parole board has no say in deter-
mining release. Usually in cases of this kind if there is a re
version to eriime the person Is referred to as a “parolee”
which is not an accurate designation in that the parole body
did not grant release,
‘Thore was considerable difficulty on the question of parole
criteria, In other words, what sould be the elements for
parole determination, Strong protests were registred regard.
Ing that portion of the code which set up a kind of erlteria
and established the possibility by inferenes whereby a pris-
‘onor could be releasud if he mot all of the stated eriteria

During March of 1957 it was indicated that there would be
further eonsideration on the past of the Tnstitute relating to the
above points of protest, and other, before the making of fal reo-
ommendations.

We remain alert to the situation through continued eontaet with
‘the Institute and ‘The American Correctional Association and the
National Probation and Parole Association, ‘The status at this Ww
ing is that the project is to be continued under the guidance of
the Ameriean Lew Institute and that the future holds the eomplete
answer to the protests made originally.

EXPANSION OF GANG PROJECT

In its November 1996 “Youth Board News”, received in Janu.
any of 1957, the New York City Youth Board announced the ex
pansion of its project and explained its philosophy whieh
Heal ‘with the philosophy that was developed and. emphasized
during th seudy entitled “Working With ‘Teen Age Gangs” whieh
‘was initiated by The Prison Association of New York through the
interest of the Hon. G. Howland Shaw, a member of our Exec
tive Committee, and financed throngh the efforts of our Treasurer,
Mfr, ©. C, Auchineloss, ‘The philosophy in which we coneur and
which is stated by the Youth Board is as follows

“The Council of Social ond Athletic Clubs is the Now York City.
‘Youth Board’s special project which works with anti-social teenage
gangs, The method ‘sone which embodies in essence the Youth
Board's philosophy of “reaching out” to those in need of help
the aim is the eventual rechundliing of the gang members" destruc.
tive behavior into constructive, positive aetivities

“As his first elfort, a street elud worker assigned to a ‘fighting’?
or “bopping” teenage group must seek out the gang—locate its
hangouts—identify. its Jeader—leam who its members are. Then,
slowly, he gets to know the group and heeames known (0 hem —

iying their initial suspicions of him by “hanging around”, by

Kenervo Farr: Tamouant 1967 at

mingling with them in their varions places of congregation. Once
fa familiar figure, he endeavors to become an."‘acoeptable”” figure—
fone in whom, eradually, they begin to confide their problems and
Aitfeulies in return for which the worker provides what realistic
support he ean (by helping them locate jobs, aiving adviee, assist
{ng them ivhen they are in Grouble). Time, pationee, interest, un-
derstanding, sexviee .. . these are the tools with whieh the worker
reehes out to the teenage wang, the tools with which he will try.
{ohinfosgee ity mombers nto’ more sesially-tceplable way of

when there was an upsurge of gang activities
and juvonite delinquency the New York Cay Youth Bosnd, smong
various statements, reiterated jts belief in the unquestionable value
of “intimate community activity with these gangs”.

It ie gratifying 10 noto the continued aveeptance of this philos-
ophy which was propounded in the gang study initiated by The
Prison Association of New York as referred to above,

SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE PAROLE COMDISSION
OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
Under date of Fanuary Sra the Chief Parole Officer, Mr. A. N.
Faner, appealed Zor eid to chable the Commission to meet sundry
Has earfare and Zoud for parolees, Formerly this money
ved trom the Commissary Fund of the City Department
‘on but this hias been diseontinued and no help has been
Teegived from other ity sourers. Parole offieers have been using
their own money. In response to the request a check of 950.00
twas sent and this was duly acknowledged under date of January
Bih ina letter addressed to the General Soeretary by the Chairman
of the Commission, John C. Maber, as follows:
“ar, Raues gave me your letter of January 4th enslosing eee
from the Prison Association, to the amount of $50.00, to be
om he Fa wees dn ‘oalined in Mey Paoors eine to
you dated January rd
“Needless t0 say, we of the Commission appreeiate your very

“agaln, many, many than

Later in the year an additional $100.00 was given and then finally
it developed that the City of New York had agreed to provide
money from the New York City Department of Correetion Inmate
Commissary Fund.

GRANT OF FUNDS FOR STATE PAROLES
Similar to the procedure indicated above related to the New York

City Parole Commission there was advanced to the New York City
offi of the New York State Board of Parole the sum of $100.00

82 ‘Tux Prisox Association oF

w Yor

‘to be used for emergency situations and for small items such as
carfare and lunch money st times (afternoons) when parolees ean-

not be referred to The Prison Association of New York because of
the fact that our workers are active in the fleld seeking employment,
for those awaiting release from prison, as well as parolees.

PRISON RIOTS

With the recurrenee of prison riots and for renewed public im-

formation and, guidance, we prepared a statement for nation-wide
newspaper distribution ‘under the caption, “We Can Stop ‘These
Recurring Prison Riots!” This wes a caty-over of what is con.
tained in our previous annual report but whieh was not made avail
thle a septrate publication on 9 national level. was pointed
out that few states had been spared tho spectaele of wots, many
fauses were enumerated aod the way towatd redueing the danger
of these unfortunate uprisings was indicated. We received good
Caitarial notice from newspapers in the Midwest and West ane
very interesting al, as set below, appearing in the
Tatiuary 2, 1067, ise of the St. Louls Globe Democrat.

“wil

's WRONG WITH OUR PRISONS?

“What's wrong with the nation's prisons?

“Plenty aay the profesional penologists. They point to
the black reeotd that the penitentiares have wiiiten in
past six yenrs, Since 1950, nearly 100 prison riots oF near
Fots have swept the nations average of « dozen year
These uprisings have ooewred in tworthinds of the 48
sates

“Recently the Prison Association of New York made a
study of major outbreaks in Iino, Missouri and other
States Tt concinded that the ‘antiquated methods of hand
lng. and treating’ prisoners are ‘at the root of today’s wave

“"When prison inmates run amok, there are always some
Dasie causes The chief ones are these, it founds

1. Political meddling and mismanagement; Peking
untrained or mist appointees for administrative Jobs,
4s well as for guard duly. This is the catse of graft, bad
food favorit, hroalty, the sale of pardons sad other

2 Prison idleness and overcrowding: Our mammoth
Brlbons, wilh a poplin of 4000, 9600 and Gl ix
Rates, bre ‘monstrosities that are almost impossible

ions: Nine out of 10 state penal
snsltations are 00 to 100 years old Some ave unde for
human habitat

‘4. Inadequate elaseifiestion and non-segregation: Tn

Keseo Farr Tanovast 1957 38

‘the cell blocks and exereise yards, first offenders and salv-
ageable prisoners rub shoulders with the hardened crim
‘he vielous, the diseased, the perverted and mo

tally’ il

“Onr federal and state prisms are doing an incredibly
bad job of preparing the’ inmates for life outside their
walls. ‘The association points ont that two-thirds of the
175,000 offenders in federal or state prisons have gone un-
‘changed throng not only one, but two, three or moro trips
to the big hous.

“Our prisons, the association adds, are simply building
up @ standing army of habitual eriminals. They already
number 3,000,000, aceording to FBI estimates,

“The same prisons whieh are now failing at the job of
reform will soon get. high pereentage of the nation’s
306,000 juvenile delinquent,

out of every 10 juvenile offenders, past figures
showy, will wind Gp Ban igtittion whice il do Mle or
nothing to halt their headlong rush toward @ permanent

“Yet experts like Dx. Ralph Banay, former head of the
peyebiatrie elinie at Sing Sing and an anthority on penol-
ogy, says that “A large. pereentage of habitual eriminals
could. be rehabilitated if currently available. techniques

“The warning sounded by he Now York Prison Associa-
tion ig one that should be taken seriously. That is, unless
Americans plan to go on building bigger and bigger prisons
{to turn out an evergrowing legion of thieves and thugs,
hhoodiuims and strong-arm artists,

“Many of them gravitate to the cities where the oppor-
tunities fo rob and steal are hetter than out im the sticks.
‘The big American cities are already going through a erime
seave that is straining their police budgets and tarning
‘them into semi-deserts at night, when fewer and fower ven-
‘ture into the streets

“Can we stand the luxury of making the nation’s prisons
post-graduate sehools in erimo whose alumni prey on the
nation’s great metropolitan centers?”

SURES FAMILY STUDY

Im the January 11, 1957 issue of the New York Herald Tribune
there appeared an item on the study made of the Jukes family by
Mr, Robert L. Dugdale.

‘This study, en ontstanding sociological contribution, was initiated
by Mr. Dugdale in 1874 asa member of the Executive Committee

of The Prison Association of New York and with the Association's
approval. He traced the behavior pattern of 540 direst blood rela
tives of Max Jukes, who settled ina county of the state about the

a ‘Tax Pmisoy Association ov New You

year 1700, hrouaf several generations and in about thirtemn coun-
Yes Me hain point of the study revealed that a low level of be:
iiivior prevatied among those descendants except where they bad
rGinoumental fluences, Tho Tater was show
Dre Arthn 1. Bstabrook in

Foundation.

The above stniy is one example of outstanding enntribations
nade rer the years Dy members of our Executive Commitee
Bade prominent names mn this respect are: Dr. B, ©, Wines; Dr.
Study urtows; Profesor Theodore Dwight of Columbia. Unk
Seagly; a former president, Bugene Sith. (pagtiewarly im bis
Tasles' days) Downtur. ity Saver; Geonge -W. Wickersham;
Thomas Vist Osborne: Jugs dW. Gdmonds; Isiae 'T. Hopper;
‘Theodore Seigwicks Chancellor Theodove Feeibesinysen Dr. John
Difase; Lispenand Stewart; WW. P. Letehyorth; Dean Sage,

COTTAGES AT WESTFIELD STATE FARM

‘yeo now housing units of the cottage type are being designed to
begin’ th replaccment of the present undesirable housing wits on
Bots upper end Tower eampises. Ail of thse cottauos are od, having
Deen structed ar diferent intervals from 1901 to 1906. The
EERE Stated canst of from, 19 to 29 cooms with no jollet feel
tise fn the rooms thenelven. Congvopate type sanitary feilites are
Iseatedon euch Boor ‘Fhe intact ofthe bndines is of dammable
etic acl she flous and starwaye ave of wood. Tu 1944 there
fas movement started to replace the eataues and there arose a
Gneunon es to the desirability of tho eotiage syatem versus the
Gangresnte type of howsing, Ae'a snember of the Stato Commission
of Coren tv Gurl Seeretny woged the pdopton of tho cote
age gute nd socayved considerable sipnort from the administra-
{06 af women's nsivttions ip various parts of the eountsy

‘Tho Commission finally went on reoord. m favor of the cottage
yates yu vote oF 8 to 2 However, since the chairman opposed
Tkercottaze system the work of designing eougregated housing pro;
ceeded “Fortunately. the, plons vere rot broughe to the pot of
Sonsirtetion and thie aepunts for the Fevival of the movement to
place the oid cottages

Since the cottage ayviem is to bo used we e

teas in opposing eomaregsted housing

"AY thie writing, uconber 1997, however, Je ig disturbing to
reqned that no constmetion work haa yet been undertaken although
Tinds are available, It would seom that the whole project is waiting
{ore signal from somewhere fo be more encotraginaly activated,

fel that we have

CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION — CITY OF NEW YORK

“We continued through the year ta assist the Department of Per
sonnel of the New York City Civil Serviee Commission in develop-
Sng material and giving advice on training in enrrectional service
fand information generally in the field of correetion.

‘Keeema Parra Tsnoven 1957
‘THE YOUNG CRIMINAL

thas been our contention through the years, supported by vari-
‘ous special studies, Uhat youth has always been conspiewous in the
ferime picture and further that the problem is complex and that
‘there is no one explanation or easy solution, ‘This belief is strength
‘ened by an editorial which appeared in the NEW YORK TIMES of
Fobruary 14, 1957, bearing the eaption "The Young Criminal”. The
editorial indicates that major crimes committed in the United
States rose 12 per eont in 1936 as compared with 1959. Preliminary
figures from Albany show a rise of 10.5 per cent in arrests for
major crimes for the state as a whole, and 12.6 per cent for New
‘York City
‘The editorial continues with a statement which it considers alarm
ing as follows:
"But none of these Sgure: on erime is so disturbing as the
report in  Wasliington speech by Police Commissioner Ken-
hedy that there was a 529 per cont rise in erimes by children
under age 16 in New York City last year. In the 16-10-20 age
roup the inereaso was 12.7 per cent,
E'y. Edgar Hoover, director of the F-B.L, said recently that
“the present appelling youth situation’ was the ‘crux of the
exime problem’, He added that the major problem was ‘no
longer one of bad children but of young’ criminals.’ The New
‘York City Youth Board reported recently that less than 1 per
cent of the 2,000,000 families in New York City produced more
‘than 75 per ceni of its juvenile delinguents.””

SUATEWIDE PRISON OFFICERS CONFERENCE

‘The Conference was held at the DeWitt Clinton Hotel in Albany,
January 14, 1957, and it is reported that there were about fitty
Gclegates from every section of the State in attendance, It was in-
tended to be a confidential meeting.

this Conference is attended by eorrection offeers from the state
and county services, The abject ix to discass their problems and to
Dring some of them to the attention of the Legislature,

Commissioner Cass Criticized

It is reported that Mr. Cass was sovercly eritieized for his state-
ment to the press and Legislature thal the heads of correctional
institutions should be taken out of eivil service because qualified
heads cannot be found for the position.

‘This statement intended as a representation of our views is wholly
inaecurato, It refers to our recommendations to the Legislature now

for several years that. the examinations for wanden and. super-
Intendent be not limited to the uniformed persounel but instead be
open fall eaegories of worse in the State Department of Cat

‘The quality of personnel appearing for the warden and deputy
warden eivil service examinations recently, at whieh time Mr. Cass

36 ‘Pe Prusox Assoctarion oF New Your.

was one of the examiners, ig a further proof of the soundness of
bur position, Commissioner Me Hugh of the State Department of
Correction, and the Civil Service Commission, adhere also to our
viewpoint.

AFL-CIO COMMUNITY SERVICES COMMITTEE

‘The experience of the Department of Corrections in California
swith this Committee representing the two large labor groups induced
Ma, Richard A. MeGes, Dixector of the Department of Corrections
in California, to arrange a meeting in New York City on Fehraary
7th, at whic tue our General Secretary, Mr. Cass, was present and
patticipated. Mr, John D, Carney, National Stait Representative
Bf the Committee, met with the group of commissioners and wardens
fnd superintendents identified with eorreetional institutions in a
number of states.

‘Mir. Carey explained the work of his Committee, whieh speci
fically is to inform and edueate the rank and file members of both
Labor groups regarding community problems sueh as health, hous-
ing, civil defense, eounseling, ete, Other approaches are captioned
“To Know; "Po Use”; “Po Serve"; To Support’; “To Tm

prove’
Specifeally it is stated—EDUCATION AND INFORMATION—

welfare faelities, or the meed for sueh
Taellities

Mr, Comey had prepared a flrst draft for the final approval of
Mr, George Meany, President of the APL-CIO and his associates
on the problem of understanding and helping the released prisouer.
‘The title of his material is""THE MAN -WHO LIVED AGAIN”.
Some of the subtitles ave
Understanding the Problem
Probation
Rehabilitation Programs in Prisons
Community Aeceptanee
Union Action
Mr, Carnoy read the materiel ineluded in the draft and the con
sensus was that it was excellently compiled, properly foeused, and
shonld bo a substantial contribution in the general effort toward
public edueation in the field of correetion
"Those present were most enthnsiastio about Mr. Carnoy’s ma
terial and unanimously expressed delight in the willingness of a
representative of the AFIL-CTO to sit down with eorrestional people
fand diseuss problems of mutual interest
‘There was in addition some vory frank discussion about the atti,
tude aud opposition of organized labor toward employment of
prisoners in institutions and providing jobs for ex-prisoners,

Kesesa Parr Tusouan 1957 aT

All in all it was a very productive mecting and it is anticipated
that it will serve as the beginning of farther conference and. co-
operation toward the widening of mutual understanding and joint

PUBLIC DEFENDER

United States Attorney General Herbert Brownell, Jr., on Feb-
ruary 11, 1957, asked Congressional enactment of ‘le
provide for adequate representation of indigent defendants in
feriminal cases in the federal courts 0 as to give real meaning to the
Sixth Amendment to the Constitution

‘We have been urging for years, and specifically through our nee
ommendations to the Legislature, an exploration of the possibility
of setting up the publie defender system in New York. (See Reeom-
mendation XXV, page 25 this report.)

PARTICIPATION IN TV PROGRAM.

On January 81st Mr. Cass, together with Commissioner af Cor-
reetion Thomas J. Me Hugh and Paul D. MeGinnis, Scerctary of
the Commission of Correation, participated over Television Station

‘TV, Utica, Now York, in # halfhour program, “May T pre
sent:

‘This was one of a series to acquaint the people im the area of the
sation, extending ss far sonth a3 Elmira, 2s Zar north a the Co-
nadian line, and as far east as Schenectady, and as far west as
Syracuse, with the operations of various branches of the State
government, The program secmed (o go off well, Mr, Cass was
prineipal partieipant, and a vory gratifying letter of thanks was
Teeeived fom the Department of Corzection as well as the director
of education of the TV station.

KANSAS PRISON SURVEY

It will be recalled that the General Soeretary on invitation of
Governor Hall of Kansas, and in cooperation with a, legislative
committee, made a study of the Kansas, Prison System. This study
is beginning to bear frait, Various bills have been introduced a
a result of a legislative eauens

It was agreed to push various bills desling with the juvenile eode
and penal reforms. These bills will have to do with the physical
heeds of institutions, the organization and fumetioning of their per-
Sonnel, institution programs of twwatment, parole and probation,
and the handling of prisoners-at the time’of release through pro”
viding funds and suitable clothing.

It is generally conceded that substantial advance was made al-
though the need for Improvement, generally speaking, is extensive.

‘Thanks is recorded in the roport for assistance rendered by our
General Secretary, Mr. Cass, and others identified with the eorrec-
tional eld,

38 ‘Tae Passos: Assootarion or New Yous:

(CHANCE OF TITLE FROM PRISON GUARD TO CORRECTION OFFICER

We have urged for several years in our recommendations to the
Legislature that the title of Prison Guard and Matron be changed
to Conrection Officer”, The subject was taken under consideration
by the State nnd this beeame effective Mareh 28, 1957. The change
Of title as relates to matrons particularly is not fully acceptable to
fhe personnel and there is legislation pending to omit the word

‘tmatron'”. Under the reslassifieation hy the Civil Service Commis

jon they are teferved to as “Correction Matron’.

"This might seem a minox advance but it is a change in which we
played a part end from one point of view, and from what we know
Of the attitude of correction personnel, it is a dovided advance,

PLANE, CRASH — RIKERS ISLAND
‘At home the Cieneral Secretary reecived a call early in the eve.
Ist, gh from
‘every effort to eonvey to Com-
Department of Correction
the offer that the State Department. of Corrcetion was ready to give
Assistance throngh personnel, bedding, medical equipment, oF to
fany extent that it could serve in the terrible disaster
"After considerable effort contaet wat made with various members
of the Tantion stat ad Deputy Commissioner Ries and Com:
missioner Kro
tution and its inmates were in no
anges on that the ‘that the institution was
fon fire and the plane had erashed into some of the buildings were
: of the institution were made available
to the reseners, and likewise medical facilities
Fifty inmates withont fear of harm to themselves behaved ad-
mirably in affecting the resene of passengers Zrom the plane, ‘This
Tas been attested by, the polie, Are dopnetment, and the offeat
of the Department of Corteetion. Tt is warthy of note how inmates
02 intitations respond so helpfully and homanely in moments of
disaster.

FIRE PROTECTION —RIKERS TSLAND

‘With reference to the plane crash on Rikers Tsland in February
the question was mised by Mrs Julius Ochs Adler, a member of
bur Hserutive Committe, an to ie accuraey of newspaper 2eports
{hat fire fighting equipment eould not reach the Island due to the
a A ee “Grats and that the equipment stationed. ea the
sland was inadequate

‘The General Seeretary conferred with the Department of Cor.
reetion and the Commissioner of Marine and Aviation, and the
Warden of Rikers Island Penitentiary and addressed a letter under
Bate of March 4th to Commissioner Kross.

‘Ou March 27th a letter was 2eesived from Commissioner Kross
relating to the situation on Rikers and Hart Islands

Kesema Farr Tarmovon 1957 89

‘The information received from Commissioner Kross and as a re-
sult of conversation with the above offeias indicates that
1. ‘The various offcials axe alert to tho need for fre protection

on the two islands.
‘The Fize Department is making a survey at the request of
the Department of Correction. * .
‘The Commissioner of Marine and Aviation hay indicated that
every elfort is made to keep the forsy service in readiness 40°
ny tmorgeney
New firefighting equipment is needed on Rikers Island also
Hart Island,
The ferry was not in operntion to convey motor or horse
drawn vehicles on the night of the plane crash because of

an extra piece of fire fighting equip :
Island, This unit gave effective service in fighting the fire
eaused by the crash.

‘Modem fire fighting equipment ean be transported on the
present ferry be

Fire boats can make contact at different points on Rikers
Island during high or low tide.

GLUECK STUDY ON THE SEX OFFENDER —FINAL REPORT

‘This reflects # continuation of our efforts as far back as 1947 to
‘make progress in the understanding and contro! of the sox offender.
‘As a follow-up of our easier efforts ere was passed bill in 1950,
and as a continuation of a preliminary study made in preparation
for the introduelion of the bill there was undertaken ‘study by
Ghucek under the divestion of tho Department of Mental

Sex Crime Law Not Working

As a follow-up of our xecommendations to the 1957 Legislature
there appeared in the ROCHESTER TIMES-UNION on Tuesday,
February 19, 1957, the lead and prominently displayed editorial
captioned "Sex Crime Lawy Not Working, Prison’ Astociation
Hints.”’ This is a lengthy editorial, quite pointed in accord with
the facts, and in support of our easlier expression of disappoint
ment regarding the operation of the so-called “sex offender law’
Tt alsa supports a sutvey made by Senator ‘Thomas ©, Desmond,
portions of whieh are reprinted in our 1952 annnal report,

‘THE DEATH PENALTY IN GREAT BRITAIN

To offst the erroneous impression that eapltal punishment had
tvoen abolished in Great Britain she Generel Seetetary made ia

40 ‘Tue Paisow Assoctarton or New York:

quiry of colleagues in offeial position at the Home Office in London
Gnd learned that the whole question remains tinsettled. The bill to
‘Sholish enpital punishment was passed by the House of Commons
Gut was defeated in the Tonse of Lords, mainly beeause of oppos
Hon by the Government. The Goverament has in preparation its
dwn bill which will provide for abolition except im certain eases;
for example, assault on a police officer.

