Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors (CCCO), [Undated]

AGAINST THE WALL

Yes nan oe ifr

CCCO would not be around to help get out the
facts without so many people giving time and
money toward helping today’s youth. Last year
roughly 10 thousand supporters gave CCCO the
total contributions listed below. We have a broad
base of support that gives added weight to the
work we do and the principles we espouse.

We also receive some grant money for some of
our special projects, We were especially grateful
this year for grants from Philadelphia Yearly
Meeting, the Shoemaker Fund, the William Penn
Foundation, and Willistown Friends Meeting:

CCCO is recognized by the Internal
Revenue Service as a tax-exempt
organization, and we are registered
with the Pennsylvania Commission on.
Charitable Organizations.

Audited Financial Report, Fiscal Year 1984-1985.

Support and revenue:

Grants from private foundations 23,401
Contributions 189,757
Auxiliary services:
Honoraria 3,220
Interest income 5,555
Literature 12,306
Other 416
Total support and revenue 225,655
Expenses:

Program services:
Counseling, training and outreach 122,184
Periodicals 17,927
Total program services 140,111

Supporting services:

General and administrative 23,756
Fund raising 30,392
Total supporting services 54.148
Total expenses 194,259

CCCO/An Agency for Military and
Draft Counseling
2208 South Street
Philadelphia, PA 19146
(215) 545-4626

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UNCOVERING  CCCO
THE Annual
HIDDEN Report
DRAFT a 985

HOW WE GOT STARTED

‘_..To assist persons who find themselves facing
conflict with the power of the State as a result of
their conscientious objection to participation in
any form of war-making activity.’

This was the stated purpose for the founding of
the Central Committee for Conscientious
Objectors in 1948. Peace activists like A. J.
Muste and Mildred Scott Olmstead rallied to form
CCCO as the resumed draft threatened the rights
of thousands of war objectors. Hundreds of
resisters were imprisoned for refusing to register
for a draft that was just a show of force over
faked intelligence reports of Soviet troop
movements near Turkey:

To a nation still reeling from a long, bloody
war, a draft was a very tangible threat to many
individuals’ freedom of conscience. There was a
well-known line to stand on in objecting to the
state’s war preparations. That line was harshly
drawn in the courts over and over again. Things
are much different today.

In 1985, five years after a similarly trumped-up
registration call, only one non-registrant (after 18
in the years before) was indicted out of an
estimated two hundred thousand resisters. At
year's end, none were in prison and one was
under house arrest. This good news is not too
surprising. The government has learned that
draft prosecutions stir up too much protest and
news coverage that tends to broadcast the truth
about registration.

REALITY HURTS

Hiding the truth—that Selective Service
registration is actually registration for a military
draft—appears to be the government’s key
strategy for getting men to register without
protest. All the ad campaigns about registration
over the last five years have been moving toward
this insidious cover-up. An eighteen-year-old can
register for the draft today and never learn he
has signed up to be inducted into the armed
forces at the government's beck and call.

Selective Service advertisements will not tell him:

Neither will the registration form.

Military recruiters, too, apparently see the
need to hide the truth about what life in the
armed forces is really like. The Pentagon has
intervened in a lawsuit in Atlanta that has
brought in CCCO’s active involvement. The suit
revolves around the right of draft counselors to
appear at high school career days to counter the
overwhelming presence there of military
recruiters. As we know, the military is more than
just a job. The job is to kill people, and while
they wait to do that, soldiers lost most personal
freedoms and rights: a reality that many recruits
don’t realize until too late. The Pentagon has no
compunction about using half-truths and tricks to
fill its ranks. It is evidently quite worried about
the truth’s effects.

GETTING OUT ALL THE FACTS

The government's attempts to hide information
remind us of how important it is that groups like
CCCO remain on watch. CCCO’s strength lies in
its firm commitment to complete and accurate
information from a non-sectarian, non-ideological
source. Spreading this information about the
rights of those facing the draft and the military
through our network of active volunteer
counselors is the primary goal of our current
programs.

