Military, multiple executions, 1863-1993, Undated

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too, listened patiently to his &tory and to his biblical
quotations, but insisted that the execution had to pro-
ceed as planed - only such an example, he said, would
Stem the tide of desertion, Rabbi Szoig had done all he
could, but his task was not ended. He returned to Rappa-
hannock Station, where the regiment was located, and toid
Kugh. of his failure, The boy asked the rabbi to be with
him at the executionand to perform the burial ceremony.
On Saturday, the 29th, 25,000 people, including the troop
of the regiment, wer on hand to witness the execution.
The regimental chaplain was talking with the 3 Protestant
boys$ a Catholic Priest from “ashington prayed with the

one Soldier of his faith; and Rabbi S20ld stood by the si
Side of George Kuhn. According to the report of an eye-

witness, 'the condemned man, much agitated, stood up and

recited after the Rabbi @ portion of Thillin, Yigdal, ang
vhimas (Psalms and other prayers), At the close, the
minister, mich affected, kissed the accused, who convyl-

asked to Conclude their prayers; the five MEN Stood at
attention in front of the éraves which had already been

by side, read their burial Bervices, This was probably
the first case in American History of an all-denanination-

AMERICAN JEWRY AND THE CIVIL WAR by Bertram We Korn
A Temples book, 1970, Atheneum, New York, Pages 109-110


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FROM COLU

lee Cotere
ea the Be

Coiruncs, Kr., Sept. 4.—
men found guilty by a mil
which Col. W. T. Shaw, o
President, of the murder o
ily, at Compromise landi

BUS, AX

Men whe Mur~.

commission, of
the 14th Iowa, was
the Beakman fam-

ng, oa the 4th of last

month, wore publicly execdted by hanging here

General Harlbut’s appro
the military commission en

=

al of the finding ‘of
arrived yesterday,

but it was pre-emptorily vileced that the execa-

tion take place on the
reception of the order at
the district.

g Friday efter the
Headquarters of

Though time for preparation was short, Colonel

Scout, Major W. RB. Bow!

,and CaptafWil-

Jiams, upon whom the eerlous duty devolved,

met death with onusual a tag

made by colored exho
Joined. |

Much praise Is due
more especially Provost
Williams for the prompt
which el} the details of

It ts supposed thas the seven remaining! pris- |».

oners found guility of the
wma se as

were equal to the emergenty, and before noon
to-day, had everything in iness.

At a little past one, culprits. Lewis
Stevenson, Wm. Ray, Jim Webb were
launched into etersity. execution was at-
tended by about 2,000 people, inclading the 21st

| Wisconsin, $d: Tennessee (colored,) artillery,
ends detachment of the| 16th United States |
Regular Infaatry, besides us deleggtions |
from civil lifg, many females, white end
black. | i
The prisoners betrayed t Nettle teeing and

in wach gale

eters metifone,

Crieams—Repert thas
tse TWeras and ap om

General Grant and Gen

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RAY, William, STEVENSON, Lewis, and WEBB, Jim, blacks, paid tg at
Columbus, Kentucky, September }, 1863 (Military Commission. }

\

be |

_ ST. LOUIS, TUESDAY MORNIN

‘ wr

m mii cous
'| detachments of the sist Wie Oo

MILITAMY EXRCUTSONS AT; COL
UMMUS, KY. -

A eiaenenatetbinci

Banging af the ‘Colerea Murderers
eof the Beckham Fouwily.

A eemeetie emer

The correspondent of the Chicago Tribune
moves the following Particulars of the hangtag
Of Lewis Henderson, Wm. Ray and Jim Webb,
three of the negroes who murdered the Bock-
ham family at Compromise Landing on the foarth
of August last. The parties had previously
been convicted by a military coart martial:

TIONS POR THE BXBCUTION,
Under the directions of Colonel Scott, cona-
Post, Major W. R. ban Pro
District, and Captafn I. H.
Williams, Provost Marshal of the city, :pre
tion bad, meantime, been made tocarry out the
order for the execution of the wretched men.
Ié-was Friday—"‘Iiangman's Day''—but other-
wise es pleasant a day as bss broken at morn
and been settled by the rhe ap of the sun at
might, since Eve and our crimin parent were
driven from Paradise. It was rather warm, but
there was,warm work to be done.

Tae MILITARY,

Upon the arrival of our party on the ground
selected for the erection of the gallows—being
weat of the town aboat a mile, and on the sum-
mit of the blaffe, jn the vicinity and {0 the rear
of the fort-—we found, et eleven o'clock, the
military drewn up fn a hollow squere around
the spot, their bright oh ing fn the
9 = though prepared to do battle against
mortal foe.

Colone} Seott, as ordered, commanded the dif.
ferent detachments of military, thug relieving
Gen. A. J. Smith from a most uapleasant duty.
Tn fact, we did not eee the Genera! upon ¢
spot, he being detained by other apne: Sh pi
Bess at “eo if

ie
24 Tenncesee artili color) |
phy eaoortof thy’ alt

THE LATEST

ree oot

Official trom Burwelde
Rebele at) Kuexyitt
al et Kondow twit

W asa » Sept. 7.—The ¢
received a dispatch Geng
his cavalry advanced a$oa. k
bth Inst, and efter some teststa
rebel forpe, which was wdop rej
tured. When General Barngide
before Kingston some realstance

crena‘s eymy at Chattagooga, ¢
tant joined Burnside’
ter on his colama to

Mouth of the Little Tennessee
sharp firg took place, bat thse
pletely routed with considerab
in all the skirmishes was trifijo:

Latest dispatches received by
from Rosecrans to tha 6th inst.,
tion fs entirely éatisfectory. C
£000 fall before the gallant legic
of the Cumberlahdss! 5 -

2 end the ; ‘elag
@roper}-e So gg ‘the 1648 Untsed States | peturnt from @ reconsolssance
Meenieriahons. or they made about one | ‘ gg + _

ring Qirty of thy. The cogs
wes wounded put escaped ¢

edvantage of tha absence of a vi
station. the rebels made ‘a enuf

St. Louis, Missouri, nefspaper, September 8, 1863.


‘vg chad I be-
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jag the money.
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wWhery.
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ew. They
4 there for
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, the tocka
Boone has
nt futo tha |

a
waft all right |
46@ these tne
5 aw. They
Sa prey uven |

: _ THR Exwcrvtow, ° ;

Thia cavalesde, the prisoners’ cscorts, end
the military forming the hollow equare, with
coldicrs, citizens, women and children as
Jookera on, must have formed en asacmbalge of
es i 2,500 persoag, all excited to the bi t

tch.

d The procession arrived upon the ground af
12.80 p. ta., end immediately the colored prias-
oners were taken out of the on—their guard
of ibe detachment of 16th Infantry forming a
second bollow aquara within the center one—
and marched beneath the gallows, Hcrealhiad
& chance to examiue them. ‘They were
fair specimens of the African race, and per- |
bapa as (dtelllgent aa‘thd generality of farm
or plantation hands. © Muscularly they
would have thrown patrons of thezgymnastic art
tuto ecatacies, Ray was rather under

oibere were largé, ‘tall, well formed fe a
None of them seemed to fear or dread the fate
that awaited them, or if they did, exhibited no
signs of such fear. Oaly one experienced the
least diffcelty in the ladder and
reaching the piatform upon which they were to
take their last view of earth. This was Steven:
son. “Corporal Jim,’ as ba wae called by tha
colored {rieads, welked up the ladder firmly.

od “— «6 e==e te et ete

‘Lay was active on foot. When fairly apuat

platform, two colored exhuriere were ullowed to
ascend, one an ohland grey-haired man, Une
gave out the well known psalm, commencing
** And must Ibe to jJadgmest brougit.”*?
Aftor the einging, which was foined fa by tha
culprits, the negroes were placed ins row, end
Major Rowley ond Captain Williams mounted

} tie scaffold, the former occupying the southera

| and the latter the nortbern, the prisoners be}

between them, the smaller in the center, thas:
Bajur Rowley, Mevensen, Bay, dim, Capt. Winlems.
‘lhe younger of the colored chere matie a
* ald fur tbe 60u] of the prisoners, ia which
dey eppeabed to join with some caurnestness, at
feast ibeir . di moved, bet no sudible
rounds esa} theru, all kneeling. upon the
“Segoe hlevensoa wast Most affected
ly the prayer, and nearly reclined instead of

iweoling, either from weaknews, of to |

w¥ok) the poowe which hung near und: occasion-
nily iourked his bead. A the couchusios of

the prayety ab about « quarter to one, the ropes.
fowrere

‘}oW iVinwns apon the veck of thait prisoners, and |.
Ob kdheoticeras peter placing ‘the white caps wpon fi

y Major Kowlcy aud Captain

our edvence lings om §
captared fivemen, emong the
Lyon, 1s¢ Peansyivania cw
pumber of mule aad herseg, |
Reliable sutborities exy tk
not {acreased, singe last pal
over the eggregate emoant of)
{ssued during the last siz w
Euspended claims, amoc
have accumulatad agains! @
locns of Ofty millions, ask
Ly Secretary Chase, is {otend
claimes, leaving. a baadsor
on the Governmest until the
foriseme °° |.
‘The Brat Natioga) Bank of
Ital $100,000, anid ‘the Gres
Franklin, Indians, capital §
euthorized. es, ;
Gen. Measantoa's cilcial
operations in bio: leat camy
Tbe whole losa of the corpa s
present Uime is ebout four the
wounded and migsing.
The Commandaot at the d
more and Oblo R. B. in tbe cit
000 soldiers pasted through {
yearofi9é2, | *
Colonel Beker bas been re
the clty by Captain Todd, F
the District and ordered to
commandinthe feld. =f
The procesdingd of the Bel
ties uadistaried in the War I
. Judge Advocate Holt tranat
of te record wd the adjourns
but uo hand of reanrrection
At the comtuentement of 4
Browning, of Prince George
owned four buadged eiaves. J
left—bables and‘ decrepit off
hpye stolen themselves, AB

mon are: now fichttnw “we


RAY, William, STEVENSON, Lewis, and WEBB, Jim, blacks, hanged
Columbus, Ky. (Military Commission) on Setptember');, 1863.

"MILITARY: EXECUTION AT COLUMBUS, KY.:. HANGING OF THE COLORED MURDERERS ©
OF THE BECKHAM FAMILY: The correspondent of the Chicago TRIBUNE gives the
following particulars ef the hanging of Lewis Henderson, Wm. Ray, and
Jim Webb, three of the negroes who murdered the Beckham family at Com-
promise Landing on the fourth of August last: The parties had previously
been convicted by a military court martial,
"PREPARATIONS FOR’ THE EXECUTION,

"Under the directions of .Col, Scott, commandant at the Post, Major W, &,
Rowley, provost mapphal of ‘the district, and “aptain I, H, Williams, pro-
vost marshal of the city, preparation had meantime been made to carry
out the order for the execution of the wretched men, It was “riday -
'Hangman's “ay! - but otherwise jas pleasant a day<‘as has broken at, mornt
and been settled by the setting of the sun at night, since Eve and our
criminal parent were driven from Paradise. It was rather warm, but there
was warm work to be done. ‘ yan ae 3
; r "THE MILITARY. ec a
"Upon the arrival of our party om the ground selectéd for the erection of
the gallows - being west of town about a mile, and on the summit of the
bluffs, in the vicinity and in the rear of the fort - we found, at eleven
XMXKXHXK o'clock, the military drawn up in a hollow square around the, spot
their ASMAXAXKAK AM KA AXEAXEKA bright arms glistening in the sun, as though
prepared to do battle against mortal foe, Colotel Scott, as ordered,

commanded the different detachments of military, that eh a Gen. A, J.
Smith from a most unpleasant duty. Ih factj we did not see the General

upon the spot, he being detained by other pressing business at
headquarters, The military consisted of detachments’ of the 31st Wisconsin
Col. Mearmore,.the 2nd Tennéssee artillery (colored), Colonel Adams, and
the escort of the prisoners proper, a company of the 76th United "tates
regular infantry. Inall, they made about one‘thousand armed men, The
colored troops, formed one half of the hotlew square eitclosing the scaf-
fold So far as we were able to observe, they performed their duty; |
crediably as did all officersiand soldiers engaged in the solemn duty.

. . "THE EXECUTION. |
"This cavalcade, the prisoners! escorts, and the military forming the
hollow square, with soldiers, citizens, women and children as lookers on,
“must have formed an assemblage of at least 2,500 persons, all excited to
the highest pitch. ‘The procession arrived upon the ground st 12:30 p.m,
and immediately the colored KX¥AAKAKKXHAKAXKAKKK prisoners were taken
out of the wagon - their guard of the detachment of the lth infantry
forming a se@end hollew square within the outer ‘one - and marched beneath
the palleww. Were all’ had a chance to examine them, They were, faktt
specimens of the “frican race, and perhaps as intelligent.as the
generality of farm plantation hands, Muscularly they would have thrown
patrons of the gymnastic art into ecastacies, Ray was rather undersize,
The otherms were large, tall, well-formed fellows. None of them seemed to
fear or dread the fate that awaited them, or, if the y did, exhibited
no signs of such fear. Only one experienced the least difficulty in
MSRABARAXEKSXIARE ascending the ladder and reaching theplatform upon which
they were to take their last view of earth, XKXKKAKXXH This was “tevenson,
‘Corporal Jim' as he was called by his colored friends, walked up the
ladder firmly. Ray was active on foot. When fairly upon the platform

two colored &# exhorters were allowed to ascend, one as old and grey-
hairmed man,. One gave out the well known psalm commencing: 'And must I
be to judgment brought.*« After the singing, which was joined by by the.
culprits, the negroes were placed in a row and Major Rowley and Captain
Williams mounted the scaffold, the former occupying the southern and the
latter .t he northern, the prisoners being between them, the smaller in the


| 4 .

“sk

eorse E. Pickett

~ Graduated at the bottom of his class at West Poznt,

where does he belong in the ranks of Confederate generals?

A Personality Profile by Gerald A. Patterson

W HOEVER had led that climactic, do-or-die
assault of the Army of Northern Virginia on
the third day at Gettysburg was destined for glory
and immortality. Chance and circumstance conferred
these on Major General George Edward Pickett.
Examining the career of this 38-year-old Virginian
before, during, and after that mighty event, one
cannot help wondering if fate made an unlikely
choice.

There was much about George Pickett to cause
eyebrows to rise, not the least being his physical
appearance. Colonel Moxley Sorrel of Lieutenant
General James Longstreet’s staff vividly recalled after
the war his first confrontation with Pickett:

One evening I was in my narrow office when an officer was
announced. I turned and had quite a start at my visitor's
appearance. It was George Pickett, just made_ brigadier
general and reporting for command. A singular figure in-
deed! A medium-sized, well-built man, straight, erect, and
in a well-fitting uniform, an elegant riding whip in hand,
his appearance was distinguished and striking.

But the head and the hair were extraordinary. Long
ringlets flowed loosely over his shoulders, trimmed and

highly perfumed. His beard likewise was curling and giving
out the scents of Araby.

CAPTAIN F. W. Dawson, an Englishman in the
Confederate service, recalled that Pickett was known
everywhere by his corkscrew ringlets, “which were
not particularly becoming when the rain made them
lank.” Another young staff officer who did not meet
Pickett until near the close of the war noted that
he was a striking figure, “a tawny man of medium
height and stout build, his long yellow hair thick
and hanging about his ears and shoulders in the
suggestion of a lion’s mane. He was blue-eyed with
white eyelashes, florid complexion, and a reddish
moustache and imperial emphasizing his blond

Lieutenant George Pickett, USA, before the war. (Cook Col-
lection, Valentine Muscum)

appearance. Pickett was a gentleman by birth. He
had a great number of relations and friends in Rich-
mond and the James River section. He was a high
and free liver and often declared that to fight like
a gentleman a man must eat and drink like a gentle-
man.”

The young officer, hardly in position to make
such a judgment, indicated that General Lee, though
aware of Pickett’s way of life, did not object.
“General Lee was a very prudent and abstemious
man himself, but never censorious touching the
mode of life of his inferiors when they discharged
the duties assigned them.” On the other hand,
Colonel Armistead Long, Lee’s military secretary,
said that Lee was pained by the intemperance of
subordinates and once declared: “I cannot consent
to place in the control of others one who cannot
control himself.”

THIS man Pickett, with the peculiar locks and
propensity for high living, was a West Pointer; a
veteran of the Mexican War and of frontier service
in the “Old Army” before the outbreak of the Civil
War. He was born at his ancestral home on Turkey
Island near Richmond, and from boyhood had de-
sired to enter West Point. When he was ready he
found Virginia’s cadet quota filled, so ultimately
he obtained an appointment from Illinois, oddly
enough with the aid of Abraham Lincoln, who was
then an associate of one of Pickett’s relatives in that
state.

He was a poor cadet. So many demerits were
awarded him at the Military Academy that four
pages of the ledger were required to record his in-
fractions of the rules. He graduated in 1846 at the
bottom of his class. Contrary to all expectations,
however, Pickett rendered outstanding service in the
Mexican War. He was credited with having planted
the American flag on the battlements of Chapultepec.

After the war he served on the Texas border and

19

ws

William R. Silvey 11-13-1863
William Franklin Dabney
Abraham Hamilton

Ages 26, 20 and 18 respectively. CSA deserters
executed by firing squad at Blountville, Tenn.

See attachment

. r

-
ge
ae

ct a iat arts eae SoD hae «sigh

The account of the trial is of record in the Hopkins County
Criminal Court Records. The jury verddet was "Not guilty",
and etating that the defendants had acted in proper authority,
in time of War. Marcus G. Settle was the only one tried. when

e@ came innocent, the others were never brought to trial.
reenville Smith and George W. Cox never return to the Delta

County area. All of the defendants were men of high standing
in the community and members of the State Militia’ .D.3.B.
George had been appointed Commissioner to distribute funds

for needy wives and families of the men that wer ~
vioe. The young man, Condit, was the brother of teow ee 4 EF Lain.
Latter Jobe Jack Helm was credited with killing a negro, because

the negro.was sitting on 2 fence whistling Yankee Doodle, to tease —

or tantalize H>lm. This was the reason for him having to leave
this area and go to South Texas..In South Texas he latter was
appointed Captian of the State Police, in Dewitt County. He in- ©
vented a new type cotton cultivator and a cotton worm destroyer.
At one time he became sheriff of Dewitt County. He had encounters
with participants of the Taylor-Sutton fued, and was killed in
Wilson County by Bob Taylor and John Wesley Hardin, while working
in a blacksmith shop, on another invention. The account is written
in detail in John Wesley Hardin's book.