INSITUTE ON CORRECTIONAL PSYCHIATRY AND
GROUP COUNSELING

‘The New York State Departments of Mental Hygiene and Cor.
rection antionmeed that on May 20th through 24th there would be
2 joint Institute on correctional psychiatry and group couuseling,
{the first of its kind held in the State, at the Hudson River State
Hospital. ‘Phe Tustitute investigated such subjeets as the theories
of criminal responsibility, preservation of inmates’ eonfidence, the
function of special examinations, correet use of observation,’ and
the role of peyehiatvie diagnosis in modern correctional. study and
rehabilitation, ‘The prineipal speakers, such as Dr. Winfred Over-
olset, superintendent. cf St. Elizabeths Hospital, Washington,
D.C. are known 10 the Prison Association of New York as experi
enced and capable authorities.

"The Prison Association is encouraged by this form of institute
peeause it gives evidence of a geowing and closer relationship be-
tween the Departments of Mental Hygiene and Correction and a
willingness to ealtivate a bettor understanding of psychiatry and
Inmate counseling in the field of correction, with particular ref-
ference {0 lustitutions in the State Department of Correction, We
have repeatedly niged this kind of eooperative relationship.

PSYCHTATRIG SERVICE FOR THE STATE DEPARTMENT
‘OF CORRECTION

Although we express satisfaction and some encouragement, with
respeet to the Institute on Correctional Psychiatry and Group
Gounseling held in May at the Hudson River State Hospital, we
nevertheless continue ta be eonecrned about the inadequacy of psy

chiatric. serviee for the iustitutions of the State Department of
Correction, We refer to this in other reports and in. recent, roe
‘ommendations to the Legislature, with full understanding that the

problem is nation-wide. We know that there is no wnvwillingness on
the part of the Department of Mental Hygiene to cooperate but
they have their own prublems and sre therefore obliged to take
tare of them first. Pevhaps it might he well to consider a return to

‘previous arrangement whereby the Department. of Correction
will have its own payehiatrie personnel to be organized and directed
through a division o€ psychiatry. This might also have an adminis.
trative advantage sines personnel im one department is move likely
to respond to direction aud control with regard to a fixed program
of study and treatment,

Kexerce Parra Tanoven 1957 a

COMMUNITY COUNCIL. OF GREATER NEW YORK

‘The Community Couneil sought the guidance and financial assist-
ance of Tho Prism Assoeiation of New York to make a survey of
hho impaet upon the families of men committed to prison. It was
Proposed to select « sample of 60 to 100 families containing young
‘Gulldren of inmates on Itikers Island and assign these families to
‘elected ease workers (ease Toad not to exceed 15 or 20 per worker)
who would work intensively with them during this period of separa

‘The project was to be organized xo that objective data on the Tange
of problems, the services and skills required to deal with them
‘would he obiained. The following protiems were to be attacked

. ‘To provent deterioration and hopefully strengthen the family

during absence of the parent.

"To help maintain parmtal and family relationships during
period of separation
‘To help prepare the family for retum of inmate and inmate
for return to his family, thos facilitate and expedite the =
intogration of the offender into society.
"To determine the impact of incareoration of parent on family.

OBJECTIVES

‘To provide a needed serviee to selected sample of families with
parent incarcerated in ety eornectionalinstitation,

‘To dramatize and bring before the family the difulties they
face during the inearceration of the parent.

"To develop and test effective methods of working with such
families, whieh would be made available to other agencies,
"To gather objective and comprehensive data on the range of
problems in sueh families. =e

‘The project was endorsed by the Commissioner of the New York
City: Department of Correction, the Commissioner of the Depart-
ment of Publie Welfare, the Diteetor of the New York City Youth
Board, and the Family Serviee Committee of the Community
Council of Greater New York.

Unfortunately, the Assceiation and the Commnnity Couneil were
unable to obtain the necessary funds up to the time of this writing
to activate this proposal

VOCATIONAL TRAINING — CALIFORNIA

‘The following item was brought to the notice of not only our
Executive Committee but city and state officials, coupled with the
logical question: If California ean do it, why not New York?

im the Report to the Governor's Conneil by the Director of Cor-
rections of California under date of February 27, 1957, there ap-
‘pears the following item:
‘Tere Prisox Association of Naw Yor

“Inmates Win Journeymen Ratings

“ping inmate students inthe yeatnnal plumbing course at
the Galtorin Sta Ervon at Soledad sugestaly uid
Mjouruegnen plumbers in a silf examination given non
pment es Saran —_—
‘ace! Mies SeereingysDeestver and Bustier Agent of ts
Geied Asseistion af dourneymen and apprentice of the
Printing snd Pipe Bitiine tadustey, Loot S08" Salinas, and
Bp 'Bob Potter, past President and Sceretary of tho same ica
u years 10 ake. a fournayman
nce i ae a
ive apied
sing program

five iuates not ony Pssed the exanination but ported
Nonaly high teat somes Sagine from 67 to 6: Mx Siler
sae thae the man are ow eligble for enttace ino he Union
fb jocreeymen plomies asd ipon elem may dota lua of

Bab aioe

CONCENTRATED SUPERVISION AND SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM

wee cevetel os eat epee oretnee
ues cope ees nes enema
Pettis program requires the cooperative astlon of the Now York
ae Tn 1956 three parole officers were obtained to undertake this pilot

Kuzema Farr Tapovon 1987 43

the OSAS Program was 465% as of December 31, 1956, while the
parolees included in the regular parole eupervision during the same
period had a violation rate of 15.55%.

OKLAHOMA LEGISLATION

‘There was introduced a substitute bill in the Teegislature of the
State of Oklahoma proposing the establishment of @ State Depart.
‘ment of Correction. ‘The General Secretary was asked to make an
analysis and this he did in eonsiderable detail, communication
2rom the Legislature was to the effect that the vatious suggestions
made by the General Secretary were most helpful

LEFTER FROM THE WIDOW OF THE LATE PRESIDENT OF
‘THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

On March 18, 1957, the Genoral Secretary sent to Dr, Alfredo
M. Bunye, a colleague and head of the Philippine Prison System,
‘pages from the NEW YORK TIMBS, relating to the tragic death
of President Magsaysay. Under date of April 1ith Dr. Bunye ae,
Imowledged receipt of the TIMES pages and stated that he had
sent them to Mrs. Magsaysay ““hecanse T know that she would value
these papers very much in view of the reeent announsement that
she will devote her time ouly to work of eharity and in collection
of articles regarding her deceased iinstrions husband." Under date
of April 15th the following letter was received from Mrs. Maguay
say

“Dear Mr, Cass:

Director Alfredo Bunye conveyed to me your message of
sympathy and the clippings of the New York Times issue of
March 18. Pleaso know that your very kind and comforting
words have given me the strength to bear the loss of my beloved
imshand. It is traly gratifying on our patt to know that we
are not alone in our sorrows. This thought and the spontaneous
manifestation of a common loss by our people and his friends
in the Free World has helped soothe the bitterness of his pass:

ing,
"Please accept my heartfelt thanks and appreciation for your
kind thoughtfulness,

“Gratefully yours,
(signed) Laz B. Magsaysay
(Mrs, Ramon Magsaysay)””
LEGISLATION
‘The Asioriation in keeping with its practice of many years was
attentive to bills introdueed in Atbany during the 1957 session,

For a detailed statement relating to thow bills holding our special
interest sce beginning on page 61,

4 ‘Tae Peon Association ov Naw Yorr

LEYTER OF THANKS FROM THE GOVERNOR

‘Tho Association was pleased to express an opinion on bills await
ing tho Governor. Tt was thorefore gratifying to reeeive a letter
from the Governor under date of April 80th, addressed to the Gen-
eral Secretary, expressing thanks for assistance given him and his,
Connsel, Judge Gutman, by letter and memoranda concerning
thinty-day bills before him, “He stated in part, “We found your
memorands enlightoning end helpful in our infousive study of the
legislation upon which I hid to act.”

FORTY.POUR YEARS OF SERVICE — GENERAL SECRETARY

On June 14th, Mr, Cass completed forty-four years of sorview
with the Association He began in dune of 1918 ‘ag an. Assistant
Secretary and in 1922 became General
ive Committee when this
oak the opportunity to ance again express thanks
1d wholehearted support given him by the mem-
bers of the commitioe and expressed waa appreciation of the
personal Teienships that have developed. He stressed that without
this support he coald not have served the Association to the extant
required and in Keeping with ite rich traditions.

CAYUGA COUNTY TAIL
As far back a8 1913 the General Secretary wrote reports eon-
demain

ig the Cayuga County dail and suggested the desirability of
a now jail, There has been little or no elange for the better over
the years. Doring the early part of 1957 he moved, as a member of
‘the Stato Commission of Correction, that anthorities of Caynga
County be cited to show cause why the Commission should not close
the jail.

‘Thore followed a hearing at which counsel for the county and
representatives of the ‘of Supervisors were present, Subse:
quently the Commission issued a close order and the matier then
Ment f0 the courts. A split dessin by the Alpetiate Divison ro
fue en note "wes Served by the Commision of on sppee
the Court of Appeals. As of this wr formation isto the eect

the ease will be heard by the Contt of Appeals early in 1058.

a is a glaring ezample of the long road that needs to Be tray

‘led in the interest of prograss with respect to these places having
to do with lawbreakers.

DETROIT HOUSE OF CORRECTION

‘Tho General Secretary was requested by the City Council of
Detroit to suggest names of qualified persons to investigate the De-
troit House of Correction, This followed general eomplaint about
the institation, and finally a mild form of tiot by the iamates

‘He declined, as requested, to serve on the committee but. stg-
gosted the warden of the Mlinois State Penitentiary at Joliet, the
commissioner of correction of the Commonwoalth of Pennaylvania,

Kucorsa Farcir Pirowast 1957 45

and the superintendent of the women's reformatory in Minnesota,
‘The committeo applied itself most earnestly and revealed some
shgeking and unbelievable conditions,

Tt is gratifying to eeord that the committee finally submitted a
roport which showed courage and wise understanding and was
highly constructive in its observatious and recommendations, The
report was widely and favorably acclaimed by the press and there
‘osulted some prompt and encouraging progress. One imporiant and,
Jikely achievement will be the aetion on the part of the State of
Michigan to relieve the Detroit House of Correction of the burden
of taking care of state prisoners,

GOVERNOR HARRIMAN PAROLE STUDY COMMITTEE,

Following the so-called “Lanza Case"? there developed consider

able public concern about the organization and operations of the
jew York State Division of Parole. It was a situation in the eate-

gory of a scandal that, as in earlier years, once again nroused pub-

fie interest and alarm concerning pavole. ‘Phe Governor Ios

im direoting en investigation, and shortly theteafter a

‘Watchdog committee also went into setion, Both investigations, how-

ever, were more specificelly geared to determine why Lanza was

restored to the status af a parolee and who was responsible in view

of the record regarding t

land Act or the appointment of a specially
qualified committee made up of those who had a substantial bale
ground of Inowledge regarding parole. The Association, following
eonsuitation, together with others, advised agaist a Moreland Act
Investigation and urged a study. The Governor very wisely foll
this eowse and at this writing a committee is at work. The eom-
maittee consists of the following members:

MATHIAS F. CORREA, New York City, an attomey with ex
‘ensive experience in investigation. Chairman.

SANFORD BATES, of Pennington, New Jesup, former director
of the US. Bureau of Prisons, and 2 consultant to the Amori-
ean Bar Association,

EDWARD R. CASS, New York City, general secretary, The
‘Prison Association of New York and The American Correc-
tional Association, snd a member of the New York State Com.
iission of Correction,

MISS FLORENCE 3¢ KELLBY, lewyer in change ofthe ext.
inal branch of the Legal Aid

ROBERT J. MANGUN, a deputy commissioner of the New York.
City Police Department who represents the Police Commis.
sioner on the City Parole Commission,

PAUL W. TAPPAN, of Tenafly, Now Jersey, a law professor at
Now York University and formor chairman of the U.S. Board

6 ‘Tue Prisox Assooust0n ov New York

WILL C, TURNBLADH, director, National Probation and
Parole Association, New York City.
HERBERT WECHSLER, law professor at Columbia University.

‘The New York ‘Times, under date of July 11, 1957, editorially.
appraised the makeup of the committee stating that the names of
‘hose mentioned “command instant respeet in the fleld."”

CENTRAL STATES CORRECTIONAL CONFERENCE

On Jane 16 to 19 the General Seeretary attended and pari
cipated as a general sossion speaker in the Twenty-Third Annual
Conference of the Ceutral States Correctional Association and the
Ohio Probation and Parole Association, held in Columbus, Ohio.

‘There were 12 statas represented and over 500 people in. attend.
ance, The subject of the General Secrelary’'s addrss was “Interna,
tional Collaboration in the Field of Corvection””. Tt was based on
the Geneva Conference in 1959, wich was held inder United Na-
Sons auspices an s,m @ sens, the continuation of the activities

Ds ‘Wines, the then general seeretary of our association,
1 Sar back a5 1872

THE FREDERICK A. MORAN MEMORIAL INSTITUTE
_ This Iustitwe was held et St, Lawrence University, at Canton,
iy 28-August 8, 1957

St beweenee Unsrersty, The
Secretary spent three days at the Institute and served specifically
fas a consultant for the section on correctional administration

HOUSE OF DETENTION FOR WOMEN, NEW YORK cITy
Tn June the General Sceretary met with Commissioner Kross
regarding certain alterations and needs at the House of Detention
for Women, The need for more adequate classification and the
‘modernization of the isolation or punishment seotion was thor.
‘oughly reviewed. Sinee then the isolation seetion as seh has been
eliminated and another area provided for the separate detention of
Inmates who need 19 he se aside from. the pepulation generally.
‘There has been  rearrin
sl made for the better housing of pypehiatsie and other pro-
While the institution continues with many physical and other
rawbaeks there nevertheless is a better enlightened and more e0-
operative staf? activity and unquestionably an improved handling
ff the poptlation through the establishment of activity programs,

Abandonment of the House of Detention for Women

Tt sooms agroed that the House of Detention for Women should.
be removed to another location, Tho Geneval Secretary has sup-

Kereusa Fara Tarovar 1957 a

ported this idoa in meetings with Commissioner Kross and through
{he Stat Gommision of Correction, The proposal to move to Nor
Brother Island fe not likely to be fulfled. ‘There’ no

prospect for a satisfactory new location.

‘Sih ANNUAL CONGRESS OF CORRECTION

"This gathering was under the augplees of The American Corree-
tional AGwelation and was held in Chieago, THinois, August 1823,
1957. There were 985, Tegistered dalogutes, from forty-two. ater
soveral foreign countries, the District of Golumbia and the Federal

eis season to belfove that the attendance
exceed th actual ewetzation,

‘rogram innovation this year was the setting up of worksbo
sostims for brouder and more intimate diseusion of various prob-
lems relating 1o probation, pavole exime prevention, and: depart-
meatal and institution administration

‘Numerous resolutions were adopted selating to the Compact of
Parole Administrators; agrocment on detains, «central statistical
Dare; Judi! woimnal statistics; surplus food distubution; and

at survey’of prison Ta

Special Resolutions for the General Secretary

‘Tho Congress of Correction at its annual business meeting, and
tikewige the Wardens" Association of America at its business meet.
ing, udopted a resolution recognizing the 35th year of service of
the’ General Secretary, H.R. Cass, £0 Tho American Correctional
‘Association.

Roberts J. Wright Elected President

Jt is with deop gintifeation that, we sesord here the cleton to
‘the presideney of The American Correctional Association for the
Year 1957-58 of SMe, Roberts J. Wright who before becoming warden
if the Westchester County’ Penitentiary in May, 1960, was for

wv York, as weli as The American Correctional Association, ‘This
jg-a fitting recognition of his devotion and labors i
body over the years, made possible by his identi

Association of New York in pursuing its uneeasing interest in the
funetioning of the national body.

[REVIEW OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN
‘CORRECTIONAL ASSOCIATION

‘The Prison Association of Now York sas conspicuous through its

spread the Gospel of iison reform throughout the
United States and shortly thereafter’he initiated a mavenent to do

48 ‘Tum Prisow Assooustoy or New Yor

Tikewise on an intemational level, resulting in the first meeting of
‘the International Prison Congress im London in 1872, i"

‘Becatse of Dr, Wines’ wisdom and fruitful labors The Prison
Association of New York has never ecased to be identified with the
atioual body. In 1921 the General Seosetary of The Prison Asso.
Giation of New York was lected to serve as General Secretary of
‘the national body and this avrangemont hes continued to date, All
‘through these years the local organiantion has heen @ mainstay for
the fonctioning of the national body and this position has been
‘suppotted in the desire to remain faithful to the vision and offorts
of Dr, Wines. The question perhaps has been in the minds of some
from time to tue as to whether it was worthwhile for the local
body to take on thie added responsibility and labor, Therefore in

156 ft was decided that there should be a review af the activities
and discussions and the eonelusions of The American Correetional
‘Association and (o fhat end General Secretary E.R. Cass sueceeded.
in obtaining a grant of $5,600.00 from The New York Foundation,
Dr. Peter P. Lejins, Professor of Sociology at the University of
Maryland, agreed to undertake the stidy .

‘Ai the 87th Annual Congress of Correation held in Chicago in
August of 1957 Dr. Tejins presented a preliminary report at a

auighly amd. impartially analyze and evaluate a given essigamont
‘his adds all the more to the weight of his eoneasions

"Agni becuse of or teasing interest in tho national body and
to retort jostidetion for our stort wo ace including in ts te
port Dr Veins preliminary report in fail. (See page 70.)

CONSULTANTS TO UNITED NATIONS ON THE PART OF THE
‘UNITED STATES

‘Tho General Seezetary continued to press for en increase in the
present number of three to six or seven eonsultants, The proposal
Js looked upon favorably by United Nations, ont United States
Attorney Generel, and the Federal Bureat of
Departzent. continues to study the proposal as las
memorandum under date of June 6, 19
during a meeting of the UN. Social Commission
WORKSHOP SESSIONS FOR WARDENS

In cooperation with the School ot Public Administration and
Sogial Service of New York University there was. established a
‘series of workshops for the benefit of wardens of the New York City
Department of Correction institutions. These workshops were di-
vided as follows

I. The Responsibiliy of the Community in Providing Custodial
Correction Care,

Kenema Fara Taroven 1957 49

TL. Detention and Correction Care as Constructive Raxperiences
vidual

for th
UL, The Basie Needs in Programming for Inmates in Custodiat
mg orm Patina
1V, Phe Organcaton of Diferential Care to Meet the Specialized
‘eed of Tamates.
V. The Implementation of Rehabilitation amd Reclamation Pro-
Sram in Pulfiling the Department's Objectioes.
ont biie altos
may 29th the General Secretary conducted Workshop VI on
Public Relations. ae

STANDARD MINIMUM RULES FOR THE TREATMENT OF
PRISONERS AND SELECTION OF PERSONNEL

‘Those rules were approved by the Eeonomie and Social Council
of United Nations in May, 1997. They represent the work of the
former International Penal and Penitentiary Commission and its
successor body, tho Social Dafence Section of United Nations,

‘These rules were a major item on the agenda for the Geneva
mecting, and the General Seeretary and others from the United
States were active in the meetings relating to the nal consideration
of the wording of the various standards,

United Nations requested that the Rules be distributed and ‘The
American Correctional Association defraved the cost of having them
printed for distribution in the United States,
elem again is anather instano ofthe fufliment of the vision of

fnternational collaboration initiated and euthuslastieally supported
by Dr. Wines when he was our General Secretary and who broaght
about the holding of the First Intomational Congress of Correction
im London in 1872. The faet that the representatives of fifty-four
govermments could gather in Geneva and finally agree upon a set
of rules augurs well for another forward step in correctional prog-
ess on a world-wide basis. The final approval by United Nations
‘makes that body responsible for the fulfillment of these rules, and
it is required that tho various governments report periodically ne-
garding their implomentat

__ We think so highly of the adoption of the rules as an international
influence for good and progress that we are making them @ part
of this report for further recording and distribution, (See page 84.)

ARCHITECTURAL GUIDANCE

©-%6 which bas to do with the preliminary plas for a workhouse
‘on Rikers Island to house 1200, and later perhaps 2000. The archi

50 ‘Tus Parsow Assooinion or New Yous

sca oc apap ato syria mee
A Rb.

PROPOSED LEGISLATION RELATING TO FEDERAL OFFENDERS

‘Three bills (HJ. Res. 424; HJ. Res, 495; HR. 8823) were i
tuoduced in Caniross by Representative Emanuel Celler of New
‘York at the request of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Those bills

1. Permit judges to waive present statutory requirements on

parvle eligibility. .
2 Extend the Youth Cozrections Act to persons of 25 years of
‘age and under, ar
. Provide for a serics of joint moctings or institutes attended by
Judges and other government officials for the development of
uniform standards in sentencing procodures.

‘This legislation hag been earefully considered and approved by
the Advisory Corrections Couneil set up under seetion 5002 of title
1B of the United States Code. This Couneil is composed of a United
States eiacult judge, tivo distviet eourt judges, a member designated

‘the Attorney General, the Chairman of the Board of Parole and
{ts Youth Division, the Director of the Burean of Prisons and the
hel of Probation oF she Adminintmtieg OMe of the United
States Courts. It is the duty of the Couneil to make recommenda.
Hons to appropriate officials for the improvement of the adminis.
‘tration of criminal jostice, the integration of policies as to. the
Aispasition, treatment of cotreetion of persons convicted of Roderal
offenses us'to measures to promote the prevention of exime and de-
Tingueney, and to suggest appropriate shudies in this field,

‘AL this writing, at the vequest of Mr. Celle, these bills are being
‘considered by The Prisou Association of New York and in due time
nr views will he made known to the Judiciary Committee of the
Congress.

UNITED NATIONS QUINQUENNIAL CONGRESS —1960

Continning the sequence, the next international congress would
bo held in Genova in 1960, However, United Nations im redueing its
‘budget moved toward the elimination of this scheduled meeting.

‘We urged, through the Federal Butea of Prisons and the De-
partment of State, that the Seczetary General of United Nations
fn preparing the Hodget for the Section on Social Defsnee give te-
newed consideration to the holding of the Congress in 1960. ‘There
‘was strong protest from many eountries regarding the proposal to
omit the 1960 Congress, and in this the United States joined, A

Keernva Fars Turovart 1957 a

resolution finally provided that, there be established an a hoe ad-
‘sory commites of experts to be convened in eatly 1
(@) to study the dittelties encountered by the Seeretariat under
toy etn ot General Anni Rwaton S15(¥)
{o'make recommendations on the future programm and poli
of the U.N, in social defence; prog panes
(c) advise the Seeretary General on the 1960 Congress

HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXERCISES AT RIKERS ISLAND.