The great value of the non-directive counseling
our counselors use is its simplicity. One need
only have facts on hand and help counselees
articulate their feelings without forcing on them
any decisions or value judgments. This allows
those affected by the decisions to apply their
concept of right and wrong, and then act on it.
The counselor’s main work involves making sure
military-age youth know where to get this help.

1985 saw the beginning of several new
approaches by CCCO to assist counselors in
reaching out to the young people under most
pressure from Selective Service and the
Pentagon’s recruiters. The draft system’s
low-key, everyday post office registration and the
economic enticements offered by the armed
forces make it essential that counselors do more
than wait for someone to come to them for
counseling. We have to go out and contact
teenagers and help them realize they may need
some guidance:

NEWS AND HAPPENINGS AT CCCO IN 1985

*A network of Black organizers is being trained
to do effective draft, counter-recruitment, and
military counseling. This network will be centered
in the South, an area that has not had enough
counselors in the past.

*Contacts in schools around the country are
developing a network, too: people trying to get
the facts to the teenagers in their communities.

We are producing attractive advertisements
that can be placed in school and community
newspapers, urging the reader to get more
information before registering or enlisting.

Information is available for high schools about
curriculums that help students critically assess
their own relationship to warmaking: what is
right and what is wrong.

*Our fieldworkers have been traveling over
much of the country with these new tools and
teaching counselors how to use them.

The office gets more and more calls from folks
excited about doing work in high schools or
getting responses published in local papers.

Counseling military personnel on how to get
out continues to be a much needed service to
which CCCO directs a lot of time and resources.
The new Directory of Military Counselors and
Attorneys includes names in Europe where we
have needed reliable counselors for many years.
Our informational literature for COs in the
military continues to sell very well as interest
about nuclear pacifism grows.

THANKS TO SO MANY

The financial report below shows how generous
CCCO’s contributors were in the last fiscal year.
Much of the surplus is directed toward programs
we will see completed in 1986. These include a
comic book counselors can use as a tool for
counter-recruitment, a conference for
Congressional aides about military counseling, a
display unit for our literature in guidance

lors’ offices, tape-recorded public _
its, and
the training programs for counselors among Black
organizers. We also received a generous bequest
from the estate of a long-time contributor which
we hope can be kept in reserve for awhile.

dd


CCCO’ field representative, Bill
Galvin, is a graduate of Princeton
Theological Seminary (M. Div.). His
thesis at Princeton was on the
United Presbyterian Church’s Re-
sponse to the Vietnam War. For
three years he worked for the United
Presbyterian Church’s Emergency
Ministry on Conscience and War
which included draft and military
counseling, advocacy for veterans, interpreting the Vietnam
experience to the churches, and organizing churches around

CCCO’s Public Education Director,
David Collins, comes from a family
of activists who have fought against
social injustices and campaigned for
human rights for generations. He
became involved in military, draft,
and counter recruitment issues
through his work with National Black
Draft Counselors and the Southern
Conference Educational Fund in the
case of his brother, Walter Collins, who was incarcerated for
resistance to the draft in the early 1970s. He has traveled
ing around these issues. He is an ordained

Vietnam issues, especially amnesty. He was a
objector during the Vietnam War, though his draft board
illegally denied his claim. He is currently on the National
Committee of the berian Peat

‘As CCCO's field representative, Bill has trained hundreds
of military counselors and thousands of draft counselors, He
occasionally writes articles for CCCO’s publication and helps
in preparing CCCO’s literature. Bill is available to groups
around the country to speak about the draft, militarism, war
resistance, and conscientious objection, and to train draft and
military counselors.

Return to:
CCCO/An Agency for Military
and Draft Counseling
2208 South Street
Philadelphia, PA 19146
215-545-4626

minister and has worked extensively with church, youth, and
community organizations around the issues of counter
recruitment and high school outreach.

