w Jersey Department of Health
W\\/Z HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE
SS. FACT SHEET
Common Name: 1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE
CAS Number: 79-00-5
DOT Number: UN 2831
RTK Substance number: 1889
Date: January 1986
HAZARD SUMMARY
* 1,1,2-Trichloroethane can affect you
when breathed in and by passing through
your skin.
* Overexposure can cause unconsciousness
and death. It can also cause the heart
to beat irregularly or to stop.
* High or repeated lower exposures can
damage the liver and kidneys.
* Long-term skin contact can cause thick-
ening and cracking of the skin.
* Never use near combustion sources like
furnaces or welding; highly toxic gases
are formed (including Hydrogen Chloride
and Phosgene).
IDENTIFICATION
1,1,2-Trichloroethane is a colorless liq-
uid with a sweet odor. It is used in
making other chemicals and adhesives, and
as a solvent.
REASON FOR CITATION
* 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is on the Hazar-
dous Substance List because it is re-
gulated by OSHA and cited by ACGIH,
CAG, DOT, DEP and EPA,
* This chemical is also on the Special
-Health Hazard Substance List because it
is a CANCER-CAUSING AGENT.
* Definitions are provided on page 5.
HOW TO DETERMINE IF YOU ARE BEING
EXPOSED
* Exposure to hazardous substances should
be routinely evaluated. This may in-
clude collecting personal and area air
samples. You can obtain copies of sam-
pling results from your employer. You
have a legal right to this information
under OSHA 1910.20.
* If you think you are experiencing any
work-related health problems, see a
doctor trained to recognize occupa-
tional diseases. Take this Fact Sheet
with you.
WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS
OSHA: The legal airborne permissible
exposure limit (PEL) is 10 ppm
averaged over an 8-hour work-
shift.
The recommended airborne exposure
limit is 10 ppm averaged over an
8-hour workshift.
ACGIH:
* The above exposure limits are for air
levels only. When skin contact also
occurs, you may be overexposed, even
though air levels are less than the
limits listed above.
WAYS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE
* Where possible, enclose operations and
use local exhaust ventilation at the
site of chemical release. If local ex-
haust ventilation or enclosure is not
used, respirators should be worn.
* Wear protective work clothing.
* Wash thoroughly immediately after expo-
sure to 1,1,2-Trichloroethane and at
the end of the workshift.
* Post hazard and warning information in
the work area. In addition, as part of
an ongoing education and training ef-
fort, communicate all information on
the health and safety hazards of 1,1,2-
Trichloroethane to potentially exposed
workers.
1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE
This Fact Sheet is a summary source of in-
formation of all potential and most severe
health hazards that may result from expo-
sure, Duration of exposure, concentration
of the substance and other factors will
affect your susceptibility to any of the
potential effects described below.
HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION
Acute Health Effects
The following acute (short-term) health
effects may occur immediately or shortly
after exposure to 1,1,2-Trichloroethane:
* Breathing the vapor can cause you to
feel dizzy or lightheaded. High expo-
sures can cause you to pass out or even
cause death.
* Exposure can cause the heart to beat
irregularly or stop. This can cause
death.
* The vapor may irritate the eyes, nose,
mouth, and throat.
Chronic Health Effects
The following chronic (long-term) health
effects can occur at some time after expo-
sure to 1,1,2-Trichloroethane and can last
for months or years:
Cancer Hazard
* 1,1,2-Trichloroethane may be a CANCER-
CAUSING AGENT in humans since it has
been shown to cause liver and adrenal
gland cancers in animals.
* Many scientists believe there is no
safe level of exposure to a cancer-
causing agent. Such substances may also
have the potential for causing repro-
ductive damage in humans.
Reproductive’ Hazard
* According to the information presently
available to the New Jersey Department
of Health, 1,1,2-Trichloroethane has
not been tested for its ability to
adversely affect reproduction,
other Long-Term Effects
* Liver and kidney damage can occur from
high or repeated lower exposures.
%* Repeated contact can cause thickening
and cracking of the skin.
* This chemical has not been adequately
evaluated to determine whether brain or
page 2 of 6
other nerve damage could occur with
repeated exposure. However, many
solvents and other petroleum-based
chemicals have been shown to cause such
damage. Effects may include: reduced
memory and concentration, personality
changes (withdrawal, irritability), fa-
tigue, sleep disturbances, reduced co-
ordination, effects on nerves supplying
internal organs (autonomic nerves)
and/or nerves to the arms and legs
(weakness, "pins and needles").
, MEDICAL
Medical Testing
For those with frequent or potentially
high exposure (half the TLV or greater, or
significant skin contact) the following
are recommended before beginning work and
at regular times after that:
* Liver and kidney function tests.
* Interview for brain effects, including
recent memory, mood (irritability,
withdrawal), concentration, headaches,
malaise and altered sleep patterns.
Consider cerebellar, autonomic and per-
ipheral nervous system evaluation.
Positive and borderline individuals
should be referred for mneuropsycho-
logical testing.
If symptoms develop or overexposure is
suspected, the following may be useful:
* Special 24 hour EKG (holster monitor)
to look for irregular heart beat.
Any evaluation should include a careful
history of past and present symptoms with
an exam, Medical tests that look for dam-
age already done are not a substitute for
controlling exposure.
Request copies of your medical testing.
You have a legal right to this information
under OSHA 1910.20.
Mixed Exposures
Because more than light alcohol consump-
tion can cause liver damage, it can in-
crease the liver damage caused by 1,1,2-
Trichloroethane.
1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE
WORKPLACE CONTROLS AND PRACTICES
Unless a less toxic chemical can be sub-
stituted for a hazardous substance, ENGI-
NEERING CONTROLS are the most effective
way of reducing exposure. The best pro-
tection is to enclose operations and/or
provide local exhaust ventilation at the
site of chemical release, Isolating oper-
ations can also reduce exposure, Using
respirators or protective equipment is
less effective than the controls mentioned
above, but is sometimes necessary.
In evaluating the controls present in your
workplace, consider: (1) how hazardous the
substance is, (2) how much of the sub-
stance is released into the workplace and
(3) whether harmful skin or eye contact
could occur. Special controls should be
in place for highly toxic chemicals or
when significant skin, eye, or breathing
exposures are possible.
In addition, the following control is rec-
ommended:
* Where possible, automatically pump li-
quid 1,1,2-Trichloroethane from drums
or other storage containers to process
containers.
Good WORK PRACTICES can help to reduce
hazardous exposures. The following work
practices are recommended:
* Workers whose clothing has been contam-
inated by 1,1,2-Trichloroethane should
change into clean clothing promptly.
* Do not take contaminated work clothes
home. Family members could be exposed.
* Contaminated , work clothes should be
laundered by individuals who have been
informed of the hazards of exposure to
1,1,2-Trichloroethane.
* If there is the possibility of skin ex-
posure, emergency shower facilities
should be provided.
* On skin contact with 1,1,2-Tri-
chloroethane, immediately wash or
shower to remove the chemical,
* Wash any areas of the body that may
have contacted 1,1,2-Trichloroethane at
the end of each work day, whether or
not known skin contact has occurred.
* Do not eat, smoke, or drink where
1,1,2-Trichloroethane is handled, pro-
page 3 of 6
cessed, or stored, since the chemical
can be swallowed. Wash hands carefully
before eating or smoking.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
WORKPLACE CONTROLS ARE BETTER THAN PER-
SONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT. However, for
some jobs (such as outside work, confined
space entry, jobs done only once in a
while, or jobs done while workplace con-
trols are being installed), personal pro-
tective equipment may be appropriate.
The following recommendations are only
guidelines and may not apply to every sit-
uation.
Clothing
* Avoid skin contact with 1,1,2-Tri-
chloroethane. Wear solvent-resistant
gloves and clothing. Safety equipment
suppliers/manufacturers can provide
recommendations on the most protective
glove/clothing material for your
operation.