On invitation of Commissioner Kross, on October 3rd, the Gen-
eral Secretary addressed the reformatoty group at Rikers Island
and presented high school equivalency diplomas to 30 young men
tho had completed thelr bigh sehool New ork Regus requive:

‘On ibis ageasion Commissioner Kross took the General Secretary
‘on a tour of inspeetion of the facilites, both housing and rehabili
ton, that had been established. on the’ Island #0 take eare of the
young men formerly housed at New Hampton Farms. The plan is
‘operating certainly in the right divection aud is more in harmony
with reformatory standards than existed at New Hampton Parma,

PRISON LABOR SURVEY

‘We continved through the year to give support to the proposal
that the United States Department of Labor make a: survay of
Prison labor, The last one was in 1940, There is certainty need for
'more reoent and liable pictare of the prison labor situation
fhroughout the country. We know that there iy by: far too meh
{leno among prisoners but cmsiderable of thia information
obtained by word of mouth or communications, or seatiated. per,
tonal bsetaflns andthe get uption, The 1840 stad wae a
Gareful analysis stato by state, covering practically every. supe
of the problem. * nF ey ee

‘This proposal has the sympathy of the Department of Tabor and
itis simply & matter of obtaining budget approval for funds

SURPLUS FOOD AND EQUIPMENT FOR CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS

We also continued to urgo both the city and state departments
of correction to take advantage of the availability of surplus food
and equipment. Recently the New York City Department. of Cor
‘reotion has made some progress in this dirvetion as a result of fae
Sormation brought to its attention, with the aequisilion of mechanieal
‘equipment, including @ large erate,

‘This food and equipment surplus is available to institutions,
both city and state, wherein it cam be shown that there i a Te.
habititation program, particularly for young prisoners, in operation,

DETENTION FACILITIES—200 MULBERRY STREET

‘The Association continues to press Zor the establishment of ade-
quate and safe detention facilities for Nareoties and Home "Term

2 ‘Tar Prsow AssocuTion or New Yous.

Courts, The late Commissioner Schoonfeld and the General Seere-
tary were instrumental in bringing about the drawing of plans for
certain renovations, Considerable time elapsed and mo progress Te-
Salted. The matter was again brought to the attention of Chief
Gity Magistrate Murtagh and the New York City Department of
Correction. The question was submitted to Hon. Frederick EL. Zur-
mullen, Commissioner of Publie Works, as to why the project bad
hot been pursued. It is gratifying to reeord that toward the close
fof the yesr the project was restored to the active schedule of the
Department oF Public Works,

FOREIGN VIstroRs
We eantinne to receive various foreign visitors and also make it
i al off

for a great many yesra and has a definite value toward interna.
1 relationship. We have had visitors from Bravil, England,
Lebanon, Japan, Pranee, Argentine, Turkey, and

Visit fo Sing Sing Prison. On November 18th, the Genoval See.
retary accompanied. the Honorable Dikran Tosbath, Member of
Parliament from Lebanon, and Mr, Ballantine of our Execative
Committee, on a visit to Sing Sing Prison. The warden gave us all
‘of his time and accompanied us throughout the institution.

REVISION OF FEDERAL FIREARMS REGULATIONS RELATING TO
INTERSTATE. TRAFFIC IN FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION

We are giving support to the proposal to revise Federal firearm
regulations s0 a1 to requiro the marking of revolvers and pistols
shipped in interstate commerce and the keeping of a record of
sales of certain tybes of firearms and ammanition,

Mhose revisions are boing smpported by the Pederal Burean of
Investigation, the Federal Buread uf Prisons, and others

EXECUTIVE LEGISLATIVE INSTITUTE

‘The General Sceretary was invited by Governor Tarriman
through his Counsel, Judge Gutman, to altend the First Annual
Exocutive Logislative Institute at the Executive Chamber in Albany
ras to eonsider the

‘tho Governor's offies deals with legislation and

how the interested groups ean be most helpful in presenting thelr
gpinions, and in coordinating and facilitating pubis contact with

sxooutive,

[MISSOURI PRISON SITUATION
‘On November 12th the General Seerotary sddzeswed a letter to
Governor Blair of Missouri commending him for upholding the

primeiple that the hend of the State Department of Correction
should receive the respect and cooperation of his subordinates, in-

Kememe Farr Tazouas 1957 53

‘This decision is commendable and the reason that the General
Secretary addressed the Governor was that in the report of the
investigation of the riot at the Jofferson City prison in 1954 the
‘eed for top level administrative control of the various institutions
was emphasized. ‘The General Secretary was a member of the con
mittee appointed ty Governor Donelley of Missoni to investigate
the riot and wrote the report. This report was widely acclaimed by.
the pres for its forthrightness in the diselosure of miserable. con.
tions

‘ud chat siuation regntdingihe opesation af he fe
stitutions. rene Se sree

THE ASSOCIATION'S BUREAUS OF SERVICE
EMPLOYMENT AND RELIEF BUREAU

‘An error committed against society, within a matter of seconds
petiapa cal too often senults sm a lifetime of penance, How wall
Tice’ Brow the costes of ther misslep, those individuals who
hav bon velesed from pul aioe: Por ion shen wha
TENS gin to teaize that they mest eontinne to wear the scale
ede Sf shame, a yok of guilt, meh as the Ancient Mari
Gubucloned with the Albetous, sad bowed ben =
Gelght oF his tn. Who then will ina the hand to lift this yoke ane
Wiehe the suigmaY The same society wo im the fest place had set
werent the guile? Of course: Why then is the exinmate rejected
wn Berg curn, en aftor ho hs patd his tensoia? Every evenue of
SESE nedemaption sudden hs decome ahd alley. ‘The refuge
Bo heli ie geeks ate forbidden him. Gain employment isnot
aa etsenigeh he learns, Just as he soon diaeqvers sympatty
Has Suaden'y beenino a cheap commodity, hended Treeky about, Te
EMS nsdeguate Te few of sympathy, the sseved one reaches han
Helly for a urumb of confidante na evist of tr, for thes will pro
SEIU the needed sustenauee. Rehabitation, «wondesfal enough
Word in ilselt; noverthelos takes ow tzve meting only trot fhe
Yory moment ‘an employer eracionsly extends his\ hand in warm
Weldome, His speculated arust and confidence will soon reap rie.
Prods ior the excimnte, penert and grateful for the second
Tener, proves himealf most conseientious and trustworthy, a val
Stale dase to ge basiness :

“Nhe Dalton Association of Now York, self edteated tothe welfare
of natolees, dssherged prisoners and those men in various institae
tions awaiting release, deeply appreciates the Kind cooperation and
Unde torts of these employers who willingly adopt the services
Of thee men, Te is tis understanding and snselfabress that helps
Geatocue the harden of placement, To those. who. have not yet
Seutured thu to avail themselves, the Assocation extends earnest

tn for the some an the not too distant future

"The rood te ruhahilitation bugine dineetiy at the opened prison
ate ‘fang tonke it ethers do not. The mieorse or fallare oF the
Srapfanur vewte larly. with the mest_of 8 who suddenly become
Theke'dhan just spectator, re must be prepared and willing to help
Him‘elong, onward and apward. ‘Phe eourwe mst be direct swiit
se cae, fox to many fvonds ean lead to confusion, dismay and
Sear'complete collapse, but with a Gem ‘oothala upon the right
path and Faced tovard {he right direction, the exsnmate will travel
Mopeelsstrmjghs chad. He ll once more know the sweet taste
of equality; the precinas restoration of grants of rights and pri
fogea whieh ho Will grasp and hokd. desrly, never again to re.
Waguith, for he will have learned that thse were nt histo zeal,
hed het fast ye-earned themn through sineere and honest eftort
ppily coupled with those of the ikind employer who had graciously
offered gainful employment. Here we seo the Vital need of thie
ttsistanee,

154]

Tue Assocumon’s Bunraus or Senvice 55

vib 1 Sah nn $s esi a ine mn
sa Se as Fs eet ot ae ee
Bae re a as cenreeen oe Ore
ioe ah nes es Sy Tees came oe
soe sare vote eee cereal
ea eee eee Sel ce eo es
ee ee ec eae ee meres
smacear nas
Sa eo enslormmn eee = acm

ee Pe reer oti Be seas tenet oe
Borer eR et fem cone ae
Speen pi ate eal cect Tie ate une
tall upon fhe Bureau for fncgctl asatenes and gudanse togh?
ci peso Peas fy Seah neacs oad ieee evi
tise EG AP ae te ORE ean
Sean Se ok ihe Teel he
EPs sien a Ser

ve eee ae ae -
a a a paren le Daee eS ae
seb an iee ecaeat m o reet
at cay a meee eolaraet anaes
Fe peer agreed rpm eye open et tre

STD, plana to attend might school to complete his fll four years.
‘A recent vist to his home disslosed that he was silvery happily
‘anployed and is eontsibuting to the support of his parents and that
Nome conditions ave greatly improved with his employment snd
‘aaitanee to the family
¢ Toreat is in constant reeeipt of requests that are most de-
serving. Our aid is truly appreciated, and of course, our efforts well
ewarded when the final onteome proves favorable for all parties
goneaoned. Ti Tolowing Teton oF gratia better expremes i
Ca fist offender had spent neatly four years in the
tentiary for breaking inlo an apartment, Following his release ho
‘vas eonfined to the hospital for ax operation and then was snable
{ovyorke We gave him naistance, He is doing very well HOW -
aren venelosed is money ender for Sve dollars to cover past of
loan éxiinded by you and your wonderful organization, God Willing,

TAME anes and Intile aro Setitins

56 ‘Tae Prison AssoctaTion ov New York

next week I shall contribute another part thereof and hope to meet
the loan in fall within mouth of Mareh, Extending our sincere
pratitade we remain yours sincerely

ie ‘Mr. and Mrs. K. T.*

“igorry for the long delay but I've bean trying my Best to make
2 Goa tar mayect and L completely forgot 1 atl owed you
‘some money. I’ve got my own apartment now, and I hope to be
some mone me nent year, Te stl got some bls to mest yet
carr aeTat make ie tk God's help. 1m atl working and ove
ate eaeas {im ont of the lucky ones. hope some of the other
ay Je Good bresk as {did Im enclosing the 94.00 thanks
evra ok buen sect and Patient: Please ansiver me $8700

ot this tor
eet or our 3061 annual report was the eae of R.§.* whose
sultitvent behavior and self restoration ruled further mention in
setae report wherin we wots a gratifying follow-up, In this
Ou Jal report we wish To conclude the sgn of K. Sending it of
avery imppy note

‘An Example of Genuine Rehabilitation,

the ofliial Prison Association eard, ‘The superintendent smiled in-

TAM name and Initiate arg fttous.

‘Tue Assocumon’s Buxeaus or Suavice

dulgently, quickly assuring him that he had no interest in R.S.1¢
past—only his present and future! He farther revealed that R. 8.*
‘wos tho most faithful and conscientious employee ho had ever had.
Several months later, however, R. S.* realized that his required
chores were steadily’ diminishing” and heesuse he felt strongly
gainst accepting wages he hadn't rightfully earned, he soon re-
signed-over the loud protests of the superintendent who was loathe
to lose his valuable servieos,

Bor the past six years 1, S.* has been happily employed by one
of New York's leading corporations,

‘Now, for the social side of R. S.*. A foreigner by birth, he was
determined to better himself, so devoted most of his spare time in
prison to self-eduestion as well as the education of others willing
to loam. He iss most charitable soul, always extending a helping
hhand to those less fortunate than himself, More important, he is
‘most eager to help youngsters; to keep them rem straying, lest
‘they make the same mistakes he did. He is a decent man, deeply
possessed of high morals, having rison above his past environs. Bo-
‘cause of his honesty and forthrightness, poople are instantly drawn
to him, A little more than a year ago, he made the acquaintance of a
gracious little lady whose honesty and simplieity mateled his own,
0 it was small wonder that they fell in love. Just as in the ease
of all those whose friendship he highly values, R.'8." lost no time
in revealing his past. But just as he lind hoped, it made no differ.
ence. ‘They were married soon after, with a simple but. dignifted
ehureh eoremony, attended by our Sceretary and his wife

‘The most precious wedding gift R. S* eould possibly have re-
ceived soon beeame more than a cherished dream, With the assist-
fance of the Burvau, his parole was reduced to quarterly visits to
his parole officer, and soon after that, he was discharged from parole
supervision! Ho already has started working for full restoration of
his citizenship.

‘To further iilustrate the man’s sterling character, itis only Atting
that wwe eonelide on a note of poiguaney. Recently he eame to the
Bureau, accompanied by his wife. In his two hands he proudly
clutehed n small but significant bouguet of roses—ten in all—one
beautiful white rose surrounded by nine red ones. Like a happy
schoolboy, R. S* explained eagerly r
nine precious years of freedom. The Fed ones are Zor each of the
nine years since may rolease from prison, and the while one in the
center—pure and unblemished—is for the future ...””

‘While R. 8.° indicated ho had great hopes for the future, it soon
developed that he was in for considerable entanglements with im-
migration authorities, Tt was in July, 1953, that R.S.° entered one
of the Federal Buildings in New York to apply for citizenship
papers. On completing the neeossary papers he indicated his prior
artest ecovd foF serious erimo, Tt was at that precise moment that
he was informed of his detention in violation of the provisions of
the MoCarran Act relating to “undesirable aliens.”” ‘From that

©All names and Saitiaty are Seti

58 ‘Tue Prisow Assootanion ox New Youe

until Deonmber 1954, the Asration in cooperation with the
date ul ec Rteerican Unity strageied to ase, that
Corman ae of juice wan directed towards RS and his At
a tsagh the Couel gat guidance im immigration at
feniies, Tanya able. Our elem, and in August 1989, the

: ape with the Govern of New Cork
a a ppecon, tip man's deportation. ia the Inueim
Ir eee Coun! appeared on behalf of this man not only in
Row ore bat i Washington

"Til iue while Ry See was bedoviled with the idea that some day
a a somes cova lao he had ot seo since 1004, and
Fee ee hie home, family and poston, While tis pbeyed
ee ea nevertheless Tenia’ to fet i get the Bett oF Rim.
ga hs mind AGyrs gf the, Amociation’s Bxeentive Commillee
205 dened uwal assistance, and much time was devoted to ths
Se ainy due of RS andthe Aalto. -

Fanny ie kugust 1858, Governon Dewey, recomising the
ce is cage as presented to him by the Association and bused
ens of ce eaton by. is owen representatives, granted &
on gee) proven Geporaton. he ou and for al eaneled
pardon fe Pinge ed rons pendig agenst this ma

ee earn ns beet encouraged and gratified that is hours
oe eee eon awarded not oni by an wodersanding Cox,
oa teeta parties concerted, notte eat of which wa RS
himself, who has again demonstrated his long-announced intention
MMS to the steaghe amd nervow" anil

Pes Mo august 6, 1957, B. So was granted his citienship

FS. sai nowt being his prowdet and most prized poston
‘Xhappy Poseoipt indeed!

Statintice for Employment and Relief Bureau for 1957

iis ca

i Toten acc

Rasphno woman at
Te nnd fom New Ye Gi Dante

se ae

Mt lle i ai ism)

espinal yea

EEE Ca premiere ca
enn lia ein

ea lodgings) y sage eee es ee + «$12,019.05,

Tuetades cients, parole and probation offers, agency and taetitationat
om mamen and fitals aro Aetitions

‘Tax Assocumon’s Bureaus oF Suavice

FAMILY SERVICE BUREAU

In the early years of the Asociation’s existence there developed
‘en awareness a8 10 the plight of the families of men in prison and
this has as a result been one of our unceasing interests, There is no
‘question that the impact of arrest and imprisonment is too severe
for the mothers, wives and ehildren in many instances to moot with-
out wise, aympathetic and rationalized guidance. The man in prison
Geprived of one of the most precious things in life, namely _
is novertheloss certain, good or bad as it might be, of food, shelter
is for everyday living are not in many
family. Tt is not intended to pla
sentimentality by stating that these people are most times made to
suffer for the sins of others, Tt would require the makeup of a very

saving these families from the ridicule aud seorn of unkind people
‘who fae advantage of the fact that the father or some other member
Of the family is im prison.

‘The fir important requirement is that an old mother, or a
shocked young wile with one or more children, will meet with some-
fone who understands her predicament and cat give her Smmediate
Iaterial asistanee where required, and guide her to the extent that
fhe can adjuse in her new and diffeule situation. ‘This problem is
Sometimes complicated by the hostility of other members of the
‘family, either related to the man in prison or to the wife herself
tis amazing to note how in some instances in-laws in 8 Zoeling of
bittemess and shame are quite willing to remove themselves #rom.
any identity with their stricken relatives,

‘he tools of assistance are the making of certainty that there will
be food and shelter and necessary clothing, that the children are
Kept at school, that medieal-and surgical and optical attention is
given where required, that there be complete change of environ:
tent through the relocation of the family in another community
if'that be sn essential toward their welfare and protection. Money
of course is a big item in dealing with taese people but it isnot the
only important factor to, be considered. For example, those un-
fortunate people who begin to feel themselves becoming a part of
‘an ostracized group noed the boneft of wise, comforting consulta
‘Hon and guidance. Many times mothers will suy to our workers
‘hat itis So helpial to them to be able to sit down and tale with
someone who understands their position. Again it is to be noted
‘that this kind of service must. be well balaneed without am exeaas
of fang of pity or te approsch toa routine and foo formalized

60 ‘Tae PRisos AssoctaTiON oy New Yous,

Statisties for Family Service Burean for 1987

Families in active category January 1, 1957 .
New eases nocepted «+
Cases reopaned -.- 10)

‘Total number of esses during year «....
(Qause closed. cssasesestersnencoe

Banifies in aotiveentegory December 81, 1957
Total amount of inane assistance =...
Families proviced with Christmas dimers abd toys
{total of 203 persons)
Chitdeen snd mothers sotto summer eamps
Giice interviews, home and agency visits «=~
Ths un ao nce tnumrabo tela eons wth fs
co an nates

LEGISLATION 1957

"The 1967 session established a record for the number of bills
introduced, there

place upon a Governor and refleets the usual-end-of-the-session
Tush of fetion on bills in both Houses, Finally, of the total number
of bills introduced 1,047 became law. ‘The record volume of bills
introduced this year, making for a tremendous cost in printing and
angling daring legislative days, seems to have made an impact on
tho Legislature with the result'that a committee was autho

to study ways and means of improving the situation. (See Senate
Resolution #156, Assembly Resolution #204.) In addition to the
number of bills there were also 15 proposed amendments to the
Constitution and finally 188 Senate and 216 Assembly resolutions.

Comparatively few bills were’ related to erime prevention pro-
grams, court finetioning, probation, parole, ahd institutional ad
Ininistration. The Youth Court Act passed by the 1956 Legislature
‘cue in for eritiesm as the 1957 susion approached, to a. degree
that yas not notieeable while the Act was being disemsed rior
to its passage. ‘To give opportunity for further consideration the
Dropanents of the Hil offered amendments snd finally agreed to «
postponement. of its enactment until 1958, A bill was introduced
From an unfriendly souree to repeal the Act in its entirety. Anothi
important piece of legislation that attracted. considerable attention
hhad to do with the reorganization of the courts. This bill was offered
aftor careful study by. the Temporary Commission on the Courts
‘There was, of course, divided opinion as to the merits of the pro-
posal with’ some delayed opposition. ‘The bill passed the Senate and
‘was defeated in the Assembly. Fortunately, the Legislature pro-
vided for the eontimuation of the Commission on Courts, and it is
the hope of all those who are anxious for improvement in the fune-
tioning of our courts that tho effort in that dizeetion will meet with
better sueeess during the 1958 session.

‘There was the usaal bill to restrict the operations of the prison
Industries and this was direeted toward the manufacture of brushes
in Sing Sing. This hos boeome a perennial pieoo of logislation
although it meets with defeat at each attempt.

A bill to invade the confidentiality of probation reports was
introduced and the association used elt the means at its disposal
to suecessfully bring about its defeat. We hold that tha substance
‘of these reports is for the information aud guidance of the courts
fn ansiving at a satisfactory delarmination ‘as to whether or aot
4 subject ts suitable for probation. We 12 suggestion in
te bil that Giese veports be made available footer than the Judge
under whose direction they are initiated,,

(Of singular interest was a bill that had as its purpose the deter.
ination of what eoustitutes a parole violation by a eourt of law

rey

62 ‘Tun Paisox Assooumon or New York

racy tbat esi eta ented estes Sie es
ire emma oc, lr, eM Ba ae

‘MODUS OPERANDI

engh pl egies treed copie of bile
onic a ee Se he sp
Soest tgtnad 0 tun reece
and with th caiman of ato cme AT ho

Acknowledgement

tients sae os es rete eter
oo ie erasing ie eelation for advice and dance given with
ro ee daca
ote Gone mary yl va, we sepportd all il
inno fo he I ae g ad
See oe Fe Ba an oa

Prison Association of New York gave particular attention
to 69 bills of whieh we approved 52 and opposed 17.

APPROVED BILLS.
Failed to roath the Goveenor »

‘Vetooa ‘by the Governor
Bigned by the Goversor

OPPOSED BILLS.

riled to teach the Governor «
Yetood by the Governor
jgned by tho Covernar

Approved

ovmn Court Aor. Senate Int. 294, Pr. 294, Amends the youth
cong a Se rtation to aflestive dato to bo April ft, ninetew

nundred Sfty-eight. Chapter 3.

Tneastacion — 1957 co

Panoue Evsciry asp Reovorios or Sentmxce Senate Int
420, Pr. 4282, Assembly Int. 905, Pr. 4682. Amends the penal law,
in telation to eligibility for parole and reduction of sentence for
certain persons convicted of robbery in the first, degree betwoon
March eighteenth, nineteen hundred thirty-two and June first, nine-
teen hundred forty-two, Vetoed.

Yours Cover Act. Senate Int, 421, Pr. 422, Assembly Int. 771,
Pr, 777. Amends the youth court act, in relation to the seope of
offenses covered, arraignment before a magistrate, the imposition
ff fines, expanded publicity for hearings and records, extending
the effective date, xepealing various sections and making other
technical changes. Fotled of passage.