Provided by G. D. Albright
550 Se We First
Cooper, Texas 751,32


#1 Rt wide etic Stew om aganggiai ba * Slee PP egos ove: ee, Re eee ae ce = % rere

hes men named HEMBY and three men named HOWARD, Court-martialed and hanged at vi
Charleston, Texas, for desertion from Confederate Army 1863

Phere is a marker in the Union Grove Cemetery, east of Charleston, .
with an gree ie seg readss Sie be ll
James W. Hemby yley's Comp@my, Cooper's Texas Mowited Infaiitry, |

Jamee W. Hemby appears on the 1850, 1860, 1870 Hopkite Comty, fx. |

cenaus and the 1880 Delta County census. His marria ‘qoora gives . +
the following: Jas. Wesley Hemby m. Lotty Ann Herrii 9/24/1850. Cae
Census records list the following children; Lewis » Om 1852, " 4
Nancy born in 1853, Ferdinand born in 1856, Silas ‘in 1859, —

Houston born in 1861, Henry born in 1861, W.@. born in 1869, and
Elizabeth born in 1874. . Ae scat

During the Civil War two Hembys and three Howards were Court ©
Margiaied. and hanged south of Charleston, just across Sulphur
River, in what is now Hopkins County. The tree where they were
hung, stood until about ten years o. It was on the road from
Charleston to Old Tarrant, and on the Goebel Temp}eton place.

The etory goes that in 1863 John Jack Helm deserted from his

Civil War company, while stationed in Arkansas. Helm had enlisted
in the Texas Militia and was latter assigned to the Texas 23rd
Condederate Regiment. He was in numerous battles and evidently
made a good soldier. However in 1863, hereceived word from his
sistér, whe had married Alonzo L. Leech, that John Jack's wife |
was unfaithful , and was having an affair with her husband, Alonso
Leech. John Jack's wife, Minerva MeCown, had married when she was
fifteen , and the arrangements were that she was to live with.
Johm Jack's younger sister, Sarah Ann Helm Leech. This caused John
Jack to desert and return to Charleston.

Soon after John Jack's desertion, he contacted five other deserters
in Jernigan Ticket. Evidently John Jack wanted to get amnesty for
his desertion, and was able to get assurance from the authorities
of the Texas State Militia officebs, stationed in Charleston. The
Lt. Colonel of the Militia was Marcus G. Settle, and he assured
John Jack that if the deserters, in Jernigan Thicket would sur-
render that they would get a fair trial. At the appointed time
John Jack met the deserters and the five surrendered. There was

a sixth, by the name of Condit, when he saw that the Militia

’ Party was going to put them in irons and shackles, he broke and

ran back into the thicket, escaping. :

The five were taken to Charleston, and tried within a weeks time,
by a Military Court Mertial. They were sentenced to be hanged,
for desertion from theCantederate Army, in time of War. The hang-
ing took place within one week from the sentence, the convicted
prisoners families were allowed to take the bodies for private
burial. The executions were witnessed by a large crowd. All this
was brought out in 1807, after the War, when the partiscipants

in the sentenceing were arrested and charged with Murder. Two

of the men on the sentencing jury fled the country and were never
arrested. They were Greenville Smith, who went to Rome, Georgia,
and George W. Cox, who went to Lampassas County, Texas.

Those arrested for murder and jailed at old Tarrant were Marcus G.
Settle, George W. Helm, Sr., DéS.R. George, John Jack Helm, and
George McGlasson. The srrests were made by the Union rete tear’ §
Government, stationed in Sulphur Springs. The local people o
Charleston hired General sam Bell Maxey and Senator C.C. Culbert-
son, for their fellow neighbors defense.

Peierls en , on
gee ad aad .


f£U Uin Lho Men Por) ew \ ) Hj sO IN 12a auger / iy iT T 1. s , s
9 4 9 U run. U dN » ell y, MCDO Wit Lu » EP hraim, MOORE,
ne

a G& te 3 Pa LU ee Nd AN 9 we will ¢ 3 9 nw duidedahe 4N > | y rUt®) : E 3 9 # [ld

N Se a C€é Ww 7] Sey oa lye om ‘ attr Ds i ;

: acé, William, blacks, hanged Vicksburg M3
on May 2 5, 1864 ~

Civil War Justice

Union Army Executions under Lincoln

by
Robert I. Alotta

White Mane Publishing Co., Inc.

v4


ee ee

168 1865

WILLIAM WALLACE, 20, a Mississippi servant; MOSES ROLLINS
[Mose Rawlings], 20, a Mississippi laborer; EPHRAIM McDOWELL, 21, a
Georgia laborer; PETER MOORE, 20, a Tennessee laborer; JAMES MOR-
RISON, 25, a Mississippi laborer; HENRY JOHNSON, 25; and THOMAS
FOUR, 29, a Georgia laborer, hanged — along with Willis and Pierce — for
murder on the same date. Wallace, Rollins, McDowell, Moore, Morrison,
Johnson, and Four were involved in murder while the 52nd Infantry, USCT,
was on post and garrison duty at Vicksburg.

Morrison had been appointed corporal 18 November 1864; Wallace had
been recommended for the same rank 12 December 1863.

The hanging of these men was the largest execution of the Civil War.

It is probable that a harried government clerk assumed that since the
majority of men were executed for murder, all were guilty of the same crime.

WILLIAM COWELL, 20, Company F, Ist Cavalry, USCT, a North
Carolina laborer, was hanged near City Point, Virginia, 26 May 1865 — on
unspecified charges.

Reports that Cowell had been executed for murder did not surface until
27 August 1868, when the Adjutant General’s Office requested a final state-
ment of inventory. The Surgeon General’s Office, Record & Pension Division,
replied ‘‘the desired final papers cannot be furnished by this office... .”’

Orders, located in Cowell’s file, indicate he was to be sent to Head-
quarters, 25th Army Corps, 25 May 1865 under ‘‘strong and secure guard.”’

What William Cowell did to receive capital punishment — or if he did
do something — remains for conjecture.

13 June 1865

JOHN LEWIS, 25, Company E, 13th Heavy Artillery, USCT, a Virginia
teamster, was tried for murder by a general court-martial, with Brigadier-General
Walter C. Whitaker, U. S. Volunteers, presiding.

On 14 May 1865, at Shelbyville, Kentucky, Lewis, ‘‘with malice
aforethought,’’ shot and killed Thomas C. McGrath, ‘‘a peaceable citizen.’’

Lewis, who had only joined the unit 27 March, was convicted. He was
executed at Louisville, 13 June. Accompanying him to the gallows was a civilian,
Marshal P. Stewart, who had been convicted of being a guerrilla and a partici-
pant in the murder of three Grayson County residents: David Johnson, Grayson
Miller, and William McGlossom, 10 February 1865. Stewart had been tried by
military commission, General Whitaker presided.

16 June 1865
Corporal FRANK HUDSON, 28, an Irish miner, enlisted in the 2nd

California Cavalry at Camp Babbitt [Benicia Barracks], California, 14 February
1863. Hudson was promoted to corporal 24 November 1864, though Judge Ad-
vocate General reports list him as a private.


"

ille

Jones

0 acres with a
ind embedded
he guards sta-

ior. The

s as our
brought some-
were paroled
side the stock-
, ham, bacon,
lraw a pound
y I ask, whose
of prisoners?
we had them
uo government
neral Grant's

a

ie hanging of
: the stockade,

nville looked from
‘his contemporary
' magazine.

eS Se aa Pe et

4

SE oe ae eo Ea

an action for which Captain Wirz should have been held
blameless. The executed men were robbers and murderers
of their fellow captives, and were on the eve of being
lynched by the latter when Captain Wirz went in at the
risk of his life and the lives of the men with him, rescued
the accused, and placed them under guard outside the
stockade. But this was only a compromise. The feeling
against the accused was so bitter that the other prisoners
said, ‘‘We will tear down the walls and come out and get
them.” Captain Wirz knew that they could do it, for the
Confederate guards were undisciplined boys and old m

One of my duties was inspection of guards. I found that
of the 500 muskets carried by men going on sentry duty,
not over 100 could have been fired. I had spoken to
Captain Wirz of the inefficiency of the guard; conse-
quently he knew he could not depend on them in case
of a revolt of the prisoners. So he was forced to make an
agreement with the prisoners, as follows: Captain Wirz
would continue in charge of the robbers until they were
called for trial, they to be tried by a judge and jury
selected from within the stockade, and under the laws of
Georgia. If the accused were acquitted, Wirz was to send
them to another prison camp. If they were convicted,
he was to turn them over to the other prisoners for
execution. Wirz also furnished one of the bastions of the
stockade as a court room and placed Georgia law books at
the disposal of the court. Lawyers from among the prison-
ers were selected to serve the prosecution and defense.

Court was opened, and jurors were drawn. Each ac-
cused was tried, and as there were quite a number, the
trial lasted several weeks. Six were found guilty of murder
and condemned to death by hanging.

DEMAND was made on Captain Wirz for the six guilty
men. Where the prisoners got the lumber to build the
gallows, or the rope for the executioner, I know not, as
Wirz refused to furnish anything of the kind. Fulfilling
his promise, on execution day he marched the condemned
men under a separate guard into the stockade. I was one
of the few who obtained a pass to occupy a sentry box
to witness the executions, and I was quite near the scaf-
fold. I will never forget that sea of upturned faces, nor
the old captain on his gray horse, speaking in his broken
English, saying, “Men, according to de promise what ]
make, I turn ober dese mens to you. But I beg you to
giff me de life ob dese mens, and I will mofe dem where
you newvar see dem no more.”

Twenty thousand voices shouted, “No! No!”

Wirz exclaimed, “You say no! Den Gott haf mercy on
dere souls.” He wheeled his horse and marched the guard
out.

IN A SECOND hundreds of hands laid hold of the un-
fortunates and tied their hands behind them. One by one
they were forced up the ladder and on to the trap. As
they started to tie one of the men, a big Irishman, a
most splendid physical specimen, made one bound for-
ward. His fists shot out like catapults, and a man went
down with each blow. He sprang forward with the vain
hope of escape. The vast crowd opened before his head-
long charge, forming a lane through which he ran the
gantlet. On each side men struck at him as he passed,
beating him with sticks. It looked as if there were ten
thousand rimless wheels turning in the air, and all the
poor fellow could do was hold up his arms on each side

JAMES DUNWODY JONES—A photograph taken when Jones was a
major in the Confederate Army, and only 19 years old. (Collection of
Mrs. Mary Jones Hillyer)

of his head as he ran, the yelling mob closing in behind
him.

He ran around two sides of the stockade, then suddenly
took refuge in a hole. They soon pulled him out and
brought him back to the place of execution. They placed
him on the trap with the others. The trap was sprung and
the six men shot downward. Five hung suspended, but
the sixth man’s rope broke and he fell to earth. Fifty
hands caught him before he could move. The rope was

taken from his neck. A man climbed the post and knotted

the ends together.

I SHALL never forget the poor fellow’s prayers. and
pleadings for his life, but he happened to be the leader
of the gang and there was no mercy shown him. They

forced him up the ladder and he had to pass his five com-
Continued on Page 28

Overleaf

ANDERSONVILLE—This place of horror, despair, and death was
simply a bare lot of 16 acres inclosed by a double palisade made of
pine logs. Inside the inner stockade, there was erected a railing which
constituted a “deadline.” Anyone crossing it or threatening to do so
was instantly shot. No shelter was furnished, but men pooled their
blankets and made tents with these and with beanpoles which sold
for $1.50 each. Water came from wells which the prisoners dug with
their bare hands or improvised tools, and from the swamp which ran
through the center of the stockade. The open latrines were along this
small creek, and the sewage of the guards’ camp, outside, also emptied
into it. Flies and maggots swarmed over the entire area, accounting
for a fatal dysentery which, with scurvy, largely accounted for a death
rate of from 100 to 200 men daily. The photos on the next two pages
are from the National Archives.

~~
>
‘

CWT Illustrated—February 1964—Page 25


coins it avid the enimninals fellows hauive rd ogeter by Bu: ¢ wt T and aceewpanted | ee g priest and
ary ssaoeon ctor tn men with @ups reer ae! fil
| ooked act i Sun and sky the Cock and pectin beteve ie ev wih at pee Ae A ft
march Wes ( lata ana $I wily One 1g Solel Mn 4 the Cart ae eae the ¢ pl ps or execu ion, leaving o| iq & Aa sTrovg
uote| and the ‘bya | Sate rebels and nat tad prisev'e ees Ube looked cl osely at the proceed iuas Ths side Tre
ane Kile exhibited | less nervous aug ite ey than ie cs pratyers at the | pies st at bis
Side as he Walked,

The proces Sley gti Slow: mesial lme and | fiyalli , er ed At the Two new| 4 dua qvaves at the toot
ofthe glacis Iria which b both’ he Condemned instinctively atic The mate Ceesed , he APs were Placed
at The: Peune * on e€ tepaet ant ithe viens proceede ad Te Knee | it thee tect whil fe a prayer ote of Fered
Th eu Then 10 +o thety teet while the Va arlewt parhies were tak ane Posihiens « Both Mma ifested S/o ht
uneasiness a nervousness. AA pats! vessel arew the attent) lon i of Carpertter Who Ke pi ape \) shi ee,
placing his hand not manacled alternate! ly mM Pde oh is Nips ov beh nd nlm and trequerttly mt iy ff spitiing
n the: Aras Lieut, Willian | Hay, Acting Aalu e 2st! then advanced and read'in a clear volte
the Char es tind {nas and apptova i ot General DIN. The coelu ding portion Was as FPrliows ¢
The Nl ial a 6 mex Cow Hye eng apore ves the proceedings, Findings 4 and Sen jenees ih the CASK of P rivates Char| les ¢ a" as enter
and ‘Mathes B Bi iley a los Toh’ Keach, unassianed Ceecuitstr volun Teers The acne of Which these men are
Convicted 1§ ame sath Most eines inthe rh ilifery ¢ fade. Thess 4 Were Con iteder With three other per eas.
enlist, phtnin th the nity and des sert The ser vite o of the geverinsen Nice fehl abe Suearey alleg ‘ence to | ce
The recruiting ofFicent were Waihed | of their intention but not wit bh standivig every | precaution Tn eu Luccee ded
theda: athe they Weve mustered inte the Servite in effecting Theiv PScape. Carpenter after his desectien
dy (! hi | NQWY Ar qd ernerw Se als Wi aa himse ce and Ce wmenced ti hé tel Stnels ot § Oclinyey Ait i , ubst) ‘ruthie Dro her.
y Was me of his conte decet in entish and desechy and Phe Were Tu oni u/} hen thee Were
rs ed ee continued assoc action Mmateatiy that TH: ree, WETE jearued toqethe? tor the Commission of
urThey CC 1S.

J
«the order wat beine fead , Capen ters attention wel directed 1 % Gallop's (sian id Which was cneved je Ha

Whel

men trom 3 the Ca VD to with ess th é proceeciings , ° te Ves gels Mh ie Grea to on jects ¢ my) eI ithe -

and now nd then’ to the ¥ Ceti Riley stood more Campasediy. Neither Satd anything when ‘aap unl th

War G@Nen Beth Kinelt Pada 1 WwW ie The [dys * rell' lous of Frees \ were acini tstered. he smnest the n Shook
ands | with each and Kibked 4 ro (aa Lae Tee athe iets their DoGNL WELL pee an ogee here ouwnid Seemed

better Sah isthed When 7 nab they Woda be Aite to +h nett drhencts | Bile checked the clerg Man gf ne Lugs

Imevivia aver Ih pects nie anvthet werd wit; him. The chain connecting then was then Lin astened and both
threw He thei Coais and hats. Then hands were then tied behind then. While this wes bei done a white

bandage was placed ever “the & (6S oF 00h dnd they aga’n Kneltdown upon th vette Knee ct the toot of thery Coffins.

The ntl patty oh pay psec! of icked men, » Were rewiously Ny. pisiction. Four _ detaile ed. as fese Ces

Mh Cafe xe Sh ala rove Inetrectual, Each +f) ree park if cs | had qun cenfaining 4 blag kK
tachid age , No one Hriowiy ute held | thet eeeh par ht heli eye thet 4 Fine iY, (Tulle lete ereh ‘ved bu anther 1 Ine
proper orders Were aNen and ¢ Ctrh part mS han alec end Tis Man at the distance 5th el Ve paces Beth 0 the

men ae a f\ | breath wo distended + het? Ch vests {0 ifte preserira better mack and Instanta neously oni | dead
bu the sides of therr Co4 Lon s asthe Command to Five wes ie The | Post Suigem , Pr. J 2 Severance,
spe edup and en exammatlon , atcertamed tht Seven ballsteek effect inthe | Body of Riley and Six h that
FLarpenter = everss ches thier we Fived Takk peg ere eet, dig un missing tite. dhe or two gal S were noticed
a Car penter & Pe ae ell, Nearly & Every pal\ rook M the Vi lalpi4 y ae he art, The hacciser then
marched by the remams , a yh tun Was p eat ee they ecturned +$A° [ne dect aad theScene Wes OVel.
The Blak Compses were placed the coffins and Sent by the [ast paat tothe ¢ Weeping relatives who awoited

them upon he whart’

~ A CWTI Extra

By James |. Robertson

r

frequently the death penalty was administered de-
pended primarily on the army commander. McClellan
Was quite reluctant to employ capital punishment;
Meade, faced with more extenuating circumstances,
had fewer reservations about using it.

Executions of convicted Federal soldiers were not
confined to any single locale. One death sentence was

carried out on the beach at Morris Island, south Car-

olina; another took place at Benicia Barracks, near
San Francisco, California. But the

—

lala iahhien ae neal ok aaa

Vast majority of
executions were in the Army of the Potomac, pri-
marily because the crime for which the death penalty
was most frequently employed was the one more easily

practiced where that army campaigned.

THE use of this extreme punishment spanned al-
most the full course of the Civil War, though execu-
tions increased in frequency as the war progressed.
The first soldier to die by order of a military court
was Private David W. Cole of the Ist Kansas. On July

. eR 2 yyy
ud Bi Parity
— dite AO ate)

Hit
APA
bat |)
ray \

{ riage “vetd afi eat

Weg
a “Me Fs PENT tes

4
7

ed

11, 18601, he was shot to death. near Springticld, Mis-

sourt, Tor the murder of a messmate. “The last mili-

lary execution apparently took place March 18, 1865,
etersburg, Virginia, A substitute,

EE TAME er BAe

in the Vicinity ol |
wt ciliata ian ‘tasers arteries ora ;
Private John Smith of the 8th New Jersey, went be-
ee ee aaa ANP meri spb i ROME ae k se CEEN GAR OPO Mm RY

lore. av livin

squad lor dl seruion, Smith's execution
had origina ly been scheduled for March 17; but since
that was St. Patrick’s Day and traditionally a time
of great revelry in the army, authorities postponed
Smith's death until the [8th.

The War Department's official list of 267 soldier

executions shows a geographical imbalance easily ex-

plained. A great number of the soldiers put to death
were new immigrants to America. Upon their arrival
in this country many enlisted, signed on as substi-
tutes, were duped or kidnapped by guileful agents
into units being organized in the Eastern states. Scores
ol these recruits could not make the radical adjust-
ment from European civilian life to U. S, Army life.

It is not surprising, therefore, that New York heads
the list of Northern states with 35 soldiers executed,
followed by Connecticut with 24, Pennsylvania with
23, and New Hampshire with 17. In contrast, Iowa
lost no solctiers through execution, Wisconsin had but
one, and Michigan only two, Illinois and Indiana,
both possessing regions of strong Confederate senti-

a
=

es
ee ZA

an ve Vtg

sagt SO Li ho; Ns

oa


ILITARY
EXECUTIONS

No one—officers or men—had much heart for them,

but they were deemed necessary to maintain discipline.