* All protective clothing (suits, gloves,
footwear, headgear) should be clean,
available each day, and put on before
work,
* ACGIH recommends VITON and TEFLON as
good to excellent protective materials,
Eye Protection
* Wear splash-proof chemical goggles and
face shield when working with liquid,
unless full facepiece respiratory pro-
tection is worn.
Respiratory Protection
IMPROPER USE OF RESPIRATORS IS DANGEROUS.
Such equipment should only be used if the
employer has a written program that takes
into account workplace conditions, re-
quirements for worker training, respirator
fit testing and medical exams, as de-
scribed in OSHA 1910.134.
* Engineering controls must be effective
to ensure that exposure to 1,1,2-
Trichloroethane does not occur.
* Where the potential exists for expo-
sures near or over 10 ppm use a MSHA/
NIOSH approved supplied-air respirator
with a full facepiece operated in the
positive pressure mode or with a full
facepiece, hood, or helmet in the con-
1,
1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE
tinuous flow mode, or use a MSHA/NIOSH
approved self-contained breathing ap-
paratus with a full facepiece operated
in pressure-demand or other positive
pressure mode.
HANDLING AND STORAGE
*
Prior to working with 1,1,2-
Trichloroethane you should be trained
on its proper handling and storage.
1,1,2-Trichloroethane must be stored to
avoid contact with STRONG OXIDIZERS
(such as CHLORATES, NITRATES, PEROX-
IDES, CHLORINE and BROMINE), STRONG
CAUSTICS, and CHEMICALLY ACTIVE METALS
(such as POTASSIUM, MAGNESIUM, ZINC and
SODIUM) because violent reactions
occur.
Store in tightly closed containers in a
cool well-ventilated area away from
HEAT,
Sources of ignition such as smoking and
open flames are prohibited where 1,1,2-
Trichloroethane is used, handled, or
stored in a manner that could create a
potential fire or explosion hazard.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Q:
A:
If I have acute health effects, will I
later get chronic health effects?
Not always. Most chronic (long-term)
effects result from repeated exposures
to a chemical.
Can I get long-term effects without
ever having short-term effects?
Yes, because long-term effects can oc-
cur from repeated exposures to a chem-
ical at levels not high enough to make
you immediately sick.
What are my chances of getting sick
when I have been exposed to chemicals?
The likelihood of becoming sick from
chemicals is increased as the amount
of exposure increases. This is deter-
mined by the length of time and the
amount of material to which someone is
exposed.
page 4 of 6
Q: When are higher exposures more likely?
A: Conditions which increase risk of ex-
posure include dust releasing opera-
tions (grinding, mixing, blasting,
dumping, etc.), other physical and me-
chanical processes (heating, pouring, _
spraying, spills and evaporation from
large surface areas such as open con-
tainers), and “confined space" expo-
sures (working inside vats, reactors,
boilers, small rooms, etc.).
Is the risk of getting sick higher for
workers than for community residents?
A: Yes. Exposures in the community, ex-
cept possibly in cases of fires or
spills, are usually much lower than
those found in the workplace. How-
ever, people in the community may be
exposed to contaminated water as well
as to chemicals in the air over long
periods. Because of this, and because
of exposure of children or people who
are already ill, community exposures
may cause health problems.
The New Jersey State Department of Health,
Occupational Health Service offers mul-
tiple services in occupational health.
These include: Right to Know Information
Resources, Public Presentations, General
References, Industrial Hygiene Informa-
tion, Surveys and Investigations, and
Medical Evaluation. Consult another Fact
Sheet for a more detailed description of
these services or call (609) 984-1863.
1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE
DEFINITIONS
ACGIH is the American Conference of Gov-
ernmental Industrial Hygienists. It recom-
mends upper limits (called TLVs) for expo-
sure to workplace chemicals.
CAG is the Carcinogens Assessment Group of
the federal EPA.
A carcinogen is a substance that causes
cancer,
The CAS number is assigned by the Chemical
Ahstracts Service to identify a specific
chemical.
A combustible substance is a solid, liquid
or gas that will burn.
A corrosive substance is a gas, liquid or
solid that causes irreversible damage to
human tissue or containers.
DEP is the New Jersey Department of Envir-
onmental Protection.
DOT is the Department of Transportation,
the federal agency that regulates the
transportation of chemicals.
EPA is the Environmental Protection
Agency, the federal agency responsible for
regulating environmental hazards.
A fetus is an unborn human or animal.
A flammable substance is a solid, liquid,
vapor or gas that will ignite easily and
burn rapidly.
The flash point ,is the temperature at
which a liquid or solid gives off vapor
that can form a flammable mixture with
air.
IARC is the International Agency for Re-
search on Cancer, a scientific group that
classifies chemicals according to their
cancer-causing potential.
A miscible substance is a liquid or gas
that will evenly dissolve in another,
mg/m? means milligrams of a chemical in a
cubic meter of air. It is a measure of
concentration (weight/volume).
page 5 of 6
MSHA is the Mine Safety and Health Admin-
istration, the federal agency that regu-
lates mining. It also evaluates and ap-
proves respirators.
A mutagen is a substance that causes muta-
tions. A mutation is a change in the gene-
tic material in a body cell. Mutations
can lead to birth defects, miscarriages,
or cancer.
NCI is the National Cancer Institute, a
federal agency that determines the cancer-
causing potential of chemicals.
NFPA is the National Fire Protection Asso-
eiation. It classifies substances accord-
ing to their fire and explosion hazard.
NIOSH is the National Institute for Occu-
pational Safety and Health. It tests
equipment, evaluates and approves respi-
rators, conducts studies of workplace haz-
ards, and proposes standards to OSHA.
NIP is the National Toxicology Program
which tests chemicals and reviews evidence
for cancer.
OSHA is the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, which adopts and enforces
health and safety standards.
ppm means parts of a substance per million
parts of air. It is a measure of concen-
tration by volume in air.
A reactive substance is a solid, liquid or
gas that can cause an explosion under cer-
tain conditions or on contact with other
specific substances.
A teratogen is a substance that causes
birth defects by damaging the. fetus.
TLV is the Threshold Limit Value, the
workplace exposure limit recommended by
ACGIH.
The vapor pressure is a measure of how
readily a liquid or a solid mixes with air
at its surface. A higher vapor pressure
indicates a higher concentration of the
substance in air and therefore increases
the likelihood of breathing it in.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> EMERGENCY
Common Name: 1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE
DOT Number: UN 2831
DOT Emergency Guide code: 74
CAS Number: 79-00-5
| NJ DOH | NFPA __|
|FLAWMABILITY —INot Found ioe Ratad|
REACTIVITY ______|Not_Found|Not Rated
[POISONOUS GASES ARE PRODUCED IN FIRE
|
|
[CONTAINERS MAY EXPLODE IN FIRE |
. |
|
Hazard Rating Key: O=-minimal; l=slight;
2=moderate; 3=serious; 4=severe
FIRE HAZARDS
* 1,1,2-Trichloroethane may burn, but
does not readily ignite.
* Use dry chemical, CO), or foam extin-
guishers, and water to keep fire-
exposed containers cool.
%* POISONOUS GASES ARE PRODUCED IN FIRE
including Hydrogen Chloride and Phos-
gene.
%* CONTAINERS MAY EXPLODE IN FIRE.
* If employees are expected to fight
fires, they must be trained and
equipped as stated in OSHA 1910.156.
SPILLS AND EMERGENCIES
If 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is spilled or
leaked, take the following steps:
* Restrict persons not wearing protective
equipment from area of spill or leak
until cleanup is complete. Vapor
build-up may cause suffocation.
* Remove all ignition sources.
Ventilate area of spill or leak.
* Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry
sand, earth, or a similar material and
deposit in sealed containers.
* Keep 1,1,2-Trichloroethane out of a
confined space, such as a sewer, be-
cause of the possibility of an explo-
sion, unless the sewer is designed to
prevent the build-up of explosive con-
centrations.