Assuoun ox Potice Oveiorr, Senate Int, 570, Pr. 571, Assembly
Int, 850, Pr. 24. Amends the penal law, in relation to'an assault
‘upon a ‘member of an organized police foree of any city, town,
village or municipality. Failed of passage.

Panoux or Cxnzamx Patsonns. Senate Int, 631, Pr, 647, Assembly
Int. 800, Pr. 809. Amends the carreetion inw, in relation to prisoners
‘subject to parole. Failed of paseage.

(Our or Sane Incancumanson, Senate Int, 818, Pr. 843, Assembly
Int, 1076, Pr, 1096, Atuends the eorreetion law, in relation to pro-
viding for the entry by this state into the out of state incarceration
amendment (o tho interstate compact for the supervision of pat

fand probationers, and for related purposes. Chapter 183.

Acramesy on Deramens. Senate Int, 919, Pr, 4290. Amends
the code of eriminal procedure, in relation to providing for the
enactment by this state of the agreement on dtainers with any
‘other jurisdiction logally joining thercin, and for related purposes,
Chaptor 524,

Diseosmow or Crtars Unter Troseramts, Senate Int. 990,
Pr. 949, Assombly Int. 2154, Pr. 2218, Amends the eodo of eriminal
procedure, in relation to providing or the disposition of certain
nized indictments, informations or complaints at the instames of
‘a prisoner, and for related purposes. Chapter 440.

‘Cuars yor Eanoxzove Iuprisonansn, Senate Int, 1123, Pr. 1167.
Amends the eourt of claims aet, in relation to elaims for imprison:
‘mont following erroneous or faudulent eonvietion of exime. Ap-
proved in principle. Failed of passage,

Remmpunsmsmet son MansrenaNce, CLovaNa, 'TRANPORTATION,
ano Cant, Sonate Int. 1328, Pr. 1385, Assembly Int, 1347, Pr. 1379.
‘Amends the penal law and the eorrsction law, in relation to state
reimbursement of expenses ineurred by counties and cities in eon-
neetion with the maintenance, elothing, transportation and care of
felons and misdemeanants or lessor offenders. Failed of passage,

‘Taw Prusox Associamox or New Yous

Funcrioys Division ov Reseanon. Sonate Int. 1588, Pr. 1684,
Assembly Int. 1311, Pr. 1340, Amends the correction law, with
Gelation to the functions of tho division of research. Failed of
passage.

Surrox: or Dreuwpents, Sonate Int, 1602, Pr. 1685, Assembly
Int, 2007, Pr. 2063. Amends the uniform support of dependents
law, in relation to itemized statements of payments (re probation
ceases). Chapter 108,

Discranaz Narawoct: Isuaves, Senate Inf, 1620, Pr. 1703, As
sembly Int. 1307, Pr. 1336. Amends tho correction law, in relation
to the discharge of Napanoch inmates retained aftor the expiration
of their terms. Chapter 85,

Conntrssrmns 10 Marneawan Sravx Hosertan. Senate Int. 1621,
Pr. 8089, Assembly Int, 1305, Pr. 8527. Amends the correction law,
in relation to the commitment of insane prisoners to the Matteawan
state hospital, Chapter 267,

Arvonvruent op Instiryti0NaL, Enviovees. Senate Int. 1622,
Pr, 1705, Assembly Int, 1313, Pr, 1842. Amends the eorreetion. law,
in ‘relation to the appointment of institutional employess. Pailed
of passage.

Yours Renamuimarion Factury. Senate Int, 1648, Pr. 1731,
Assembly Int, 1310, Pr. 1299. Amends the correction law, in rela
tion to superintendents and assistant superintendents of the youth
rehabilitation facility. Chopter $81.

Drvisioy Crnarcar Tomentrtcinion, Senate Int, 1650, Pr. 1733,
Assombly Int. 1309, Pr. 1338, Amends the earrestion law, Wit
respect to the division of criminal identifeation, Chapter 272,

sms’ Tonat Covne. Senate Int, 2016, Pr. 2109, Assembly Tut
‘2407, Pr. 2494, Amends chapter soven Inindred sixteen of the laws
of nineteen hundred fifty-one, in relation to continvation of juris
ietion of court in the ease of any respondent qitl. Chapter 257.

Pango asp Tunanatow oF Paso, Senate Int 23, Pr. 207,
Assembly Tut, 2547, Pr. 2636. Amends the correction law, in Tl
tion to period and termbiation of parole, Failed of passage.

Navona, Lave Maxcosunt, Senate Int, 2910, Pr, 2498, Assembly
Int, 2018, Pr. 2074, Amends the correction law, in soiation to the
application of sections two hundred nineteen’ and two. hundred
forty-two of such Inw to a patolee sentenced to a term of one day
minimum, natural life maximum. Chapter 436,

Comsumsimyr Mare Ovvenpens. Senate Int. 2998, Pr, 2523, As
sembly Int. 2745, Pr. 2850. Amonds the correction law, in relation

‘commitment of male offenders between the ages of sixteen and
twenty-one years. Failed of passage.

‘Laasamos — 1957 6

Division or Crnentat, Inewruvtcation, Senate Int. 2564, Pr. 2711,
Assembly Int, 8474, Pr. 9616, Amends the correction law, to ¢
‘the name of the division of criminal identifeation of the department
of correction to division of identification. Chapter 348,

Mavagmnmer ApprmoxaL Reyomtavory ror Wounx. Senate Int,
2506, Br. 4324, Ansembly Inf S117, Pr, 4920 Aonends the ezwetion
law, the social welfare law, the code of criminal procedure and the
penal law in connection with the establishment, goverament and
‘management of an additional reformatory for women. Chapter 802.

Pronanios Ruronts Convert, Senate Int, 2602, Pr. 2749.
Amends the code of criminal procedure, in relation to making re-
ports of probation officers confidential and privileged. Failed of
passage.

‘Tenus op Lnemsosmenr Cutan Cases, Senate Int. 2672, Pr
2343, Assembly Int, 465, Pr. 1152. Amends the penal law, in rela-
tion to ealeulating terms of imprisonment in eortain cases. Chapter
734,

‘Txuxs Seounsry Prnconnet. Senate Int, 2784, Pr. 2905, Assem-
bly Int. $185, Pr, $820. Amends tho eorreetion faw, in relation 10
‘tho titles of certain security personnel, Failed of passage,

Panowe Cuntars Casis, Senate Int. 207, Pr. 3164,
Assembly Int, $706, Pr. 2648, Ament the penal law, in relation 10
‘the eligibility for parole of persons convicted of robbery in the
‘secoud degree as second and third offenders. Vetoed.

Frocaue Custontat, Eucrtorens, Sonate Int. $197, Pr. 3817, As.
sembly Tat, 2975, Pr. 4147, Amends the evil service law, in relation
to the allocation’ of the positions of female custodial employees of
the department of correction to the same salary grade as male
eustodial employees in state prisons having substantially equivalent
duties, Failed of passage

Cxnemiat. Stamiemes. Senate Int, 3195, Pr. 8925, Assembly Int
4017, Pr. 4159, Amends the codo of criminal procedure, in relation
‘ the annual reports of eriminal statisties. Chapter 484.

Axwuan Rerorrs Ceininat Sramisms, Senate Int. $136, Pr.
4099, Assembly Int. 4016, Pr. 4158. Amends the code of eriminal
procedure, in relation to the annual reports of eriminsl statistics
Failed of passage.

Reoonns ov Ttacanns, Sonate Int. 3399, Pr. 3599, Assembly Int
9475, Pr. 4651. Amends the correction law, as to. tho records to be
Fe oon ie eae wae ‘correctional. institutions

Crvm, Senvice Srarus Dukecror or Panoux. Senate Int. $584, Pr,

66 ‘Tax Prison Associnon ov New Yore

2958, Assombly Int. 4036, Pr. 4950, Amends the exeeutive law, in
relation to ‘the civil serviee status of the administrative director of
avoe und the executive asrstant to the board of parole. Vetoed

Punic Dersyrns 1 Cretan Covrnis. Assembly Int, 493, Pr.
2447, Amends the county lev, in relation to providing for the eloe-
tion of public defenders in certain counties and presesibing their
powers and duties. Approved in principle, Failed of passage.

Huns or Senvice Unewovens Senate Int, 2600, Pr. 2747, Av
sembly Int, 767, F772" Arnends the sil Seve

WS Caries of enplayecs in certain intcations. Peed of
posse,

a 4 Srare Camste Conanssion, Assembly Int. 995, Pr
4011, Amends the executive law, in relation to repeating 2 seetion
dRawof and erunting stato ecime commission im the. execative
department. Failed of passage.

Aurowances Assiaen Counsit. Senate Int. 2963, Pr. 4337, As
sembly Int, 1927, Pr. 4681, Amends the code of eriminal procedure,
jn" relation to allowanees ‘to assigned counsel in certain cases.
Chapter 339,

1 Aaarssn Conarorioan, Ormicuu.s. Senate Int, 1587, Pr.
41669, Assembly Tut. 1306, Pr. 1333. Amends the correction law, in
elation to actions against commissioner or deputy commissioner
of correction, of officers or employees of institutions in the depart-
ment, Pailed of passage.

‘Discuanor ov Cenrais Ixatames. Sonate Int, 1586, Pr. 1662, As
sembly Int. 1908, Pr, 1337. Amends the correction law, with respect
to the discharge of inmates of institutions for defective delinquents.
Failed of passage.

Yours Rassonsniqiox Facusry. Senate Int, 1640, Pr. 1982
Assembly Int. 1312, Pr. 1941, Amends the eorrection law, in rela
dacenbiy Tor ath Sohailltoton taclity. Poled of Posse

Junruxa Panotm, Senate Int, 1512, Pr. 1587, Assembly Int. 1618,
Pr. 1665, Amends the penal law, in relation to jumping parole,
Failed of passage.

resem Paverio.oaus. Senate Int. 1927, Pr. 9746, Assembly
Int. 1957, Pr, 2013. Amends the mental hygiene law and the eorree-
tion Tew, in felation to certified payehologists. Chapter 605.

‘Taanseee Daxeenovs Pynsows, Sonate Int. 1323, Pr. 1980, As
sembly Int. 2015, Pr. 2071, Amends the mental hygiene law, in
{elation to the transfer of a person with a dangerous mental eondi
ton to-am lastitation under the jurisdiction of the department of
cortection. Chapter 361.

Lvsistarion — 1957 or

Goa, Coxovor Crmmoares, Assembly Int, 2026, Pr. 4166,
Amends the penal law, in relation to the issuance of certificates

quod contact to perséag sentenced 10 inprigonment for le who
hhave been paroled and discharged from parole. Vetoed.

Panoixe Surenvision Sex Orvenvews, Assembly Int. 2833, Pr.
2406. Amonds tho eorrection Iaw, in relation to extending and’ pro-
‘iding for the continuation of parole supervision over here.
after convicted of sex offenses involving children, Failed of passage,

Jumprso Bas, Senate Int. $496, Pr. 3676, Assombly Int. 2571,
Py. 2660. Amends the penal law, in relation to jumping bail. Failed
of passage.

Cousins Cemsans Ansunicam Deuusquanss. Senate Int
2808 Br 25a, assobly Tot 247, Br, 29, ends he Calren’s
court aei of the state of New York, in relation to the commitment
of adjudicated delinquents after reaching the age of sixieon. years
Failed of passage.

Seuvy ov Jupteiy Sram Senate Int, 2741, Pr. 2012, Assom-
bly Ins. $225, Pr. 3360. Amends Chapter five hundred ninoty-onc
fof nineteen handred fifty-three to continue to March thirty Sret,
“netgen hundred fy ight temporary commission ereated to stdy

jelal systom of stale and administration of justion. Chapter 618.

Poste Howns, Senate Int. 3411, Pr. 8601, Assembly Int, $297,
ior

Pr. 3432. Amends the correction law, in relation to providing
foster homes or hostels to care for certain minors om probation or
parole, to include minors under the continuing jurisdiction of the
‘court ind paroloes from privately maintained enstodial institations
and state training schools. Failed of passage.

New Hasrrox Reronuarony. Assombly Int. 4194, Pr, 4727. Tn
relation to acquisition of New Hampton Reformatory by authorising
the eity of New York to convey and/or lease certain real property
‘to the state of New York, for the uses and purposes of the state
department of earrcetion. Chapter 998.

Naw Tawpzo Revonsarony. Senate Int, 3687, Pr. 4456, As-
sembly Inf. 4196, Pr, 014, Amends a chapter of the laws of nine-
teon Bundred fitty-seven, entitled ‘‘An act in relation to acquisition
of New Hampton reformatory by authorizing the city of New York
to convey and/or lease certain real property to the state of New
York, for the uses and purposes of the state department of eorree-
tion, * in relation to transfer of employees. Chapter 999.

Actiox ay Wannexs mx Crntams Cases, Astembly Int, £208, Pr.
4049. Adds new section 601-8, Correction Law, to require state
prison warden when he is satisded on facts submitted, that person
hhas beon erroneously sentenced 2s 2nd, 3nd or 4th offender, to notity
istrict attorney of county of conviction, and if investigation so

6 ‘Tux Paisox Association or New York

determines, prisoner shall be taken before sentencing court for re-
‘sentence. Chapler 984.

Crsrany Ixvonwanion ny Cums 1x Counts. Assembly Int. 4909,
Pr 5050, Amends seotion 485-4, Criminal Code, to require court on.
sentencing person as 2nd, 8rd or 4th felony offender, to direct clerk
to enter on minutes nature of prior offenses, with dates and places
fof conviction, to be delivered to sheriff. Chapter 986.

Opposed

ecomacesoumos Suny Monon, Casas, Sonate Int, 1901, Pr.
128, Amand the ponal law, im seition t9 recommendation by jury
abil tmprisonmnt for murder in fst degree. (This bil equines
hal upon recommendation by” the Susy of life imprisonment. the

out must sentence the defendant t9 imprisonment for the term of
Ais natural fe.) Potted of passage

Ievisrioanion Conrmusranine Pronation Repoats, Senate Int.
085, Pr 098.-Ament te cade of exiinal procedar, in telation
to the examination of probat is and reoords by attorneys
Prior to sentencing of persons eauvieved of erime. Pailed of postage.

Maverscrons o» Buosnrs, Senate Int, 1949, Pr. 2042) Assem-
Tew, in relation to Beas

ry intended. to. limit
Dronimaking by pristers, We tegard this as a dangerous initial
Mp to reteiot the operations of the industries of the institution
Sf Tae department of correction and to further reduce the already
fo Maile opportunity for employment of prisoners.) Failed of
passage

Exrowmary Psoxonon Exawncanions. Senate Int. $112, Pr.
3026. With respect to the creation of a uniformod force of the de-
partment of correction and rules governing eligibility for promotion
‘examiations, Failed of passage

Stars Runeunscaave Prouavion Suevices. Senate Int. $472,
pr. 8669, Assembly Int, 4020, Pr. 4462. Amends the correction law,
{jn relation to state reimbursement for probation services, Failed
of passage.

Crust, Senvioe Sraxus County Jam, Enero. Assembly Int.
425, Pr. 425, Amends the equnty am, in relation to providing ce
service status for county jail employees in counties outside the city
SE New York, (We approve tho general objective of this bil But
Sve object to ite '“freezing-in”” provisions.) Failed of passage,

Repeat. Youru: Cour Ar. Acsombly Int. 1107, Pr. 1127. Re-
ppeals the youth court act. Failed of passage,

‘Vacarrxa Caveat Convierions, Senate Int, 2023, Pr. 2182, As.

Lmorstarion — 1957 69

sombly Int. 2293, Pr. 2566. Amends the eode of eriminal prooodure,
in relation to vacating eonvietions against persons under nineteen
years of age at time of conviction. Failed of pascage.

Grasp Jury Mnvures ro Davewex Arrornsy. Senate Int, 2768,
Pr. 2989, Assombly Int. 2416, Pr. 2505, Amends the code of erim-
inal procedure, in relation to availability of grand jury minutes to
defense attorney. Failed of passage,

Recomnexnation ny Suny Fuesr Demme Munome Cases, As.
sembly Int, 2443, Pr, 2592, Amends the penal lay, in relation to
recommendation by jury. (This bill eliminates the diseretion now
given tho eourt ir felony murder eases.) Failed of passage.

Ban Crntars Casns. Senate Int. 2556, Pr. 2703, Assembly Int.
2508, Pr. 2597. Amends section 552, Criminal Code, to permit N.Y.
City magistrate with district attorney or assistant district attorney
being present and having opportunity to be heard, to admit to bail
deterdant arraigned and changed with orimes or offenses not other
‘wise bailable by magistrate. Vetocd.

Accurrance Pra Lasser Deron. Senate Int. $450, Pr. 3670,
Aisombly Int, 2570, Pr. 2659, Amends the code of criminal pro-
feodure, in relation to acceptance by a eounty judge or a judge of
the court of general sessions in the city of New York of a plea to
a lesser dogree of erime by a defendant. Failed of passage.

Pusiamumer Fourm Coxvionion Fe.oxy. Aswmbly Int. 2739,

Pr, 4410. Amends the penal law, in relation to punishment fc
fourth eonvietion of felony. Pasled of passage.

Cownaraman Cenrant Crmpnesy Oven Srxrmen. Assembly Int
2744, Pr. 4656, Amends tho social welfare lave, in relation to the
commitment of ehildien over sixteen but under seventeen years of
‘age. Failed of passage.

Brac or Pronamon. Assembly Int, 3234, Pr. $369. Amends the
correction law, in relation to breach of probation. Failed of paseage.

Crassuicamion ov Pussoxrns. Assembly Int. 3860, Pr. 3496
Amends the correetion lav, in relation to classification 6f prisoners,
Foited of passage.

Prornsstowat, Bonnsuex. Assembly Int, 9777, Pr. 2919. Amends
the eode of eriminal procedure, in relation to restoration of licenses
‘to professional bondsmen. Failed of passage.

PENAL REFORM

‘and
‘THE AMERICAN CORRECTIONAL ASSOCIATION

Pere P, Lenns, PD.
Professor of Sociology
University of Maryland

‘he theme ot the $7 Congest Correction x Cemestionl
Progrear Through Stroug Association”. We refer to the correc-
tionel progres of tho last ove hundred and ity and some years a8
{ihe Penal Hefovm. In this comtry, the organization whieh provided
{heating place and a national foruin for those who eugineered this
eform; which published theit deliberations; and whieh, as an or
antzed force itelf, promoted this reform, 8 what is mow Known a
{ie American CorsistionalAssoelation.

grant from the Now York Foundation, sooured with the as-
sistance of Commissioner BR Cas, General Seoretary of the Asso
ation, an additional grant from the General esearch Boatd of
the University of Margiend ud the cout of the Library of
Gingrees In cpeuiug ils faites and providing npace, enabled me
te ekgage bn what we call the = Proceeings ‘Stady"? Tb 38 sup

eed throw some light on the Penal Reforma in the United States
EOGEis reflected in the Aswociation’s Proceedings over a period of
Er yours, Ave by-product ie hoped that some new historial Der-
Spootives an the Atocition itself tay’ be gained. By now the study
ee" progeesed” considerably. This paper may be interpreted as
Ing tho nature of @ progress repott.

‘ihe Ameritan Cormestonal Asspeaiion, then known a the No
tional Prison Association of the United States of Ameticn, started
Ut Ole Notional Consross on Penitentiary and Reformatory Dis
Spline, wich convened an Cincinnati, Odo on October 12, 2870,

ibeapt fur theshortlved and much more iimited American Asso
Giatign for the improvement of Bénal and eformatory Institn.
Gang? iCwas the fist national organization ofits Kind. in this
Ghunirys but it had its loeal predeesiors. The well-known Philae
Geipiey Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Publie Prisons, which
sepiarted i AT8f or even 17V6 apd which is sil actives. the
Baxton Psison Discipline Society, which eame foto being in 18255
tae the New York Brison Assoetio, founded fn 184, were some
Si ine main organizing factors in the Penal Reform before the ap
Poaranee of the National -Amociation. ‘These organizations, with
Rik incerngs aud publications, developed the tradition for prison
Subjanteuiats and other interested welormers to get tether. ‘The
Homution of a hationel assocation was the Togieal next step. The

TOG Ge a titer mgt hy Dr jin Insure wo

Ssdocen ht Pesce Diepline and Philanthropy. Philadelphia, July 1860,
pp Sea Stary ab pp Bae

(70)

Pawar, Ruross n

Association was and still ig Iooated in New York City and was in-
coxporated in New York State in 1871. Enoch ©. Wines, the Asso-
Cintion’s first Seeretary, eame to it from the New York Prison
‘Association, where he served as Corrasponding Socretary since 1862.
‘This latter’ Association, primarily through the energotie efforts of
Me. Wines, was really responsible for the Congress of 1870, and the
subsequent formation of the National Association, It was also in-
strumental in the revival of the Assoeiation in 1883. Tn the Annual
‘Report for that year we read that the Temnants of the old organi
zation and a few new elements were gathered together for a fresh
start under the auspices of tho American Sceial Science Association
‘and the Prison Association of New York® All of us know, of course,
the role which the New York Prison Association has played since
1921, when Dr. Orlando F. Lewis became the Secretary of the Asio-
ciation, and especially during the 86 years of Commissioner H. R.
Cass’ detivities ax the Seeretary of both Associations, with the na-
tional body using the facilities of the state organization.

‘The beginning of the Association in 1870 means that it came in
almost precisely at the midpoint of the evolution of the Penal Re-
form. The turning away frvn the death penalty and corporal pun-
ishment to incarceration as a more desirable because a more humane
form of punishment; the gradual change from erime eontrol by
means of panisliment to erime control through correetion, whieh
manifested itself fist of all in the development of penitentiaries:

‘Auibumm gystems of incareenation; the experimentation with various
‘ystems of prison labor; all these major developments and many
ther less fundamental ones had already taken place when the
National Prison Association appeared on the seane.

For some time T have been suggesting that two major but dis
tinet factors or motivations in the Penal Reform should be dis.
cerned: the humanitarian attitade and the rational-correeticnal
plan for the eotrol of crime. (he humanitarian attitude, Which
Eradually permeated the Western society in tho eowtss of the 18th
fd 19th centuries, lead among other things also to the more ue
mane handling of eriminal offenders, first by substituting mear.
eration Zor eapital and corporel punishment and then by making
{he conditions of meareeration more humane. ‘The rational-correc-
tional motivation implies that, having seetred the knowledge of the
reasons for eriminal behavior, we ean, by removing these reasons,
forrest the offender and protect society feom farther crimes on his
part. This places the major emphasis on correctional measures

iment and ineapacitation, ‘The major ideologi-
Stages of the Penal Reform was the human.
tarian attitude. The correctional motivation Uegan to gain ground
nly slowly, concurrently with the growth of the behavioral sei
toes, Dut gradually took over a3 the main motivational foree for

“Ta Natiowsl Prison Assucation uf the Ualted States of Ameren, Fit
‘Aaa! Roport (Seton Seva), Now York, 1884, p.