The wretch, concent’red all in self,
Living, shall forfeit fair renown,

And, doubly dying, shall go down

To the vile dust from whence he sprung,
Unwept, unhonored, and unsung.

IR Walter Scott penned these lines many years

before the Civil War. Yet they can apply directly
and pathetically to a certain group of Union soldiers
killed in the field. Theirs were not the deaths of
heroes; rather, their fate was the firing squad or the
gallows. They were the disgraced and the denounced
—soldiers convicted of capital crimes and executed
by order of general courts-martial.

The exact number of men legally killed by U. S.
military authorities in the course of the war is not
known. Data on the subject of executions is extremely
scarce. Even the mammoth Official Records contain
no more than a half-dozen passing references to con-
demned prisoners. Historians have generally accepted
an 1885 Adjutant. General’s report, which put the
number at 267 Federal soldiers. However, this figure
is too low; it is based on incomplete records and ultra-
official acts.

For example, the list does not include two mutinous
Rhode Island cavalrymen who, near Thibodeaux, 4.

in late August 1863, were shot on “the s spot, “without.

a eee eataliatell

trial or opportunity for appeal. Since the depart-
mental commander later stamped his approval on
the executions, these Rhode Islanders would seem
to “qualify” for the ignominious list.

IN SPITE of the paucity of extant material, some

Execution of Private William Hl. Johnson, Ist New York
Cavalry. near Washington, D.C., on December 13, J861, for
desertion and other offenses. (Frank Leslie's)

34

unique facts stand out in the matter of Civil War
executions.

The leading characteristic of Army punishments
was inequity with its attendant inconsistency. A Union

soldier who deserted in 1861 customarily received

branding, dishonorable discharge, or jail sentence.
The same offense committed in 1864 was likely to
bring death at the hands of a firing squad. How


IWELVE NEGRO SOLDIERS

5-26-1865
Offence: Murder
ae Vicksburg MS
x Date: 5-26-1865
Details
Twelve negro soldiers were executed at

n. Meanwhile
Cook and upon her refusal

ao they shot h ,
ad. Then they sacked and fired ices aes
e€ out

all traces of their crime. They had a fair trial and were
justly convicted. Thousands flocked to see the executton.
The ground was kept by their own and other regiments.
Being asked what they had to say, they stated that they
had fought for thetr country and been taught to hate
rebels. But they asserted their innocence of the murder
and said that Jesus was their friend. Then they sang a
hymn and the chaplain said a short prayer. The executton-
er then went along plaetng a rope around each man's neck
and adjusting the caps over their heads. The word was
given and the twelve were between heaven and earth. A
wild murmur of the black women and children rang from
hiLL to hill but the band struck up and the multttude

gradually dispersed.

THE TIMES OF LONDON, 7-3-1865 (9:4) quoting the MEMPHIS
BULLETIN.

Sources for Confederate military executions:

Richard Bardolph: Confederate Dilemma: North Carolina Troops
and the Desertton Problem. [North Carolina Historical Review,

Vol. 66, January & April 1989, pages 61-86 and 179-210.] This
source is said to giveg@ data on about two hundred actual executions

which took place among the North Carolina regiments alone.

Bessie Martin: Desertion of Alabama Troops from the Confederate
Army . New York. 1932. This is a hardcover book that had to be
sent north for publication because no Dixie printer would touch

such a topic in 1932.

James I. Robertson Jr. : Soldiers Blue and Grey. Columbia SC
1988. Another hardcover book which has a lot to say about desertion

on both sides.

These are probably more obtainable down your way than up here.

Good Luck!

P. 5. / Cin jake geod lise tk a hitles on
Harley Lalurr , / q9 / , eae Pea

omulo frosanjo, 1955 | |
Vir! Bichardon , (953 \ Th f do believe will Wrap up
Eduard Ech wath, (959 (the Whok fil
Iredervck Wood, 1963
Eddie hee Mays, (763 /


m)
Leroy Ek. Smith,
President

Edward J. Stackpole,
Publisher

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Books

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ivil War Limes

[LLUSTRATED

Volume 5, Number 2 May 1966

IN THIS ISSUE

The Battle of Malvern Hill
By Joseph P. Cullen....... Page 4

George E. Pickett—A Personality Profile
. By Gerald A. Patterson....... Page 19

Pickett’s Charge, Story of a Painting
By Frederic Ray....... Page 25

Escape From Richmond—A First-Person Account

By John Bray....... Page 28
Military Executions in the Civil War
By James 1. Robertson....... Page 31
How Soldiers Rated Carbines
By Spencer .Wilson....... Page 40
Occupation Duty in Selma
By John R. Buttolph....... Page 45

OUR FRONT COVER is a drawing of a Federal soldier by Felix
O. CG. Darley who lived from 1822 to 1888. It and other illustrations
by Darley appear in Volume 3 of Benson J. Lossing’s “Our Country,
a Household History of the United States For All Readers.” Darley’s
work was extremely popular during the middle 19th Century.

OUR BACK COVER, from Kean Archives, is an invitation for
Negroes in Buwlington County, New Jersey to sign up for Federal
service, probably during the Confederate invasion of Pennsylvania
in June 1863.

OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS are designated (KA) for Kean A rchives,
Philadelphia; (LC) for Library of Congress; and (NA) for National
Archives.

Second class postage paid at Gettysburg, Pa. CIVIL WAR TIMES Illustrated is
published each month except September and March by Historical Times, Inc., 302
York St., Gettysburg, Pa. It is printed by Telegraph Press, Harrisburg, Pa. Regular
subscription price $10 per year. Advertising rates available by writing to: Adver-
tising Dept., CWT Illustrated, 302 York St., Gettysburg, Pa. Direct editorial mail to
Box 1831, Harrisburg, Pa. This magazine assumes no responsibility for unsolicited
manuscripts which are not accompanied by return postage.

CHANGE OF ADDRESS—Second class mail regulations do not permit magazines
such as CIVIL WAR TIMES Illustrated to be forwarded. If you plan to move, please
advise our circulation department, Gettysburg, Pa., of both your old and new ad-
dresses one month in advance, ,

Copyright 1966, Historical Times Inc., Gettysburg, Pa. 17325

erry, convicted
d hanged.

zether in a lone-
ietery, surround-
ide seventy miles

v the exact loca-
; sepulchers, and
ved. Dishonored,
separated by a
hick ibbery,
hea ies for
can soldiers who
Vorld War I. Un-
ere 96 graves in
included the buri-
iddie Slovik, the
‘cuted for deser-
War, but Slovik’s
2d to the United

fell, the victim
oldier.

The Dirty Dozen, a popular 1967
motion picture, was the fictional sto-
ry of condemned World War II sol-
diers who were recruited for a spe-
cial mission, and ultimately died in
the service of their country. But in
real life, 95 savage killers and cruel
rapists were court martialed, con-
demned and executed by firing squad
or by hanging.

Here are the stories of twelve of
them, the “dirtiest dozen.”
xk kk

Rattling to a sudden halt, a truck
stopped just short of a female form
lying face down on the macadam
road near Marlborough, about fifty
miles west of London, England.
Darkness shrouded the country lane
at 8 p.m., September 28, 1943. Leap-
ing from the right side of his vehi-

_cle, the driver ran to the motionless

figure, whose skirt was hiked up over
her thighs. From the eerie circle of
light, made by dim wartime “black-
out” headlights, the driver yelled to
the residents of a nearby home to
summon help.

When Detective Sergeant Reginald
Butler of the local constabulary, ar-
rived a few minutes later, an ambu-
lance crew had already determined
that the woman was dead from a
gunshot wounds in the back of her

The Infamous Plot E (bottom)
where 95 soldiers executed for
rape and murder are buried.

head. Butler carefully drew chalk
lines around the victim, a woman
about 30, clad in a short black con-
servative dress and low heeled shoes,
then took photographs of her and the
crime scene.

Marlborough was a small town,
and within a very short time, Detec-
tive Butler was able to identify the
dead woman as June Lay; a nurse at
a local hospital. But a motive for her
murder was much more elusive, un-
til a few hours later when a weeping
young woman walked into the police
station with a story of horror.

Between sobs, the woman, also a
nurse who worked with June Lay, de-
scribed how she had gone to the cin-
ema the previous evening. After-
wards, outside the theater, she met
June and they strolled together up a
rise along a wooded path toward the
hospital where they both were em-

ployed.

They had climbed halfway up the
hill when someone close behind them
spoke, the shaken woman told offi-
cers. She remembered the words:

“How far are you going?” a man
asked in an American southern ac-
cent.

“Up to the hospital,” the women
answered simultaneously.

“How far is that?’ the man wanted
to know.

“Just up there.”

Dropping back a ways, the stranger
waited a few minutes before speak-
ing again. When he did, it was in a
menacing voice. “Stand still, or I'll
shoot.”

“We both turned around, hardly be-
lieving our ears and we saw an
American soldier standing, leveling

An M.P. points to spot where
two renegade soldiers raped an
English girl.

a rifle at us. He told us to get over
to the other side of the road, into the
bushes. We sort of went toward that
side of the road, and we said we
could not get into the bushes because
there was barbed wire there, which
was a lie — we were trying to stall
him.”

The two frightened women, ac-
cording to the survivor, took a few
steps backwards while still facing the
soldier, who continued to aim the ri-
fle at them. “Then June said to me,
‘Run, run!’ We both started to run,
and then I heard shots. I was in front
of her, and I looked round and June
was still running and I heard more
shots. I turned round and June threw
up her arms and screamed and rolled
over in the road.”

As the survivor frantically stum-
bled forward, she heard shots
whistling past her, so she stopped
“dead in my tracks” because she
thought “the next one would go in
my back.” The soldier pulled her
through some barbed wire and made
her crouch with him behind some
brush. In the distance she heard the
truck stop, and knew that June Lay
had been found.

When it was quiet again, the sol-
dier forced the woman farther into
the woods, into a grassy area, and
ordered her to start disrobing. Then,
she recalled, “He stood over me with
a gun, and said, ‘Either you do what

In the quiet countryside 70 miles northeast of
Paris is a cemetery with 95 graves, all of them

Americans who died during World War Il. But their
deaths were far from heroic.

57

id

a

RE RERIEE CLARK

‘aau..-h the train lasted’two stormy years.

’ Actually, the train grew from a $20,000
idea to a $40,000,000 project.
thought was to send one car on tour, principally
through the South. The chief Passenger was to
be the Bill of Rights. He hoped it might pro-
mote civil liberties and combat racial intoler-
ance. Later he enlarged on the idea, plotted to
contrast the rise of liberty in America with its
fall in Nazi Germany. Talking this over after

ee

and sentenced to be hanged,
which was approved by the
Commanding General and
Washington. After their con-
viction they were placed in the
“death cage” which was a dou-
ble barred steel cell placed
within a two lane barbed wire
enclosure and guarded both

.

. “
enero RS UE

Clark’s original

on aah . a Cabinet meeting one day, Mr. Truman pledged: day and night by armed sen- ||
“You have my strong endorsement.” ‘ tri
fe Encouraged, Clark called for $20,000 to launch the project. asian
. ‘|> His answer came back an empty echo. Congress was the on y
poate j “eho "T Government agency with loose cash in the till, and the Republi- ripe maa Pipe svete d
a cans had a strangle-hold on the purse strings, The Attorney ‘ee j
General fought to save his Project, but it appeared to be doomed, | CePt on official business, but
; ° the chaplain spent many hours
| Private Citizens To Rescue with them. He ate with them
‘ At this point, a story in this column about the proposed Free- {| and slept in the cage with them
dom Train brought an avalanche of letters to the Justice Depart- | for the last forty-eight hours
ment and brought a group of private citizens to the Attorney | before the execution. Collins
General’s rescue. With no thought of personal profit, they was the first man to climb the
formed the American Heritage Foundation. And instead of
$20,000, they pladged one million dollars. This figure will come | 13 steps and when asked if he
| nearer $40,000,000, counting free advertising and Services, be- | had any thing to say, replied:
j fore the Freedom Train ends its 33,000-mile journey. “I'm ready.” The black cap
y aks But Clark’s troubles” were not over. Congressman Clare was pulled’ over his héad. the
: Hoffman, reactionary GOP bloodhound from Michigan, indig- P ri ,
; nantly summoned Clark before the House Expenditures Com- | rope adjusted and he was
gD ae / aicby mittee. j ; plunged into eternity. The
‘ “It mone to me,” snorted Hoffman, “that this is nothing but a | other three followed in rapid
political stunt.” ¥ : Smitte F
Clark protested angrily, explained the details of his plan, Tilt, slated Teas nan pate
dy “The price of liberty in 1947,” he told Hoffman, “is the same as it given their sin, were ready to
. was in 1776. It is eternal vigilance,” : die and not one showed the

Convinced of Clark’s sincerity, the Michigan Congressman
gave him a clean bill of health. The Freedom Train was finally

slightest sign of fear or ner-
vousness, but walked with a
firm, steady step and spoke in

ready to roll.

| Col. John D. Hill, lawyer and sol-
aie dien, is now U.S. Attorney in Ala-
fama, He has traveled extensively,
Goth at an Army ‘officer and as a

Lae

_ the conventions of civilization. These’
stories. of human faults and’ their

@npact on society illuminate a
wthought provoking fact of the totat
social problem—Ed. :

_.. By JOHN D. HILL
HE darkest day in the history
of the U. S. Army’s stay in
New Guinea was a Friday when
four men were hanged for the
_ double crime of murder and
“oss -4orape. Their record prior to be-
rte ing inducted into the service
m ‘ was not exceptional in any re-
; ‘spect, but very much like that
of hundreds of thousands of
Satyr toa others, : i
ash d = ' One was a high school grad-
3 %s uate, one finished only the
re - |, freshman course and the other
two quit school p
before complet-
ing the elemen
tary courses

there at what-

ever job was at,

hand when they

needed and&@

» wanted | work.
The four claim- HILL

ye ere ‘ed church affiliations, but it

Ry Rae he was apparent from their record

Phe : » that their religion did not in-

terfere with their activities in

Sine any way. j

3 oi Mig a “After completing their basic

arte Sean Os Aa bee ee aa ' training in a camp in thé United

cate | 4 ‘ SRP ea States, they were shipped to

; ais thé Southwest Pacific theater

bees i d : . re ict and assigned to a port company .

pr tees 3 ; ‘engaged in unloading ships

, ne eM ta a ; ‘bringing Army supplies and

ae ‘4 - loading smaller vessels carrying

pe Munitions nearer the combat

j Siig cee "zones. They were not qualified .

& me a »for combat service and never

a heard a gun fire except on the

rifle range during their basic

training in the States. Their

rexperiences .since’ they left

home were not such as to cause

ae =

Fegression, |< POS Bash ie

When. ‘they ‘were’ arrested,

-- Many pictures of naked women

, : _»-~ \-were found in their possession

a Rig ais Hee EE MEA. and also Suggestive cartoons de-

¥ ; picting American soldiers with

' Australian’ women which had

“been dropped by the Japs in

‘territory occupied by the Ausies

in an effort to create bad feel-

ing between the troops of the

two armies fighting side by
side.

=e the slightest mental. or moral |

THE prosecution produced evi-
dence at the trial by
courtsmartial which proved be-
yond all reasonable doubt that
the defendants were guilty, but
all four pleadéd not guilty. The
outfit to which they were as-
signed was stationed far behind
the front lines at a base near
Ora Bay where reserve supplies
were being stored beyond all
possible danger of capture by
the Japs. On the night of the
crime, these four men were
roaming along the beach when
they saw a Jeep parked in a
+ cocoanut grove in which two
; Men and two women were sit-
ting. The attackers circled the
car and closed in on the. jeep
from four sides to prevent any-
one from escaping.
Rn, ‘The victims first. tried per-
names Ace NM : ; suasion, then threats and final-
rae : ly. attempted to escape by

The Two Rapists

wiltan, observed closely those social |
“misfits who constantly fight against, }

a calm, clear voice. Although
these men were afraid to fight
and scared to get near the fir-
ing line, yet they were not
afraid as they drew near to
certain leath. .

One spectator was heard to
say, “Why can’t we | repare
} men to live as this chaplain has
prepared these men to die?”

Jumping from ‘the car and run-
ning, but the men were shot
and the women caught. One
man died, but the other. recoy-
ered and was.a (witness at the.
trial. Pega ae "ey ivy i vo + he
« They were all found guilty

229 Catowin

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More then 300,000 American soldiers died during
World War Il—They weren't all heroes...

by DON LASSETER

n the crime-plagued world

of today, there is growing

antagonism against the
repugnant act of rape.
Some judges are getting
tougher and it is not un-
common for serial rapists
to be sentenced to more
than one hundred years be-
hind bars. Many outraged
victims think that rapists
should simply be taken to
the gallows and hanged.

During World .War II, that’s exact-
ly what the United States Army did
with soldiers convicted of rape. Mur-
derers were either hanged or execut-
ed by firing squad.

Most of the 300,000 Americans
who died in World War II are prop-

erly revered as heroes who helped
save the world from tyranny. But 95
of the deaths were far from heroic.
Those 95 men were all executed
for rape and/or murder, in Europe,
including England, during the war.

Pvt. J.C. Leatherberry, convicted
of murder and hanged.

They are buried together in a lone-
ly, sequestered cemetery, surround-
ed by quiet countryside seventy miles
northeast of Paris.

Few people know the exact loca-
tion of the infamous sepulchers, and

‘no visitors are allowed. Dishonored,

the 95 graves are separated by a
road, a wall, and thick shrubbery,
from the rows of headstones for
6,012 gallant American soldiers who
gave their lives in World War I. Un-
til recently, there were 96 graves in
the separate plot. It included the buri-
al place of Private Eddie Slovik, the
only American executed for deser-
tion since the Civil War, but Slovik’s
remains were moved to the United
States in 1988.

Betty Green, 15, raped and strangled by two The body of June Lay, where she fell, the victim

soldiers who later went to the gallows.

of gunshots fired by a soldier.

The Dirty Dozen
motion picture, was
ry of condemned \
diers who were rec
cial mission, and vu
the service of thei
real life, 95 savage
rapists were court
demned and execute
or by hanging.

Here are the sto
them, the “dirtiest
‘ * 4

Rattling to a sud
stopped just short :
lying face down ¢
road near Marlbor
miles west of Lo
Darkness shrouded
at 8 p.m., Septembe
ing from the right

cle, the driver ran |

figure, whose skirt \
her thighs. From tl
light, made by dim
out” headlights, th
the residents of a
summon help.
When Detective
Butler of the local
rived a few minute
lance crew had ali
that the woman v
gunshot wounds i1

Paris
Americ:


d before a court

> could see from
other eye lost in
t.
fy of murder, but
st in wartime and
: himself, Waters
.of the victim tes-
d heard him com-
ilitary assignment
him to eat R.A.F.
‘e inferior to food
yldiers were fed.
vealed that Waters
home town, Perth
ey.
al for clemency by
i citizens of Hen-
of the case by top
cluding General
hower, no mitiga-
’ crime could be

Waters was hanged
1944.

x *

December 8, 1943,
intendent G.H.Tot-
sli ~ngland, re-
01 a deserted
yas paixed on the
aynes Green Lane,
h town of Clacton-
on England’s east
larming thing about
hat a bloodstained
ket had been found

2 garments, which
t in to the local po-
yne of the officers,
that the sleeves of
turned inside out.
jeductive skills of a
lock Holmes, Tot-
_that it had been
| from the wearer,
ehind. He examined
he back of the rain-
lar.
et pocket, the detec-
driver’s license and
ID containing the
and address. Henry
2 lived in Colchester,
lés inland. Totterdall
address, and inter-
n who identified her-
lriver’s landlady. She
e missing man twen-
arlier.
fo jetective, and
iS spect the de-
-y tound the windows

Sein tap

. closed, but the headlights and tail

lights were still on. Even though the
car was parked on the wrong side of
the road, there were no indications
of an emergency stop. Totterdall ex-
amined the grass on the shoulder,
and concluded that no struggle had
taken place there.