* It may be necessary to contain and dis-
pose of 1,1,2-Trichloroethane as a
HAZARDOUS WASTE. Contact your Depart-
ment of Environmental Protection (DEP)
or your regional office of the federal
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
for specific recommendations.
*
page 6 of 6
INFORMATION <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
FOR LARGE SPILLS AND FIRES immediately
call your fire department. You can request
emergency information from the following:
CHEMTREC: (800) 424-9300
NUJDEP HOTLINE: (609) 292-7172
HANDLING AND STORAGE (See page 4)
FIRST AID
NJ,_PO. 1-8 2-12.
Eye Contact
* Immediately flush with large amounts of
water for at least 15 minutes, occa-
sionally lifting upper and lower lids.
Skin Contact
* Quickly remove contaminated clothing.
Immediately wash area with large
amounts of soap and water.
Breathing
Remove the person from exposure.
* Begin rescue breathing if breathing has
stopped and CPR if heart action has
stopped.
* Transfer promptly to a medical facil-
ity.
PHYSICAL DATA
Vapor Pressure:
(20°c)
Water Solubility: Insoluble
18.8 mm Hg at 68°F
OTHER COMMONLY USED NAMES
Chemical Name:
Ethane, 1,1,2-Trichloro-
Other Names and Formulations:
Vinyl Trichloride; 1,2,2,-Trichloroethane;
beta-Trichloroethane
Not intended to be copied and sold for
commercial purposes.
NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
Right to Know Program
CN 368, Trenton, NJ 08625-0368
(609) 984-2202
1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE
CAS # 79-00-5
This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about 1,1,2-trichloroethane, For
more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737. This fact sheet is one in a series
of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. It’s important you understand this information
because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose,
the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.
What is 1,1,2-trichloroethane?
(Pronounced 1,1,2-tri-kl6r’d-8th/an’)
1,1,2-Trichloroethane is a colorless, sweet-smelling
liquid. It does not burn easily, can be dissolved in water, and
evaporates easily. It is used as a solvent (a chemical that
dissolves. other substances) and as an intermediate in the pro-
duction of the chemical, 1,1-dichloroethane. 1,1,2-Trichloro-
ethane is sometimes present as an impurity in other chemicals,
and it may be formed when another chemical breaks down in
the environment under conditions where there is no air.
What happens to 1,1,2-trichloroethane when it
enters the environment?
Q Most 1,1,2-trichloroethane released into the environment
will go into the air.
1,1,2-Trichloroethane breaks down slowly in air; it takes
approximately 49 days for half of it to break down.
Q
Q 1,1,2-Trichloroethane may enter the groundwater by fil-
tering through the soil.
Qa
It appears to stay in water for a long time; it takes years
for it to break down,
U.S. DEPARTM!
TOF HEA
Agency for Tox
How might I be exposed to 1,1,2-trichloro-
ethane?
Q Breathing outdoor air that contains it from industrial re-
leases.
Drinking contaminated water.
Breathing contaminated workplace air.
Touching it when used as a solvent in the workplace.
Breathing air near a hazardous waste site that contains
1,1,2-trichloroethane.
Q
Q
Q
Qa
How can 1,1,2-trichloroethane affect my health?
No information is available on how breathing or swallow-
ing 1,1,2-trichloroethane may affect your health. Applying
1,1,2-trichloroethane to the skin of a person resulted in sting-
ing and burning of the skin.
When animals breathed high levels of 1,1,2-trichloro-
ethane, it affected the liver and kidneys. Nervous system ef-
fects, such as excitation and sleepiness, were also seen. When
animals swallowed food or water containing 1,1,2-trichloro-
ethane, effects on the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and ner-
vous system were seen,
i AND HUMAN SERV. ES, Public Health. Service
Substances: and Disease’ Registry
Page 2
1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE
CAS # 79-00-5
We do not know whether 1,1,2-trichloroethane can affect
reproduction in people. Animal studies have not shown the
chemical to affect normal reproduction and development.
How likely is 1,1,2-trichloroethane to cause
cancer?
No information is available on whether or not 1,1,2-tri-
chloroethane will cause cancer in people. Only one study is
ayailable on the ability of 1,1,2-trichloroethane to cause can-
cer in animals. This study found an increase in liver cancer in
mice, but not in rats, who were fed the chemical for their life-
time.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (ARC)
has determined that 1,1,2-trichloroethane is not classifiable as
to its carcinogenicity to humans.
Is there a medical test to show whether I’ve been
exposed to 1,1,2-trichloroethane?
Samples of your breath, blood, and urine can be tested to
determine if you have been recently exposed to 1,1,2-tri-
chloroethane. These tests must be done soon after the exposure
occurred, These tests will not tell you whether your health will
be affected by 1,1,2-trichloroethane and are not routinely
available in hospitals and clinics because they require special
equipment.
Has the federal government made
recommendations to protect human health?
The EPA has set a limit of 0.005 milligrams of 1,1,2-tri-
chloroethane per liter of drinking water (0.005 mg/L).
Discharges, spills, or accidental releases of 100 pounds or
more of 1,1,2-trichloroethane must be reported to the EPA,
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) has set a permissible exposure limit of 45 milligrams
1,1,2-trichloroethane per cubic meter of air (45 mg/m’) for an
8-hour workday in a 40-hour workweek.
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH) and the National Institute for Occupa-
tional Safety and Health (NIOSH) also recommend an occupa-
tional exposure limit of 45 mg/m} for 1,1,2-trichloroethane.
The federal recommendations have been updated as of
July 1999.
Glossary
Carcinogenicity: Ability to cause cancer.
CAS: Chemical Abstracts Service. :
Milligram (mg): One thousandth of a gram,
National Priorities List: A list of the nation’s worst
hazardous waste sites.
Solvent: A substance that dissolves another substance.
Source of Information
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
(ATSDR). 1989. Toxicological profile for 1,1,2-trichloro-
ethane. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, Public Health Service.
Animal testing is sometimes necessary to find out how
toxic substances might harm people and how to treat people
who have been exposed. Laws today protect the welfare of
research animals and scientists must follow strict guidelines.
Where canI get more information? For more information, contact the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry, Division of Toxicology, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop E-29, Atlanta,GA 30333. Phone: 1-888-422-8737,
FAX: 404-639-6359. ToxFAQs Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cde.gov/toxfag.html. ATSDR can tell you
where to find occupational and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnesses
resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. You can also contact your community or state health or environmental
quality department if you have any more questions or concerns.
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
CAS # 71-55-6
tember 1996
This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked
health questions about 1,1,1-trichloroethane. For
more information, you may call 404-639-6000. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about
hazardous substances and their health effects. This information is important because this substance
may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the
duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.
What is 1,1,1-trichloroethane?
(Pronounced tri-klor’0-éth/an’)
1,1,1-Trichloroethane is a colorless liquid with a sharp,
sweet odor, Even though it is usually found as a liquid, it
evaporates quickly and becomes a vapor. It is also known as
methyl chloroform, methyltrichloromethane, and trichloro-
methylmethane; its registered trade names are Chloroethene
NU and Aerothené TT. Use of trade names is for identification
only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry, the Public Health Service,
or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
1,1,1-Trichloroethane does not occur naturally in the en-
vironment. It is found in many common products such as
glue, paint, industrial degreasers, and aerosol sprays. By
1996, 1,1,1-trichloroethane will no longer be made in the
United States due to its effects on the ozone layer.
What happens to 1,1,1-trichloroethane when
it enters the environment?
Q Most of the 1,1,1-trichloroethane released into the envi-
ronment is evaporated into the air, where it may last for
about 6 years,
Q It may travel to the ozone layer, where sunlight can break
it down into chemicals that destroy the ozone layer.
U.S. DEPARTMENT
HEALTH AND HUMAN §
Q Contaminated water from hazardous waste sites may also
contaminate surrounding soil and nearby surface or
groundwater,
Q From lakes and rivers, most of the 1,1,1-trichloroethane
evaporates quickly into the air.