2 ‘Tue Passos Association of New Yous

the Penal Reform, with the humanitarian attitude relegated to
‘the background.

fom tho point of view of the comparative role played by
the'iwo above motivation, the American Correctional Association
{vas started somewhere near the midpoint of developments, ‘The
arly congreses, although yielding quite a bit of evidence of hu
Stanitaron motivetion in the papers presnted, are already per
Ineated by an outright correctioual ideology. As we proseed through
the domes ad gta the 2th entry, the voles of Proceedings
Fesome davold of strong humanitarian’ appeats for reform and ae
Tore and more devoted to the discussion of rationally, analyzod
ise and oftet relationships between various factory and eriminal
Geuavior and the cational ways of contauling these factors. Tabu-
Ue pepe eontae man sume vole of he Px

fs spend aver tm tne ofthe Anscgon xen

cate that only about 7% of the papers are primacy humani-

{fan in neti, while clos 10 506 cowld be claeifed as having
1 predominantly rationa-corretionsl purpose. Moreover, these ta
flo indicat eka eid Tor the om "
{ dimppoar and the rationalceorsectional to inerense i frequency.
iv of the huayanitarian papers in the smple appensed in the fst
Ale decades ofthe Ascaton, tho lat for dean didnot id
2 single extinple. On the other lund, the papers wich a rational-
formetional beckarop, wate never neaching the level of 60% 8
fhe Brat five decades, steadily make up moce than 609%
tent of the sample volumes in the last four decade, "he eonelaron
Seems to he obvious: by 1670 the humanitacian impulse had largely
Spent ltself as a motivational foree in the Penal Reform in this
country, The eotsedtonal motivation, oh the other hand, was Prova
Tent by 1870 and became more a 23"the years went by: The Penal
efor, an vested in the Proceedings, st dete a rationally
Inotivated plan to handle the rime problem by. eliminating. His
ouses, in that sunset fts neatly inte the general pattern of the
evelopment in our “'moders incustsial society’ with its ever in
‘Sreasing emphasis on o tional manipalation of drat fairs.

“At tie time of the Cincinnati Congvor three major ‘smues seem
to have cecupied the attention of the penal reformers in this epan-
fy. All three ate prominently reflected ny he 1870 volume of the
Froomedinge: namely, the Irish system, the reformadncy as & nee
type of insiittion, and am intemnational organization for Penal

Horm. Among the many” topics covered ‘by the frst Congress,
thee fice stand ont both at to the number of pepers entirely de.
Yoted to them as well'as to the number of references soatered
Thnuehout all the other papers read, The subsequent early volumes
ontuiue to show this preoccupation vith these three topics. lst

“Gonstanse M. Taree. ‘Humanitarian and Corretonal Motiatious jn the
Poual Retorm la th United: Siston'” Unpstalayed. Master ‘of Avie then,
siren of Mala, sessin. Wilh was Bevelopol 0 pt
‘of the Proveedinge Study"? ndourh
eibia, D7

Pawar Ruvone

mo say a fow words about each of those three issues into whi
newly-born Assosiation stepped at the time of its ereation.
First—the Irish system, American penologists became vaguely
aware of the so-ealled Trish or progressive system some time in the
Ite fifties, but @ wider Zamiliatity with and diseassion of this new
‘technique of handling the inearverated oftender did not come about
until the mid.sisties, when It was reported on in detall by Franklin
Benjamin Sanborn. Tt was up tothe newly organized Association
in its early congresses 10 really delve into the matter. Sir Walter
Crofton himself wrote a paper on the Trish system for the first
Congress, many other papers made reference to it, and at least four
of the famous 87 principles in the Declaration’ of Principles of
1870 deal with it and fully endorse it. This strong endorsement,
vepested many a time in the later years, unquestionably bad its
effect. Hven if the detailed arrangements of the Irish system as
Seveloped by Crofton were never followed too closely in this eoun-
try, the basie philosophy of the progressive system was adopted to
‘great extent and beeame the backbone of the American institu.
tonal treatment of offenders: the processing of the inmates through
the various steps of the program, gradually increasing their respon-
sibilities and privileges until they finally reach the stage of being
rehabilitated and presumably ready to return to the open com
munity, first under supervision and lastly as free citizens,
Next—the reformatory as a now typ stitution. Although
the law au ig the o New York State
"y at Elmira was pasted as enrly as 1869, the first con.
agresses of the Association contributed matexially to the erystaliza-
Hon of the eoneept of the reformatory as a special institution for
tractable young adult offenders with an intensive correctional rather
‘than punitive program. This eoucopt beeame a reality in 1876, when
12 first inmates were admitted to Elmira, the first instivation of
its kind. The brilliant paper by Zebulon R. Brockway, entitled * Pho
deal of a True Prison System for a State””, whieh he read in 1870,
Bives the author’s conception of this new type of institution. Tf we
Femember that this author was to be the Bret superintendent of
Elmira, to guide it for 25 years, and that the institution was to be
followed by similar institutions in most of the States, the signif
canee of the diseussions of the Cincinnati meeting and subsequent
congresses becomes more than obvious.
‘The third issue prominent at the timo of tho formation of the
1n international penal oxganization, handly
eds any mention in the space available here. Tt is generally known
‘one of the main purposes whieh Wines had in mind in calling
the Cincinnati Congress was the ereation of @ nation-wide Amer.
jean organization in the area of Penal Reform, so that it could
become instramental inthe promotion of a similar international
body.s The resolution adapted by the Congress (pp. 511-514 of the

Fak Heuer, dgieon Prien The Uninet of Cengy Pr,
otieage, mh, 1538, ». 8

a" ‘Tux Prison Assoctamioy oF New York

‘Transaetions) accomplished what Mr. Wines had in mind: a deci-
sion was taken to ereate a national association, to support the idea
of an Intemational congress, to establish a post of commissioner to
Acton behal? of the United States in organizing such a congress
fand to secure for him appointment by the Federal Goverument
find the necessary fnaneial means. Mr. Wines became the first com:
‘missioner, and from then on the history of the National Prison
‘Association is closely intertwined with the history of the Interna.
tional Congresses of the Internstional Penal and Penitentiacy
Commission, of which there wore Lwelve, until the United Nations
took over the organization with the result that the 13th Congress,
in Genova in 1995, was arranged by that Intemational body. The
leadership exeseised by Mr, Wines in this international movement
fand recognized by the entize civilized world, remained with the
‘Ameriean Correctional Association as the scuior partner in this
enterprise

‘Before ieaving the formation of the Assoviation, two more things
should be mentioned. There is no noed to diseuss here the Dela.
Tation of Prineiples Adopted and Promulgated by the Cineinns
Congress, This Magna Charta of the Penal Reform in the Unit
States is too well and too widely known for its 87 principles to be
analyzed here. The Association docs well to, republish the Decla-
tation from time to lime in the Proceedings in the slightly revised
form of 1930, Sometimes those prineiples evoke divided feelings
‘Most everybody agrees that S7 yeans after their adoption they stil

apply. Some would interpret this as proof of the failure of the
P

Penal Reform movement breneral and of the Assoeiation ib pa
fivular,sinoe the desiderate of almost a centr ago still stand as
Valid goatas hence’ they have not been sceomplished Others take
2'now eptinistie view and ate wiling to see in the Declaration
crmenent principles which can serve sx guides, ideals or stand:
Endy for any crime control system, regardless of how advanced,
Unquestionably the Principles wil oecapy a prominent plaes in
the final roport on the Proceedings sendy. A his time. only 8
feneral impression of the result of the nescareh done so far ean
forgiven, ‘he Princip have exercised tremendous talluenee
ine and again the speakers at tho congreses have retwrned {0
them, thus reelling thom to the broad mudiences made up of cor
fectioual workers. A comparison of evime control 1870 and in
1067 leaves ite doubt. that fendamental snd numerows changes
itave gradually boss brougt about and that most of these were
the alroction pointed out in the Prineipien. A careful reading of
the Principles shows thataithough we might have said. certain
{kings slighty ‘different 87 years later, nothing is contained in
{the Declaration that could be considered an ontright mistake even

today.

"The last thing which I wish to mention in connection with the
foundation of the Association is what one might refer to as the
spirit of the times and espeelally the spirit of the first. Congress
‘This bas often beon commented upon before and unquestionably

Pawan Revorat 6

represents an historically very important aspect of the Penal Re-
form. The leaders and the participants In the meotings at. which
they spoke and acted evineo overwhelming eonfidence in the ability
to solve the problems of human relations by understanding them
and by acting accordingly; a firm belief that the policies and moas-
lures which are being proposed are new and rovolutionary and that
there is, therefore, a good chaneo or even certainty that they will
cut the old Gordian knots of erime eontrol; a general moral climate
of optimiam about the Congress, the Association, the international
organization and the entire eatise of Penal Reform. Faith, eonfl-
deneo and optimism, supported by energy and high quality’ think:
ing and writing are perhaps the words which best ebarasterize this
early period,

‘The Proceedings stndy endeavors to trace the meaningful issues
reflected in the volumes throughout the 87 years of the Astoeia-
tion's existence, and quite a bit of this work has by now been dan.
Tt goes without saying, however, that the space available to me
hore is much too short to do even a semblance of justice to the
‘wealth of materials at our disposal, To give just an inking of this
historical treasure, 1 have selected three tye of issues, exch of
‘whieh T will very briefly illustrate by two examples, Since I have
0 far said only good things about the Association, let me take up
and illustrate frst a eategory of issues whieh have been taken up

solve them satisfactorily. Secondly, I should bric

tion the type of issues in which considerable progress or even fal
realization has been sehioved;.and thirdly, the type of tasuo which
fan be best characterized as the old in the new" a plirase often
heard trom some of the oldtimers in corvectonal cele, by wich
they mean to Mdieate that a seemingly new eoneera of proposal
hing in reality already been deatt with sometime in the past, per-
haps ander a slightly diferent name.

‘Tho problem of the inmate who has been released from an. insti-
tation, especially after a prolanged stay, and is now faved with the
proposition of making & uot-eriminal adjustment to society, may
‘rll serve ag an example of the fist type of isste. There is bath
humanitarian and a correctional axpeet to this problem. Histor
Cal was tly refered tou nd to diehard, pivner

‘was discussed with steady egulorty and—speaking impression:
istically—with even. intensity ir “f years of th

the Tegular appearance of this

‘by the prisoners aid societies
‘At has oem pointed out, solace of this type wore tho frst to
appear in the’ United States, with the Philadsiphie Soeiety in the
Trad. Throsghout the ST years these societies have been most Salthe
{il participants in the congresses

‘Tho Asociation itself was most concemed with the ise. Al-
ready the Principles of 1870 make seference 20 the aid given to
Asehanged prisoners, Principle XXII state.

‘Tree Paisox Assootartox or New Yok.

ete caged pe pve en

Since no other function is mentioned here for local organiza.
tions, aid to diseharged prisoners figures as the very puxpose of the

branch associations. .
With the development of parole, a cortain and gradually inereas-

ing aumber of ex tumates was taken out of the domain of the pri-
Sig,Tnisoners” aid societies, Nevertheless, enough of @ problem
Temained and remains even now.

hun wo ac that thie ue ivstratey an area in which the a
iui Of tbe. Assocation were very intansive but in, whieh 0
feel tution of the problem has as yet boos aebleved. A lt of good
Telp bas boen given in supplying the most necessary eash, helping
AS jobs providing some normal contaetas Dut allthis was usually
fot ono sicionty lange sealo and lacked the necessary
Thee private prisoners” gid aamcltions, Just like the publle parole
Servige, admittedly perform an omportaat function, but somehoxt
Sho problem of the exinmate who has just been released has not
beeaPsolved aa yee The papers Tead.at the congresses throughout
the years substantlate this very clearly. “

“other issue which seems do have defied solution in spite of the
Jiorts of the Acociation and its membership is that of the Loe
Hui ie‘ls mose'e question of the jell av a short tarm punitive i-

Penat, Rerorar u

stitution rather than as a detention facility that presents the prob-
Jem, Also this issue was already dealt with in one af the Principles
of the Declaration of 1810. Principle XX states in part:
“It is the judgment of this congress, that repeated short son:
tences for minor criminals are worse than ‘useless; that, in
act, they rather stimulate than repress transgression.””
Although no final tabulations have as yet been attempted in the
study, judging impressionistically it seems that eritieism of the jail,
often’of the severest kind, and proposals for improving the situa:
ton, constitute one of the most frequent and popular topies through-
out the 87 years. This concern docs not seem to have subsided with
time, and some of the statements in the 1950's are every bit as eritieal
a8 thoso of 1870. This seems to indicate that also this problem still
exists in spite of prolonged efforts to climinate it. ‘This does not
ff eonrse mean that some finprovements have not. bocn made through
the efforts of the National Jail Association, an alliate of the Anmer-
ican Correctional Association; through the inspection of jails by
the Federal Bureau of Prisons; and through the efforts of the local
communities themselves. But the problem is still comparatively
aoute, as it was in 1870, ‘Thus, in the 1811 volume, we find a state
ment by Professor Charles R. Henderson (p. 87), one-time Inter-
national Prison Commissioner of the United Stats and President
Of the Association: “The short jail sentence has been demonstrated
by thousands of eases to be worse than useless; costly to society,
destructive of what little physieal and moral stamina may remain,”*
‘And in the 1941 volume we find Sanford Bates still saying. (pp.
74.75): The county jail and all its reeking rottenness must go.”
‘On the more encouraging side, here are two issues which were
also of major comer to the Association from its very beginning,
but with regard to which considerable progress if not eomplete
solution has been achieved. One is the organization of the separate
institutions into integrated corrcetional systems, primarily. state
systems. At the time of the first Congress, the penal and eorroc-
tional institutions were to a large extent like single ships at sea,
some ef them pexhaps under eapable captains, but mostly not
organized into a fleet whieh can operate as a unit. ‘Two principles
‘of the Declaration are devoted to this jssne. Principle XXXI states
“<The construction, organization, and management of all prisons
should be by the state, and they’ should form a graduated series
of reformatory establishments, being arranged with a view to
the industrial employment, intellectual edueation and moral
‘raining of the inmates.””

Principle XXXVI further elaborates

“As a principle that crowns all, and is essential to all, it is our
convietion that no prison aystem ean be perfect, or even suc.
feeseful to. the most dosirablo dogree, without some central
authority to sit at the helm, guiding, controlling, unifying aud
‘Vitalizing the whole, We ardently hope yet to soe all the de-

‘Tae Pxisoy Association ov New York

partments of our preventive, reformatory and penal institm
Rions in each state moulded into one harmonious and effective
Syoem, Hs parts mutually answering lo and supporting each
ler; and the whole animated by the same spirit, aiming at
he same objects, and subject to the same control; yet. without
Joss of the advantages of voluntary aid and effort, wherever
they ave attainable

‘The previously quoted paper by Zebulon R, Brockway, “Tho [deal
of wPhue Prison System for a Stave” which was delivered at the
fret Congress, has eontribaved perbaps more than any other state.
sant or Piece o? writing to the cause of integrating the institutions,
We find endless mention of it throughout the volumes.

Taat us make just one more reference. In his Report of the Stand
iny Committee on Prison Diseipline in 1874, Franklin B. Sanborn
Hab the following to say. (pp. 62-63) : “What is now neoded anore
than apy one thing in American prison diseipline, ts the centralize
Yon of all prisons of one jurisdiction, by placing them all under
{ne eoutrol and inspection, ‘The prison System, like the school system
eee tate should be a consistent adsptation of oue grade of prisons
fo every other through the whole jurisdiction where the same au-
Shority” prevails.” Tt is hardly necessary to, point out that the
Eapinatiqns of Brockway and Sanhorn and of the entire Association
fave by now been realized, if not completely then at Teast to a very
Tage extent, and today it is generally taken for granted that thore
are'state inebintional systems rather than separate institutions, ‘To
ie a colloguialiam, the hammering away of the Assoeiation at that

fe from the
ange is the

i
Jed as they
the 19th eentary (Tneed only a
ShIl a lot remained 10 be desired from the standpoint of housing,
Stet, clothing, health, working conditions and reereation of the in-
mates, Tn msny quarter the concept that we imprison people not
Gs punishment but for punishment still prevailed. ‘The spirit of
fuck laws as the State of New York Aet of 1796, which instructed
Ghat the conviets “aholl be clothed in habits of coarse materials
Gniform in colour and make, and be sustained upon inferior food
Smiiegud shall be kept, . at hard labour” was still alive. Quite
‘understandable, therefore, is the language of Principle XXXIU
of the Declaration
“A right application of the principles of sanitary sofenee. in
the construction and atranguments of prisons is a point of vital
importance. The apparatus for heating and ventilation shoold
De'the best that $3 known; sunlight, air and water should be
afforded according to the abundance with which nature has
Drovided them; the ratfons and elothing should be plain bnt
Yiholesome, comfortable, and in sufficient but not extravagant

Pexat, Rerome 79

quantity; the bedstead bed and bedding, inching sheets and
Sin bee nor cy bat doama nd kape seas wall ed
End free fit vera; the hepltal seoomeatony medal
Ate and sure Instrumente shoud e all that kamanty
Fosires'andaeeueo can supply and all edd mane for
Polvonal clenlines sould be wibout aint

‘Pe bs posta sud tad cations wpe Wy 08 Gl
genes ly further Reeling and wapporting the this bied prs
Spies logins Hore age ew typlel qubtatons, A Canadian,
Plafewor Goliwin Smit, pul Te way a th Congress of 18st
(pp. 43, 45)

<A man who has been sonyieled of cximo fortis forthe time
hid igi fo Irecdoms athe does nol forte all the nights of
Minatys and eapeialy he does nat Confer te Hght © np
thing neSewaty Up his abandon”

Mhing-four your later, ut Une 1921 Congres in Indianapolis,
‘Amos W. Butler Secretary of the Indians Based of Stete Charities
duulss Pipi of tbe Desasaon Gy 810)2 5 he wiprems
Sin'or oun! “heitine isthe fotormion oF erin, aot te
elliot of vndit ve saesng. ©

terrible punishment. The law requires this and no more, aud
‘while one is paying the debt, if he conducts himself decently:
and orderly, he is by every rule of right and justioe entitled
to be treated as a MAN.”

Rar seth nae all

Se an sai esas eT
ROL tay, ares i os se ee ek
Sa an Se SL ee oo ee

80 ‘Tun Prusow Association or New York

treatment itsel?, eg, probation or institutionalization. Sometimes all
this is interpreted as “Iogal”” versus “behavioval seicnee”” determina
tion of the treatment of the offender. The contemporary correctional
worker hardly needs examples of this debate. The Proceedings of
tach of the recent congresses contain items of this sort, and in view
ff the brevity of this paper 1 shall omit further elaboration.

“Any etiminologist knaws that this is not a new issue; after all,
the old debate about the indeterminate sentence was to a large
fextont just that. But let me give you a few quotations and a few
Gates, and “how old is the new" will become doubly evident and
Givid. In 1874, that is, more than eighty years ago, Alfred TI, Love
Of the Philadelphia Prison Society made this statement (p. 347 of
the Proceedings of that Congress) “Tt is sulficient to sentence the
eriminal to the penitentiary or reformatory ... . and then let a
onrd properly consttated, deide esto the Lng of the ennne-
ment by a close observation of each case.”

“And somewhat later, but still TO years ago, at the 1887 Congress
(pp._ 189.180), Zebulon R. Brockway reiterated his well-known
position in the’ following: words

“Nobody knows #0 well as that officer in a prigon, whoever he
is, who thoroughly knows his prisoners, when it {s safe to re-
lease them ...- if Shey ean do that, thon the warden, who has
‘access to the prisoner iz all the various departments of

institution, and mows the result of all the tests applied under

this eystem, could be of the greatest service, as an expert, in

determining the proper date of a man’s release,”
And here is Dz, William Healy on the same topic at the Congress
of 1911 (p. 181), that is, 46 years ago
“imbe overworked judge usually knows little of what the in
dividual really needs in the way of diseipline or treatment, nor
ddoes he know, genevally, rch about what the treatment itself
In'whieh he is offeially preseribing,””

“Another ease of ‘the ola in the new", although perhaps some.
what more farfetehed than the one just ited, is as follows. The
Board of Directors of the American Correctional Association unani.
mously approved in ils meeting of Febrnary 10, 1956 the applica.
tion for affiliation and a request for eneonragement of the develop.
iment of the Association of State Correctional Administrators. This
new organization already took an active part in the 1956 Congress
at Los Angeles, OWfhand one would think dealing here
‘with a relatively new type of administrative position in the area of
‘corrections anda brani new organization. And yet, in the Proeeed-
{ngs of the 1907 Congress (p. 245), that is, 50 years ago, we find =
report on the formation of a new auxiliary to the National Prison
‘Ascociation, to wit, tho Association of Governing Boards of Penal,
Reformatary and Preventive Institntions. From then on, through
the year 1916, the Association of Governing Boards and its officers
fare listed in each volume of the Proceedings and the mestings held
‘and papers read under the auspices of this organization are amply

Pesan, Revore a

evidence. It is true that this organization, as also its full title
implies, was mado up of the board members of varfous institutions
rather than of state administrators, but the mombers of the state
oards also took part. ven a quick perusal of the officers of the
‘organization reveals that these frequently were members and cair~
‘men of the state boards and thus the functional similarity with the
present organization is in reality greater than one might at first. he
Jed to believe. The reading of the papers of this organization
further eonfirms this impression : issues of importance in the ad-
ministration of state systems are guite prominent.

‘Thero ig an interesting statement in the report of the first formal
meeting of the Association of Governing Boards in the 1908 volume
af the Proceedings (p. 120) ; namely, we find that the now Associa
Hon will look into the matter “how wardens and superintendents
shonld be governed.” Thus it ig quite obvions that we have here
‘anee again some of ‘the old”, which under changed cineumstances,
fifly years later, reappeared in a mew form.

With the beginning of the 20th century ® gradual change took
place in the role which the Ameriean Prison Association played
‘with reference to the field of corrections. ‘The Association was

junded as a Prison Association. Since the handling of offenders
consisted at that time almost exclusively in institutional handling,
the Association represented for all practical purposes the entire
penal and correctional field. With the rise of the extramural treat.
ments, namely probation an ‘and their wide-spread accept

3 ation grad-
ually fond itself representing only a part of the total feld. The
somewhat independent development of the juvenile field is another
case in point. It ix trae that the elose and friendly eontact with the
associations representing the extramural and juvenile interests
somewhat remedied the situation, but the basie fact still remained,
and the Proceedings, which are tho subject matter of this stady, no
longer represent the major portion of all correetional activities as
in the 19th century.