Carol McNeill originally started do-
ing peace work in her home state of
Texas, where she worked with the
War Resisters League and was the
chair of the local American Friends
Service Committee support group.
Carol got involved with CCCO
through doing volunteer military
counseling in Texas and moved to
Philadelphia in 1977 to work full
time for CCCO.

As part of CCCO’s staff, Carol has written on women in the
military and has coordinated conferences on defenses for non-

and training aides in military
counseling. She is the editor of the Military Counselor’s
Network news, Draft Counselor’s Hotline, and the Military
Counselor’s Directory.

Carol is experienced in leading draft and military counsel-
ing training sessions and can speak with groups between New
York and Washington, D.C., on women in the military, the
draft, non-registration, conscientious objection, and other
topics concerning anti-militarism.

dim Feldman graduated from the
University incinnati Law School
in 1976 and joined CCCO as staff
attorney in 1982 after five years in
private practice. In Cincinnati, his
law practive included representing
peace, anti-nuclear, and gay activists
as well as various community
groups.

Since he joined the CCCO staff,
dim has assisted many attorneys in their handling of draft aad
military cases and has counseled hundreds of individuals
concerning draft and military problems. He often writes
articles for CCCO publications and assists in the preparation
of CCCO literature. He has traveled over 20,000 miles
conducting workshops and training sessions. He is available to
train attorneys on the defense of non-registrants as well as
the handling of military cases.

BRING
CCCO
INTO
YOUR

COMMUNITY

*Concerned about the presence of mailitary

recruiters and draft officials in your community
and schools?

eWant help in organizing to counter their
propaganda?

°Trying to organize a draft counseling group?

°Need a speaker for an upcoming event?

eWant to help those who feel they made a
mistake by joining the military?

CCCO CAN HELP!

CCCO representatives are available to meet
with groups and talk about issues related to the
draft and military service. Regular programs
include:

Lawyer Training (take about three hours):
Provides an overview of defenses in draft
prosecutions and information on the status of
current prosecutions. Training is also available
for lawyers who handle military cases.

Speaking: CCCO representatives can also speak
at meetings and rallies and can lead workshops
on conscientious objection, war resistance, organ-
izing against militarism, women in the military,
racism in the military, ROTC, JROTC, and
related topics.

BUT WHAT DOES IT COST?

CCCO needs to be reimbursed for travel
and also ts a small negotiable

Counselor training (takes 3-6 hours,
on the needs of the group) covers counseling
techniques in the following areas:

*High School Outreach: Military recruiters and
Selective Service officials have aggressive cam-
paigns in many schools. Training includes how to
get into your community high school and counter
these campaigns and specifically addresses the
Military Delayed Entry Program, the Armed
Services Vocational Aptitude Battery test, and
Junior ROTC.

*Counter Recruitment: Includes how to ef-
fectively reach. youth in your. community. with
information about economic conscription, recruit-
ment abuses, and problems faced by veterans.
Also discusses how military training does not
apply to civilian life and alternatives to military
servitude.

®Draft: Covers counseling non-registrants, the
effect of registration on job training and student
aid, how those who register can protect their
rights, how the draft would work under current
regulations, and how to file claims for reclassi-
fication and conscientious objection.

°Military: Covers the recruitment process,
peining and common problems, basic military
law, disch Li filing I in
the military, counseling AWOLs and those in the
reserves.

honorarium ($100 is suggested). We also expect
to be housed and fed while in your community.

WHAT IF YOUR GROUP HAS NO MONEY?

If your group has no money, let us know, and
we will try to work something out. Many colleges
and church or community groups have budgets
for inviting speakers to address a group or
sponsor a forum. CCCO’s representatives would
be happy to speak to such a group while in town
to help raise the money. Or you may solicit $25 or
$50 pledges from individuals committed to peace.
Requesting a $5 or $10 donation from participants
often raises a considerable sum of money. Some
groups hold bake sales, spaghetti dinners, and
other traditional fund raising activities.