Water can carry 1,1,1-trichloroethane through the soil and
into the groundwater where it can-evaporate and pass
through the soil as a gas, then be released to the air.
Organisms living in soil or water may also break down
1,1,1-trichloroethane.
It will not build up in plants or animals.
How might I be exposed to 1,1,1-trichloroethane?
Breathing contaminated air; it is used in many building
materials, so you are likely to be exposed to higher levels
indoors than outdoors or near hazardous waste sites.
Q Breathing contaminated air in the workplace while using
cleaning products, aerosol sprays, paint, and metal de-
greasing agents,
Ingesting contaminated drinking water and food.
Allowing liquids containing it to touch your skin,
How can 1,1,1-trichloroethane affect my health?
If you breathe air containing high levels of 1,1,1-tri-
chlorocthane for a short time you may become dizzy, light-
headed, and may lose your balance. These symptoms will
VICES, Public Health Service
Agency for Toxic Substances and Dis
Page 2
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
CAS # 71-55-6
ne page via WWW
disappear if you stop breathing contaminated air. Breathing
much higher levels may cause unconsciousness, low blood
pressure, and loss of heartbeat. The effects of breathing
1,1,1-trichloroethane for a long time are not known. In ani-
mals such as rats and dogs, exposure to high levels damages
the breathing passages, affects the nervous system, and causes
mild effects on the liver,
After pregnant rats or rabbits were exposed to 1,1,1-tri-
chloroethane, effects on the offspring, such as delayed devel-
opment and changes in the setting of the bone structure, were
usually only seen at levels that were toxic to the mother. It
isn’t known whether this chemical affects human reproduction
or development.
There are no studies in people to tell whether harmful
health effects occur from eating food or drinking water con-
taminated with 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Placing large amounts of
it in an animal’s stomach has caused effects on the nervous
system, mild liver damage, unconsciousness, and even death.
If your skin comes into contact with 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
you might feel some irritation. Studies in animals have shown
that skin contact may affect the liver and very large amounts
may cause death.
How likely is 1,1,1-trichloroethane to caus
cancer? .
No information is available to show that 1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane causes cancer. The International Agency for Research
on Cancer (IARC) has determined that 1,1,1-trichloroethane
is not classifiable as to its human carcinogenicity.
Is there a medical test to show whether I’ve
been exposed to 1,1,1-trichloroethane?
Breath, blood, and urine samples can be tested to deter-
mine if you have recently been exposed to 1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane. These tests can sometimes estimate how much
1,1,1-trichloroethane has entered your body. Blood and
breath tests need to be taken within a few hours of exposure,
and urine tests need to be taken within 1-2 days. These tests,
however, can’t tell whether your health will be affected as a
result of your exposure. The exposure tests aren’t routinely
available in hospitals and clinics because special equipment
is required to perform them.
Has the federal government made
recommendations to protect human health?
The EPA has set a limit of 0.2 parts of 1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane per million parts of drinking water (0.2 ppm). EPA
has recommended that the level of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in
lakes and streams shouldn’t exceed 18 ppm to prevent pos-
sible health effects from drinking water or eating contami-
nated fish.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) has set a workplace exposure limit of 350 ppm for
an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek.
Glossary
Carcinogenicity: Ability of a substance to cause cancer.
CAS: Chemical Abstract Service.
Long time: Lasting one year or longer.
PPM: Parts per million.
Short time: Lasting 14 days or less,
References
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
(ATSDR). 1995. Toxicological profile for 1,1,1-
trichloroethane. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services, Public Health Service.
Where can I get more information? ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational and environmental health
clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. You
can also contact your community or state health or environmental quality department if you have any more questions or
concerns. For more information, contact: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, 1600
Clifton Road NE, Mailstop E-29, Atlanta, GA 30333, Phone: 404-639-6000, FAX: 404-639-6315. ATSDR Internet home
page via WWW is http://atsdr1 .atsdr.cdc.gov:8080/atsdrhome.html
d Pape
Chemical Fact Sheet* Version 1
1:1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
The information in this sheet applies to workplace exposure resulting from
processing, manufacturing, storing or handling and is not designed for the
population at large. Any generalization beyond occupational exposures should
not be made. The best industrial hygiene practice is to maintain
concentrations of all chemicals at levels as low as is practical.
Chemical Names: Chloroethane, methyl chloroform, alpha-trichloroethane, methyl
trichloroethane; CAS 71-55-6.
Trade Names: Inhibisol, Chlorten, Chlorothene NU, Chlorothene VG, Chlorothene,
Alpha-T, Aerothene TT and others.
Uses: Cleaning of plastics, molds and cold type metal, dry cleaning and
degreasing.
PHYSICAL INFORMATION
Appearance: Colorless liquid.
Odor: Sweetish, like chloroform. Minimum Detectable By Odor: 400 ppm.
Evaporation: Rapid.
Behavior In Water: Not soluble, sinks.
HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION
OSHA Standard: Average 8 hour exposure -- 350 ppm.
NIOSH Recommended Limit: 350 ppm.
ACGIH Recommended Limit: Average 8 hour exposure -- 350 ppm.
Short Term Exposure:
Inhalation: Levels above 900 ppm can cause dizziness, mental confusion,
drowsiness, loss of coordination and unconsciousness. Death may result.
Skin: Can cause irritation and rash. Absorption is moderate; may
contribute significantly to health hazard.
Eyes: Has caused irritation at levels of 450 ppm.
Ingestion: May cause symptoms similar to inhalation. In addition, may
cause mouth, throat and stomach irritation.
Long Term Exposure:
Repeated or prolonged contact at levels of 450 ppm or above may result in
irritation and dry, scaley, fractured skin. Dizziness, mental confusion,
slowed response time and generally reversible liver and kidney damage may
result from prolonged inhalation.
*Prepared by the Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment, New York State
Department of Health. For an explanation of the terms and abbreviations used,
see "Toxic Substances: How Toxic Is Toxic", available from the New York State
Department of Health.
i,1l-Trichloroethane
EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID INSTRUCTIONS
Inhalation: Move person to fresh air. Give artificial respiration or oxygen as
required. Seek medical attention if necessary.
Skin: Remove soaked clothing. Wash affected areas with soap and water. Seek
medical attention as required.
Eyes: Flush with water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention
immediately.
Ingestion: Seek medical attention immediately.
Note to Physician: Expired air analysis may be useful in monitoring exposure.
FIRE AND EXPLOSION INFORMATION
General: Non-flammable.
REACTIVITY
: Reacts violently with nitrites, oxygen, sodium and sodium
hydroxide. Corrosive to aluminum.
: Hot metals or ultraviolet radiation will decompose
1,1,l~-trichloroethane to form irritating and poisonous gases.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
Storage and Handling: Store in a cool, dark, dry place. Do not store in
aluminum containers.
ring Controls: Provide adequate ventilation. Sinks, showers and eyewash
stations should be readily available.
bstit ndli
eri 3): Gloves and apron of polyvinyl alcohol, neoprene (do
not use natural rubber) or leather, and splash-proof goggles should be worn
if contact with trichloroethane is likely.
iv juipment: For levels up to 1000 ppm use a supplied-air respirator
or a self-contained breathing apparatus. 0
in area t. i use a self-contained breathing apparatus
with a full facepiece operated in a positive pressure mode or a combination
Type C supplied-air respirator with an auxiliary self-contained breathing
apparatus, both with a full facepiece and operated in a positive pressure
mode. For escape from a contaminated area use a gas mask with an organic
vapor canister or an escape self-contained breathing apparatus.
PROCEDURES FOR SPILLS AND LEAKS
Keep workers out of spill area, Use sand or other absorbent to absorb
material. Shovel into suitable container. Wash spill area with soap and
water. For final disposal, contact your regional office of the New York State
Department of Environmental Conservation.