Another new factor came in with the change of the Association's

'@ real impart of this change st
‘remains to bo seen, one potential consequence might be the broad.
ning of he Association's activities once again to the entire fild
of corrections. This brings up the question of the relations with
other national assoetations in the field. Perhaps, in answering this
‘question, the lesson from the study of the history of the Ameriean
Correctional Assoeiation should be kept in mind : tho most impartant
and basie contribution of the Association was that it provided a
national foram and a repository of materials for the entire field of
correetions. Such a unified national forum shoald be restored,

For my concluding remarks 1 heve selected three items which do
not pertain to the Penal Reform itself, nor represent an important
‘sue in the history of onr Association’; instead, they are connected
with our knowledge of the Assoviation’s history. In the popular

82 ‘Tar Prison Ascocua0N ov New Yous

conception, historieal research is always factual: it is supposed to
find out faets which were not known before. So I desided to give
you in conclusion three factual findings which we have made with
Fegard to the history of the Assoeiution.

‘ach year all of you reecive and read, or at least glance through
the volume of Proceedings of the past congress. Some of you may
have a number of the older volumes in your own library” or have
looked at them in seme publie library. You will remember that each
yolume contains a Schedule of Congresses of Correction beginning
with 1870. Each year another congress is added. The year and
place of the eongress, as well as the name and home state (or coun-
fry—wre have had two Ca presidents) of the President and
the Secretary are given. This sehedule appeared for the first time
in the volume of Proceedings reporting the Semi-Contennial Con
gress of 1920 in Columbus, Ohio, Many of you will, howevor, re-
member that there is a blank in this Schedule; namely, for’ the
Fourth Congress of the Assoelation, the year, 1876, and the meeting
place, New York, arg listed, but the names of the president and the
fare omitted, The 1876 volume is missing from the sot of
roeeedings in the Assoeiation’s headquarters, nor ean it be found
in the sets of the Library of Congress. In conversations with old.
Himers I have heard daub: expressed as to whether this eongress
exer actually toak place, As astute an historian of the American
Penal Reform as Blake MeKelvey, in his hook on American Prisons,
wuestion as 1875 and dis!

Inisses it with the remark that it assembled ‘only a Zew local friends""
sminder of the ambitious expectations of the

tering five years before.”” Now the uncertainty ean

be done away with; we have found the missing volume! A eopy was

traced to the Princeton University Library. The eongress in question
was a big and a good eougeess, ‘The volume comprises 6%

and many of the papers are of exceptionally good. quality
pared with the earlier and subsequent yours, Tho Congres took
place in New York on June 6-9 in the year 1876, The President of
the Assooiation was Govemor H, Seymour of New York, but due to
Hl hoalth he did uot attend, Richard Vanx of Pennsylvania was
nominated by the Committee on Permanent Onganization and is
subsequently referred to in the volume as tho “President of the
Congress”. ‘The Secretary and also Editor of the Proezedings still
is Enoch G. Wines of Now York Thus four rather than three eom-
agresses are to the latter’s eredit.

‘The second finding concerns the Association's resumption of
activities after a break of 7 or 8 years, As you may recall, n0 con:
gresses are listed in the Schedule between 1876 and 1884, This lapse
in the Assoeiation’s activities is usually attributed to the passing
away of Enoch C. Wines, the true founder and moving spirit of the
Assoeistion, We found that 1883 rather than 1884 should be eon-
‘sidered as the year when activities Were resumed, and the meeting
held in Saratoga, New York on September 7, 1885, jointly with the
Social Science Association, well deserves being ineluded in the list

Penan Rerorse 83

of congresses. It performed the function of a congress although
‘was not labeled as such at the time, The President of the Assocletion
then waa R io, Rutherford B. Hayes, who heeame US

in 1877-81, had been the first President in 1870; after
the reactivation of the Assoeintion he seamed that offes and on:
tinued in fe for 10 ‘vas, Williem 0D,

"York City, was in
a ander the Aaspies
he report of its proceedings
Appears among reports of other conferences. held ik the yout
gpueary among rn hed ithe ye
T hope to sto the next volume of the Proceedings appear with
the above gap filed and the corrections just mentioned, mate But
‘ach more important, of cours, than this, {hope that by the tae
of the next congress you will have ia your bands alsa volomne
Fepresenting the fnditgs of ‘his study of the Proseodings ia whieh
fn attempt will be made to pull together in'a meaniaghel sumunase
fio! many threads of hiloriel development of the Penal Refers
and ‘he Association, whieh have boon imsavelted

RULES ADOPTED BY UNITED NATIONS FOR THE

‘TREATMENT OF PRISONERS*

‘Thirty-five years ago the International, Prison and Penitentiary
Congress compiled its first draft of the Standard Minimum ales
for the Treatment of Prisoners. They were duly approved by tho
then existing Lengue of Nations and copies were eireulated in the
United States

"After the interval eausod by World War II the International
Prison and Penitentiary Congress undertook @ revision of this set
of principles. ‘This new edition was presented in August 1955 to
the first Intemational Conference on the Provention of Crime and
the Treatment of Prisoners—ond representatives of 65 nations,
after prolonged discussion and some amendments, ratified and ap:
proved the rules, as follows:

Resolution adopted on 80 August 1995

The First United Nations Congress on the Provention of Crime
and the Treatment of Offenders.

Having adopted the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment

of Prisoners annexed to the present Resolution,
1. Requests the Seeretary-General, in aecordanee with paragraph
(a) of the annex to resolution 415(V) of the General Assembly of
the United Nations, to submit these roles to the Social Commission
of the Eeonomie and Soeisl Council or approval;

2, Expresses the hope that these rules be approved by the
eonomie and Social Couneil and, if deemed appropriate by the
Council, by the General Assembly, and that they be transmitted
to governments with the recommendation (a) that favorable con-
sideration be given to their adoption and application in the ad-
ministration of penal institutions, and (b) that the Seeretary.
General be informed every three years of the progress made with
regard to their application;

3. Expresses the wish that, in order to allow governments to
‘keep themselves informed of the progress made in this respect, the
Seeretary-General be requested to publish in the Taternational
view of Criminal Policy the information sent by governments in
punmance of paregraph 2, and that he be authorized to ask for
supplementary information if necessary;

4. Expresses also the wish that the Secretary.

meral be re-

quested io arrange that the widest possible publicity by given to
these rules,

In May 1957 the Eeonomic and Social Council of United Nations
voted a8 follows:

‘The Beonomie and Social Counei

For comunent relative to the interet of The Prigon Astosation of New
‘York in Shoe stendard minimus rules see page 49.

154)

Ruts Avorre ny UN wor ume TrearMent oP Prisonnes 85

1. Approves the Standard Mininwm Rules forthe Treatment o
Prisoners adopted by the Bite United Nations Congres one
Prevention of Crime’ and the Treatment of Offender,

2. Drums tho attention of Governments to thowe Hales and res-
ommends tht favorable consderation be given thet gdopton
tad application inte administration of petal end eopeectiond ae

city to bo given to the Rules, not only among goverumental
services concorned but also among no-governmental organiaations
interest social defense, si i

In effect therefore, thore is now established a Bill of Rights for
prisoners which has reevived the sanetion of a great International
organization, the United Nations, a

Hrerewith algo are the recommendations by the same World Con-
gress on selection and training of personnel for penal and corres.
lional institutions with the detion of the Beonomie and Social
Council of the Unie Nations thereon

ft. B. R. Cass on behalf of the American Correctional Associ

tion has agreed to arrange for their distribution

SANFORD BATES

JAMES V. BENNETT
THORSTEN SELLIN
Correspondents on the part of
the U.S. to the United Nations

STANDARD MINIMUM RULES FOR THE TREATMENT
OF PRISONERS"

PRrEIMiIVARY OnSERVATIONS

1, The following rules are not intended to deseribe in detail a
model system of penal institutions, They seek only, on the basis
of the general consensus of contemporary thought and the essenti
Clements of the most adequate systems of today, to set out what is
generally accepted as being good principle and practice in the
freatment of prisoners and the management of institutions

2. Tn view of the great variety of legal, social, economic and
geographical eondit fit is evident that not all of the
fules are capable of application in all places and at all times. They
should, however, serve to stimulate a eonstant endeavor to, over-
come practical difficulties in the way of their application, in the
Knowledge that they represent, as @ whole, the minimum eonditions
which ave accepted as suitable by the United Nations.

8. On the other hand, the rules cover a field in which thought is
constantly developing, ‘They are not intended to prelude experi-
nent and practiecs, provided these are in harmony with the prin-

‘ples and seek to further the purposes which derive from the text
Of the ritles as a whole, It will always be justifiable or the central
prison administration to authorize departures from the rules in
this spirit

4. (1) Pert T of the rules covers the general management of in-
stitutions, and is applicable to all categories of prisoners, eriminal
or civil, untried or convicted, including prisoners subject to ‘seen
rity measttres”” ot corrective measures ordered by the judge.

(2) Part IT contains rules applicable only to the special eate
gories dealt with in each section. Nevertheless, the rules under sec-
tion A, applicable to prisoners under sentence, shall be equally
applicable to eategories of prisoners dealt with in seetion B, ©
and D, provided they do not confliet with the rules governing those
‘eategaries and are for their benefit
5, (1) ‘The rules do not seek to regulate the management of in.
stitations set aside for young persons such as Borstal institutions
‘oF correctional schools, but in general part T would be equally
applicable in such institutions.

(2) The category of young prisoners should include at least
all young persons who come within the jurisdiction of juvenile

s. As @ rule, seh young persons should not be sentenced 10

nt

—Tpppaved by Beonomle and Sovial Council of United Nations, May,

‘Tho faldliment of these tules now beeomer the jolat tosponsibiity of ‘United
‘Nations audits member sation

185)

Runs voR THe Treammenn oF PRISONERS at
Parr T, Rous ov GENERAL APPLICATION

Basie principle

6, (1) ‘The following roles shall be applied impartially. ‘There
shal bo no diseriminntion on grorinds of race, color, sex, language,
religion, poitiel or ether opinion, national or soeial origin, Prop:
txty, bite oF other states

(2) On the other hand, itis necessary to respect the religious
belietS snd moral preeepts of the group to which a prisoner belongs

Register

7. (1) In every place where persons are imprisoned there shall
be kept a bound registration book with numbered pages in which
shall be entered in respect of each prisoner receive

(a) Information concerning his identity;

(b) ‘The reasons for his commitment and the authority therefor;

(e) The day and hour of his admission and relea

(2) No person shall be received in an institution without a

valid comuitment order of which the details shall have bean pre-

usly entered in the register.

Separation of categories

| The different eategories of prisoners shall be Kept in separate
institutions or parts of institutions taking account of thelr sex, age,
criminal record, the legal reason for thelr detention and the neces
sites of their treatment, Ths,

(a) Men and women shall so far as possible be detained in se
rato institutions; in an institution which reeeives: both men and
tromen the whole of the premises allocated to women sball be en-
rely separates

(B) Untried prisoners shall be kept separate from convicted
prisoners;

(2) Persons imprisoned for de
‘be kept separate from persons
offense;

(4) Young prisoners shal be kept separate from adults,

and other civil prisoners shall
.prisoned by reason of a eriminal

Accommodation

9. (1) Where sleening accommodation i in jndvidul el or
rooms, each prisoner shall occupy by night 3 i
felt, Hf for special reasons, such us temporary
iecomes necessary for the central prison admis
go Ceeption fo this re ie mot desea fo have two prisoners
(2) Where dormitories are used, they shall be oceupied by
prisoners carefully selected as being suitable to associate with one

88 ‘tam Prigos Ackoossnios or New York

eye
bo roperty maintammed and Kept scrupulously elean at all times.

Personal hygiene

46, Prisoners shall be required to keep their persons clean, and
to this end they shall be provided with water and with such toilet
articles as are necessary for health and cleanliness.

16. In order that prisoners may maintain, a good appearance
compatible with their self-respect, facilities shall be provided for
the proper eate of the hair and beard, and men shall be enabled to
shave regularly.

Clothing and bedding

17. (1) Bxery prisoner who is not allowed to wear his own
Glothing shall be provided with an outht of clothing suitable for
the elimate and adequate to keep him in good health. Such clothing
shall in no manner be degrading or humiliating.

(2) All clothing shall bo elean and kept in proper condition
‘Underelothing shall be changed and washed as often as necessary
for the maintenance of hygiene

(8) In exceptional circumstances, whenever a prisoner is re-
‘moved outside the institution for an authorized purpose, he shall be
allowed 10 wear his own clothing or other ineonspienous clothing.

18. If prisoners are allowed to wear their own clothing, arrange-

Rous vor mm Taramemsr of Pricoxens 89

ments shall be made on their admission to the institution to ensure
‘that it shall be elean and fit for use

19, Every prisoner shall, in accordance with local or national
standards, be provided with a separate bed, and with separate and
sufficient bedding whieh shall be clean when issued, kept in good
onder and changed often enough to ensure its eleaniiness.

Food

20, (1) Every prisoner shall be provided by the administration
at the usual houfs with food of nutritional value adequate for
itealth and strength, of wholesome quality and well prepared and
“(2) Drinking water shall be available to ever risoner
whenever he needs it, ny Pt

Exercise and sport

21, (1) Every prisoner who is not employed in out-door work
shall have at least one hour of suitable exercise in the open air
daily if the weather permits

(2) Young prisoners, and others of suitable age and phy-
sique, shall receive physieal and reereational training during the
period of exercise. To this end space, installations and equipment
should be provided.

Medical servicas

22, (1) At every institution there shall be available the services
of at least one qualified medical offeer who should have some know!
edge of peychiatzy. ‘The medical services shoud be organized. in
close relationship 0 the general health administration of the eom-
munity oF nation. ‘They shall include a payeniatrie service for the
diagnosis and, in’ proper eases, the treatment of states of mental
abnormality.

(2) Sick prisoners who require special treatment shall be
transferred to specialized institutions or to elvil uoepltala, Where
Hospital facilites are provided in an institution, thet equipment,
forpiadogs and pharacutieal aupplis shal be proper for the
medical eate and treatment of sicle prisoners, and there shall be a
aff of suitably trained officers. ‘

(8) The services of a qualifled dental offer shall be avail
able to every prisoner

23, (1) In women’s institutions there shall be special accom
mmodation for all necessary pre-natal and postnatal care and treat
tent, Arrangements shall be made wherever practicable for chil
dren to be bom in a hospital outside the institution. 1? a child is
bom in prion, this fact shall not be mentioned in the Bit

(2) Where nursing infants are allowed to remain in’ the in-

90 Tre Prisow Assooution op New Yow

stitution with their mothers, provisions shall be made for a nursery
staffed by qualified persons, where the infants shall be placed when
they are not in the care of their mothers.

2A. ‘The medical officer shall seo and examine every prisoner as
soon as possible after hig admission and thereafter as necessary,
with a view particularly to the diseavery of physical or mental ill:
hess and the taking of all necessary measures; the segregation. of
prisoners suspected of infections or contagions conditions; the noting
of physical or mental defects which might, hamper rehabilitation,
and the determination of the phy'sieal eapacity of every prisoner
for work.

25, (1) ‘The medical officer shall have the care of the physical
and mental health of the prisoners and should daily see all siek
prisoners, all who complain of illness, and any prisoner to whom
his attention is specially divected.

wr shall report to the director whenever
ysieal or mental health has been
fd imprisonment. or by
any condition of imprisor
(1) The medical officer shall regularly inspect and advis
the direetor upon.

(a) The quantity, quality, preparation and service of food;

(B) The hygiene and cleanliness of the institution and the
prisoners;

(c), The sanitation, heating, lighting and ventilation of the i
stitution;

() The suitability and cleaninew ot the prisoner’ clothing
and beddin

(e) The observance of the rules concorning physical eduestion
and sports, in eases where there is no teehnieal personnel in ebarge
of these activities.

2) The dixeetor shall take into consideration the reports
and advice that the medieal officer submits according to rule 25
(2) and 26 and, in ease he concurs with the recommendation made,
shall take immediate steps to give effect to those reeommendations
if they are not within his eompetenes or if he does not eoneur with
them, he shall immediately submit his own report and the adviee
of the medieal officer to higher authority.

Discipline and punishment

27, Discipline and order shall be maintained with firmnoss, but
with’ no mare restriction than is necessary for safe custody’ and
well-ordered community life.
28. (1) No prisoner shall be employed, in the service of the in.
stitution, in any disciplinary eapacity.
(2) This rule shall not, however, impede the proper fune.
tioning of systems based on self-government, under which specified
social, educational or sports activities or responsibilities are en-

Russ vor Tie Treamamet ov Prisonens a

fused, under supervision, to prisoners who are formed into groups
for the purposes of treatment

25, The fafowing shall always be determined by the law oF by
the regulation of the compotent administrative authority:

(a) Conduet constituting a disciplinary offense;

(b) The types and duration of punishment which may be in-
Alicted;

(c) ‘The authority competent to impose such punishment.

30. (1) No prisoner shall be punished exeept in accordance with
the terms of such law or regulation, and never twice for the same

(2) No prisoner shall be punished unless he has been in-
formed of the offense alleged against him and given a proper oppor-
‘wnity of presenting his defense. The competent authority shall
eonduet a thorough examination of the ease
(8) Where necesany and practieable the prisoner shall be

allowed to make his defense through an interpreter.

81, Corporal punishment, punishment by placing in a dari.
and all era, Inbuman or degrading punish sha be completely
prohibited as punishments for disciplinary offenses

82. (1) Punishment by close confinement or reduction of diet
shall novor be inflicted unless the medical officer has examined the
prisoner and cortified in writing that he i fit to sustain it,

(2), The same shall apply to any other punishment that may
be prejudicial to the physieal ov mental health of a prisoner. In no
case may sueh punishment be contrary to or depart from the prin-
ciple stated in rule 31.

(8) The medical officer shall visit daily prisoners undergoing

such pmisoents and shall advise the director i he considers the
termination or alteration ef the pubishment necessary on grounds
of physical or mental health, » ila

Instruments of restraint

33, Instruments of restyaint, such as handenfis, chains, irons and
straitzjackets, shall never be ‘applied as a punishment, Further.
more, chains or irons shall not be used as restraints. Other instru-
ments of restraint shall not be used except in the following eir-
cumstances

(a) As a precaution against escape during @ transfer, provided
that they shall be removed when the prisoner appears before a
judicial or administrative authority;

(0) On modieal grounds by dizeetion of the medical offie

(c) By order of the director, if other methods of control fail, in
order to prevent a prisoner from injuring himself or others or from
damaging property; in such instances the director shall at once
consult the modieal offeer and report to the higher administrative
authority,

2 ‘Taw Pawson Aswouti0n ov New Yous.

34, The patterns and manner of use of instraments of restraint
shall be decided by the central prison administration. Such instru.
ments must not be applied for any longer time than is strictly
necessary.

Information (0 and complaints by prisoners

35. (1) Every prisoner on admission shall be provided with
written information about the regulations governing the treatment
of prisoners of his eategory, the disciplinary requirements of the

stitution, the authorized methods of secking information and

aking complaints, and all sneh other matters as axe necessary to
able him to understand hoth his rights und his obligations ‘and
to adapt himself to the life of the institution,
(2) Ifa prisoner is illiterate, the aforesaid information shall
bbe eonveyed to him orally.

36. (1) Every prisoner shall have the opportunity each week
day of making requests or complaints to the dircetor of the institu-
tion or the offieer authorized to represent him,

(2) Tt shall be possible to make requests o complaints to the
inspector of prisons during his inspection. The prisoner shall have

the opportunity to tall to the inspector or to any other inspecting
offleer without the direetor or other members of the staff being
present,

(8) Bvory prisoner shall be allowed to make a request or
complaint, without eensorship as to substanee but in proper form,

to the eeniral prison administration, the judicial authority or other
proper authorities through approved channels.

(4) Unless it is evidently frivolous or groundless, every. re-
‘quest or complaint shall be promptly dealt with and replied to
without undue delay.

Contact with the outside world

81. Prisouers shall be allowed under necessary supervision to
gmmunicate wid thir sanily and septabledsende at xegular
Intervals, both by comespondence and by eeiving vis

8 (0) Prncnner woo ape forge stale thal bs allow
reasonable facilities to communieate with the diplomatie and con-
flar representatives of the State to which they belong

(2) Prisoners who are nationals of States without diplomatic
or consular representation in the councry and rofugeos or stateless
Persons shall be allowed simular fuels to eommanieate with the

Hplomatie representative ofthe State whieh takes charge Of their

torasts or any national oF international auihosity whese tak i
{2 to protect uch petwons.

39, Prisoners shall bo Kept informed reguarly of the more im-
portant items of news by the reading of newspaper, periodicals or
fpeuil intationa pubis, by hearing wateles fans,

3 letutes or by any similar means as authorized ov controll
the administration. = Ae

Rous ror sure Taeanmmnr ov PREoNEes 93

Books

40, Every. institution shall have a library for the uso of all
categories of prisoners, adequately stocked with both reereational
and instractional books, and prisoners shall be encouraged to make
Fall use of it

Religion

41. (1) If the institution contains a sufficient mumber of pris-
oners of ‘the same religion, a qualified representative of that reli-
gion shall be appointed or spproved. If the number of prisoners
{ustifies it and eonditions permit, the arrangement shall be on a
Fulani
(2) A qualified representative appointed or approved under
paragraph (1) shall be allowed to hold regular serviees and to pay
pastoral visits in private to prisoners of his religion at proper times.
(B)_ Access to a qualified representative of any religion shall
not be refused to any prisoner. On the other hand, # any prisoner
should object to a visit of any religious representative, his attitude
shall be fully respected,

42, So far as practicable, every prisoner shall be allowed to sat-
isfy the neods of his religious life by attending the services, pro.
vided in the institution and having in_his possession the books of
ruligious observance and instrnction of his denomina

Retention of prisoners? property
43. (1) All monoy, valuables, clothing and other effects belong-
ing to a prisoner which under tho regulations of tho institution he
is not allowed to retain shall on his admission to the institution be
placed in safe eustody. An inventory thereof shall be signed by the
prisoner. Steps shell be taken to keep them in good eondition.

(2) On the release of the prisoner all such articles and money
shall be Feturned to him except in so far as he has been authorized
to spend money or sond any such property out of the institution,
tr it has been found necessary on hygienic grounds to destroy amy
article of elothing, The prisoer shall sign 2 receipt for the articles
and money returned to him,

(8) Any money or effects received for a prisoner from out-
side shall be treated in the same way.