Our staff often makes speaking tours to
different parts of the country meeting with a
variety of groups in each particular area. The
travel reimbursement during these ‘‘tours’’ is
shared by a number of sponsoring groups which
reduces the cost to each group. Sometimes a
CCCO representative will be traveling in your
area and can arrange to meet with your group
without much expense. Although CCCO cannot
afford to lose money on trips, we will do all we
can to accomodate groups with limited resources.

IN WHAT OTHER WAYS CAN CCCO’S
FIELDWORK HELP YOUR GROUP?

Many groups report that bringing a repre-
sentative of CCCO to their area generated lots of
energy and enthusiasm within the group. Many
take advantage of the opportunity to get publicity
for their work combatting the draft and militarism
by holding a press conference and arranging for
media interviews and talk show appearances. Our
visit may also provide a good occasion for seeking
access to local high schools for a presentation.
You may also want to arrange for speaking
engagements at local colleges and other com-
munity groups while we’re in your town.

CCCO would encourage you to utilize our
representatives to the fullest extent possible
while they are in your area. Be creative! Use your
imagination to think of other ways our visit could
be useful to your group.

{clip here)

Yes, we'd like a representative of CCCO to come to our area
for:

High School Outreach Training Draft Counselor Training
CCounter Recruitment Training awyer Training
COMilitary Counselor Training Speak to local group

CLet us know the next time a a CCCO rep, is in our area
(ClWe want a speaker on.......-... We have $........ to
pay travel and honorarium.

If you're difficult to reach, give us a number where we can
leave a message,


Military recruitment and the draft are in-
dispensable parts of U.S. intervention abroad.
Resistance to military recruitment and the draft
are therefore indispensable parts of the move-
ment for a non-nuclear and non-interventionary
foreign policy. We must turn to the young men
and women in our communities as partners in
our effort to oppose the arms race.

What Can | Do?

* We need to recognize the relationship between
recruitment, draft registration and the Pen-
tagon’s plans to fight interventionary and,
possibly, nuclear war.

e We have to identify the vast number of ways
that the military is reaching young people and
counter these methods with alternative infor-
mation, g

© We must encourage and support the organizing
efforts of young people in our communities.

Local C

Produced by: zation

SSEreerae_
Es
853 Broadway, Room 2109

1

New York, NY 10003
&

War Resisters League

€) Send me more information about MES

Gl Enclosed is a contribution of $__
MES. with its work
© Send me pamphlets (10¢ each, 70¢/10)

to help

Name

Address _

City/State/Zip =

In the nuclear age, any war can escalate into a
nuclear war. Most military experts agree that
nuclear war is not likely to start like “a bolt out
of the blue” (BOOB in technical language), but
rather out of a local conflict which escalates
through superpower involvement.

People, not just weapons, are needed to fight
wars. To initiate and sustain a war of interven-
tion, the Pentagon needs over two million
soldiers ready for combat and even more
available to be drafted if necessary. For this
reason, a critical, though seldom noticed element
of the arms race is the race for the lives of
millions of young men and women—through
military recruitment and draft registration.

During the Vietnam War, the defiance of
those who refused to be drafted, and the bravery
of G.I’s who refused to fight were among the
most powerful elements in the movement to end
the war.

It is with utmost urgency that the movement
for nuclear disarmament and non-intervention
must turn its attention toward working with the
youth of our nation.

An Army For Intervention

The U.S. maintains a permanent military force
of 2.1 million soldiers in the Armed Forces, one
third of which is on 360 bases around the world.
Half of the U.S. armed forces are oriented
toward intervention in developing countries in
the Third World. They are trained to use both
nuclear and conventional weapons. In
peacetime, the U.S. maintains a large “swing
force” of one-fourth the standing Armed Forces
ready for a full U.S. intervention in one country.
In both Vietnam and Korea, the intervention in-
volved about 500,000 men over the period of the
War.