For more information:
Contact the Industrial Hygienist or Safety Officer at your worksite or the
New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment,
2 University Place, Albany, New York 12203. ‘
i *
Chemical Fact Sheet Version 2
1,1, 2-TRICHLOROETHANE
: The information in this sheet applies to workplace exposure resulting from
\ processing, manufacturing, storing or handling and is not designed for the
| population at large. Any generalization beyond occupational exposures should not
be made. The best industrial hygiene practice is to maintain concentrations of all
chemicals at levels as low as is practical.
Chemical Names: Ethane trichloride; beta-trichloroethane; 1,2,2-trichloroethane;
vinyl trichloride; NCI-~CO4579; CAS 79-00-5.
Trade Names: Beta-T.
Uses: As an intermediate in the production of vinylidine chloride; as a solvent for
fats, waxes, and natural resins; and as a component of adhesives.
PHYSICAL INFORMATION
Appearance: Colorless liquid.
Qdor: Chloroform-like, sweet.
Evaporation: Moderate. Vapors are heavier than air and tend to sink.
| Behavior In Water: Only slightly soluble; sinks.
i HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION
| OSHA Standard: Average 8 hour exposure -- 10 ppm.
i ‘NIOSH Recommended Limit: Average 10 hour day/40 hour week -~ 10 ppm.
ACGIH Recommended Limit: Average 8 hour exposure -~ 10 ppm.
: Inhalation: Inhalation may produce headache, lassitude, dizziness,
4 incoordination, low blood pressure, irregular heart beat, coma and death from
: respiratory arrest. Exposure to vapor concentrations near 2000 ppm for
5 minutes causes central nervous system depression and anesthetic effects.
Symptoms are nasal irritation, drowsiness and equilibrium disturbances. Death
may result from 13,600 ppm for 2 hours.
Skin: May cause irritation and chemical burns if allowed to remain on the skin
for a prolonged period. May be absorbed through the skin to cause or increase
the severity of symptoms listed above.
Eyes: May cause irritation.
Ingestion: May cause effects similar to those listed under inhalation. Liver
and kidney damage have occurred in animals. Laboratory studies with animals
suggests that the probable lethal dose for humans is about 12 ounces.
Long Term Exposure:
Inhalation may cause liver and kidney damage. Has caused cancer in laboratory
animals. Whether it does so in humans is unknown.
*Prepared by the Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment, New York State Department of
Health, For an explanation of the terms and abbreviations used, see "Toxic
Substances: How Toxic Is Toxic", available from the New York State Department of
: Health,
1.1,2-Trichloroethane
EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID INSTRUCTIONS
Inhalation: Move to fresh air and perform artificial respiration if necessary. K
at rest. Get medical attention. * Sep Warman’
‘Skin: Remove contaminated clothing. Wash skin with soap or mild detergent and plenty of water
for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention if necessary.
Eyes: Wash with water for 15 minutes. Seek medical attention.
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting. Seek medical attention immediately.
EIRE_AND EXPLOSION INFORMATION
General: Not flammabie under normal. conditions.
Explosive Limits: Upper ~~ 15.5%, lower -- 6.0%. (High energy ignition source required.)
Extinguisher: Water fog, foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.
REACTIVITY
: Fire and axplosion may result from reaction with strong oxidizers such as
peroxides and permanganates; strong caustics such as potassium hydroxide and sodium
hydroxide and chemically active metals such as aluminum, magnesium powders, and
potassium. Liquid will attack some forms of plastic, rubber and coatings.
i : When decomposed by hot metals, ultraviolet radiation, acids or acid
fumes, highly toxic hydrogen chloride gas and small amounts of phosgene and carbon
monoxide fumes are evolved. Open flames, welding arcs or other high temperature sources
which induce thermal decomposition should be avoided.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
: Store in a cool, dry and dark place, Do not store in aluminum
containers. Contaminated clothing should be placed in closed containers until it can be
discarded or cleaned.
i i : Provide proper ventilation, Sinks, showers and eyewash stations should
be easily available.
Splash=proof goggles, pervious clothing, gloves (not leather), and face shield
clothing before reuse; it may not be possible to clean contaminated leather.
: Eor_any detectable Jevels use a self-contained breathing apparatus with
a full facepiece and operated in a positive pressure mode or a combination Type
supplied-air respirator with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus, both with a
full facepiece and operated in a positive pressure mode. For fire fighting use a
self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in a positive pressure
mode. For escape use a gas mask providing protection against organic vapors or an escape
self-contained breathing apparatus.
PROCEDURES FOR SPILLS AND LEAKS
Warn other workers of spill. Put on proper protective Glothing and equipment. Ventilate the
area. Mop, wipe or soak up immediately in absorbent material such as vermiculite or dry sand
and move to safe place out-of-doors. Contain liquid, transfer to closed metal containers. For
final disposal, contact your regional office of the New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation.
For more information:
Contact the Industrial Hygienist or Safety Officer at your worksite or the New York State
Department of Health, Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment, 2 University Place, Albany,
New York 12203.
LYLE
Chemical Fact Sheet* 1,1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE December 19¢
The information in this sheet applies to workplace exposure resulting from processing,
manufacturing, storing or handling and is not designed for the population at large. Any
generalization beyond occupational exposures should not be made. The best industrial
hygiene practice is to maintain concentrations of all chemicals at levels as low as is
Practical.
Chemical Names: Chloroethane, methyl chloroform, aipha-trichloroethane, methy1
trichloroethane; CAS 71-55-6.
Trade Names: Inhibisol, Chlorten, Chlorothene NU, Chlorothene VG, Chlorothene,
Pha-T, Aerothene TT and others.
Uses: Cleaning of plastics molds and cold type metal, dry cleaning and degreasing.
PHYSICAL INFORMATION
Appearance: Colorless liquid.
Odor: Sweetish, like chloroform. Minimum Detectabley by Odor: 400 ppm.
Behavior in Water: Not soluble, sinks.
Evaporation: Rapid.
HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION
OSHA Standard: Average 8 hour exposure -- 350 ppm.
NIOSH Recommended Limit: 350 ppm.
ACGIH Recommended Limit: Average 8 hour exposure == 350 ppm.
Short Term Exposure:
Inhalation: Levels above 900 ppm can cause dizziness, mental confusion,
‘drowsiness, loss of coordination and unconsciousness. Death may result.
Skin: Can cause irritation and rash. Absorption is moderate; may contribute
significantly to health hazard.
Eyes: Has caused irritation at levels of 450 ppm.
Ingestion: May cause symptoms similar to inhalation. In addition, may
Cause mouth, throat and stomach irritation.
Long Term Exposure:
Repeated or prolonged contact at levels of 450 ppm or above may result in
irritation and dry, scaley,fractured skin. Dizziness, mental confusion,
slowed response time and generally reversible liver and kidney damage may
result from prolonged inhalation.
1 1
- *Prepared by the Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment, New York State Department of Health.
For _an explanation of the terms and abbreviations used, see "Toxic Substances: How Toxic
is Toxic" available from the New York State Department of Health.
1,1, 1L-Trichloroethane
EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID INSTRUCTIONS
Inhalation: Move victim to fresh air. Give artificial respiration or oxygen as required.
Seek medical attention if necessary..
Skin: Remove soaked clothing. Wash affected areas with soap and water. Seek medical
attention as required.
Eyes: Flush with water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention immediately.
Ingestion: Seek medical attention immediately.
Note to Physician: Expired air analysis may be useful in monitoring exposure.
FIRE AND EXPLOSTON INFORMATION
General: Non-fiammable.
REACTIVITY
Materials to Avoid: Reacts violently with acetone, nitrites, oxygen, sodium and
Sodium hydroxide. Corrosive to aluminum.