(4) Ifa prisoner brings in any drugs or medicine, the medi-
cal officer shall decide what Use shall be made of them.

Notification of death, iliness, transfer, oto.

44, (1) Upon the death or serious illness of, or serious injury
‘to a prisoner, or his removal to an institution for the treatment of
mental afflictions, the director shall at once inform the spouse, if
the prisoner is married, or the nearest relative and shall in any
event inform any other person previously designated by the pris-

cs ‘Tau Prisox Association op New Yor
(2) A prisoner shall be informed at once of the death or
serious illness of any near relative. In case of tho critical illness of
‘a near relative, the prisoner should be authorized, whenever eircum-
‘stances allow, to go to his bedside either under escort or alone,
(8) Every prisoner shall have the right to inform at oneo his
family of his imprisonment or his transfer to another institution

Removal of prisoners

45, (1) Whon prisonors are being removed to or from an insti
tution, they shall be exposed to public view ag little as possible,
and proper safeguards shall be adopted to protect them from insult,
curiosity and publieity in any form.

(2) The transport of prisoners in conveyances with inade-
‘quate ventilation or light, or in any way which would subjeot them
‘to unnecessary physieal hardship, shall he prohibited.

(8) The transport of prisoners shall be carried out at the
‘expense of the administration and equal conditions shall obtain for
all of them,

Institutional personnel

46. (1) The prison administration shall provide for the careful
selection of every grade of the personnel, singe it ison their into.
ity, humanity, ‘professional capacity and personal suitability for

the work that the proper administration of the institution depends

(2) The prison administration shall constantly seek to awak-
en and maintain in the minds hoth of the personnel and of the
public the conviction that this work is a social service of great
importance, and to this end all appropriate means of informing
the publie should be used,

(8) To secure the foregoing ends, personnel shall be ap-
pointed on a full-time basis as professional prison offers and have
civil service status with security of tenure subject auly to good eon-
uct, efficiency and physical fitness, Salaries shall be adequate to
attract and retain suitsble men and women; employment benesits
and conuitons of service shall be favorable in view of
nature of the wo

47. (1) "The personne shall possess an adequate standard of edu-
cation and intelligence.

(2) Before entering on duty, the personnel shall be given
course of training in their general and speeifie duties and be 3e-
‘quired to pass theoretical and practical tests.

(8) After entering on duty and during their eareer, the per-
sonnel shall maintain and improve their knovwledge and professional
capacity by attending courses of in-scrviee training to be organized
‘at suitable intervals,

48, All members of the personnel shall at all times so conduet
themselves and perform thir duties as to influence the prisoners
for good by their examples and to command their respect.

‘Rores ror Tar Treammmnt oF Prisowers 95

49, (1) So far as possible, the personnel shall include a sulfletent
number of specislists such as psyehintrists, psychologists, social
srorkers, teachers and trade instructors,

(2) ‘The services of social workers, teachers and trade instruc.
tors shall be secured on a permanent basis, without thereby exelud-
ing part-time or voluntary workers,

50, (1), The director of an institution should be adequately qual
ed for his task by character, administrative ability, suitable train-
ing and experience.

(2), He shall devote his entire time to his official duties and
shall not be appointed on a part-time basis.

(3) He shall reside on the premises of the institution or in
its immediate viemnity.

(4) When two or more institutions are under the authority
of one director, he shall visit each of them at frequent intervals.
‘A responsible resident official shall he in charge of each of these
institutions

51. (1) The direetor, his deputy, and the majority of the other
personnel of the institution shall be able to speak the language of
‘the greatest number of prisoners, or a language understood by the
freatest number of them,

(2) Whenever necessary, the serviees of an interpreter shall
be used.

52. (1) In institutions which aro large enough to require the
services of one or more full-time modical offecrs, at least one of
‘thom shall reside on the premisos of the institution or in its imme-
diate vieinity,

(2) In other institutions the medical officer shall visit daily
and shall reside near enough to be able to attend without delay
Jn eases of urgency.

53, (1) In an institution for both men and women, the part of
the institution set aside for women shall be under the authority
of a responsible woman officer who shall have the eustody of the
keys of all that part of the institution,

(2) No male mombor of the staff shall enter the part of the

institution set aside for women unless accompanied by a woman
flee,

(3) Women prisoners shall be attended and supervised enly
by women officers. This does not, however, preelnde male members
of the staff, particularly doctors and teachers, from carrying out
heir profesional duties in institutions or parts of institutions set

54, (1) Oficers of the institution shall not, in their relations
with’ the prisoners, use foree except in self-defense or in cases of
attempted caeape, ot active or passive physical resistance-to an
order based on law or regulations. Offieers who have recourse to

96 ‘Tax Prison Assoctarion ov New Your

foree must use no more than is strietly necessary and must report
the incident immediately to the director of the institution.

(2) Prison officers shall bo given sposial physieal training to
enable them to restrain aggressive prisoners.

(3) Except in special cireumstanees, staff performing duties
which bring them into dizect contact with prisoners should not. be
armed, Furthermore, staff should in no circumstances be provided
‘with arms unless they have been trained in their use

Inspection

56, There shall be a regular ingpeetion of penal institutions and
services by qualified and experienced inspectors appointed by a
competent authority. Their task shell be in partieular to ensure
‘that these institutions are administered in accordance with existing
Inws and regulations and with a view to bringing about the ob-
jectives of penal and correctional services,

PART Il. RULES APPLICABLE TO SPECIAL CATEGORIES
A. Prisons UNDER SENTENCE

Guiding principles

56, The guiding principles hereafter ere intended to show the
spirit in which penal institntions should be administered and the
Purposes at which they should aim, im accordaneo with the decla-
ration made under Preliminary Observation 1 of the prosent tox

57. Imprisonment snd other measures which remlt in cutting
off an offender from the outside world are affliotive by the very
fact of taking drom the person the right of self-determination by
depriving him of his liberty, Therefore the prison system shail
not, except a incidental to justifiable segregation or ihe mainte-
nanee of discipline, aggravate the sufiering inherent in such a
situation
. The purpose and justifetion of a sentence of imprisonment
or a similar im jeprivative of liberty is ultimately io protect
Aooiety against rime, This end ean only be achieved if the period
of imprisonment ig tsed to ensure, so far as possible, that upon
his return to society the offender is not only willing ut able to
lead a law-abiding and self-supporting life.

59, To this end, the institution should utilize all the remedial,
eduestional, moral, spiritual and other forees and forms of assist
‘ance which are appropriate and available, and should seek to apply
‘them according to the individnal treatment needs of the prisoners

60, (1) The régime of the institution should seck to minimize
any differences between prison life and life at liberty which tend

Ruues vor THE Treamatmwt oy PRISONERS st

to lessen the responsibility of the prisoners or the respact duo to
their dignity as human beings.

(2) Before the completion of the sentence, it is desirable
that the necessary steps be taken to ensure for the prisoner a grad-
ual return to life in soeiety, This aim may be achieved, depending
on the case, by a pre-release régimo organized in the same institu
tion or in another appropriate institution, or by release on trial
under some kind ision which must not be entrusted to
the police but should be combined with effoctive social aid.

61, The treatment of prisoners should eniphasize not their exeln-
sion from the commanity, but their eontinuing part in it. Com-
munity agencies should, therefore, he enlisted wherever possible
‘to assist the staff of the institution in the task of social rehabili-

risoners. There should be in connection with every

sproving, all desirable relations of a prisoner with his family
and with valuable social ageneies. Steps should be taken to safe-
guard, to the maximum extent compatible with the law and the
sentence, tho rights relating to civil interests, social security rights
and othér social benefits of prisoners,

62. The medical servieos of the institution shall sock to detect
‘and shall treat any physical or mental illnesses or defects which
may hamper a prisoner's rehabilitation, All necessary medical, sur-
gical and psychiatric services shall be provided to that end.

63. (1) The fulfilment of these principles requires individual
zation of treatment and for this purpose a floxible gystem of classi
Sying prisoners in groups; it is therefore desirable that, sueh groups
shonld be distributed in separate institutions suitable for the treat-
ment of each group,

(2) These institutions need not provide the same degree of
security Zor every group. Tt is desirable to provide varying degrees
of seenrity according to the needs of different groups. Open insti-
tutions by the very fact that they provide no physical security
against exeape but rely on the self-diseipline of the inmates, provide
the conditions most favorable to rehabilitation for carefully selected
prisoners.

(8) It is desirable that the number of prisoners in closed
institutions should not be so large that the individualization of
‘treatment is hindered. In some countries it is considered that the
population of such institutions should not exeeed five hundred. In
‘open institutions the population should be as small as possible.

(4) On the other hand, it is undesirable to maintain prisons
which are so small that propér facilities cannot be provided.

64. The duty of spoiety does not end with a prisoner's release.
‘There should, therefore, be governmental or private agencies ea.
pable of lending the released prisoner efficient after-care
towards the lessening of prejudice against him and towards his
social rehabilitation,

98 ‘Tae Prigox Association or New York

Treatment

65. The troatment of persons sentenced to imprisonment or a
similar measure shall have as its purpose, so far as the length of
the sentence permits, to establish in them the will to lead law-abid:
ing and self-supporting lives after their release and to fit them to
do so. The treatment shall be such as will encourage their self
respect and develop their sense of responsibility

66. (1) To these ends, all appropriate means shall be used, in
luding religious care in'the eountries where this is possible, edu-
cation, voeational guidance and training, social casework, employ-
‘ment counselling, physieal development and strengthening of moral
character, in accordance with the individual needs of each pris-
amet tang account of his social and criminal history, his physin]
‘and 'montal eapacities and aptity is pe temperament,
the length of his sentence and his prospects after release

(2) For every prisoner with a sentenee of suitable length, the
director shall receive, as soon as possible after his admission, full
‘teports on all the matters referred to in the foregoing paragraph.
Such reports shall always include s report by a medical officer,
wherever possible qualified in psyehiatry, on the physical and men-
tal condition of the prisoner.

(8) ‘The reports and other relevant documents shall be placed
in an individual file, This file shall be kept up to date and elassified
jn such that it ean be consulted by the responsible personnel
whenever the need arises,

Classification and individuatization

67, The purposes of classification shall be:

(a) To separate from others those prisoners who, by reason of
their criminal rovords or bad characters, are likely to exereise a
bad influence;

(B) To divide the prisoners into classes in order to facilitate
their treatment with a view to their social rehabilitation,

68. So far a8 possible separate institutions or separate seetions
of an institution shall be used for the treatment of the different
classes of prisoners,

69, As soon as possible after admission and after a study of the
personality of each prisoner with a sentence of suitable length, a
program of treatment shall be prepared for him in the light of ihe
Knowledge oblained about his individual needs, his capacities and
dispositions.

Privileges

70. Systems of privileges appropriate for the different classes
of prisoners and the different methods of treatment shall be estab-
lished at every institution, in order to encourage good conduct,

Rouxs vor vie TREATMENT oF PRIsoNERS 99

develop a senso of responsibility and secure the intorest and eo-
operation of the prisoners in their treatment.

Work

71. (1) Prison labor must not be of an afflictive nature,

(2) All prisoners under sentence shall be required to work,
subject to their physical and mental fitness as determined by the
medical offieer.

(8) Sufficient work of a useful nature shall be provided to
keep prisoners actively employed for a normal working day.

(4) So far as possible the work, provided shall be such as
‘will maintain or inereaso the prisoners’ ability to earn an honest

ving after release.

(5) Vocational training in useful trades shall be provided
for prisoners able to profit thereby and especially for young pris-

(6) Within the limits compatible with proper vocational se-
leotion and with the requirements of institutional administration
and discipline, the prisoners shall be able to choose the type of
‘work they wish to perform.

72, (1) Tho organization and methods of work in the institu.
tion shall resemblo as elosoly as possible those of similar work out.
side institutions, so as to prepare prisoners for the conditions of
normal occupational life.

(2) The interests of the prisoners and of their vocational
training, however, must not be subordinated to the purpose of mak-
ing a financial profit from an industry in the institution,

78. (1) Preferably institutional industries and farms should be
operated directly by the administration and not by private con-
tractors

(2) Where prisoners are employed in work not controlled
by the administration, they shall always be under the supervision of
the institution’s porsonnel. Unless the work is for other departments
of the government the full normal wages for such work shall be
paid to the administration by tho persons to. whom the labor is
fmeplied,sesoun bang tan ofthe ontpat of the prnooes,

(1) ‘The procautions laid down to protect the safety and
eatin 6 tree wrknn shail bo equally sbrved in int itions

(2) Provision shall be made to indemnify prisoners against
industrial injury, including ocenpational disease, on terms not loss
favorable than those extended by law to free workmen.

5. (1) The maximum daily and weekly working hours of the
prisoners shall by law or by administrative regulation,
taking into account local rules or custom in regard to the employ-
ment of free workmen.

(2) The hours so fixed shall leave one rest day a week and

100 ‘Tas Prisow Assocution ov New Yor

sufficient time for education and other sctivities required as part
of the treatment and rehabilitation of the prisoners.

76, (1) There shall be a systom of equitable remuneration of
the work of prisoners,

(2) Under the system prisoners shall be allowed to spend
at least a patt of tieir earnings on approved artieles for their own
‘ise and to send a part af their earnings to their family.

(8) The system should also provide that a part of the ean.
ings should be set aside by the administration so as to constitute a
savings fund to be handed over to the prisoner on. his release.

Baucation and Recreation

77. (1) Provision shall be made for the further edueation of
all prisoners capable of profiting thereby, ineding religious in.
struction in the countries where this is possible. The edueation of
{literates and young prisoners shall be compulsory and special at-
vention shall be paid to it by tho administration,

(2) So far as practicable, the edueation of prisoners shall
be integrated with the educational system of the country so that
after their release they may continue their edueation without dif
ficulty.

78, Recreational and cultural activities shall be provided in all
institutions for the benefit of the mental and physical health of
prisoners,

Social relations and after-core

79. Special attention shall be paid to the maintenance and im-
provement of such relations between a prisoner and his family as
fre desirable in the hest interests of both.

80, From the beginning of a prisoner's sentence consideration
shall be given to his future after release and he shall be encouraged
land assisted to maintain or establish such relations with persons or
agencies outside the institution as may promote the best interests
of his family and his own social rehabilitation,

" , governmental or otherwise, whieh
assist released prisoners to 1 v y shall
ensure, so far as is possible and necessary, that released prisoners
be provided with appropriate docaments and identification papers,
have suitable homes and work to go to, ave suitably and adequately
clothed having regard to the climate and season, and have sufficient
‘means to reach their destination and maintain themselves in the
period immediately following their release.

(2) The approved reprosentatives of such agencies shall have
all necessary aecess to the institution and to prisoners and shall be
taken into consultation as to the future of a prisoner from the

fnning of his sentence,

(8) It is desirable that the activities of such agencfes shall

Ruuxs vox sue Teraacenr oy Pxisonees, 101

be centralized or co-ordinated as far as possible in order to seeure
the best use of their efforts.

B, INSasa AND MENTALLY ABNORMAD, PRISONERS

82, (1) Pervons who are found to be insane shall not be detained.
im prisons and arrangements shall be made to remove them to
mental institutions as soon as possible,

(2) Prisoners who suffer from other mental diseases or ab-
normalities shall be observed and treated in.spectalized institutions
‘under medieal management.

(3) During their stay in a prison, such prisoners shall be
placed under the speeial supervision of a medical officer.

(4) The medical or psychiatrie service of the penal institu-
tions shall provide for the psychiatrie treatment of all other pris-
toners who are in need of such treatment.

88. Tt is desirable that steps should be taken, by arrangement
with the appropriate agencies, to ensure if necosary the eontinus-
tion of payehiatrio treatment after release and the provision of
social-psyehiatric after-eare,

©. Prisoseis UNDER ARRESY OR AWAITING TRIAL

84, (1) Persons arrested or imprisoned by reason of a criminal
charge against them, who ure detained elther in police eustody oF
in prison custody (jail) but have not yet. been tried and sentenced,
will be referred t6 as “‘untried prisoners’ hereinafter in these
rules,

(2) Unconvicted prisoners are presumed to be innovent and
shall be treated as such.

(3) Without prejadiee to legal rules for the protection of
individual liberty or preseribing the procedure to be observed in
respect of untried prisoners, these prisoners shall benefit by a special
régime whieh is deserihed in the following roles in its essential ro-
gnirements only.

85. (1) Untried prisoners shall be kept separate Zrom convicted
prisoners.

(2) Young untried prisoners shall be kept separate from
adults and shall in principle be detained in separate institutions.

86, Untried prisoners shall sleep singly in separate rooms, with
‘the reservation of different local eustom in respect of the climate,
87. Within the limits compatible with the good order of the in-
stitution, untried prisoners may, if they so desire, have their food
own expense irom the outside, either through the
‘administration or through their family or friends, Otherwiso the ad-
‘ministration shall provide their food.
88. (1) An untriod prisoner shall be allowed to wear his own,
clothing if it is clean and suitable.

102 ‘Tux Prison Association or New York

(2) Te he wears prison dress, it shall be different from that
supplied to convicted prisoners.

89, An untried prisoner shall always be offered opportunity to
‘work, but shall not be required to work. Tf he chooses to work, he
shall’be paid Lor it

90, An untried prisoner shall be allowed to procure at his own
expense or at the expense of a third party such books, newspapers,
waiting materials and other means of occupation as are compatible
with the interests of the administration of justice and the security
and good order of the institution.

91, An untried prisoner shall be allowed to be visited and treated
by his own doctor or dentist if there is reasonable ground for his
application and he is able to pay any expenses incurred,

92. An untried prisoner shall be allowed to inform immediately
his family of his detention and shell be given all reasonable facilities
for communicating with his family and friends, and for reeeiving
visits from them, subject only to such restrictions and supervision
fag are necessary in the interests of the administration of justice and
of the seeurity and good order of the institution,

93. For the purposes of his defense, an untried prisoner shall be
allowed to apply for free legal aid where such aid is available, and
to receive visits from his legal adviser with a view to his defense
and to prepare and hand to him confidential instructions. For
these purposes, he shall if he so desires be supplied with writing
‘material. Interviews between the prisoner and his legal adviser may
be within sight but not within the hearing of a police or insti-
tutional official

D. Civ, prionens

94, Im countries where the law permits imprisonment for debt or
by onder of a court under any other non-criminel process, persons
9 imprisoned shall not be subjected to any greater restriction oF
Severity than is necossary to ensure saze custody and good order.
‘Their treatment shall be not less favorable than that of untried
prisoners, with the reservation, however, that they may posibly be
Fequired to work

B. Selection and training of personnel for penal and
‘correctional institutions
Resolution adopted om 1 September 1955
‘The First United Nations Congress on the Provention of Crime
and the Freatment of Offenders,

Having adopted recommendations, annexed to the present resolu-
tion, on the question of the selection and training of personnel for
‘penél and eorrectional institutions,

1, Requests the Seeretary-General, in aesordanee with paragraph

Rutas vou He Taswranan oF Prisonnns 103

(d) of the annex to resolution 415 (V) of the General Assembly
of the United Nations, to submit these recommendations to. the
Social Comission of the Beonomie and Social Couneil for approval;

2. Expresses the hope that the Economie and Social Couneil will
endorse these recommendations and draw them to the attention of
govemments, recommending that governments take them as fully
as possible into aeeount in their practice and when considering
legislative and administrative reforms,

8, Expresses also the wish that the Economie and Social Council
request the Secretary-General to give the widest publicity to these
recommendations and authorize him to eolleet. periodically informa-
{ion on the matter from the various eounties, and to publish uch

Annex

RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE SELECTION
AND TRAINING OF PERSONNEL
FOR PENAL AND CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS

A, Moves coxcaPTION OF PRISON SERVICE

I. Prison service in the nature of @ social service

(1) Attention is drawn to the change in the nature of prison
stalfs which results from the development in the conception of thelt
uuy from tnt of ger to that of tembors ofan important socal
Service demanding ability, appropriate training and good ‘team
work on the part of every member, * feo

(2) ‘An effort should be made to arouse and keep alive in the
minds both of the publie and of the sta an understanding of the
nature of modern prison servies. For this purpose all appropriate
means of informing the public should be used. ”

TL Specialisation of functions

(2) "This now conception is reflected in the tendency to add to
Qe staff an increasing number of specialists, such as doctors, Dy
ati, paychologsts, "socal workers, teaches, technical i
12) Tas a aly tendeney and it is recommended that i
should be Zevorebly cousidered by governments even though add
tional expense would be involved. me

TIT. Co-ordination

(1) The increasing specialization may, howover, hamper an in-
tegrated approach to the treatment of prisoners and present prob_
Jems in the co-ordination of the work of the various. types of
specialized staff

108 ‘Tam Paison Astocumton or New YoRe

(2) Consoquently, in the treatment of prisoners, it is necessary
to ensure that all the specialists concerned work together a3 a team.

(B) It is also considered necessary to ensure, by the appoint-
ment of # co-ordinating committee or otherwise, that all the spe-
Gialized services follow a tmiferm approach. In this way the mem-
bers of the ‘also have the advantage of gaining a clearer
insight into the various aspects of the problems involved.

B, SATUS oF STAR AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE

TV. Civil sorvice status

Fulltime prison staff should have the status of civil servants,
that is, they should:

(a) Be employed by the government of the country or State and
hhenee be governed by eivil serviee rules;

(®) Be recruited according to certain rules of sclection such ox
‘competitive examination ;

(c) Have seeurity of tenure subject only to good conduct, ef.
cleney and physical fitness

(d) Have permanent status and be entitled to the advantages
of civil service career in snek matters ns promotion, social security,
allowances, and retirement ar pension benefits

V. Full-time employment

(1), Prison staff, with the exception of certain professional and
technical grades, should devote their entire time to their duties and
therefore be appointed on a full-time basis,

(2) In particular, the post of director of an institution must not
be a part-time appointment,

(8) The services of social workers, teachers and trade instruc.
tora should he secured on a permanent basis, without thereby ex
cluding part-time workers.

VI. Conditions of service in general

(1) The conditions of sorvieo of institutional staff should be
suffleent to attract and retain the best qualified persons.

(2) Salaries and other employment benefits should not be arhi-
‘trarily tied to those of othor publie servants but should be related
to the work to be performed in a modern prison system, whieh is
complex and arducus and is in the nature of an important social
sorviee.

(8) Sufficient and suitable living quarters should be provided
for the prison staff in the vicinity of the institution.