Current U.S. military policy is founded on the
principle that the U.S. must be prepared to go to
war at any time, at any spot on the earth’s sur-
face (or in the skies above) and on any level of
conflict from counter-insurgency to full-scale
nuclear war.

Brazen as the policies of the Reagan Ad
ministration may be, they were not formulated in
a vacuum. Under the Kennedy Administration
the Pentagon adopted a strategy known as the

“two and a half war” doctrine: the U.S. must
simultaneously be able to fight two major wars
along with a limited war (a half war in a smaller
Third World country). Policymakers argued that
while the “loss” of any particular Third World
regime did not threaten fundamental U.S. in-
terests, the “loss” of several countries most
assuredly would, given the rapid expansion of
US. investments and sales in Third World areas.

This outrageous scheme entailed an enormous
commitment of money and “manpower”—more
than any country could sustain without con-
siderable deprivation for all levels of society—
and thus was never fully implemented. Never-
theless, the “two anda half war” model remained
the governing principle for the U.S. armed forces
until the Vietnam war destroyed, for many peo-
ple, the notion that there was such a thing as half
a War.

With the Reagan Administration came the
return of the “two and a half war” policy. In a re-
cent report to Congress, Caspar Weinberger said,
“Our long-term goal is to be able to meet the
demands of a worldwide war, including concur-
rent reinforcement of Europe, deployment in
Southwest Asia (the Persian Gulf) and support in
other potential areas of conflict.”

The Reagan Administration argues that the
USS. might have to escalate a local war “verti-
cally” or “horizontally.” Vertical escalation
means moving up the ladder from conventional
to nuclear weapons. Horizontal escalation means
moving across the earth from one place to
another, such as the spread of war from El
Salvador to Nicaragua, Grenada and Cuba.


One principle that permeates the many com-
ponents of the administration plans is readiness:
the accelerated mobilization of U.S. forces for
combat abroad. “Our global interests and com-
mitments dictate that (we begin) developing
urgently a better ability to respond to crises far
from our shores and stay there as long as
necessary.”

Yo accomplish all this, U.S. forces must be ex-
panded: a 53% increase in Army or Marine com-
bat divisons, a 69% increase in aircraft carrier
battle groups and a 58% increase in tactical
fighter wings. Such growth will require an un-
precedented investment of public funds—as
much as $2.5 trillion over the next six to seven
years and most likely a resumption of the draft.

Recruiting Our Youth

By 1989, just to maintain the military at its pre-
sent size, the Pentagon will need to recruit more
than one out of three young men that turn 18
into the Armed Forces or recruit many more
women.

Because school attendence is compulsory until
age 16, the schools have become a prime target
for military recruiters.

Yet military recruiters have become directly
involved in the educational process as teachers,
classroom speakers and special. guidance
counselors. They work with athletic programs
and even offer a program to help students

directly. The Armed Services Vocational Ap-
titude Battery (ASVAB) is a test ostensibly
designed to help students identify their future
career interests. Neither the students nor their
parents are told that all information from the
tests will be given to Army recruiters. Unlike
other aptitude tests, this one is offered free of
charge (by the Pentagon and ultimately by
American taxpayers).

Military recruitment has become much easier
in these times of high unemployment. Young
women and men with few other options join the
military looking for job training, secure employ-
ment or college scholarships. While this is
technically known as volunteering, it has
understandably come to be called “economic
conscription” or the “poverty draft.”

Because unemployment among Black youth
runs as high as 75% in some areas, Blacks are
forced, of economic necessity, to enlist in
disproportionately high numbers. A recent study
by the Brookings Institute stated that in a war of
intervention, “Blacks would suffer as much as
half of the total U.S. combat casualties”

The Armed Forces consciously exploits these
economic factors in their recruitment appeals,
portraying the services not as institutions of war
but as grand vocational training agencies. The
Navy, for example, depicts its warships as in-
stitutes of coe electronics. And the Army
in college newspaper ads,

develop projects for national science fairs. Some

have provided military bands, tanks and other

display equipment, athletic training films and

school trips to military bases and_ training

academies. All this comes on top of recruitment

literature, films and TV, radio and billboard
_ advertising.