Conditions to Avoid: Hot metals or ultraviolet radiation will decompose 1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane to form irritating and poisonous gases. :
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
Handling and Storage: Store in a cool, dark, dry place. Do not store ‘in aluminum cosine
Engineering Controls: Provide adequate ventilation, Sinks, showers and eyewash stations
shoula be readily available.
Protective Clothing (Should not be substituted for proper handling and engineering
controls): Stoves and apron of polyvinyl alcondl, neoprene (Do not use natural
rubber) or leather, and splash proof goggles should be worn if contact with
trichloroethane is likely. es ei ;
Protective Equipment: For exposure up-to 500 ppm use.a supplied-air,. or self-contained
breathing apparatus with face shield. For escape from a contaminated area use a
gas mask with organic vapor canister, or self-contained breathing apparatus.
PROCEDURES FOR SPILLS AND LEAKS
Keep workers out of spill area. Use sand or other absorbent to absorb material. Shovel
into suitable container. Wash spill area with soap and water. For final disposal con-
tact your regional office of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.
For more information: :
Contact. the Industrial Hygienist or Safety Officer at your. worksite or the New
York State Department of Health, Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment, Empire
State Plaza, Tower Building, Albany, New York 12237.
Occupational Health Guideline for
1,1,2-Trichloroethane *
INTRODUCTION
This guideline is intended as a source of information for
employees, employers, physicians, industrial hygienists,
and other occupational health professionals who may
have a need for such information. It does not attempt to
present all data; rather, it presents pertinent information
and data in summary form.
SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION
¢ Formula: CHCl2,CH;Cl
© Synonyms: Viny] trichloride; beta-trichloroethane
* Appearance and odor: Colorless liquid with a sweet
odor, like chloroform.
PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (PEL)
The current OSHA standard for 1,1,2-trichloroethane is
10 parts of 1,1,2-trichloroethane per million parts of air.
(ppm) averaged over an eight-hour work shift. This
may also be expressed as 45 milligrams of 1,1,2-trichlor-
oethane per cubic meter of air (mg/m").
HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION
© Routes of exposure
1,1,2-Trichloroethane can affect the body if it is inhaled
if it comes in contact with the eyes or skin, or if it is
swallowed. It may be absorbed through the skin.
° Effects of overexposure
1, Short-term Exposure: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane may
cause irritation of the eyes and nose, drowsiness, incoor-
dination, unconsciousness, and death. It might also
cause liver and kidney damage.
2. Long-term Exposure: Repeated or prolonged expo-
sure to 1,1,2-trichloroethane might cause liver or
kidney damage.
3. Reporting Signs and Symptoms: A pliysician should be
contacted if anyone develops any signs or symptoms
and suspects that they are caused by exposure to 1,1,2-
trichloroethane.
¢ Recommended medical surveillance
The following medical procedures should be made
available to each employee who is exposed to 1,1,2-
trichloroethane at potentially hazardous levels:
I. Initial Medical Screening: Employees should be
screened for history of certain medical conditions
(listed below) which might place the employee at
increased risk from 1,1,2-trichloroethane exposure.
—Liver disease: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane causes «liver
damage in animals and justifies consideration before
exposing persons with impaired liver function.
—Kidney disease: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane causes
kidney damage in animals and justifies special consider-
ation in those with impaired renal function.
2. Periodic Medical Examination: Any employee devel-
oping the above-listed conditions should be referred for
further medical examination.
¢ Summary of toxicology
1,1,2-Trichloroethane vapor is a potent narcotic. Injury
to lungs, liver, and kidneys has been observed in
animals. The lethal concentration for rats was 2000 ppm
for 4 hours. Concentrations resulting in narcosis also
caused irritation of the nose and eyes. Mice treated by
intraperitoneal injection with anesthetic doses showed
moderate hepatic dysfunction and renal dysfunction; at
autopsy, there was centrolobular necrosis of the liver
and tubular necrosis of the kidney. No human cases of
intoxication or systemic effects from industrial exposure
have been reported.
‘CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
* Physical data
1. Molecular weight: 133.4
2. Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 113 C (236 F)
3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 1.43
4. Vapor density (air = 1 at boiling point of 1,1,2-
trichloroethane): 4.55
5. Melting point: —37 C (— 34 F)
6. Vapor pressure at 20 C (68 F): 18.8 mm Hg
7. Solubility in water, g/100 g water at 20 C (68 F):
These recommendations reflect good industrial hygiene and medical surveillance practices and their implementation will
assist in achieving an effective occupational health program. However, they may not be sufficient to achieve compliance
with all requirements of OSHA regulations.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
September 1978
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
0.45
8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): Data not
available
¢ Reactivity
1. Conditions contributing to instability: Heat.
2. Incompatibilities: Contact with strong oxidizers,
strong caustics, and chemically active metals such as
aluminum and magnesium powders, sodium or potas-
sium may cause fires and explosions.
3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases
and vapors (such as hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and
carbon monoxide) may be released in a fire involving
1,1,2-trichloroethane.
4. Special precautions: Liquid 1,1,2-trichloroethane
will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings.
° Flammability
1. Flash point: None in normal test method
2. Autoignition temperature; Data not available
3. Flammable limits in air, % by volume: Lower: 6.0;
Upper: 15.5 (high energy ignition source required)
4. Extinguishant: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemi-
cal
¢ Warning properties
1. Odor Threshold; Although 1,1,2-trichloroethane
is known to have a sweet, chloroform-like odor, no
quantitative data are available concerning the odor
threshold of this substance.
2. Eye Irritation Level: Grant reports that high
concentrations of the vapors are irritating to the eyes.
The concentrations at which this irritation occurs are
not stated.
3. Other Information: Grant reports that high con-
centrations of the vapors are irritating to the respiratory
tract, but no quantitative information is given.
4. Evaluation of Warning Properties: Since no quan-
titative information is available relating the warning
properties to air concentrations of 1,1,2-trichloroeth-
ane, this substance has been treated as a material with
poor warning properties.
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
PROCEDURES
* General
Measurements to determine employee exposure are best
taken so that the average eight-hour exposure is based
on a single eight-hour sample or on two four-hour
samples. Several short-time interval samples (up to 30
minutes) may also be used to determine the average
exposure level. Air samples should be taken in the
employee’s breathing zone (air that would most nearly
represent that inhaled by.the employee).
* Method
Sampling and analyses may be performed by collection
of vapors using an adsorption tube with subsequent
desorption with carbon disulfide and gas chromatogra-
phic analysis, Also, detector tubes certified by NIOSH
under 42 CFR Part 84 or other direct-reading devices
calibrated to measure 1,1,2-trichloroethane may be
2 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
used. An analytical method for 1,1,2-trichloroethane is
in the NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 2nd Ed.,
Vol. 5, 1979, available from the Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (GPO No, 017-033-
0349-1).
RESPIRATORS
* Good industrial hygiene practices recommend that
engineering controls be used to reduce environmental
concentrations to the permissible exposure level. How-
ever, there are some exceptions where respirators may
be used to control exposure. Respirators may be used
when engineering and work practice controls are not
technically feasible, when such controls are in the
process of being installed, or when they fail and need to
be supplemented. Respirators may also be used for
operations which require entry into tanks or closed
vessels, and in emergency situations. If the use of
respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted
are those that have been approved by the Mine Safety
and Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforce-
ment and Safety Administration) or by the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
* In addition to respirator selection, a complete respira-
tory protection program should be instituted which
includes regular training, maintenance, inspection,
cleaning, and evaluation.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
* Employees should be provided with and required to
use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch
minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing
necessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact
with liquid 1,1,2-trichloroethane.
* Clothing wet with liquid 1,1,2-trichloroethane should
be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be
discarded or until provision is made for the removal of
1,1,2-trichloroethane from the clothing. If the clothing
is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the
1,1,2-trichloroethane, the person performing the oper-
ation should be informed of 1,1,2-trichloroethane’s haz-
ardous properties.