The interior of the car was a dif-
ferent story though. Deep scratches
marred the leather upholstery and
papers littered the seats and floor.
The detective found the driver’s
empty wallet on the floor. Blood was
spattered on the back seat and the
passenger side window.

Piecing the sparse evidence to-
gether, Totterdall developed a men-
tal scenario: the driver, Hailstone,
had been attacked from behind by
someone he had picked up in Colch-
ester. The assailant had robbed the
driver, forced him out of the taxi,
then driven the cab to Haynes Green
Road and abandoned it. Because of
that foolish American system of
driving on the “wrong” side of the
street, and because the car was
parked on the right hand side, Tot-
terdall wagered that the thief might
be an American, perhaps from one
of the military bases scattered in the
region. The detective just hoped that
the taxi driver had not been mur-
dered.

His hopes were dashed on the fol-
lowing day, Day, December 9. Po-
lice Constable Snowling found the
body of Henry Hailstone a few feet
from the road several miles from the
taxi. The left side of the victim’s
face was battered to a bloody pulp.
His pockets were turned inside out.

Along another roadside, that same
day, a second bloodstained raincoat
was found. It contained the label of
a Canadian manufacturer and, in the
collar band, the name of an army
Captain. Detective Totterdall traced
the name to a Canadian unit and ar-
ranged for the mackintosh owner to
be interviewed. The shocked Cap-
tain told a story of befriending an
American soldier in Colchester and
inviting him to his room for a drink.

While the Captain was out for a
few moments the American had left,
but not before stealing the mackin-
tosh, along with the Captain’s Rolex
watch, money, and his bottle of
whiskey, The Captain’s mess order-
ly also remembered the American,
and produced a gas mask the man
had left behind. (Gas masks were

routinely carried by soldiers and
civilians in wartime Britain.) Inside
the mask was the name of a soldier
from an Engineer Regiment.

The detectives found the mask
owner, who told them that he had
given it to a friend, Private Thomas
Turner. When Turner was located,
he began stammering out a suspi-
cious, unlikely story. He was
searched and found to be in posses-
sion of a pawn ticket for a Rolex
watch. Turner, frightened out of his
wits, claimed that the watch had
been given to him by another sol-
dier, Private J.C. Leatherberry.

Detective Totterdall recovered the
watch and showed it to the Canadi-
an Army Captain, who immediately
identified it. Racing back to Thomas
Turner, the detective began intensive
questioning, and Turner caved in. He
admitted that he and Leatherberry,
returning from a trip to London, had
hired a taxi, and Leatherberry had
decided to rob the driver. It was
Leatherberry, Turner said, who stran-
gled the driver from behind.

Private Leatherberry denied any
involvement, but a search turned up
bloody clothing in his footlocker.
The military police arrested J.C.
Leatherberry and Thomas Turner for
the murder of the taxi driver. The
two suspects were court martialed
on January 19, 1944. Both were
found guilty, but Turner, in return
for his testimony, was sentenced to
life imprisonment. J.C. Leatherber-
ry marched to the gallows where he
faced the hangman on March 16,
1944,

xk

Twelve days before Private
Leatherberry was hanged, on Sun-
day, March 4, 1944, a young woman
who lived in Bishop’s Cleeve, near
Gloucester, England, was on a date
with her American Army boyfriend.
The cozy couple had just left a
dance in the village, and were walk-
ing in the darkness through a ro-
mantic dusting of snow, arm in arm,
when a pair of soldiers fell in be-
hind them.

Near a picket fence gate, at the end
of Brookside Lane, the- couple
stopped to talk. It was close to mid-
night and they didn’t pay much at-
tention to the two followers. With-
out warning, one of the two men
lunged forward and smashed a bottle
into the boyfriend’s face. Stunned,
bleeding, and disoriented, he ran for

help.

The two soldiers immediately
pushed the girl over the fence,
leaped over behind her, picked her
up, and carried her to a hidden area
behind some brush. There, they
stripped her and took turns raping
her as the new snow continued to
drift down in the darkness. The help
sought by her boyfriend never came.

On the following morning, after
the victim had reported the brutal
assault, Constables William Hale and
Bishop Cleeve joined Sergeant
James Hale of the 255th Military Po-
lice at the crime scene. The snow
had not melted, and it proved to be
an important ally of the police.

Starting with the broken glass of
a mineral water bottle near the pick-
et gate, the two investigators simply
followed the prints in the snow. Drag
marks where the rapists had cruelly
pulled the girl along a path were
clearly etched in an icy path. Her
underwear lay near a pattern of scuf-
fle marks.

The officers made casts of clear
footprints and noticed unique pat-
terns in the sole and heel prints. Be-
cause the victims had stated that
their attackers were wearing army
uniforms, the investigators went to
the nearest U.S..Army unit, a Quar-
termaster Service Company. It was
a simple matter to examine the shoes
of each man, and the two perpetra-
tors were quickly identified.

While other soldiers in their unit
joined operation Overlord in the
cross-channel attack on Normandy
in June, Private Eliga Brinson and
Private Willie Smith were tried at a
General Court Martial.

Both men were found guilty of
rape, and hanged on August 11,
1944.

xk k *

Many rape victims are young, at-
tractive women, but a widow in
Gunnislake, Cornwall, England, was
neither. She was a sweet, generous
woman whose husband had died
twenty years earlier in World War I.
Active in local organizations, the
widow also kept house for her in-
valid brother.

On the warm evening of July 26,
she left a community meeting at
10:40 p.m., alone, to walk home,
perfectly safe in her ancient Cornish
village. An American soldier came
out of the darkness and began walk-
ing alongside her.

59


“Do you have far to go?” he asked.

“No,” she responded, then added,
“Tt’s late. You had better hurry and
catch a ride to your camp.”

The widow felt nervous about his
company, and wanted to get away
from him. Hoping that the soldier
would take her advice, she stopped
to chat with a lady friend who was
sitting outside her home on the
warm summer evening. Both women
were relieved when the soldier
walked on ahead.

The widow visited for a few more
minutes, glanced up the street,
smiled at her chum, then headed
home. When she was gone, the sol-
dier reappeared at the friend’s house,
talked briefly to the woman who still
sat on a front yard bench, then
brazenly asked her to kiss him good-
night. She quickly refused and went
inside.

As the widow entered the darkest
stretch along her route, the soldier
again appeared at her side, and re-
peated his earlier question, “Do you
have far to go?”

“No,” she snapped.

She wanted to hurry on, but be-
fore she could move, the soldier
grabbed her and threw her over a
hedge. She struggled and begged for
him to stop. “I’m old enough to be
your mother,” she pleaded.

“That don’t make any difference,”
the attacker barked. Laughing, he
pulled a gold watch from her wrist,
and snarled, “I’ll give it back when
you give me what I want.”

“That will never be... ” she started
to say, but his fist slammed against
the side of her head before she could
finish. She was stunned. He twisted
her to the ground, pulled her dress
up and began to rip away at her un-
derclothes.

The widow was sure that she was
going to die when her attacker held
a razor sharp knife to her throat as
he raped her. When he was finished,

he threatened her life by showing

her a .30 caliber carbine round, and
saying, “You see this bullet. If you
make any attempt to run, you’ll get
it.” Then he disappeared into the
darkness.

Her attacker’s threat did not in-
timidate the plucky widow. She
promptly reported the rape to the lo-
cal police. On the afternoon of July
27, at 4:30 p.m., an entire company
of soldiers, approximately 180 men,
stood in. formation at Camp

60

-Whitechurch Down, while the wid-

ow, accompanied by military police,
examined the face of each man. She
was absolutely positive in her iden-
tification of Private Madison
Thomas.

At Plymouth, on August 21, 1944,
Private Thomas heard the charge that
he “did forcibly and feloniously,
against her will, have carnal knowl-
edge of (the victim)”

He was found guilty, and was
hanged on October 12, 1944.
kkk

A railway worker, near Ashford,
Kent, England, looked down from
an elevated track at 7:15 a.m., Au-
gust 23, 1944, and saw what ap-
peared to be “something lying like
a body” next to a fence in an old

cricket field below. Another worker

joined him, and the two men raced
down the slope, entered a lane
known as Black Path, crawled
through an opening in the rickety
wooden fence, and recoiled in hor-
ror at what they found.

The dead body of a pretty teenag-
er lay crumpled on the ground. One
of the men ran for help, while the
other guarded the body.

Police arrived along with Dr. Fred-
erick Newall and Dr. Keith Simp-
son, pathologists, who examined the
victim. The girl’s skirt was lifted
“above the knees.” One shoe was
off, lying nearby. She had been
strangled to death.

Closer examination, later, would
reveal bruises on the girl’s neck that
were consistent with “the tight ap-
plication from a right hand in the
front.”

Police technicians lifted hairs and
fibers they found on the victim’s
body.

Frantic relatives of a missing fif-
teen-year-old girl named Betty Green
had contacted police earlier and re-
ported that their beloved daughter
had been due to arrive home on her
bicycle, but she never made it. When
the relatives were brought to the
morgue, they tearfully identified the
dead girl.

One member of the family had
been at a pub the previous evening,
located only 200 yards from the
murder scene. He told police that
two American soldiers, wearing air
corps patches, had been in the pub
at the same time, and had left just
ahead of him. They were still in his
view when he saw them turn up

Black Path.

Again, there was free cooperation
between the civilian police and the
U.S. Army military police at a near-
by fighter squadron base. All men
who had passes‘during the night of
August 22 were assembled for an
“identification parade.” The relative
who had seen the two soldiers at the
pub scrutinized each man, and had
no doubts when he selected Corporal
Ernest Lee Clark and Private Au-
gustine M. Guerra.

Investigators sent clothing taken
from the two soldiers to the
Metropolitan Police Laboratory at
Hendon where Dr. Henry Walls ex-
amined it. The fibers and hair taken
at the crime scene matched samples
from the suspects’ clothing.

The two suspects were presented
with the forensic evidence, and both
of them confessed that they had met
the girl. Ernest Clark admitted that
he had flirted with her and asked her
to go for a walk. Then, when she re-
fused, he picked’her up and carried
her into the deserted cricket field.
She screamed, he said, and Augus-

tine Guerra clamped his hand over :

her mouth.
They had then thrown her on‘the

grass near the fence and taken turns |

raping her.
“We’re innocent,” they claimed.
“We didn’t kill her.” They had dis-

cussed the incident when they re- —
turned to camp, they said, and had ©

agreed that her heart was still beat-
ing even though she “had fainted.”
Clark stated that, “I know I am
guilty of rape but I know I didn’t
murder her.”

The court martial was held in the
Ashford Council Chamber on
September 22. Clark was found

guilty of rape and murder, and Guer- |
ra was found guilty of aiding and |
abetting the crime. Both men were |

hanged on January 8, 1945.

; kk

Not all of the soldiers executed for
rape or murder killed civilians. On
January 9, 1944, Private Harry Jenk-
ins of the 116th Infantry was stand-
ing guard duty, marching his post
between a barracks and a mess hall
at Camp Chiselton, near Swindon,
England. His body was discovered
that afternoon lying on the rain
dampened company street, perforat-
ed by several .45 caliber slugs.

It would have been a difficult mys-
tery, because there were no witness-

es to the actual kil
had heard gunsho
and sprinted out «
time to see anoth
a pistol. Clinching
ed to run toward

but when a fus:)
sprayed in his dir:
his mind and ran

racks. He never g:
identify the shoot

In London, on J
p.m., Police Con:
son spotted a}
American soldier
CA restroom at Ei
son asked for the
cation, confisca
pistol from the r
him. Private Har
turned over to m
and transported b:
elton.

Military Police
bullets from the
had recovered th
Private Harry
Churchill, the
whose tests had t
Lee A. Davis to
month earlier, ex
ibér projectiles.
they had all been
carried by Privat

Smith talked. I
had gone AWOL
and spent a wee
ing at a fancy ho
shows. When he
he returned to th
had moved on. }
barracks, and on:
the .45 lying on
it in his belt a
mess hall. Outs
coming toward |

“T didn’t know
ing to hit me or
about four feet {
the guard motio:
ster.” He beat th
Smith said, anc
member how m
remember stanc
the victim’s bac
fallen. Smith a
another soldier
racks and admit
rection.

The court mar
time finding Pr
guilty of murde:
June 25, 1943.

*


I want you to do, or you die.’ I
didn’t want to die, so I had no op-
tion but to give in to him.”

After the rape, when the soldier
was gone, she did her best to com-
pose herself, put her clothes back
on, and ran to the police station. It
was after midnight when she told her
story of rape and murder.

American soldiers were stationed
at nearby Iron Gates Camp. Just af-
ter sunrise, on September 29, blue
clad local constables joined Ameri-
can military police in a search of the
area around the barracks. Near hut
28, they found a bloodstained uni-
form partially buried in mud. The
butt of a carbine protruded from un-
der the clothing.

The entire company who occupied
hut 28 crowded into the mess hall,
all carrying the rifles they were is-
sued. All but one. Private Lee A.
Davis had no rifle.

The muddy, bloodstained clothing
recovered outside the hut also point-
ed to Lee Davis. Military uniforms,
at that time, contained laundry marks
consisting of the first letter of the
soldier’s name, along with the last
four digits of his serial number.
Ballistics specialist Robert
Churchill conducted tests which
matched a cartridge found near the
victim’s body to bullets fired from
the carbine Lee Davis had tried to
conceal in the mud. The match was
perfect. Forensic blood tests also put
Davis at the crime scene.
Faced with the overwhelming
physical evidence at his court mar-
tial, Private Lee Davis finally con-
fessed, but claimed he was only try-
ing to fire the rifle into the air. The
trial officers didn’t believe him, and
convicted him of murder and rape.
Rape, by itself, in that time and cir-
cumstance, was a capital crime.
Private Lee A. Davis was hanged

on December 14, 1943.
xk *®

Doris Staples worked in a dress-
making shop on Greys Road in Hen-
ley-on-Thames, a village halfway be-
tween Marlborough and London.
There was a shortage of eligible
British men in wartime England, and
the local girls were often attracted
to American soldiers who were sta-
tioned there in preparation for the
planned invasion of the continent.

English men had a standing joke
about the plentiful Americans.

58

“Overpaid, overfed, oversexed, and

over here,” they lamented.

The U.S. soldiers, away from
home, bored, and lonesome, cer-
tainly liked the company of the En-
glish girls, and occasionally, the re-
lationships became serious.

When Doris met 38-year-old Pri-
vate John H. Waters, in February
1943, she was attracted to him even
though he was considerably older
than most of the other military men.
He was assigned to a unit that made
models used by invasion planners.
Waters shared guard duty with Roy-
al Air Force men, all of whom car-
ried .38 caliber Smith and Wesson
revolvers and twelve rounds of am-
munition.

Doris and John enjoyed each oth-
er’s company for several months, un-
til he became too possessive. They
began to fight, and Doris wanted out
of the relationship, but Waters
doggedly held on. When he sus-
pected that she was dating other sol-
diers, his jealousy raged out of con-
trol, and he threatened to kill
himself.

The normally peaceful streets of
Henley exploded with the sound of
gunfire at 11 a.m., on July 14. Both
civilian and military police hurried
to Greys Road and saw townspeople
pointing to the dress shop where
Doris worked. “He’s holed up in
there,” some of the excited witness-
es yelled.

The police ruled out a frontal as-
sault on the shop. Instead, they sum-
moned local firemen to try to roust
the gunman out with a well aimed
blast of water from fire hoses. As
they were setting up, two more shots
smashed windows in stores directly
across from the dress shop.

The officer in charge, Superinten-
dent Hudson, ordered the launch of
tear gas bombs into the dress shop.
Equipped with respirators, police
charged into the store, and found the
pitiful body of Doris Staples lying
on the floor. Five .38 caliber bullets
had penetrated her body.

The Military Police didn’t have to
search long for the gunman. Private
John Waters was found sitting in a
toilet, slumped against a wall. He,
too, was bleeding from self inflicted
gunshot wounds.

By November 29, when the jeal-
ous soldier had recovered from a
shattered jaw and palate, and still
carrying a bullet wedged between
the front of his brain and his skull,

John Waters stood before a court
martial board. He could see from
one eye only, the other eye lost in
the suicide attempt.

Accused not only of murder, but
of deserting his post in wartime and
willfully maiming himself, Waters
listened as friends of the victim tes-
tified that they had heard him com-
plain about his military assignment
because it forced him to eat R.A.F.
rations which were inferior to food
other American soldiers were fed.

The trial also revealed that Waters
had a wife in his home town, Perth
Amboy, New Jersey.

Despite an appeal for clemency by
many of the good citizens of Hen-
ley, and a review of the case by top
commanders, including General
Dwight D. Eisenhower, no mitiga-
tion for Waters’ crime could be
found.

Private John H. Waters was hanged
on February 10, 1944.

x *

On Wednesday, December 8, 1943,
at 10 p.m., Superintendent G.H.Tot-
terdall, Essex Police, England, re-
sponded to a report that a deserted
Vauxhall taxi was parked on the
wrong side of Haynes Green Lane,
outside the beach town of Clacton-
on-Sea, nestled on England’s east
coast. The only alarming thing about
the report was that a bloodstained
raincoat and a jacket had been found
in the car.

Examining the garments, which
had been brought in to the local po-
lice station by one of the officers,
Totterdall noted that the sleeves of
the jacket were turned inside out.
With the quick deductive skills of a
latter day Sherlock Holmes, Tot-
terdall figured that it had been
forcibly pulled from the wearer,

probably from behind. He examined |

bloodstains on the back of the rain-
coat near the collar.

From the jacket pocket, the detec-
tive retrieved a driver’s license and
a taxi driver’s ID containing the
owner’s name and address. Henry
Claude Hailstone lived in Colchester,
about fifteen miles inland. Totterdall
hurried to the address, and inter-
viewed a woman who identified her-
self as the cab driver’s landlady. She

had last seen the missing man twen- ©

ty four hours earlier.
The next step for the detective, and
his partner, was to inspect the de-

se

serted taxi. They found the windows |

closed, but the hea

lights were still on. |
car was parked on th
the road, there were
of an emergency sto
amined the grass 0
and concluded that

taken place there.

The interior of th:
ferent story though.
marred the leather
papers littered the
The detective fou
empty wallet on the
spattered on the bi
passenger side win

Piecing the spar
gether, Totterdall d
tal scenario: the di
had been attacked
someone he had pic
ester. The assailan'
driver, forced him
then driven the cab
Road and abandon
that foolish Ame
driving on the “wi
street, and becat
parked on the righ
terdall wagered th:
be an American, |
of the military bas:
region. The detecti
the taxi driver hé
dered.