‘VIT. Non-military organization of the staff
(2) Prison staff should be organized on civilian lines with a divi

‘Roues ror TH Trearenr op Pawowmns 105

sion into ranks or grades as this type of administration requires.
(2) Custodial staff should be organized in accordance with the
| aisciplinary roles of the penal institution in order to maintain the

ecessary grade distinctions and order.
(3) Staff should be specially reeraited and not seconded from
the drmed forces or police or other publie services.

VILL Carrying of arms
in special cixeumstances, staff performing duties

which bring thom into divest contact with prisoners should not be
mrmed.

(2) Staff should in no eireumstances be provided with arms un-
Jess they have been trained in their use.

(8) It ig desirable that prison staff should be responsible for
guarding the enclosure of the institution.

©. Recromenr ov starr

IX. Competent authority and goneral administrative methods

(1) As far as possible recruitment, should be centralized, in con
srmity with the structure of each State, and be under the direetion,
of the superior or central prison administration.
(2) Whore other State bodies such as a civil
sro responsible for recruitment, the prison adm
tol be required to accopt a eandidate whom they do not regard as
suitable.
(8) Provision should be made to exclude political influence in
appointments to the staf? of the prison service.

X. Generat conditions of recruitment

(2) The prison administration should be particulary careful in
tie Xerltyent of sa steeting only verions having the reste
‘lites of fntegrity, humanitarian pproach, eompetence and
physical ‘itmess. Yi _

(2) Members of the staff should be able to speak the language
of the greatest number of prisoners or a language understood by
the gedtest number of theth

XI. Custodial stag

(2) The educational standards and intelligence of this stat?
should be suflefent to enable them to earry out their duties effec.
‘hulp and to prot by whatever in sevice taining courses are Dro.

(2) Suitable intelligence, vocational and physical tests for the
‘lentil evaluation of the eandidates' eapacities are recommended
‘addition to the relevant competitive examinations

106 ‘Tax Pawow Assocation os New York

(8) Candidates who have been admitted should serve a proba.
tionary period to allow the competent authorities to form an opinion
of their personality, character and ability,

XI

‘Special eare should be taken in the appointment of persons who
are to fill posts in the higher administration of the prison services;
Only persons who are suitably trained and have sufficient knowledge
‘and experience should he considered,

Higher administration

XII,

(1) The directors or assistant directors of institutions should be
adequately qualified for their Tunctions by reason of their characte,
administrative ability, training and experience.

(2) They should have a good edneational background and a
voeation for the work. ‘Phe administration should endeavor to at
tract persons with specialized training which offers adequate prep.
aration for prison service

Directors or executive staff

XIV.

(1) The staff performing specialized fmetions, including admin.
istrative funetions, showld possess the professional or techniea
qualifications required for each of the various funetions in question,

(2) The recruitment of specfalized staff should therefore be based
on the professional training diplomas or university degrees ev!
Gencing their special training.

(2) Tt is recommended that preference should be given to eat
didates who, in addition to such professional qualifeations, have
8 seaond degree or quelifcaion, or specialized experienee in prise:

Specialized and administrative sta

XV. Staff of women’s institutions

The staff of women’s institutions should consist of women. his
does not, however, preclude male members of the staff, partici
lanly doctors and teachers, from carrying ont. their professional
duties in institutions or parts of institutions set aside for women.
Female staff, whether lay or religious, should, as far as possible,
possess the same qualifications as thoso required for appointment to
Institutions for men,

D. Provassionat, TRAINING

XVI. Training prior to final appointment
Before entering on duty, staif should be given @ course of train

ing in their gencral duties, with a view particularly to social prob
lems, and in their specific duties and be required to pass theoretical
‘and practieal examinations.

‘Roues ror THe Teearmenr or Prisonnes 107

XVIL Custodiat staff

(1) A program of intensive professional training for enstodial
| staff is recommended. The following might serve as an example for
the organization of such training in three stages:

(2) ‘The first stage should take place in a penal institution, its
aim being to familiarize the candidate with the special problems
of pinion and at the ame te to seat. whether be

ses the necessary qualities. During this initial phase, the ean-
Zidate should not be given any responsibility, and bis work should
be constantly supervised by a membor of the regular staff. The di-
rector should arrange an elementary course in practical subjects
for the candidates,

(3) During the second stage, the candidate should attend a
sehool or course organized by the superior or central prison admin-
‘stration, which shonld be responsible for the theoretieal and pr
tieal training of officers in professional subjects, Special attention
should be paid to the tochniquo of relations with the prisoners,
based on the elementary prineiples of psychology and eriminology.
‘The training courses should moreover comprise lessons on the ele-
rents of penology, prison administration, penal law and rested
ratiers.

(A) Tt is desirable that during the frst two stages candidates
should be admitted and trained in groups, so as to obviate the pos.
sibility of their being prematurely employed in the sorviee and
to facilitate the organization of courses of training,

(5) ‘The third stage, intended for candidates who have satis.
factorily completed the first two and shown the greatest interest
tad a Yoration for the service, should consist of actual service
‘luring whiet Il he expected to show that they possess all
the neque qualiicatons, Thay Should ala be offercl ae oppore
unity to attend more advanced training courses in psychology,
criminology, penal law, penology and related subjects.

XVIII. Directors or executive staf

(2) As methods vary greatly from country to country at the
present time, the necessity for adequate training, which directors
and assistant directors should have received prior to their appoint
nent in conformity with paragraph XIII above, should be Feeog-
nized as a general rule,

(2) Where persons from the outside with no previous experience
of the work but with proved experience in simi are Te-
emited as divectors or assistant direetors, they should, hefore taking
up thoir duties, reeoive theoretical training and gain cal
‘sperience of prison work for a reasonable period, it being under-
ood that a diploma granted by a specialized vocational sehool oF
= university degree im a relevant subject may be considered as
sufficient theoretical training,

108 ‘Tau Prison Association or New Yors

XIX. Specialized sta

‘The initial training to be required from specialized staff is deter
mined by the conditions of recruitment, as deseribed in paragraph
XIV above.

XX. Regional training institutes for prison personnel

‘The establishment of regional institutes for the training of the
staff of penal and correctional institutions should be encouraged,

XXL Physical training and instruction in the use of arms

(2) Prison officers shall be given special physical training to
enable them to restrain aggressive prismers by the means pr-
seribed by the authorities in accordance with the relevant rules
‘and regulations.

(2) Officers who are provided with arms shall be trained in their
use and instructed in the regulations governing their use

XXII,

(1), After taking up their duties and during their career, staf
should maintain and improve their knowledge and professional
eapacity by attending advanced courses of in-service training which
are to be organized periodically.

(2) The in-service training of custodial staff should be concerned
with questions of principle and technique rather than solely with
rales and regulations

(8) Whenever any
bo at the expense of the State ‘under
reesive the pay end allowances of their grade, Supplementary
training to fit the offieer for promotion may he at the expense of
the offleer and in his own time.

Insorvice training

shoul

type of special training is required
and 1

XXIIL Discussion groups, visits to institutions, seminars

for senior personnel

(1), For senior staff, group discussions are recommended on mal:
ters of practical interest rather than on academic subjects, combined
with visits to difforent types of institutions, including’ those out
side the penal system. Tt would be desirable to invite specialists
from other countries to participate in such meetings

mnior personnel to obtain prac
tieal experience in institutions af other eountries,

XXIV. Joint consultation, visite and meetings

for all grades of staf

(1) Methods of joint consultation should be established to en
able all grades of prison Personnel to express thelr opinion on the

‘RUuEs vor THE Treatarmys oF PRISONERS 109

methods used in the treatmant of prisoners, Moreover, lectures,
tsto other institntions and if pore, rogues seminary
Boorganized fora catogorieg of Pat
(@) Ibis also recommended that meetingn should be arranged
at which the staff may exchange information and discuss question,
of professional interest a eae Seale nee

Likewise in May 1957 these recommendations were submitted to
te United Nations Beonomie and Social Connell and the Be
somie and Social Counell pri as nar

thdorses the zocommendations on the gestion and trainin

personnel for penal and correctional institutions, an¢ .

recommendations;
4, Requests the Seerotary-Goneral to arrange for the periodical

cqlction.and publication, x appropriate, of information (a) ‘on
3s scleetion and training’ of persontel Zor penal and comet

Insitutions, and (0) ‘on open penal and correctional {asitationt:

FINANCIAL STATEMENT
‘THE PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK,
GENERAL FUND
STATEMENT OF INCOME AND EXPENSES
‘YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1957

42,300 00
81294 52 § 9,084 82

98,402 96 $87,647 48

Donne ascetic.

“Pividende om stock. 35,706 80

EXPENSES
General a 20,401 18

21 548 63

sinitration

ioe, reese
Eibag sai 8

‘Tale He
‘Aaldna: for, Tealtive soaisa

laa Tess and

Total Expenses
NBT GAIN FOR THE YEAR

70,181 22
8,008

AUDITORS" OPINION

We havo audited the books, accounts, sninstes and other records of ‘i
prion Assocation of New ook for tho year ended December 21, 957. In ov
Frinton the statement of income ata exjenson shown sivove pres Tairy the
Faults of the operation for that Jott.

‘Wonsria, Howe & Busvo
Certifed Public Aecountests

Now York N.Y.
May 1) 158

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS

| an getup he vam Andon of Sw York Ps
| ae ast is En Aart nay

The People of the State of Now York, represented in Senate and
Assembly, do enact as follows:

Section 1. All such persons as now are and hereafter shall be-
come members of the said association pursuant to the constitution
thereof, shall and are hereby constituted a body corporate by
the name of ‘The Prison Association of New York, and by that
name have the powers that by the third title of the eighteenth
chapter, of the first part of the Revised Statutes, are declared to
belong to every corporation, and shall be expable of purchasing.
holding and conveying any estate, real or personal, for the use of
said corporation, provided that such real estate shall never excoed
the yearly value of ten thousand dollars, nor be applied to any
other purpose than those for whieh this corporation is formed.

2. Tho estate and eoncerns of said corporation shall be many
aged and conducted by ts excoutive committee, in conformity

the constitution of the said corporation; and the following articles

now form the constitution of the association shall continue to
he the fundamental laws and constitution thereof, subject to altera-
tion in the mode therein preseril

ARTICUR VIRST

‘The objects of the association shall be
1. ‘The amelioration of the condition of prisoners whether de-
lained for trial, or finally eonvieted, or as witnesses,

2. ‘The improvement of prison diseipline and the government of
prisons whether for cities, eounties or states.

3, ‘The support and encouragement of reformed convicts after

their discharge by affording them the means of obtaining an honest
livelihood and sustaining them in their efforts at reform,

ARTIOUE SECOND

‘The officers of the society shall be a president, four viee-presi-
ents, a recording secretary, a corresponding secretary, and a
treasirer, and there shall he the following committees, viz.: a

‘a committee on detentions, a. committee on

consist of not more than thirty-five, of whom not more than ten
shall be officers of the society, and not more than tsrenty-five shall
be persons other than

nny

uz ‘Ta: Paisow Assocratt0n o7 New YORK

ARTICLE THIKD
‘The officers named in the preceding article shall be ex-officio

menbers of the exeentive eommittee, who shall choose one of their
number to be chairman thereof.

ARTTOLE FOURTH,

each month, and keep
shall have ‘a general

ciation.
ABRIOLE PIPTEL

‘The society shall mest annually in the city of New York, at suc
tine Sid place a8 the executive committee shall appoint, and a!
ih Giker Umes asthe president, or in his absence, one of the viet
residents, shall designate

Any person contsibuting amnvally to the funds of the association
not Tea than ive dollars shall, osring 0 such eonteibation, be &
ember thereat “A contribution of ive hundred dollars shalt on
Mitate life petron, a contribution of one Dupdred dollars abst
Shatiate an Honorary member of the association for Tif, and 2
Contribution of ty dollars aball eqnstitute a member of the asso
lation Tor life, Honorary and cortesponding members may, from
fime to time, be appointed by the exeentive committee

[A temale department shall be formed consisting of such female
ag shall be scloctd by the executive. commnitice, who shall have
Gharge of the interest and welfare of prisoners of their sex, under
Suen regulations as the exeontive committee shall adopt

ARUICLE HIGHT

cree Sth se eh an We
——

stil to this amocation by contributing to Hs funds and eo

ma

Consneromion AN By-Laws

| ‘The executive committee shall have power to add to any of the
| standing committees such persons, as, in their opinion, may be

Fkely to promote the objects of the society, and shall have power
to fll any vaeaney which may oveur in any of the offices of the
‘association, intermediate the annual meetings.

ARTICLE ELEVENTH,

‘This constitution mey be amended by a vote of the majority of
vie soviety at any mesting thereof, provided notice of the amend.
nent has been given at the next preceding meeting.

‘The oficers elected for the current year, under the constitution
Sal contnue to be the ofcers thereof until others shall be duly
‘doson in thelr places.

“And 3¢ Ss hereby further enacted that no manager of said society
shall eesive any compensation for his services.

'§ 8. Tho said executive committee shall have power to establish
a workhouse in the eounty of New York, and in their discretion,
to resive and iake into the said workhouse all such persons as shall
ye taken up and committed as vagrants of disorderly persons in
said ely 8 the Court of General Sessions of the Peace, or the
Court of Special Sessions, or the Court of Oyer and Terminer, in
‘sid eounty, or any poliee magistrate, or the commissioner of the

Inshouse thay deem proper objects, and the suid exoeutive com

co shall have the same powers’ to keep, dotain, employ and
sovem the said persons as are now by law conferred on the keepers
of the bridewell or penitentiary in said ety.

§ 4. "The said executive committee may, from time to time, make
tyslaws, ordinances end regulations, relative (0. the management
fd dispesition of the estate, and eoncems of said assoeiation and
the management, government, instruction, discipline, and employ-
mnt of the persons 80 as aforesaid cominitied to the said work
house, not contrary to law, as they may deem proper and may
sppoint such officers, auents and servants as they may deem noces-

my to transact the business of the said association, and may desig-
nite their duties. And the said executive committee shall make an
‘umual report to the Legislature and to the corporation of the eity
ci New York, of the number of persons received by them into the
ssid workhouse, the disposition whieh shall be made of them by
instructing or employing them therein, tho receipts and expendi-
lies of said executive committee and generally all such facts ond
Miticulars as may exhibit the operations of the said association.

5. The said excoutive commitice shall have power, during the
uinority of any of the persons so committed to the said workhouse,
‘» bind out the said persons so being minors, as aforesaid, as
nprentices or servants, with their consent during their minority, to
nek, persons and at such places, to loarn such proper traded and
‘mployments as in their judgment will be most eondueive to their

a4 ‘Tux Paisow Association or Naw You

reformation and amendment and future benest and advantage of
sue persons.

§ 6. The said executive committee by such committees as they
shall Zrom time to timo appoint, shall have power, and it shall be
their duties to visit, inspect, and examine, all the prisons im the

tate and annually report to the Legislature their state and condi
tion and all sueh other things in regard to them as may enable the
Legisiature to perfect their government and diseipline. And w
‘enable them to exeeate the powers and perform the duties hereby
granted and imposed, they shall possess all the powers and authority
that by the twenty-fourth section, of title tinst, chapter third, par,
Yourth of the Revised Statutes, are invested in inspectors of county
prisons and the duties of the Keepers of each prison that they may
Examine shall be the same i relation to them, as in the seetia
aforesaid, are impose ‘of such prisons in relation te

had and obtained, whieh order
Shall speeify the name of the prison to be examined, the name «i
the persons, members of the said association, by whom the examine
tion is to be made, and the time within whieh the same must be
ceoneluded.

BY-LAWS *

I, There shall be a stated mecting of the executive committe:
on the Fourth Thursday of each month, and special meeting shal!
be held on the requisition of the Chairman or any three members
of the executive committee. The call for a special meeting shall, in
all cases, state the business to be transacted at said meeting. ‘The
annual meeting shall be held on the fourth ‘Thursday of Jamuary it
each year at an hour and place to be designated by the executive
committee.

‘The number of members composing the executive committee ex
clusive of the officers of the association, is hereby fixed at twenty
four, and divided into Zour groups or classes as follows: At tle
lection held at the ammual meeting of the year 1916, there shall
he elected, to sorve from that date, six members for the term 4
cone year, six for the term of two years, six for the term of three
‘years, six for the term of four yeurs. At cach annual meeting there
after six members shall be elected for the term of four years it
Place of those whose terms of office then expire. Any vacancies it
the membership of the eommittce hy death, resignation or otherwis
may be filled either by the association at any annual meeting or, i
finterims between the annual meeting, by the executive commitiee

Ty amended by the Txecutive Committea of the Assoctation, Devembe
1991, Webraary 1998 sha May 1054

Consrmunion AND By-Laws 5

IL At every meeting of the executive committee five members
shall be necassary to eonstitute a quorum.

1. The order of business at the annual meeting shall be as

Bleetion of chairman and secretary.
Reading of minutes of the last meeting.

Report of committee on nominations

Election of ofcers.

Report of corresponding secretary on work of year.
Annual report of the treasurer. i

us ger of busines at every other stated meeting shall
The reading and approval of the minutes oft
nesting.
Report of treasurer,

eports from standing committees,
Report from the eorsesponding secretary.
Reports from ths commie

report trom the general agent.
Miscellaneous business. ks

last preceding

At a special meeting no other business shall be transacted than
that for whieh the said meeting was called,

V._ The chairman shall appoint all standing and special commit-
toes and deside all questions of order, subject fo an appeal; and the
rules of order shall be those embodied in’ Cushing's manual s0 far
2 they are applicable.

VI. | ‘The recording secretary of the association shall be the seere-
lary of the exeeutive committee; and it shall be his duty to keep the
minutes of the proceedings of said committee, to record them in a
book provided for that purpose and to give due notice of all meet-
ings of the committee,

‘VIL__The corresponding secretary shall conduct the eorrespond-
ence of the executive committee and of each of the standing com-
mittees; and shall act as the general financial agent of the as-
sociation, and sball report at each stated mecting of the committee.

VILL The treasurer shall have charge of the funds of the asso-
ciation, and shall give such security as the exceutive committee
may require, His duties are more fully defined in by-law X.

IX. There shall be at loast the following standing committees:
executive; finance; law; detentions; nominations; probation and
parole; prison administration. Such committees in addition to any
Powers or dutios conferred by these by-laws shall severally possess
the power and be subject to the duties designated from time to time

6 ‘Tau Prison Assocation ov New Yous

by the executive committee. Furthormore, the committee on probs-
tlon and parole shall funetion xs the committee on discharged. con
iets mentioned in the constitution, and the committee on prison
Adininistration shall fumetion as the committee on prison discipline
mentioned in the constitution,

"The duties of the above named committees, not otherwise pro-
vided for in the constitution or by-laws, are as follows: |

“Tt shall be the duty of the eommittee on detentions to inquire as
far as may be practicable or necessary into the causes of commit
ment of persons held in institutions of the Department of Corres
tion of the City of New York, and, when, deemed desirable, to
adopt available incasures for procuring the discharge or providing
for the defense of such as shall appear to be entitled thereto. 1.
shall further be the duty of the committee, when arrangements
fare made therefor, to extend its work to jails, penitentiaries, re.
formatories and prisons outside of the City of New York and
within the State of New York.

Te shall be the duty of the committeo on nominations to consider
the qualifications of persons available for election as viee-presidents

iberahip on the executive committee of the
association, and to make recommendations thereon to the executive
‘committee Yor final action.

Tt shall be the duty of the committee on probation and parole to
be associated with the operation of the probation, parole and em-
ployment bureaus of the association, and, from time to time, to
make recommendations in respect thereto.

Tt shall be the duty of the commitice on prison administration to
consider the internal organization and management of county jails

fos, reformatories and State prisons, and the welfare of
dl therein,

X, ‘The committeo on finance shall be charged with the duty of
raising and caring for the funds.

‘The funds of the association shall be divided into two parts to
‘be known as

1. The endowment fund,

‘The general fund,

The Endowment Funds. —The endowment fund shall consist of
such contributions as shail be given with the restriction that the
income only shall be used for the purpose of the association, and
alll Tegacies.

‘The Endowment and Gonerat Funds, — ‘The endowment and
general funds sball be under the immediate direction and control
ff the committec on finanes, and all investments of the endowment
fund shall be ordered by the committee, of which the treasurer shall

‘a member and chairman,

‘The securities belonging to the association shall be kept in a
custodian department of an institution selected by the members of
the committee on finance.

"The executive eommitteo may in thelr discretion draw upon such

Consrromon axp By-Laws nt

portions of the endowment fund as are unrestricted, for the general
purposes of the Association,

‘The General Fund. — ‘The term ‘'genoral fund’? shall cover all
ocoipts of the association not constituting a special fund or spect
fed for the endowment fund, the intention being that all the
come, except legacies, including donations for general, purposes,
‘and ineome from endowient fund, shall be eredited to the general
fund to which the authorized disbursements of each activity of the
association shall be charged at the close of the fseal year.

‘The treasurer shall notify the corresponding seeretary immedi
ately on receipt by him of any sum for the aecount of the associa-
‘ion that such receipt may be entered at onee to the credit of the
proper aveount on the books of the association,

‘The corresponding seerotary shall be the general disbursing agent
of the association, the object of the provision being to keep in the
central offlees of the association, all receipts for payments by him
ior the association of any kind,’ nature or deseription and to have
in the central offices immediate record of all his disbursements.

All donations reesived by the corresponding secretary shall be
entered by him upon the proper books of the association and then
deposited in such bank as directed by the treasurer to the credit of
the association. Whenever the executive committee shall make an
appropriation out of the general fund the corresponding secretary.
sliall send to the treasurer a eopy of the resolution making the
appropriation, certified by the recording secretary, which certified
copy shall be the treasurer’s authority for transferring the ap-
propriated amount to the corresponding secretary.

‘The treasurer shall keep an account covering the general fund
in the name of the association, sabject to his eheck as treasurer in
sich bank as may he s by him and approved by the eom-

‘The corresponding secretary shall keep a bank account in the
name of the association, subject to his check as corresponding
secretary for current disbursements, and shall deposit to the credit
of said bank account all moneys he may reeeive from the treasurer
drawn from the general fund

‘The committee on finance shall arrange for annual audits of the
accounts of the treasurer and of the corresponding secretary.

At each regular meeting of the exceutive committee the treasurer
shall make a detailed statement of the receipts and disbursements
for the preceding calendar month. He shall make a statement show-
ing the investments and the receipts and disbursements of the
endowment fund: he shall make, at the annual meeting of the
association, a detailed statement of receipts and disbursements for
the fiseal year.

XT, Tt shall be the duty of tho committee on law to examine and
weport from time to time upon the penal legislation of the State,
with thelr suggestions for the amendment. thereto, to consider
questions relating thereto which are under discussion in the press