* Non-impervious clothing which becomes contami-
nated with liquid 1,1,2-trichloroethane should be re-
moved promptly and not reworn until the 1,1,2-trich-
loroethane is removed from the clothing.
* Employees should be provided with and required to
use splash-proof safety goggles where liquid 1,1,2-
trichloroethane may contact the eyes.
SANITATION
* Skin that becomes contaminated with liquid 1,1,2-
trichloroethane should be promptly washed or
showered with soap or mild detergent and water to
remove any 1,1,2-trichloroethane.
September 1978
¢ Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areas
where liquid 1,1,2-trichloroethane is handled, proc-
essed, or stored.
* Employees who handle liquid 1,1,2-trichloroethane
should wash their hands thoroughly with soap or mild
detergent and water before eating, smoking, or using
toilet facilities.
COMMON OPERATIONS AND CONTROLS
The following list includes some common operations in
which exposure to 1,1,2-trichloroethane may occur and
control methods which may be effective in each case:
Operation Controls
Use in organic
synthesis in production
of vinylidene chloride
General dilution
ventilation; personal
protective equipment
EMERGENCY FIRST AID PROCEDURES
In the event of an emergency, institute first aid proce-
dures and send for first aid or medical assistance.
© Eye Exposure
If 1,1,2-trichloroethane gets into the eyes, wash eyes
immediately with large amounts of water, lifting the
lower and upper lids occasionally. If irritation is present
after washing, get medical attention. Contact lenses
should not be worn when working with this chemical.
© Skin Exposure
If 1,1,2-trichloroethane gets on the skin, promptly wash
the contaminated skin using soap or mild detergent and
water. If 1,1,2-trichloroethane soaks through the cloth-
ing, remove the clothing promptly and wash the skin
using soap or mild detergent and water. If irritation
persists after washing, get medical attention.
* Breathing
If a person breathes in large amounts of 1,1,2-trichlor-
oethane, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If
breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical
attention as soon as possible.
© Swallowing
When 1,1,2-trichloroethane has been swallowed, get
medical attention immediately. If medical attention is
not immediately available, get the afflicted person to
vomit by having him touch the back of his throat with
his finger or by giving him syrup of ipecac as directed
on the package. This non-prescription drug is available
at most drug stores and drug counters and should be
kept with emergency medical supplies in the workplace.
Do not make an unconscious person vomit.
« Rescue
Move the affected person from the hazardous exposure.
If the exposed person has been overcome, notify some-
one else and put into effect the established emergency
rescue procedures. Do not become a casualty. Under-
stand the facility’s emergency rescue procedures and
September 1978
know the locations of rescue equipment before the need
arises.
SPILL, LEAK, AND DISPOSAL
PROCEDURES
© Persons not wearing protective equipment and cloth-
ing should be restricted from areas of spills or leaks until
cleanup has been completed.
¢ If 1,1,2-trichloroethane is spilled or leaked, the fol-
lowing steps should be taken:
1, Remove all ignition sources,
2. Ventilate area of spill or leak.
3. Collect for reclamation or absorb in vermiculite, dry
sand, or a similar material.
* Waste disposal method:
1,1,2-Trichloroethane may be disposed of by absorbing
it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth or a similar material
and disposing in a secured sanitary landfill.
REFERENCES
* American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists; “1,1,2-Trichloroethane,” Documentation of
the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom
Air (3rd ed., 2nd printing), Cincinnati, 1974.
* Browning, E.: Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial
Solvents, Elsevier, New York, 1965.
° Christensen, H. E., and Luginbyhl, T. L. (eds.):
NIOSH Toxic Substances List, 1974 Edition, HEW
Publication No. 74-134, 1974.
* Grant, W. M.: Toxicology of the Eye (2nd ed.), C. C.
Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1974.
* International Labour Office: Encyclopedia of Occupa-
tional Health and Safety, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1971.
* Klaassen, C. D., and Plaa, G. L.: “Relative Effects of
Various Chlorinated Hydrocarbons on Liver and
Kidney Function in Mice,” Toxicology and Applied
Pharmacology, 9:139-151, 1966.
* Patty, F. A. (ed.): Toxicology, Vol. Il of Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology (2nd ed. rev.), Interscience,
New York, 1963.
¢ Union Carbide Corporation, Industrial Medicine and
Toxicology Department: Toxicology Studies - 1,1,2-
Trichloroethane, New York, 1972.
* SPECIAL NOTE
1,1,2-Trichloroethane appears on the OSHA “Candi-
date List" of chemicals being considered for further
scientific review regarding its carcinogenicity (Federal
Register, Vol. 45, No. 157, pp. 5372-5379, 12 August
1980).
The International Agency for Research on Cancer
(IARC) has evaluated the data on this chemical and has
concluded that it causes cancer. See JARC Monographs
on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to
Man, Volume 20, 1979.
1,1,2-Trichloroethane 3
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION FOR 1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE
Condition
Minimum Respiratory Protection*
Required Above 10 ppm
Vapor Concentration
500 ppm or less
Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece, helmet, or hood.
Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece.
Greater than 500 ppm or
entry and escape from
unknown concentrations
Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-
demand or other positive pressure mode,
A combination respirator which includes a Type C supplied-air respirator with a
full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure or continu-
ous-flow mode and an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in
pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.
Fire Fighting Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-
demand or other positive pressure mode.
Escape Any gas mask providing protection against organic vapors.
Any escape self-contained breathing apparatus,
*Only NIOSH-approved or MSHA-approved equipment should be used.
; 2 Hi81 rai We
Berkaley, Caltoria 94704
stem, causing symptoms,
TATE OF ‘CALIFORNI.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS\CAL/OSHA
HAZARD EVALUATION SYSTEM AND INFORMATION SERVICE
-Trichloroethane +
(TCA)
Summary: . Trichloroethane (TCA) most commonly affects the nervous
imilar. to drunkenness. TCA. can:also irritate the-skin
~ HOW-TO FIND. OUT IF You ARE WORKING WITH TRICHLOROETHANE
a8 widely. used ; industrial solvent. “Its ost comman uses are | as a
‘Degreaser: aiid ¢ eaner of metals, slagties:
silicon chips
Drycleaner; spot: remover ©
“Propellant in. aerosol can
Quick- drying agent, (for example, typewriter. correction fluid):
qa “belongs toa group of organic chemicals called chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Slike water.-and has a mild sweet odor Vike chloroform or ether. It is also,
alled methyl"
trichloroethylene). “Trade:
and many ‘others,
Under california Law (General Tindustey Sie Orders: [@1so], 5194), your enol oyer!
must’ tell you :
trichloroethane;: and train you to use such:substances safely, If you think you-may
“exposed © to: TCA,’ ask to
roducts, you. are using. i.
MSDS lists’ a product’s chemical contents, its health and safety hazards’;
“for its safe use, storage and disposal. Information on fire and explosion
hazards, reactivity,
“This Fact sheet is an ‘a for worker training prograns. It is not tceansed to.take
the place of "a Materi
ther electr
ic parts
1
chloroform: (MC) and. sometimes “TCE (though TCE usually refers to.
ames. ainglude. Aerothene®, Chorethe ®; ae 1
if you!*are working with any hazardous “substance, including
3eq the Material Safety: Data ‘Sheets (MSDSs)..forsthe
first aid and re for leaks and-spills should also be
s:required to have-an MSDS -for any: yor place product: that
al Safety Data Sheet. Some of the information in this Fact
“4g technical’ in nature. The HESIS booklet, paderstanding il
cintended ° to help: you. better. understand ..this technica
4 bl :
in’ MSDSs
HOW TCA ENTERS AND AFFECTS YOUR BODY
““TCA-enters your body when you breathe its vapors ‘in the airs Smaller amounts of
he “liquid can also be absorbed through your skin, particularly with lengthy skin
ontact.. Overexposure to TCA in the a st. ly affects your. skin or neryo'
system, as described, below ones i ag
~” Eyes, Nose, and Throat: TCA in the air at levels above 350 ppm (see Legal Exposure
Limits, page 3) may cause tearing of your eyes, sore throat, nasal irritation, :and
coughing. A splash of liquid TCA in the eye may cause immediate stinging of the
eye, and mild damage that is repaired within alfew days,’ TCA does. not. have ‘1
ffects.on. the eyes, nose, throat. or,. lungs eee
skin? TCA, > like other organic solvents, dissolves your skin‘s-natural protective
“oils, Frequent skin contact with TCA can | cause dryness,.redness, flaking
cracking, and dermatitis.(skin rash). oe :
N . : Overexposure for. brief. periods can .cause effects
a short time, TCA, like most organic s vents,’
(brain). the. sameway alcohol doe ;
ent
igher exposure (1500-5000 ppm)
loss of balance
‘slurred speec!