As Thomas Carr, Director for Defense Educa-
tion for the Department of Defense said in 1978,
“By 1984, given the involvement of such a large
proportion of our young people with the
military service, the military will become a major

‘instrument for youth socialization—assuming a
large proportion of the role once dominated by
the family, the church, the school and the
civilian work setting.”

One thing the recruiter needs is lists—names,
addresses, Social Security numbers and phone
numbers of students, so that he can recruit

“Tt doesn’t matier that you get straight A’s if you
flunk tuition.”

‘Phe Pentagon sees this “volunteer army” of 2.1
million as sufficient for maintaining U.S. military
presence in many places around the globe at
once, and beginning a war of intervention, as is

happening in Central America. However, an
escalation to another Vietnam or Korean war
would lessen the U.S.’s ability to simultaneously
intervene in other parts of the world. In the
event of full-scale military intervention, or
possibly even without it under the “two and a
half war” doctrine, a draft is extremely likely.

The Beginnings of a Draft

Ended in 1973, draft registration began again
under President Carter who claimed he wanted
to show American “resolve” after the Soviet in-
vasion of Afghanistan. Presidential candidate
Ronald Reagan and many others said at the time
that they opposed draft registration. Of course,
the Reagan Administration continued draft
registration and it is now supported by most
Democratic and Republican officials.Local draft
boards and millions of draft forms are in place
and locations for emergency inductions have
been identified.

Draft registration is an important precursor to
a draft.
¢ It prepares young men for the eventuality of

fighting overseas.
© It makes a future draft easier to enforce.

Fewer men will register once there is a draft.
« The levels of compliance and non-compliance
serve to assess popularity of military actions
and of military service among young people.
It silences many young people who have not
registered. They fear that speaking publicly
against nuclear arms and military intervention
will increase their chances of prosecution,
Over 450,000 young men have not registered
for the draft. These figures top those at the
height of the anti-war movement during Viet-
nam. Many are speaking out publicly about it,
risking five year imprisonment or a $10,000 fine.

Enforcement of Draft Registration

Direct legal and judicial enforcement of the
registration law is an impossible task. In a recent
test call-up, less than one-fourth of those
registrants called could actually be located by
Selective Service. The Department of Justice
would have to build 15 times the number of cur-
rent federal prisons to incarcerate all those who
have not registered. Therefore, the government
has resorted to intimidation and economic coer
cion to force men to register.

Fou Tne TERRES

Intimidation

Lists turned over by motor vehicle bureaus,
school administrations, and high school publica-
tions have been used to send out “warning let-
ters’ to thousands of young people. These letters
threaten fines and imprisonment for men who
fail to register. Far from actually warning of im-
minent prosecution, however, most of these let-
ters are part of mass mailing campaigns, sent out
to both registered and unregistered men.

As of the spring of 1984, three and one-half
years after registration began, only 16 men had
been indicted and prosecuted for failure to
register for the draft. These men received several
warning letters from both the Selective Service
and the District Attorney's office before indict-
ment. All of them announced at rallies, to the
press or the government their refusal to register.

Economic Coercion

The Solomon amendments have made college
financial aid and federal job training programs
conditional on proof of registration.
¢ Solomon I provides that all men seeking college

financial aid affirm their compliance with

Selective Service regulations.
® Under Solomon If, registration becomes a

prerequisite for young people with long-term
unemployment to participate in job training
programs through the Jobs Training Partner-
ship Act (which replaced CETA in 1983). There
are plans to make registration a requirement
for other government programs.

Clearly, both amendments violate the con
stitutional right to due process and a fair trial
prior to punishment, and the right to refuse self.
incrimination.