His hopes were
lowing day, Day,
lice Constable Sn
body of Henry Hi
from the road sev:
taxi. The left sic
face was battered
His pockets were

Along another 1
day, a second ble
was found. It cor
a Canadian manu
collar band, the
Captain. Detecti\ —
the name to a Ca
ranged for the m
be interviewed.
tain told a story
American soldie:
inviting him to h

While the Ca)
few moments the
but not before s’
tosh, along with
watch, money,
whiskey, The Cz
ly also rememb
and produced a
had left behind


‘re was free cooperation

civilian police and the
nilitary police at a near-
quadron base. All men
gses during the night of
were assembled for an
on parade.” The relative
‘n the two soldiers at the
ized each man, and had
hen he selected Corporal
Clark and Private Au-
Guerra.
ors sent clothing taken
two soldiers to the
in Police Laboratory at
ere Dr. Henry Walls ex-
Che fibers and hair taken
» scene matched samples
spects’ clothing.
suspects were presented
‘ensic evidence, and both
ifessed that they had met
nest Clark admitted that
2d with her and asked her
walk. Then, when she re-
icked her up and carried
e deserted cricket field.
ied, he said, and Augus-
i clamped his hand over

it hrown her on‘the
the fence and taken turns

nnocent,” they claimed.
- kill her.” They had dis-

incident when they re-
samp, they said, and had
t her heart was still beat-
hough she “had fainted.”
ted that, “I know I am
‘ape but I know I didn’t

‘t martial was held in the
Council, Chamber on
r 22. Clark was found
ipe and murder, and Guer-
und guilty of aiding and
1e crime. Both men were
January 8, 1945.
xn
if the soldiers executed for
urder killed civilians. On
1944, Private Harry Jenk-
116th Infantry was stand-
_ duty, marching his post
. barracks and a mess hall
Chiselton, near Swindon,
His body was discovered
rnoon lying on the rain
{eompany street, perforat-
eral .45 caliber slugs.
i heve been a difficult mys-

USI e were no witness-

es to the actual killing. But a soldier
had heard gunshots at about 4 p.m.
and sprinted out of his barracks in
time to see another soldier holding
a pistol. Clinching his fists, he start-
ed to run toward the armed soldier,
but when a fusillade of bullets
sprayed in his direction, he changed
his mind and ran back into the bar-
racks. He never got close enough to
identify the shooter.

In London, on January 11, at 2:20
p.m., Police Constable James Wat-
son spotted a rumpled looking
American soldier sleeping in a YM-
CA restroom at Euston Station. Wat-
son asked for the soldier’s identifi-
cation, confiscated a .45 caliber
pistol from the man, and arrested
him. Private Harold A. Smith was
turned over to military authorities
and transported back to Camp Chis-
elton.

Military Police had carved four
bullets from the barracks wall and
had recovered the slugs that killed
Private Harry Jenkins. Robert
Churchill, the ballistics expert
whose tests had helped send Private
Lee A. Davis to the gallows, one
month earlier, examined the .45 cal-
ibér projectiles. He concluded that
they had all been fired from the gun
carried by Private Harold Smith.

Smith talked. He admitted that he
had gone AWOL on New Year’s day
and spent a week in London stay-
ing at a fancy hotel and going to the
shows. When he ran out of money,
he returned to the camp, but his unit
had moved on. He hung around the
barracks, and one afternoon “found”
the .45 lying on a bunk. He tucked
it in his belt and headed for the
mess hall. Outside, he saw a guard
coming toward him.

“T didn’t know whether he was go-
ing to hit me or shoot me. We were
about four feet from each other and
the guard motioned towards his hol-
ster.” He beat the guard to the draw,
Smith said, and fired, “I can’t re-
member how many shots.” He did
remember standing and firing into
the victim’s back after Jenkins had
fallen. Smith also recalled seeing
another soldier run from the bar-
racks and admitted firing in his di-
rection.

The court martial board wasted no
time finding Private Harold Smith
guilty of murder. He was hanged on
June 25, 1943.

xk kk

Three days before “D” Day, June
6, 1944, on which American, Cana-
dian, and British troops faced fierce
Nazi resistance during the landings
at Normandy, Private Benjamin Py-
gate was in a bad mood. Stationed
with a quartermaster unit at Drill
Hall Camp near Westbury, England,
Pygate strode into the recreation
hall, where his buddies were drink-
ing beer, just as the bar closed. The
bartender absolutely refused to serve
the latecomer any beer.”

Aggravated and generally upset at
everything, especially at not being
able to get a beer, Pygate did an
about face, cursed, and returned to
his barracks.

A little later, the other drinkers al-
so gathered around the front of hut
number two, where Pygate was, and,

as soldiers will, started arguing

among themselves. Private Pygate
went outside and joined the noisy
exchange of harsh words.

One of the boisterous soldiers was
swinging a metal rod, and another
was wielding a bottle. It looked like
a fight was going to break out. Py-
gate yelled at the combatants, “Get
back in that hut before I kill you.”
He stepped past Private First Class
James Alexander, snatched the bot-
tle from the man who was waving
it around, then whirled and booted
Alexander viciously in the groin.

Alexander fell back, recoiled, and .

doubled forward in pain. Pygate in-
explicably pulled a knife from his
pocket, jabbed it forward, and
stabbed Alexander in the neck. It
was a mortal wound.

Military justice, during wartime,
is not forgiving. Many years later,
mitigation might have been found.
But not in the crisis stricken world
of 1944. :

Private Benjamin Pygate was court
martialed, found guilty of murder
and sentenced to die. That execu-
tion was carried out by a firing
squad on November 28, 1944.

xk wk Kk

Hoping that her baby would be
born by Christmas, at Chard, Som-
erset, on December 3, Mrs. Sandra
James, rotund and awkward in her
ninth month of pregnancy, had
stepped out of her house to walk to
a neighbor’s home at 8 p.m. It was
a miserable, wet night, but the
young wife had only a short dis-
tance to walk, so she decided to
brave the weather.

ee aed

Within 100 yards of her destina-
tion, she heard something behind
her. She turned around and two
men, dressed in American Army
uniforms, immediately grabbed her
wrists. They savagely pulled her in-
to an orchard, and held a knife to
her throat while they took turns rap-
ing her.

Horrified and frightened of losing
her baby, the young woman hyster-
ically reported the crime to the po-
lice the next morning. She knew the
men were soldiers, so the police im-
mediately contacted authorities at
an Engineer Combat Battalion based
at Camp Chard, a few miles away.

Very few of the men at Camp
Chard had been free to go out the
previous evening. The military po-
lice figured if they moved fast, they
just might be able to collar the
rapists. They simply got an order
from the commanding officer al-
lowing them to inspect all of the
men’s clothing.

Corporal Robert Pearson and Pri-
vate Cubia Jones both had wet,
muddy trousers in their lockers.
Both men claimed that the sexual
intercourse with the pregnant wom-
an had been consensual. But the
woman’s bruises, pregnancy, and
hysterical frame of mind convinced
investigators, and the court martial
officers, that they were lying.

Corporal Pearson and Private
Jones met death on the gallows on
March 17, 1945, only seven weeks
before the Nazis surrendered, and
the war in Europe came to an end.

All of the executed criminals were
buried in temporary graves. After
the war, in 1949, the American Bat-'
tle Monuments commission arranged
for them to be moved to the special
“dishonored” plot in France, shield-
ed from the public.

Over 1,500,000 American soldiers
were funneled through England dur-
ing World War II. Many of them
died nobly, fighting for freedom.
Over 460 Medals of Honor were
awarded for acts of extreme brav-
ery during that war. Their deeds and
the memories of them are not tar-
nished by the acts of a dishonorable
few. *
(Editor’s note: The names Thomas
Turner and Sandra James are fictitious.
Use of the persons’ real names would
serve no public interest.)

61

military authorities during the late war.—Continued.

Mode of

: otheieiiiae. _ Offense. Z ; Authority. =
Shots... Desertion -...........cscssssesssesvessserenee| G. O., No. 8, Dept. of the Pacific, Feb. 2, 1864. é
Shot..........| Desertion and highway robbery...) G. 0., No. 256, War Dent., Adit. Gen. ose io 1, 1863.
Hanged .... Murder axed G. —o 10, Dept. of Virginia, Feb. 18, 1863.
w.22--O decid ce cakshpidicbleeneuslatiodvonneisucioes 0.
RUE ss cos | MPORMEEIONE boo iol Schon ales catcesdebecedes G. 0., No. 84, re! of the Potomac. Aug. 23, 1863. ‘
OO scin hoa: d G.0., No. 181, Dept. Virginia and North ‘Carolina, Dec. 31, 1864. “
SCE ACRE ee ne en G. Q., No. 17, ‘Dept. of the South, Feb. 2, 1864.
HARE G. 0., No. 63, Army of the Potomac, June 13, 1863.
Be nco car us thiges atapestnwiwedaenapsh@omesss G. 0., No. 95, Army of the Potomac, Oct. 8, 1863.
G. 0., No. 26, Dept. of the Susquehanna, Apr. 9, 1864.
Ue ra hete enigiike hia tocedcs Spbaciuddiod’ G. C. M. 0., No. 11, Army of the Potomac, Mar. 1, 1865.
G. ter 84, Army of the Potomac, Aug. 23, 1863.
0
G. 0., No. 54, Army of the Potomac, Dec. 13, 1861.
G.0., No. 63, Army of the Potomac, June 13, 1863.
G. 0., No.1, Dept. of the South, Jan. 1, 1864.
.| G. C. M. 0., No. 8, Dept. of the Ohio, Aug. 4, 1865.
G. O., No. $4, Army of the Potomac, Aug. 23, 1863.
G. C.'M. 0., No. 53, Dept. of Virginia, Mar. 26, 1865, ms
G. 0., No. 92, Army of the Potomac, 4 27, 1863. ‘
G. Q., No. 17, Dept. of the South, Feb. 2, 1 ni
.| G. 0., No. 84, sets Ya of the Potomac, Aug. 23, 1868. <
G. C. M. O., No. 1, Army of the Potomac, Jan. 2, 1865.
G. 0., No. 17, Dept. of the South, Feb. 2, 1864.

Order of Colonel H. Robinson, Ist Louisiana Cavalry.
0. y vad ant Mex

G. 0., No. 44, U. S. Forces on the Rio Grande, June 21, 1864.

be ar
G.0., No. 104, Army of the Potomac, Dee. 8,1 1663.

| @.o., No. 20, Dept. of West Virginia, Bes. 9, “1863.”

| @.C. M. O., No. 263, War Dept., Adit. Gen.’s Office, Aus. 80. 1864

Sac aie -Desertion
Shot........... Desertion .. > G. 0.
aes do do G. O.,
wee dO do eee att
steed do do peica)
Hanged .....} Murder .. ns
Bhotnccccecee Desertion 2 ESSE G. 0.,
Shot. Rape
Shot........... Violation 7th and 2ist Art. of bane
pocse Kh wick Desertion
Shot...........) Aiding desertion... ccsssesen.

.| Mutiny

a ae pie ee ie he ree
G. 0., No. 181, Dept. Virginia and North Carolina, Dec. 31, 1864...

Sind s

Bs a, hn of the wokcs Dee. 5, 1863.
28, Dept. of the East, Apr. 12, 1864.

eke

No. 14, Dept. of West Virginia, Oct. 1%, 1863,

.. No. 64. Sendiieclens: ist U.S. A hts Sept. 8, 185,
0.. No. 166, eta Virginia and ne re Dec. 9,1

ar hee

Se

*

| G.C.M.0., geo Dept. of Florida, Now. 13, 1865.
‘| GC. M. O.. No. 268, War Dept., Adjt. Gen. ’s Office, June 7, 1865.
.| Drum-head court-martial, S. 0., No. 43, May 4, 1865.
| G.C. M. 0., No. 62, Dept. of Kentucky, ‘July 31, 1865.
.| Drum-head ere Maton S. 0., No. 43, May 4, 1865.
 G. 0. M. 0., No. 60, Dept. of Virginia, May 19, 1865. i
.| G.C. M. 0., No. 39, Dept. of Florida, Nov. 13, 1865.
G. 0., No. 15, Dept. and Army of the Tennessee, July 14, 1864,
G. 0., No. 73, Dept. of Arkansas, July 14, 1865.
G. C.M. 0., No. 18, Dept. of the "Mississippi, May 10, 1865.
- crab ON Dept. of the South, June 14, 1865.

No. 39, Dept. of Florida, Nov. 3, 1865.

could not do a proper job. The prisoner then took the scissors from my hand and cut his
finger-nails himself. His remark to me was that he did not know why I was so nervous,
after all they were going to hang him the following morning. It was an experience that
I will never forget. On another occasion | was ordered to give immunization shots to a
prisoner who was waiting to be hanged. I had to give this man four shots, just because
the period that had passed indicated that he was due for booster shots ona certain date.
I never could figure the ways of the army, and in this case I was sure that what I did to
this man was not logical.’’

Whilst the court martial and execution arrangements were entirely the responsibility
of the Americans the actual ‘drop’ was not. Mr. Albert Pierrepoint, the officially
appointed British hangman, would be called from London to carry out this final duty,
which was generally near to one o'clock in the morning. He expressed disapproval of the
American procedure at any executions in that the wretched serviceman would be
standing on the trap door for up to six minutes while his past record of life, offence and
sentence of the court martial was read out before him. It was only then that the actual
execution was allowed to take place. Also, it appears that much merriment and drinking
was indulged in prior to and after any execution, one supposes to cover up any
emotional feelings of a fellow American being put to death.

Many lurid tales of this period are still recounted by many Sheptonians of what
happened inside the American Jail and it was described variously as, ‘‘a hell hole’; ‘‘a
blot on the army and the conscience of the country’’; and ‘’a terror jail’’.

Four soldiers were locked ina cell with no ventilation, An inquest was told that three
men died from carbon monoxide poisoning and that the fourth man recovered. The
ventilation shaft was found to be blocked with leaves and a naked gas-lamp had been
burning for at least fourteen hours, thereby consuming most of the fresh air. There was
a whistle placed in all the cells which could be blown when any emergency arose.
“Surely this was a real emergency?’’ the Coroner asked Presumably the four men lost
consciousness through lack of fresh air before any of them could blow the whistle. The
Commandant, other senior staff and Board of Inspectors were strongly censured. This
incident was not generally known, the war was well under way and soldiers had other
jobs to do, so the whole incident was hushed up.

Two names are known of American servicemen who were executed at Shepton
Mallet Prison: Private P. Leatherberry on 16th May 1944, and Private Lee-a-Davis on 14th
December 1943. The last man mentioned, who had been found guilty of rape and
murder, did not really think his journey in this life was nearing its end until the final
moments at the entrance to the execution room when he shouted in great anguish, ‘‘Oh
God, I’m going to die.”’

Regarding the Sheptonian people, they accepted that the prison was carrying out a
necessary wartime task and of course it brought trade to the shops, not to mention the
social side of life in having men from over the Atlantic in their town. It is clear that the
Americans were on good terms with the local people and many attended the Parish
Church of St. Peter & St. Paul regularly for services on Sundays. Afterwards, several
people would invite the American soldiers into their homes to sample ‘English tea’.
These acts, the Shepton Mallet people thought, would in a small but sincere way help
the servicemen who were a very long way from their homeland and families.

‘D-Day’ came on 6th June 1944, with the Allied landings in France and eventually,
in 1945, the unconditional surrender of Italy and Germany. The American Forces were
already withdrawing from many parts of the British Isles and vacated Shepton Mallet
Military Prison in March 1945, .

It is told that the last American Commandant of the prison ordered every item of
American origin to be removed or destroyed by fire before their final departure from
Shepton Mallet. This they did very thoroughly except for one very bizarre object.

In the basement of the red-brick execution ‘house’, a wooden coffin was later found
and written across it were the following words:

74


CHAPTER 10

The British & American Occupation

A new life for Shepton Mallet Prison was being formed because war had been declared
on 3rd September 1939, against Italy and Germany. Mobilization of Britain’s armed
forces was requiring the acquisition of many buildings, the Government needed secure
premises for its defaulters. What better place than the vacant, yet serviceable, prison at
Shepton Mallet? It was ideally situated, being away from the East coast and any large
towns. So early in 1940 it became leased to the British Army and the Royal Pioneer Corps
were stationed at the prison, their task, to clean and refurbish the cells together witi: the
administration offices. It is said that sliding bolts were fitted to all the cell doors, as
opposed to locks, for ease of evacuation in case the prison was ever bombed. When the
prison was just beginning to accommodate the miscreants from the British Forces
another world event was to change yet again the role of the now Military Prison.

The pace of war was increasing with the Japanese Air Force surprise bombing of
Pearl Harbour in December 1941, thus drawing the United States of America into the
conflict. This was to bring about, in a very short time, American Forces to be based in
Britain and Shepton Mallet Prison was taken over by them in 1942 to house their many
defaulters from all over Europe. |

At this time many premises received a letter from the Ministry of Works and
Buildings: To the Occupier, The Commissioners of His Majesty’s Works and Public

- Buildings have decided to remove under the powers conferred by Regulation 50 of the

Defence, 1939, the fixtures, which are referred to (railings, gates, chains, bollards,
fencing, etc., scheduled by your Local Authority, under the Direction issued by the
Ministry of Supply, 11th September, 1941), which are required by the Commissioners in
the interests of the defence of the realm or the efficient prosecution of the war, or for
maintaining supplies and services essential to the life of the community, . . . Signed, E.
J. R. Edwards. So, to help the ‘War Effort’, the ornamental railings, lamps and dog-irons
were compulsorily removed from all along the outside of the North Gate Lodge area.
These metal adornments and fittings were cut with an oxyacetylene torch and sent to be
melted down into munitions. With many other buildings in Shepton Mallet having to
give up their iron-work a lot of the character of the town and prison was lost forever.

The title of the United States Troops stationed at Shepton Mallet Military Prison was
the 6833rd. Guardhouse Overhead Detachment, along with several U.S. Medical
Personnel. The American Commandant of the prison was Colonel James P. Smith of the
707th. Military Police Battalion. A doctor in charge of the Medical Unit was a Captain
Stariley B. Altschuler. His assistant commander was Lieutenant Milton B. Asbell who
was the prison dentist. Other servicemen working in the prison hospital included First
Medical Sergeant Aaron L. Feld who had, on average, ten subordinate soldiers in his
team of staff.

It is related that a very severe and strict regime reigned for soldiers found guilty of
any military or civil offence. One of the first projects for the Army Staff was to build a
new and substantial execution ‘House’. It was attached to the side of the main
accommodation blocks and built with red bricks. Every other part of the prison is built
of the local grey stone, making this brick extension to be grossly out of character with its
surroundings. It was a stark reminder of what was to come.... This was later
confirmed, in that a total of twenty-one people were to be hanged during the American
occupation and that two others were put before a firing squad.