giddine
» confusion,
~Liver-a
As
re Very high levels of TCA can.damage the liver and kidneys. but
ety unlikely: this will occur ieithaug noticeable effects on, your’:
t
: laboratory “tests TCA did not cause 2 birth defects in:
nimals. or : affect "the reproductive function of male animals, We do not know:
‘whether ° TCA can affect pregnancy or the reproductive function in: humans.’ We do.
owever, “that TCA’ ‘inhaled by a ‘pregnant woman can reach the developing
nd, : <can. contaminate: the breast “milk;* ‘yet, the’ .effects of-this.ar
“Because of this uncertainty, we recommend that pregnant. or. nursing.
women minimize their. aponurs to TCA and other forte chemicals..0°" >
ee EXPOSURE AND EDICAL eee
receive a ‘complete physical examination, including an occupational and. medical
history, at the beginning of and periodically during employment.
As phys{ctan- or other ‘health provider chooses specific tests on a case- by-case
basis” 'to® determine effects of; chemical NerenG HESIS: physicians. cai
provide assistance for. such medical evaluations FoR cane
on: page.
limit.»
exposed t
vmeasure:
ave:ithe right ‘to
regulation al 208),
ou also have the - “right to. see hed "cop your ‘own T medical records: and. th
srecords “of. your’ exposure to toxic substanc’ By These. records are important 4
etermining ‘whether. your’ health ‘has’*been ‘affected by your work, If you
mployer’-has such records, he or she must keep them-and. make them. available.f
least .30- peans fter: the: end. of your. employment .
“al /OSHA has ‘adopted Dermissible ” “Exposure. Limit “(PEL)” “for the amount.
trichloroethane. measured in, ‘your bragentng Zone, The current PEL for: TCA.18/ 35
parts: of TCA per million parts of air (350:parts per million,’ or 350. ppm)
“PEL is.equal to 1900.milligrams of TCA: per. cubic:meter of: air (1900 mg/m
Your: exposure may. egally. be above 350 ppm at times, but only if it: is belo
350° ppm at other” ‘times; posure: for..any. 8-hour workshi ft. mus
350 ppm or les
Some. workers can smell TCA even when’ the concentration in the air ,
the» PEL’ of: 350 ppm,: but others can barely smell it above 350 ppm.: Moreover
yours:.sense of smell can become dulled-or fatigued from exposure to.a stron
For: these: reasons,’ :you:; should’ not: .rely on. smelling TCA to warn: yo
overexposure,» Measuning#<the amount of..a:subst hea
liable way to determine ‘the exposure: level.
; eet ; oae eee. ee
Substitution: © One .way’;to control hazardous exposures is to substitute safer
chemicals forthe more’ toxic. ones,” The. physical «and “health hazards: of.
ubstitutes must also be carefully. considered, however, to ensure that they an
ontrol’:method “inelude*: changing work habits;
and. “installing ventilation. Containers:and vats
covered’ to prevent evaporation... Some work: processes,.ca
° p: i ‘When engineering controls are not appli
do not sufficiently reduce exposures, a respirator must be worn, In addition,”
respiratory protection program, as outlined. by Cal/OSHA regulations (GSO 5144)
must-be-.developed.: An industrial hygienist.or-other knowledgable person (such
as a:’ Cal/OSHA “Consultation official) ‘should be.consulted to. ensure that..th
fipment.is appropriate: and correctly used.
“Lf frequent’ and prolonged -contact™ with liquid “TCA ®
splashing may occur, other’ protective equipment such as i
must. be =worn, Protective clothing should. be made o
esistant. to. TCA.(such as polyvinyl alcohol) «+ / ee
navoidable,- or i
oves or faceshield
a material which
This” Fact | ‘Sheet ‘Ys available-in Spanish.” The following publications are also.
“available from neste at no charge: yin English.»
and Spanish, and Understanding Toxic Substances. They Rhy be Mequestad b
elephoning 415/540- ~3138. : :
For more. “information about ‘the health: effects of TCA or other workplace
;chemicals,. = contact? eee at ike 3018 deal: collect from
California).
; j
@ Employees who need information or assistance {concerning workplace health. and
afi ty. regulations, or who want to file a.com plaint,, may: contact:...
“Cal /OSHA Division ‘of Occupational.
ook. under Naliforntay: State of
cole, who ‘want cont a on evaluating and improving workplace
E ac ae
See. your local sharia book.-under:
1. 800/652- 147:
Your “regional “Poison “Control
"Other, Emergency. Phone’
al. Face shest* pan TRICHLOROETHANE,
information tn this sheet applies to workplace exposure “pesul sing from process ings
anufacturing,. storing or’handlingand isnot designed for the population at: large.
eneralization beyond occupational’ exposures should not be made.:'.The best. foencerdat
ygiene cae is #9 3 maintain concentrations of'all ohem{cals at levels a
chorethene VG emerorene,
Spitbtsoly. hlortans Chiorothene NU,
tpl a, ‘Aerothene TT .and: others,..: : i
ses: Cleaning of plastigs molds and cold type neta, dry cleaning and depressing
: PHYSICAL INFORMATION ;
poearance:, colortess Mauid.
Odor: Sweetish, like chloroform.
inimum Detectabley by Odor: 400 'p
ehavior in Water: Not soluble, sinks.
HEALTH HAZARD ORATION
: x
Inhalation: Levels above 900 ppm can cause dizziness, mental confusion
qd Sy loss of. id Death may result
Kin: can cause irritation an vr
in antly: £0. healt
vigestic : tes cause — similar to inhalation
In addition, ma.
sé mouth, .throat..and: stomach irritation :
Rananted or prolonged contact at levels of 450 ppm or above may result
“irritation and dry, scaley,fractured skin. Dizziness, mental confusion
csutt fran prolonged fn generally reversible liver. and kidney. damage may
sPrpnared by the Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment, :' New York state Department of Heal
Foran explanation of the terms and abbreviations jused, see "Toxic ube Rancas) How: Tox
is Toxic" available from the New York State Gaparment of Health. :
Ingestion:
- Note to Physician: ' expired 2 ai 7
: 3 iabli
Protective Clothing (Should not be substituted for oper handling and engineering
oo gontrois): ous and apron of polyvinyl alcohol, neoprene tos not use natural -
rubber) or. leather, and sp 1 ; should be worn if, contact, wth
i ‘or.exposure up to 500 :ppm wel, ralpeliadcar, or self- contained
breathing apparatus with face shield.’ For escape froma “contaminated area us
=gas:mask with. orgente, vapor canister, or sel freanreatned breathing idea ica
- : PROCEDURES FOR SPILLS AND LEAKS ie
; ; ii
ep: aerkite out of spit. area “Use ‘sand. or’ ‘other absorbent to. aheors aatertl Shove
into. liane ‘container.’ Wash.‘spil] area-with soap and-water, ‘For final. disposal con-
e New. York’ tate department. of Environmenta] t)
For more Anformatten: Bes | ae
Contact: the Industrial. aatanisk or Safety Officer at your worksite or.-the New
York State Oepartment of Health, Bureau of. Toxic. Sub: t Empi