Many years later, ex-Medical Sergeant Feld recorded the following true incidents: ‘I
remember the night that I was to cut the finger-nails of a prisoner who was to be executed
the following morning. I was so nervous that my hands shook to the degree that I really

‘‘PROPERTY OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY — PLEASE RETURN”

This was thought to be amusing and yet a little cynical.

A book published by Arthur Barker, and written by E. M. Nathanson, entitled, Tlie
Dirty Dozen, bears a positive resemblance to the real-life American prisoner soldiers held
at Shepton Mallet Military Detention Barracks in 1944. It portrays how twelve American
servicemen, sentenced to death or hard-labour for life, were offered a chance of
salvation, an opportunity to be released provided they agreed to take part in
exceptionally dangerous military expeditions just prior to ‘D-Day’. Their chances of
survival were almost nil, but a chance for them it was.

An opening paragraph in the book states that the old market town was named
‘Marston Tyne’, and it reads as follows:

It lay deep within the bowels of the old prison that had immured the flushings of
Saxon generations and now confined the useless dregs of the great American Army that
had come to the United Kingdom from across the sea.

An aura of quaint country charm concealed the building within the limits of the old
‘Somerset market town.

The red brick execution house
in which 21 American servicemen were hanged

roe


BRAVES

counsel with glorious thoughts of lead-
ership in his young’ head and was
promptly laughed at. “Your years are
too tender,” he was told. ‘“‘We have sel-
ected our new chief.”

It was Schonchin, an old man but a

wise one and a fierce fighter. Under his.
leadership, there were raids and counter +

-raids. Schonchin Modocs became more
war-minded than ever. The whole area
of northern California exploded into a
series of one blood bath after another.

- the

The tension was so great, in fact, that
Ben Wright had just about given up all
hope of ever rescuing the Reed girls. So
long as a state of war existed, he
couldn’t even get close to the Modoc
village without running’ into Indian

scouts. -

It was unfortunate that he hadn’t
tried harder. Both girls were forced into
prostitution in the village. As slaves of
the Modocs, they were treated not
much better than the animals. One night
two braves fought over the older girl.
Both wanted to sleep with her. In the
end, neither did. She was killed in the
struggle. On another night soon after,
jealous squaws waylaid the younger
white girl and stabbed her to death. -

The period before the Civil War was a
bad one for both whites and Indians.
Kientepoos grew into a strong warrior
with many scalps to his credit. But he
also saw many in his tribe fall under the
white man’s fire. His hatred for civilians
and soldiers was as strong as ever and he
still ached to be chief of the Modocs. He
made no secret of his desire’ for leader-
ship and because of it, friction devel-
oped between Kientepoos and Schon-
chin.

But the raids, counter-raids and am-
bushes eventually subsided. Both sides
grew tired of the struggle. Besides, In-
dian supervisors and agents from Wash-
ington sweet-talked the Modocs into
treaties. The same emissaries convinced
the settlers that to have peace they had
to absorb the savages into the white
man’s culture.

The Civil War drained the area of

troops, who weren’t needed anyway
since an uneasy truce had been estab-
lished. And some of the Modocs did try
to emulate the whites. They worked in
towns and even adopted white
man’s clothing. Some gambled and
drank. A few took the trouble to learn
English. Kientepoos was one of these.
He wanted to learn all he could about
the white man, operating on the prin-
ciple of ‘know thy enemy,’ and in doing
so the young warrior ‘picked up a fairly
good education.

Kientepoos was seen in the towns
quite often. He was a short, squat man
with a moon face and he looked a lot
like a local miner named Captain Jack.
Thereafter, Kientepogos was known as
Captain Jack.

The whites gave nicknames to all of
the Modoc leaders. The medicine man,
for instance, was called Curley-Headed
Doctor because of his wavy hair. The
others were called Bogus Charley,
Shacknasty Jim, Scar-faced Charley,
Steamboat Frank, Boston -Charley,
Ellen’s Man George, One Eyed Watch-

Gen. Edward Canby commanded Army in
area and requested Modocs be given terri-
tory they asked for, but was told to get the
Modocs back to the Klamath reservation.

Scar-face Charley, Jack’s 2nd in command,
fought magnificently throughout the war,
and at the end was last to desert Capt. Jack
when he meekly had to give up the struggle.

man, Hooker Jim, Old Tail, William the
Wild Gal’s Man, Old Chuckle Head and
One Eyed Mose.

The Modocs, however, were an un- *)

scrupulous tribe. Being nomadic, they 4

had no goods to trade for money to buy by
So they sold their @
own women and young girls into slavery —#

horses and mules.

and prostitution. At the gambling tables
they often staked their women on the
toss of a pair of dice.

One of the women bartered off was
Kientepoos’ or Captain Jack’s cousin
Nonooktoowa, a 24-year-old beauty
who became the mistress of tall, beard-
ed Frank Riddle. The Kentucky trapper
was 37. He called her Toby, but the
name that stuck was “Winema, Oe
“Little Chief,’’ because she was always
working to make peace between her ¢
tribe and the settlers.

But Winema couldn’t cope with the 4 4
growing problems between both fac- |

tions. After the Civil War was over the | F
settlers demanded that the Modocs be. ;

removed to a reservation. The Indians
were a bad influence on the children,
they said. Modocs drank too much.
They whored. They fought in the streets
and they looked ridiculous in their
baggy civilian clothing.

Captain Jack was quick to see that a

govern-

‘

cal
t!

ymach.

killed.
rought
to. the
‘iter of
ed.
wever,
2 Mod-

Above sketch made in 1873 shows the Modocs in their lava bed stronghold in Northern

Calif. For 3 days and 2 nights 1,000 whites battled 50 Modocs and on May 10, 1873 Cavalry
rallied to defeat the brave Modoc tribe. Sketch below shows Captain Jack’s cave in the Lava
Beds. Jack kept party of 160 on move constantly but at end they were reduced to rags.

oc chief. This in itself wasn’t important.
Like all tribes, the Modocs would simp-
ly hold a counsel and elect a new leader.
But this dead chief had a son named
Kientepoos, who was only 13.
Kientepoos was told of his father’s
death at the hands of white men. He
was stunned. He fought desperately to
hold back the tears. He was a brave. He
must not cry. He blinked, his eyes sting-
ing, and walked away from his inform
ant to be by himself. ;
Soon the emotion of grief gave way
to hate for the whites. The boy’s small
fists clenched tightly. Those men had no
right to kill my father, Kientepoos told
himself. There had been a flag of truce.
He had come in peace. The whites had
to die for that ... all whites had to die.
Kientepoos reasoned that since he
was the son of a chief, he should be
made the new chief. He rushed to the

19


th ar ina =

pat)
<
wm
Fi 3) th

ie Sy ee

Ni Ak at Maca IO ah DP iS AL) icant washed shes

On Good

new war was coming. He fought harder
than ever to take control of his tribe,
and this time he secured a left-handed
victory. He split the Modocs in two. He
became chief of half the tribe.

Then came the crusher from Wash-
ington. It was summer, 1872, and the
order from the Indian Bureau was brief
but devastating:

“President Ulysses S. Grant, in a
meeting today with his War Cabinet, ex-

pressed a strong desire for peace among.

reservation Indians and those who still
maintain independence. Such feelings
were forwarded to our Indian Bureau.
You are therefore commanded to round
up all factional Modoc Indians and

Friday, 1873, commissioners from

transport them to new reservation quar-
ters at Klamath Lake, Oregon. Expedite
this order at once!” .

Captain Jack went into a rage. He de-
scribed the order as one more dumb act
executed by a stupidly run Bureau of
Indian Affairs in Washington. The edict
meant that the Modocs would have to

‘> share land with the Klamath tribe. The

white man couldn’t get it through his
head that it was impossible to lump In-
dians from one tribe with Indians from
another and expect them to live in
peace. : '

The Klamaths were peace-loving.
They were happy living in one place, so
long as there were-lakes, mountains and
rivers for good hunting and fishing. The
Modocs were nomads, content only
when they could roam over vast
stretches of land.

Captain Jack had already seen much
of this land stolen from his people. Cal-
ifornia, Oregon and Nevada~—all of it
grabbed up by real estate speculators,
squatters and brazen settlers. He’d seen
the fences go up and he’d heard the
threats that he and his people would be
shot if they dared to trespass on the
land that they had called home for cen-
turies.

He was near the breaking point. Nev-

Photographs all courtesy of Denver Public Library Western Collection

eRe am

both sides met. As Jack shouted “A
pistol at Canby, but gun misfired. Second bullet succeeded, hitting Canby in face.

At first Pres. U.S. Grant was sympathetic to
Indian problem but later pushed it aside.

ertheless, he permitted his people to be
moved to the reservation. One day more
than 1,000 Modocs and Klamaths gath-
ered at Lake Klamath to sign the new
treaty. The Indian Superintendent of
the area and Winema had used their
powers of persuasion to convince Cap-
tain Jack that things would work out.
He wasn’t so sure.
‘Continued on page 59

21


SEE HOBIE

es of
fae RAK ayn”

: ume tiers ie ett Ba rien 3 ont se Oa

Be
+3
;

* virginal

SLAVE WHO*

BECAME AN.
INDIAN CHIEF

Continued from page 15

wourth joined a war party. “They gave
me no choice. If I had refused I would
have had my head bashed in while I
slept.”

HE Crow warriors were searching

for a Blackfoot raiding party.
They came upon them at Natural Fort,
near the present Colorado-Wyoming line
south of Cheyenne. “Let me lead the
attack,” Beckwourth pleaded with the
chief, whereby, surprisingly enough, he
was given permission. Instead of swerv-
ing his pony aside when he got close to
the enemy, which was the Indian way,
he charged straight into the Blackfeet
and split with his steel axe the head of
the first Blackfoot he reached.

The Crows, following his strategy,
quickly annihilated the Blackfeet. (Driv-
ers on Interstate 25 can turn off the
highway at a rest area just south of the
Wyoming-Colorado state line and see
Natural Fort and a bronze marker de-
scribing the battle.)

Not surprisingly, Beckwourth was
treated like a hero when he and the
others returned to the village and soon,
because of this exploit, he was made a
First Counselor of the Crow Nation.

His temerity and astute mind created
the respect of the tribe’s chiefs. The
Crows were one of the most audacious
tribes; they were endlessly launching
predatory raids, stealing horses, women
and goods. This kind of life appealed to
Beckwourth who liked to live daringly.

When he wasn’t involved in war or
horse stealing raids with his Crow
friends he trapped beaver and hunted
elk, deer, mountain sheep, and buffalo.

He also acquired a harem of the
Crows’ prettiest maidens, becoming
master of nine lodges. His wives were
dressed better than any others; they
wore the finest clothes, baubles, and
jewelry that beaver pelts could buy at

; the Fort Union post.

~ But the woman he really wanted, the
maiden Bar-chee-am-pe (Pine
Leaf) was unattainable. She rode by his
side in battle, though, pledged by the
tribe’s Holy Ones to avenge the death of
her brother by killing a hundred Black-
feet.

Beckwourth could hardly wait for
her to make her score. He was eager to
penetrate the armor of hate that en-
cased the fierce fires of the ruthless she-
warrior.

Jim Beckwourth’s reputation as a
warrior, with Pine Leaf at his side, be-

_Arkansas_ River.

came awesome. “I led forays into Black-
feet territory for no reason but to af-
ford Pine Leaf an opportunity to kill,
for she would not permit me to wench
her until she fulfilled her blood oath.”

The day the pretty Crow killed her
hundredth Blackfoot she and Beck-
wourth were married by Chief Fights
Without Fear, two of whose daughters
were Beckwourth’s wives. “I conquered
her at long last,” he wrote. “She loved
as furiously as she had fought.”

She became his favorite wife and
their son was later to become Chief of
the Crow Nation.

After seven years with the Crows,
Beckwourth decided to go back to civil-
ization. “I had grown weary of their
ways,” he said.

He went to Denver Town, then a
community of less than five thousand.
He married the daughter of a Negro
woman who operated a laundry and a
few months later he teamed up with
Milton Sublette and Louis Vasquez in
their trading post near the present vil-
lage of Platteville, Colorado.

A little later he abandoned this part-
nership, and his wife, and built an adobe
trading post on the north bank of the
Soon he married a
Spanish girl, Senorita Louise Sandeville
and together they operated the post
that one day would become the city of
Pueblo, Colorado.

He tired of this enterprise, and his
latest wife, after a few years, and went
back to Denver where he took as wife,
Elisabeth Lettbetter, also going into the
mercantile business—supplying Pikes
Peak gold rush prospectors from a store
where the South Broadway Mont-
gomery Ward store is now located.

He sold out:after two years, aban-

_doning his newest wife—which had by

now become the way he got rid of
them—and went into business on the
Platte with two unsavory brothers, Cor-
bett and Sam Ellis, who had convinced
him that the profits in the Indian whisk-
ey traffic were irresistable. “To a 40-gal-
lon cask of whiskey water is added at
the proportion of four gallons to one
gallon of whiskey,” he wrote. “This be-
comes 1280 pints for each of which we
obtained a buffalo robe worth $5, or a
total of $9400 for whiskey which cost
originally, together with pint- bottles
and corks, less than $70.

But the Ellis brothers weren’t con-
tent with their share of these fabulous
profits and they tried to abscond with
Beckwourth’s share during their tenth
month of operation.

He tracked them up the Cache de
Poudre Canyon and shot them both to
death. When he went back to the Platte
he discovered that Utes had broken into
his locked cabin and were ‘uproaringly
drunk’ on the unadulterated whiskey
they had taken from 40-gallon casks. “I

attempted to run them off and very

nearly lost my life in the process, barely
escaping those Utes who were among
the friendliest of Indians when sober

but horrible killers when drunk.”

In the process of fleeing he lost his
money and when he slipped back several
days later he learned that the cabin had
been burned to the ground. “My whis-
key venture thus came to nothing,” he
wrote.

Subsequent years for the incredible
adventurer were a succession of wives,
business ventures, prospecting, ranching,
participation in military operations as a
guide, messenger and go-between.

In September 1866 he decided to go
again to the land of the Crows to see his
son who had become a chief and to ride
once more beside Pine Leaf, the one wo-
man he truly loved.

Fate had other plans. He complained
of feeling ill: when he rode out of Fort
Smith. He turned around and came back
to the Fort, bleeding uncontrollably
from his nose.

He died before sundown. His age, 68.

He was buried under the three
symbolic Crow slabs in the long-aban-
doned fort, where his remains still lay.

Soon after his death, a street in Den-
ver (now West Fifth) was named West
Beckwourth and on the corner of this
street and South Water (now Galapago
Street) Beckwourth Methodist Episco-
pal Church was built.

This church, now Wesley Methodist
Church, still stands in proud memory of is
one of the West’s most indomitable
characters.

END
{

FIFTY BRAVES TO

STAND OFF
U.S. CAVALRY

Continued from page 21

,On that day old Schonchin, well into
advanced age now, placed a trembling
hand over his heart ‘and said, ‘So long as
the sun shall move from East to West
the Modocs will abide by this treaty.”

Captain Jack sneered at his rival. His
public statement was far less acquies-
cent. “We sign on a temporary basis,”
he warned. ‘“‘My people are nomads. We
enjoy the open desert and lots of space.
We cannot be confined to a small reserv-
ation.” His arm made a wide sweep.
‘All’ this land is Modoc land. We will
not give it up, but some of us shall enter
your reservation until we hear again
from President Grant in Washington, He

will surely do right.”

Just as Captan Jack had predicted,
things didn’t work out between the two
tribes on the reservation. The Klamaths
felt that the land was theirs and that the
Modocs were intruders. Jack’s people

S90

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éxecutied of the Mudog re
Secor wt One ) a
; iin the en : i ae
“Uapanth Jagtatood on thd eatevine tight end

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Mortgage.
‘darities taken,

IKK,

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“Bankers,

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ted Sabscription
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ded ip the President « orcs Kp}

Te he hdo pe cha—Kngaged in the massacres:
* took & white woman prisoifer, and rgavistiedher
j Tamooslias Plan doo ta sConcicted of participa
ting Inthe murder of Mr. Patvilie, and of rasiebing

rN Ce girl ;
yn tah to wah- Confespoa to have participated
fn the murder of Mr Francis Patville. aud to have
ene od Htthree battles.

Hin i shoon ko yer mane Consteted of -the
andhall Mre Hnoter.e prigoncr udttl ale was ree
cued from him by apather Indian.

Mnz va boma dr. Conrittedofthe murder ofan
4 man and twoehildren

W nb-pasdn-ta -Coufesses that he was engazed In
the akeoas rem, ated that be abot a white man.

Wa ho-hud -Corsieted of participating in the
battics, and of murder

Bua ma-ni—Consicted of the rourder of two per-
PONA.

Ta-te-mbma—Convicted of marder, and of the
capture of women and children,

Rda in yan-kua—Took a prominent part in ll
tho battles, incinding the attack on New Ulm, lead-

ing ang urging the Indtans forward. and in;
the png p of the captives when it wae propdest
by others.
"Yo. wan-sa—Convicted of the murder of a white
an, and of the cary n to ravieb her daughter,

owe wounded, by him and killed by another
Indian before be had carrlod hiedesign iuto exccu-

tion
: Ha-pan—Confessed that he was in all the battles
Kand at the murder of Mr. Patvillc, and that he

Mise Willlame)

alded in taking a white woman (
prisoner. j
hite Dog)—Was bhe!tcader of

Bhoon-ka-ska
tbe party that attecked Capt. Marsh's company,
nd waé the man that detained Capt. Marsh in con-
versation until the Indians crossed the/river and
pmb prea the command, and then gave them the

to fre.
‘oon-kan-chab-tay-manc—-Said in presence of
Witness that he shot a man in an ‘ox-wagon, and
was in several) battles
E-tay-hoo- ‘tay— Told w itness that he killed Divoli
and ea en white persous across the river; that the

and a woman.

Om-da-cha—Took witness, David Faribault, prise

| Ones who, aeye he shot two persone at his house.
-pee-don, or Wamne-omne-ho-te—Cat Mreg,
Thicler witha hatchet after she had bgen shot by

| another Indian, and fired shots g& the fort.
| Mahpe-o-ke-naiji—Conv of murder of
Antoine Young, and of participati
pet of another man, four women and eleven chil-

- . Bh Mflord, a Half-Breed~Convicted of participa-

| ting in the murder hy a ia waite ign and woman:
y-don, —Oonvicted.’ of

ce and ca mg ‘opee a we who wag with

trove ot the. a Half-B —Confessed’t
| he wavone ot as reed dsmanand

bar ip
oe deri ort
ting in merderof imo Ww, Hie per

singe, Halt of the murder -
fe party tha that murdered & whats

id that hedred a him ictpating in @ mae-
atlaed Seated bat bold patina ina mae | bein

Wa-ban tan’ ene aaa of the murder oth!
ici-
¢. Big

bhp ry gest raeregaayin caer of

jwhite man at:

5 geteieaing a in

ee of ghi white pa ' .
the seen of Beaver nies rok parttpatng tn

kan-shkan-shkah-me e-

ipating in hieah mone,

Aso-cha-ga—C sobeticntne im the

m ert an old ms B an) ma we
mutder of aman at Gkgen 4 esr adits that he

atreck bis With an tke fter he had been quek Be.

d to have been one of a,
the massacres at Beaver"

viene kale bereft, |
ken her Lae 5 pel :
8 sierra ‘Whs sme of the party

oor Donita partictpaing tn the

Se ora

; = lakers

participating in
ome andor murder

, Exxrcorive Mansion, Dec : é
THR EXECUTIVE DEATH WARRANT.

% Execurive Mawson,’ ~
Wasnimeron, Dec. 6, 1808,

-

i

eccond day after crossing ¢he river, he kilied a man |,

in the mur- |:

piers be MOY Lae castai diac Wisk abe peek

them.
On Tuesday evening they extemporized a

dance with a wild Indian gong = It was feared
that this wae only a cover for some sie ek
which might be attempted, -and thefp chitus

were thereafter fastened to the floor. It
scorns, bowever, Mather probable, that they

(were only singing their death song. Their
} murdet of Aleta der Hunter and of having taken |

friends from the other prison have been in to
bid them farewell, and they ace now ready to
dic

e
BOLDIFRS AND PEOPLE GATHRRING.

The weather In as mild-ae early aatumn.
The streets are muddy, and the traveling bad.
Nevertheless the people, soldiers and civil
fans nre coming in from every direction, and
prosent appearances indicate ttfat there will
bea vast multitude convened here by the
hour of cxecaotion.

LETTER FROM ONE OF THE CONDEMNED
INDIANS. ‘

fhe following Is a copy of ‘letter from one
of the condemned prisoners to his thicf and
father in-law, Wabashaw. It was taken down
in the exact longuaKe dictated byt he prisoner,
and exceptin untruthfulness, we think it
an excellent letter:

Wanasnaw :—You have deceived me. You told
me that if we folloyfed the advice of Gen. Sibley,
and give oureelvee pp to the whites, all would be
wéil-- no inpoecnt man would be injured
not killed, bahia or injured a white

any white 1 have Aan cipate
plunder of heir p prope Low today te Tam eet
ens ina Tiw days,

npart for exetut
while men who are will remain in prieon.
My wife is your muatnter, children are al
andchildren. I leave them in your care an
jer your protection. aad ~ en suffer, and

when sy children are

Your eon- ais fis .

Roa-jn. TAK-esd\
The above Indian was convicted-of p el

Prting in the murders and robberies at the

pper Agency; and the sworn tcetimony at

Wasliington differs. materially from his con-

fession as given alonc.

PARTING INTERVIEW WITH OLD ASOCLATES.

- On Wednesday, each Indivn set a for cx-
ecution, was permitted to. send for two or
the “ rison, for th f bidding
same p lor the purpose of bid
ee a final adieu, and to carry such m
prises relatives as cach person might
eposed {o send. Major Browo | was
bee them aa

aun ror ihe interview
being ve Miieeting. fac me eh Indian | bed
ts or

ry sad and

ip word to _ his.

en speaking of their
almost every one was affected to-tears,

Good connselgras eentte the chihiren. They
were in man 8 exho to an orien ae
- of Christianity anc and the life of good fee
ward the whiles, Most ot them spoke cond,
dently of their hopes of salvation. The They hed

been constantly attended by Rev. Dr. W
‘eon, Rev. Van

veux and Rev. 8. R. Ri
ee efforts in or the theee poor ae
ina a eel, Vit
Redeemer
entlemen are all penta

a

rik th
BO me not . refrain from its
meat even this sad ‘hour.~ Ta-ti
was sending ord to his relatives not to
‘mourn for his|loss. He: ng incr any ad

him s-better chance
he hoped his friends would
but as a removal
‘ST have every.
g-direct to the abode

»

but

we are te

o

Chem ince é

long time to reas, the ‘ead. of e jou .
}-and I should nat be, surprised ie some a
I men 9

will pmo On the-
lace of my ee

Manger: ..:.-To-
elsting in

his relatives or friends confined in : head.

ives and children :

{ Ther were

| feet in

. feet deep, a sone

rows, W 4 erand their heeds
tothe ral Sapte tacks simply “govered

young, active men wé: will ve Pan behind 4

yousee could :
Selon et gta pOmr y ¢
} ity, :

eit toes te ey See OM eo OL) ae St

es ti fore their faces, to sce that their counte

nances yet preserved the proper modicam of

paint “The three half. breeds were the moat

of albaffcted, and their dejeetton of counts

nance wea teniy pithfal to bebadd.

TUE PROCRASION TO THR OALLOWS —THE FINGL
SCENE—THE LAST DEATH 80NG

At preciecly 10 o'clock the condemned were

alee in a procession, -and headed br
Redficld, warched out into the strect,

iy di rectly seross througis igs of eyldiers tu

the -caffold which had Leen crected in front,
and were dslivered to the officer of the day,
Capt. Burt. They went eagerlyaud cheerfully,

even crowding sod justling each other to be
ahead, Ja:t like a lot of pungyy“toarders rush-
ing to dinner in a hotel. The soldiers who
were on guard.in their quarters stacked aris
and followed them, and they in oh were fol-
lowed by the clergy, reporters, &

Aa they commenced the | rg ‘of the scaf.
fold, the death song was tarted, and
when they had all got up, tha <a they ‘made
was truly hideous. It ecemed as {f pandemo-
— a broken thei It had agp bones
effect in keeping up their courage. ne you:
fellow, who nal n given a cigar by one 0
the reporters, just before marching from thelr
quarters, was emokiug it on the stand, puffing
away very coolly durin the intervals of tho
bidcous ** Hi-yi-yi,”’ “* Hi-yi-yi.’ and evea af.
ter the cap was drawn pat , be man-
aged.to get it up over his mouth and emoke.
Another was smoking Lis pipe. The noose
“havi wen rromr: adjudted over the necks
rs - tea. apt. Libby, all was ready for the

AN ODD AND DISGUSTING INCIDENT.

The solemnity of thé scenc was here dis-
i:[ teroes b tine anlgst oe, if . were not tn-
tenscly diegu t be cited as a remark. ;
able evidence of tthe contempt of death which
is the traditional characteristic of the Indian.
One of the Indians’ whose name we did not
ascertain, in the rhapsody of his death so)
conceived an ineult to “rind spectators mee
had pe an Indian to conceive

of an Indian to execute. -

refrain of his song was. to the
that if a body was found near hte, ft,
his head cut off and p! in a certain indell-
cate part of the oy me,”’ he :
“it Is me,”’—and @' oar —- to “2
word by an indecent eXpovare of Ligh a
hideous mockery of the. the tromph of Cagt
tice whose sword was on he
This monstrous Mien such a
mom may at least be regarded a » Just

‘penalty for the morbid ca

Three slow, measured and disti
by Major Brown, who
officer, and

ve. repared for im ee.
=| Srthe'sand ing nearly in —

Yith hei iankets a
them.

pani te eet utes

Took the Imperta? Gold Medal as (ie fret highest Pre
nilam tore ver, ence of Machine: also fonr other Gold
Mettiale na bieet Preiminins for the fonr different crades
af work: also four Ionorabte Alentiona for good work,
pol prising theonly Prenitama given, et cr for excel
Niped fd for work. Thus the Original Howe Sewtag
ine, fom which all others derive ve ir vitality
hes cn estar) ed iterif by taking five Gold Medals ont of
eix, and twuar Honorable Mentions out of fre, ab a.
World's Falr, where ali of the leading Sewing Machines,
both In his cduntry and Harope, were on trial, asthe
Dest Sewing Machine tn the worl
9 Agents wanted inthe Western and Northwest
ein States,
Circulars, containing Mill deseriptions of Machines,
be had of application, or sent by mall
Adve 3.8. BRYANT,
eneral Western Agent, 6 Lake street, Chicago.
myli 4M ty.

Merit alone makes a SEWING MACHINE valeaile
The people are peroeiring that slowing repreceent

tloneare not me
and wisdom to rohase o
doa! utility. ay

That it is wconorn
BEWING MACHINE of known prac

ag rhets are $6.000 Masiiinee tn use in this country as

pl gchine PROFITABLE and AVAILABLE A

It ia equal to TEN Seamstreasee.

AN ANNUAL Bat by yd of 10 0 80 por cont, (on
7 ndprcda kaya bolgezy eaete aa |

aag oy aN | vee the ep we ROTATING

plese i R. CHITT RIDE,

|

General Ageet wt Bnet y Bother Miner lows, Northera, i
treat: Chioago, 4

=e on application or Dy post

us the LOCK,
i ef whieh

on both
Either orall ean be produced wi while the
motion,

@hine is in

rm more nich ow
the k
Ay fasten the ond of svarns’

as screw,

—

(harm

| of ner:

the uec
lat nen
abel 1
ity trem
meathe
too W
fay tha

@o:. tro!

are the

relte
mane t
that we
vaiuab
of pati

FORS

odie Sie sem by
ae depyoniw 8. ee a went wa

‘Preggi imation BY. THE

pone
fant


1. Bee

cat wily”
‘CKER,
rk,

LERS
sid, Domes-

br. A. TOOKRR,
RELL,
oO

1 Estate,

>mnilssloner

TYRRELL,

E OF
cO.,
icago, TL.

siness

President,

april Lima, |-
. Judson,

ir ; Tolman

1B" nS ly

IN & Co & Co |;
CHANGE,
&C., :
ricago, Tl,

CO.,

ay {|
}

cie, &o., &€, .
hptly made,
. for sale in

York.
clphia, -

1688, Buying

ange,

_———_

CEPTS,
6, Reoelving ‘|

neem
C 0.5

-T wenties,”’
ment, a!

33, @Pprov'
ame of 980,.

fe 9280,

|

{
|

r

.t
}

|

i
{

|

|
|
i
4
|
{

i

eet

AGO, |||&

'}Commission which trie

Bran
ybeene gaked itthree battles.

sana at the murder

|
i Ecoeaentemnie

ae eve

He is alone apart from her he loves,”
A hush fellon them. Then, with lovin
Avd all the touching romance of the ole
The hoary father kivesed young Fdric’+ pair:
Aus] o'er hiv ahoniders threw the chain of gold;
T hen fell upon hig darling’» neck, and cried,
‘Thave ues b lonely since thy mother dicd!"

THE INDIAN ‘EXECUTIONS. |

air

Simultaneous Hanging of
38 Sioux Murderers.

y

The. Ripes aad: Crimes. of the
a Capri.

Parting Friaeviews with. their O14
Associates in Orime.,

incipenrs AND SCENES In eon.

‘The Death Song and Hopes ‘of
Happy Hunting Grounds. ‘Bg

‘THE AW FUL SPECTACLE AT THE

‘GALLOWS.

o

=

K

The Burial : and Other
iy neldgnta.- oe gist |:

{From sii Bt. Pant Daily Presa, Dec. 30.)

THE LIST OF THE « CONDEMNED CONVIOTS—
THE NATURE OF THEIR ORIMES,

We have.reserved for publication asa’ part
of the complete history of this awful event
and preliminary to the narrative of our spec-
orter, which we lay before our ers
8 issue,’ the followi report .of the
Special Commission appointed by the Presi-
dent to examine the records of the Military
e Indians, with a
view to the selection-by the -President.of the

jmost palpatjle cases for immediate execution.

THE BLACK LIST.

Str: Having, by
records of thes convictions ionx’ ibdlane by the
jmilitary commission orderdd by Bi neeboy
ae we Cpe | the toll wing Ue of ‘th
ot rape and murder, vis
a Engaged exten-
sively int e massacres ou .sonbenced to
be hung, Frocouinenael: ave his. punishment
comin to imprisonmes} for ten years, because
of ble testimony nd ink nformation he far-
| nig! i the commission, ‘his man was not inclu-
ded in the President's order.—Ep.]}
: e-he-hdo-ne-cha—Engaged .jn the
P| took a white woman prigover, and ravished her,
. Tas lias Plan-doo-ta-Convicted of [emt ll
ting inj the murder of Mr. , and of ravishing |
a xe rl. *
tah-to-wah—Co: s to have participated

in the urder of Mr. 8 Patville, and to have
md-ne—Convicted of .the

Hin-han-shoon-ko-y:
tnurdet of Alexander. mtg r,_and of having taken
uhtil she was res-

Mire. Huntenva prisoner
m him by another Indfan,
mand tro children, of the murder ofan
‘Wah- eo evees that he was erlgaged fi
in
the maseacres, and thet he, he shot a white ma
Wa-he-hud—Convicted of “partlelpating ‘in the
battles, and of murder;
Sua-ma-ni—Cony icted of the murder of two. per-
sone.

Te-tom\ma—Convictsd of: of murder, and of the
ure of wosien on oon chil

range , incindin ee ipeParr Re dl

ing and urging the
the giving up of the Bepaeess when it oe r)

| by-oth: ere.
; Ce victed-of the murder of a white
design to revieh her daughter

d by hum and killed by another
Indian be fore he had carried his design into ‘execu-
Ha Span—Confessed that he was in all the battles
f Mr. Patvillc sn that he
“Pilsower in taking a yhite, woman (Mia. illiams)
jeoner. a ys rY =
acon beaks kat a Maes tf
* company,
d waé the man og ar brig m
yersation until the Ind! wend th river a
|Sigeal thro. comntand: dand gay them th
ai
TR ecchen chsh: manc—~Baid in presence ‘of
| witness that he shot & man in an Ox-wagon, and
wee ht aoe ba
aay jd witness that he killed Divoli
tad. pes 5, ‘persons across the tiver; that the’
pe day after crossing ¢he river, he a man
ands
Om-dé-cha—Took vitness, David Faribault, brite
oner, who mye he shot two persons at his house.
my. pee-don, or Wamne-omne-ho- it Mrs.
Thicler with s hatchet after she had bgen shot +3
nether ——. arid fred om the fort.
Anto tele me Yong and ef tn them ae
, Fl ponte n the mur-
mic 1 m chi.
of t patticipa-

ie Milord, a Halt mie coie
ting in rh nd, murder of a Fe ins 1

Baptiste Ca: )'® Half-Br
| he was one Camp rty who”
| woman, and that he ehot first,
Tny-ta-ka-tay-—Oonvicted of rdering or of par-
| Me! ~ 5 in the murder of Amos W. Higgins.
-pink-pa—Conyic tea Of the murder of Garvie.
Hypolite Ange, a: Flall —Confessee that he
| Wag one of & pa a that murdered a white mn,
| and that he fred at him
Na-ps-shue

merre, £2

—Contessod that
urdered a fan and

co av ‘ or) ache get ipap ep & Tine
e had billed uinete

a Gonven of,
PARTING INTRRVIEW WITH OLD ASSOCIATES,

dsayr tual Wiey are you lo dase,

that I will now cause to be read the letter of
their Great Father at Washington, fret in. English,
and then in their own language. The President 8
order wae here read)

Say ta them now that they have so sinned againet
their fellow men, that there 1s no hop« for clemen-
cy exée ptinthe mercy of G . through the me Aes
ofthe bieseed Redecmer, and that earnest!
hort them to ape to that ae their only rema Ling
source oj comfort aud congolation.

Vory naturally it. Woykd be expected that
this ecene would be peculiarly solemn and dis-
treseing to the doomed savages. To all ap-
ptarances, howcyer, it.was not so. The pris-
oners reegived their scntenre Need coolly. At
the close of the firet paragraph they gave the
usual grunt of approval; but as the second
wan boli. g intepreted to them, they evidently
discovered the drift Af the miattc r,and their
approval was leas ge neral and with but little
unétion. -

Several Indians emoked their pipes coin-
posedly during the reading, and ‘we observed
one in particular babes when the time of exe-
cution was desi ao letly knocked the
ashes from his pipe open Ned it afresh with

_hbis favorite kinnekinnick; while another:was
slowly rubbing a pipefull of the same articie
in bis hand, preparatory toa g smoke.

The Indians were evidently ared forthe
visit and the announcement of their sentence
—one or two havin
ing about it when
parate apartment.

At the conclusion of the. ceremony, Col.
Miller4instructed Major Brown to tell the In-
dians that-each should be pevitenesto desig-
nate the einieter of his choice, that a record
a the same would be made, an the minister

elected would have free intercourse with

ey were removed to a se-

leaving the ministers in consultation with the
prisoners.

DIRRS.

eral order was ptomul,

e@ by: the commander of the post, forbid

all persons in Mankato, and

ritory for the distance of ten illes =i ead;
uors,

/Auarters, to sell or intoxicat
p to he eulis pen

€
inclu wines cna beer
of the United States rees’ in. this valley or

‘On Monday a t-

Colonel commanding.
. CONFESSION OF, THE PRISONERS,

. ‘Nearly all of the. prisoners under sentence,
+} have. made confessions to their spiritual ad-
visers.. They freely admit having been en-
geged in the several battles; but deny the
chi e.of ‘having ‘wantonly’ and wickedly”
ered white people. In this connection
they make one. sensible stajement; to-wit:

t “A it is a shame they shoul sk hung, while
others of the prisoners wh 8 more
guilty, should be allowed ta angie crs ty

making these stateme ‘ts, confessions
ane t denials they were génerally "calm; but a
| .few individuals were quite a asived: They
were imm ly checked by others, and tutu
| that they were all dead .men and there was no

Many of them have indited letters to their
friends in which they sgy they are very dear
tothem, but will see com no more. They
‘exhort,them not to cry| or chan e thelr dress
for them. Some of them say they expect to
go and ‘dwell with the Goo Spirit, and ex-

On : Tuesday evening ‘they extemporized a
dance with a wild Indian song. It was feared
that this was only a cover for something else
which might be attempted, -and inl} s
were thereafter fastened ‘to -the floor,’
Seems, however, rather. probable, that lass
were only singing their
friends from the other prison have been in to

'
{

The streets are muddy, and the trave ‘bad.
Nevertheless the people, soldiers . ceivil-
ians are coming in from every direction ; and
present) appearances indicate that there wi The
be.a vast multitude convened here byt
hour of execution,

INDIANS. ge

. The following is a copy of a’letter from one
of the c condemned prisoners to hievhief and
father-in-ley ebashs¥ t was taken down
im the exact lw aagre Cicthied DY he prisoner,
and excepting ite untruthfulness, we think it
an excellent letter:

Wabasnaw :—You have deceived me.
me ‘that if we folio’ the advice of Gen.
and give ourselves [ip to the whites, all
-welle-no innocent man would id be. in) nyured) tn I bie
ee) et wanndod, xis injured a

whi
Thave fos arti 4
plunder of Cael prope Pete

rt for exerutlon on iauat di
while men who are
My wife Ie bei fas ter,
anheniiaren. e them un-
not yh "then a nue ae

ther died because ty followeht the od.

by told

a white man to answer for
My wife and online ae lear to me. sae th
Pele deut bone a t them it de rey aiTwi
do as becomes Prepared noes Coat ape ea
" Your son-in-law,
/ Roan. Tam: axa >
The above Indian was convicted of particl.
pating inthe murders and robberies at the

the Great 8;

rT A, umes nd the sworn testimony at
ashin ts’ materially from his con-
fession as pie, Jone.

On Wednesday, each Indien sct apart for ex:
ecutign, was permitted to. eend tr two or
three ot hie relatives or friends confined in
the same prison, for the purpose of bidding
them « final adieu, and to cw try such messages
to absent, reintives ne each person might be
disposed to send. Majer Brown was present
during the interview ‘bee ree 7

d
being very gad and ad etme Leche Indtan he

CHE WOTE A c ane

overheard soldiers talk-

h :
_ The Colonel-and spectators. then withdrew,

? PROBIBITENG THE SALB OF LIQUOR 70 SOL-

padjoining ter

vicinity, unless it be upon an order from the |

‘reason ‘why they slvuld not tell the truth. |

bead the hope that their friends. will all join |

try song. Their {’
te Semfrewell; and aad are now ready a0 ;

SOLDIERS AnD’ PEOPLE GATHERING, are
The weather is as mild,as carly autumn.

[oer FROM ONE OF THE “coxpmotan

a. :

erred his chief, and without having ee Poot of |

their wives and childrrep. how cheerful and
ha
oft is dread event. Tous it appeared not
as an evidence of Christian fai but a
steadfast adlerence to their heathen buperstl-
tions.

They ehook hands with the officers who
came {n among them, bidding them good-bye,
us ifticy were yoing on a long and pleasant
jou ney,
of vermilon and ultramarine of their counte-
noners, 88 their fancy: suggested, evidently in-
tending to tix themselves off'as gay as possble

, [he coming exhibition. They commenced
eit gong their death-eong, ,Ja-zoo leading, and
nevily all joining. e Had never heard this
song, and could not: now tell it from, the war
& ng. but it was wonderfully exciting,

PRLVARATIONS FOR THE oaLLoWs—DEATH
SONG CONTINUED.

At balt pabt ecven all persons wereexcluded
from the 1vem, except those necessary to
help prepare. the prisoners for their doum.
Under the superintendence of Major Brown
and Capt. Redfield, their trons were knocked
Off, ank one by one ,were tied by cords, their

in front, but about six inches apart. :This
1] about 9 o’clock. In
‘ne waB much énlivensd

f ration occupied
meantime . at be
by their songs and cunversation, keep up
the most cheerful appvaran:
Asthey were, a pinioned, they went
round the room shak hands with the ry
diere and reporters, bidding them “
&e. White Dog requested not to be tied, en
sald that he could keep his hands down; but
of course his te roel could not be omplied
with. Hesaid that Little Crow, Young Six
and Big Eagle’s brother: got them into this
war, and now he and others are to die for it.

down very quietly, and_commenced'smo
again. Father Ravoux caine in and after
dressing them a few moments,nelt in p
reading from a prayer- in the ote
guage, which a portion of the cond mao te-
eated after him, During cerem ay nedr-
y ajl paid fhe most strict sttantlo -
tral were ted even H tue ad-,
y

dresced them again,
French, whith -was fete fe _

Campbell, one of thelcon -breeds. :
The caps were then ut on their heads,
These were made of white muplin taken from
the Indians when their camps jwere captured,
apd which had formed part of ithe s
had taken from the m red |traders. They
were made long and look ce 8 meal regres
but being ro! up only cal ;
to be sesh, , and allowed their painted hiss
o
x They received these evidences of thelr near
roach to death with evident dis ise
i d been: peg thing brat A ak
looked oe A the others not :
rece’ i
Gaams and and: Ln bad | po yi h oak

wear was not considered d

this cove of the ead a we te cap,
was hum There was) no mo

and but little conversation ,

All sat around the room;

crouched position awaitir
silence; or listening to: ating)

iz
aoe
em of f Failte .
Ravoux; who still addressed them nce i a

while theybrought their small} loo -g)
es before their es, tg ‘see that their counte-
nances y.ct preserv the proper modicum of
paint. three /half-breeds’jwere the most
of a}l affected, and their dejéction of counte-
nance was truly pitifal to. behold ae
FAs FROCRONE 20 SEES . vot
oe LAST DEATH SONG
" At precisely 10'o’clock the
marihpied in a procession, V
pe Regeeld:. berg sani on z

din.
i cer of the
ey mat ‘engerlyjand.ch

nae just alot of h arders rus
ay. aged dinner in a hotel.” Idiers .w!
were. the oe, stacked arms
nd silcored them, ond ow in oy Were f I
lores by the clergy, *, |
As they domemenead of the 8

fold, the death 1 ioe i peat a a :
when they. had all got up, the nolée they’ made
was truly hideous, It seem ed as if me >

ninn ie broken loose it

tee BY
effect in He eping up thei ircourage. One you
fellow, who hed bien given: iy cigar by young
the.reporters, just before marching from their
bh rters, was ee it on the stand, puting
y very ai byiyt intervala of ;

wn over

” and even
face, he man-
and sm :

mpi adj a
was ready: for the
ae pert AND DISGUSTING INorDENT,.

The solemnity of the scene wae: here in.
turbed by an incident which if it were not in-
tenecly sting might be cl tedse a remark. ;
able evidence of the hawt 4 of déath which
is the traditional characteristic of the Indian,
Orte of the Indians whose Bae "a re sid not
ascertain, in the rhapsody of
conceived
a> jadian to oondelve and s dirty

ad tle pone rn: o- ie 6 effect,
D
wan found near New Ulm with
his head cut vg en and p ina as indeli-
cate part of the bod
“it Ie me,”"—and @

fe me,’ sung,.
a the selon to ‘the
word by an indecent exposure of ite poston in
hideous mockery of the triumph of thgt
— pee sword was already fall!
ORC

This monstrous exhibition, such a

ee muy at least be rege rded ax io juat
penalty for the morbid curios! ty which
60 i women trom their homes.to r

TEE
in the maps of spectators ot the foot of the

galowe

LYTPTL RDU

»y they all had died, exhibiting no fear |)
by

They had added some fresh: streake |)

elbows beitig cart behind and ‘the wrists |, ect

>

ai ineult to the aoe meee “

Ordinary Seamen............. 14 do do
Landamen............ 12. do do
Firemen, first-ciasa . % | .do do
Firemen, eecond-c : 7 So go

tee oO
% are open ready to enlist

Mist :
on er LOU! CHICAGO,
CINCINNATI, FRIE.
OUISVILLE; MEMPHIS,
SALRO. ;
DAVID D. PORTER, ~
o Acting Rear Admiral,
detx@i-lm. C ii aisaippi Squadron,

Ging is

——- +—

FOR THE EIGHT IN-

FANTRY, REGULARS,

$100 BOUNTY:
A eckafleig dang MEN wanted tor this oldand

Peay fron from nee to $22 per month, ‘
Good board. clothing and médical attendance ter.
nighed immediately, :

ens vernment Ddounty given

rticulars apply v0, JOHN W. Lan
atenant Eighth Infantry, Recraitin,
Ofticer, wat ix South Clark

$2.00 wil HSS cient Srennting an egoopid |

.

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SINGER & CO’S LETTER A |

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the ransing of 8 a taok In Tarletan to-the making of an

Fell, Hiem. bs ta eRe camer,

After all were properly : fastened, they stood
in a row around the ropm, and another ex-
citing death-song was sung. *They/| then sat’|/ Ov:

rnamental
works capacity f ue Fak rey, of ry ohid can learn
to. use it, having no liability to get out of order, it

is ever ready to do ita work.
“To the poor workwoman who has to sew for her dafly
‘brea. 9 the Family Sewing Machine will prove a trea-
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4 8. rere + £9. '

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[HE OLDEST SEWING ua

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THE | ORIGINAL.
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Jitnvented. tm 1345 — Perfected ta 1See.

so
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HOWE. MACHINE

Took the Imperial Gold Meda} as er first
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he onl Premiums iven, either fe
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lowe
derive their
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World's Fair, + yg ny alot the feading Se Serving is
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estern and Northwest

“containtn; fail dees eeeriptions of of Machines,
it b 1, ‘
application, or een y y nal NYANT,

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Agent, &

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aSEWING MACHINE vain
a peopl sre. peronring thet glowing er
tons are pot merit,

Dunng t

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Thisd
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For the
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Are yau
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a day of
magic,

paste

itis 4. wisdom to parohase To the pa!
BEWING MACHINE of rine to, peretae 2 only Pin reberin
Thoce are 95,000 Machince tn use tn this ‘country on} Dep wee
"he Machine ts PROFITABLE end AVAILABLE A | of wae
“igteenn nal to TEN Seamstresess, FOR sa.
ween tay’ be cbeate AVIDERD i Bod id amma x
is ie = in Mor
eon ee Sanaa | ae
GEORGE R, CHITTENDEN, | WR)

General Agent for INto in, I Ne be
blame HIRE on ey Treg mal WE
ae. a in

street, Chicago,
Cironlarg m: had on
ay ary ay be application dr by post


 Chicage Gribune.

; at
THURSDAY, JANUARY 1, 1863.

«

¢ ALONE.

Orpheus C. Kerr. in alate cuaractcri-ti¢ letter
to the New York Snday Mereniy, contributes the
following exquisite poom: '

Three stalwart song o!d Sweyn, the Saxon, had,
Brave, hardy ladwfor battle or thechase; - ~
And though, like peasant, barbarously clad,
Each wore the Nameless Noble in his face;
One o'er another rose their heads, in tiers,
Steps for their father’s honorable ycars.

One night. in anttimn, sat they round the fire,
In the rnde cabin bountiful of home;

Mild by the rev'nence due from child to sire,
Bold tn the manhood unto mast'rycome; —-
Working their tasks o'er hunteman’s forcet gear,

Loos'ning the bow and sharpening the spear.

bat in his thoughts. old Sweyn. the Saxon, stood,
Leaning in silence 'gainst the chimney-stone;. |
Staring, unconscious, at the blazing wood,
Steeped in the moo¢ of mind he oft had known;
As an old tree, whose etoutest branches shake,
Scarce from their vigor sign of life will take.

ve.
Athol, the bearded, with his bow had done,

‘Alfred, the nimble, laid his spear aside ;

dric, the fairest, tiring of his fun,

Left the old hound to slumber on his hide;
Yet was their sire like one whose feature aeem
Shaded by sleep, and all their light a dr :

Bold in tetn ar of the eldest-horn,
4 tho] for po is younger brothers spoke:
“Father, the fox is prowling tothe eorn,

And hear the night-owl hooting from the oak; .
Let us tocouch.”’ But Sweyn had raised his head,
‘And thua, unwitting what had paes‘d, he said:

“See, from my breast, I'draw this chainof gold"—
Fairin thé‘firelight royally it shone—

“This for his honor that shall beet unfol
Who, of all creatures, is most alone;

Take him from palace, monast’ry, or cot,

Loving, unloved, forgetting, or forgot.”

Then Athol! spoke, with thoughtful tone and look;
* He ig ty@flonelicet—most alone of all, :
Who, in ff to the mid-eeas forsook,
Finde ng an echo, even, to hia call;

, not #11 alone were he;
Bnt there’s ho echo on the solemn gea!"’

Amd Alfred next—‘‘ But lonclier, brother, far,

The wretch that ficcs a just avénging rod;
To him all ecenes are wastes—a foe the star,

All earth he’s lovt, yet knows no heay'n, no God,
Most lonely. he. who, beset ie man his foe,

Unto man's Maker darcth not to go!”

r, Thus spoke the lads, with ‘wit heyond thefr years;
And yet the old man held his beard.and sighed, -
6 one Whd gains the form his wishing wears,
But wishes still assomething most denied
Upon his youngest caver looks he turned,
, And Edric's cheek with grace ingenious burned.

“Ithink, my father’’—and his tones were low,
“ That lonclier yet, and most alone, is he-

Scarce taught, tho’ crowdéare leading, where togo,

And one face missing. can no other see;

, Though all the Norman‘s court around him moves,

' He is alone apart from her he'lovcs,”

A hurh fellon them. Then, with loving air

And all the touching romance of the old
The hoary father kixsed young Edric’s hair,

And o’ér his shoulders threw the chain of gold;
Then fell upon his darling’s neck, and cried,
‘Ihave been lonely since thy mother died!”

THE INDIAN EXECUTIONS.

Simultaneous Hanging of
38 Sioux Murderers,

The Maines and Crimes of the
Culprits,

°

, ‘ ec eager icon eenonpemenmens >
Parting Interviews with their Old
Associates in Crime.

T INCIDENTS AND SCENES IN PRISON,

The Death Song and Hopey of
Happy Hunting Grounds,

THE AWFUL SPECTACLE AT THE
GALLOWS,

The Burial. and Other
‘Incidents.

‘From the Bt. Paul Daily Press, Dec. 0 )

TUS Lib) OF THE CONDEMNED CONVICTS —
PME MATO RR CF ‘Lithia Cita
We have pererved) for publication ana part
Of the complete bibstory of this awful event
nnd preline the gesrative af cir e}

tres
al rey

fit {hilo
we . eg

reporter:
{By Onr@pectal Reporter. ]
> Mankato, Dec. 94. 1862.

PREPARATIONS FOR THB BARCUTION OF THE

THIRTY-NINE SIOUX PRISONERS,

Immediately upon the receipt of the order

ostponing the time of the execution from
Friday, the 11h, to Friday, the 26: inot., the
nilitary authorities here commenced making
the requisite preprrations for the execution.
To prevent disappointment to many persons
who would have otherwise collected here to
witness the execution, Col. Miller issucd and
caused to be circulated extensively an order
which has already. been copied into the col-
umns of the / ress, notifying the people of the
portonement. Grounds were selected upon
which to erect the gallows on the levee GpPo-
site the present Indian quarters. The gatlows
is now in process Ofercction, and promises to
be a very substantial: structure; and if not
carried away after the execution, in parccls,

ast relics and keepsakes, will serve well far.

future, occasions of a like character. It ie
twenty-four feet square, with posts tiftcen feet

- between joints, and-is so arranged as to afford
‘room for the hanging of-ten Indians on each

‘side. It might have been:longer, had the
President been less squeamish, and cven then
justice would have been defrauded of its dues.
REMOVAL OF THE CONDEMNED £0 SAFR QUAR-
TERB. . -

On Monday the 22nd inst., the conden tned
priconere were ‘separated from the other
prisoners and removed to a room on the
lower floor of Lecche’s stone building, Here
a strong guard-igstationed and every precau-
tion taken to insure not only their safe keep-
ing, but also their safety, as against the vio-

lence of a few of our misguided, though deeply °

injured fellow citizens.

* COLONEL MILLER’S ADDRESS TO THE CULPRITS

—THE DEATH WARRANT READ,

On the afternoon of the day’of the removal
of the prisoners, Col. Miller, accompanied b
his interpreter, other officers: and a few citi-
zens, proceeded tothe new prison and an-
nounced the decision of the President. Ad-
dressing the interpreter, Rey. M?. Riggs, he
said:

Tell these thirty-nine condemued men that the
commanding officer of this place has called to
speak tothem upon a very serious subject this

afternoon, '

Their great father at Washington, after carefully
reading what the witnesses testified to in their
several trials, has come to the conclusion that tuey
have each been -guilty of wantonly and wickedly
murdering his white children, And for this reason
he has directed that they each be hanged by the
neck until they are dead, on next Friday; and that
order will be carried into eftect on that day, at 10
o'clock in the forenoon ; oe

That good ministers are here—both Catholic and
Protestunt—from amongst whom each one can se-
lect a spiritual adviser, who will be permitted to
commune with them constantly during the four
days that they are yet to livd;

‘That I will now cauece to be read the letter of
their Great Father at Washington, first in English,
and then in their own language, (The President's
order was here read.)

Say to them now that they have so sinned against
their fellow men, tht there is ho hope for clemen-
cy apoyo in the mercy of God, through the merits’
ofthe blessed Redecmer; ‘and that I earnestly ex-
hort them toapply to that as their only remafulng
source O1 comfort and consolation.

Véfy naturally it- Would be expected that

this ecene would be peculjarly solemn and dis-
tresbing to the doomed savages. To all ap
pearances, however, it was not so, The pris-
-oners reegsved thelr sentence yery coolly, At
the clope of ihe first paragraph they gave the
usual grunt of approval; but as the xecond
was bolig Intepreted to them, they evidently
discovered the drift 6f the matter, and their
approval waa less gencral and with but little
unetion. .
Several Indlang emoked. thetr
POH rending , ond we observed
oye ky doth who, w time of exe
cuion wan devignated, quictly knocked the
ashes from his plpe and filled jt afresh with
bjs favorite kinnekinnick ; while another was
lowly rubbing a pipefull of the same articie
jn his hand, preparatory to e yogd sinoke.

The Indjans were evidently pr&pared forthe
Visit and the announcement of their sentunce
—one ortywo having overheard solders talk:
Ing obout It when they were removed to a ne-
porate apartment,

At the conclusion of the ceremony, Col,
Milley Instructed Major Brown to tell the In
diane that each should be priviloged to denty-
nate the woilnister of bis chote fiat n record
of the came would be made, an®the odnister
a0 welected would have free intercourse with
hin,

Thy Colonel ond spectators then withdrew,
lenving the qjuieters do concullation with the
prisoners

VROMIBITENG

pipes: com

hep Ghee

THM HALE OF LIQuon TO KOL-
DURUM,
On Monday  géperal order was prommulyat
ed by the commafder of the post, for itd
all persone in MeéAki to, and the adjolniag ter
ritory for the distanct of tengatles fiom bead
Quarters, fo pellor give intosdeating liquors,
includiay wines and beer, ty Uy culleted nen
of the Visited Btateg forees Ja thin valley or
Vielbity, unters It be Bpon ean oder from the
Colonel commiandbap
COSTPBRIGN OF ‘Tite
Netoly all of
hove
Vinees Phey

vee

Ve padscenre tie
nde Certbe wedge

fier nchaasd Treks YY Cae EEE? Y)

again (and Tazoo was oc) affected to dare-
ard the dangers of their position, and
Frughed and joked appiren:tly as unconcerned
as if they were sitting wound a catnp fire fa
perfect freedom.
RES ITE.
A special order was r ceived by Col. Millgr,
night before last, fromthe President, post-
‘oning the execution of Ta-ti-ma-ms, reduc-
ing the number-to be executed to thirty-¢i ht.
There arescriots doubtaameng those she-t
acquainted with the subject, whether be was
guilty of any murder, and the belief has been
strengthened by new evidence conii out
d:.ily. Hence sn inter>st has been awakened
it, his bebalf, and a respite from the President
is the reeult.

THURSDAY NIGHT. —
MIDNIGHT SCEBN@ IN THE CELL or [zag CON-
DEMNED.

Late on Thursday night, in company with
Lieutenant Colonel Marshall, we visited the
building occupicd by the doomed Indians.
They were quartered on the ground floor of
the three-story stone .building erected by the
late Gen. Leech. .

They were all fastened to the floor by
chains, two by two. Some were sitting up,
smoking and conversing, while others were
reclining, covered with blankets, amd appa-
rently asleep. The three half-breeds and one
or two ethers only, were dressed in ‘citizens’
clothes. . The rest all wore the breeth-cloat,
leggings and blankets, and not a few were

adorned with paint.” The ma f them
uite sta

are young men, though several are

an ray-neade rap e towards
yventy. One is quite a youth—not over 8ix-
€cn. ey all uppeared chee nd com

tented, and scarcely to reflect on the cer

doom which awaited them. As we isp on

them, the reflection of how short a time since
they had been engaged in the diabolical work
of murdering indiscriminately both jold and

cation, people were constantly arriving to
| witness the hanging. Tro ps were constantly
in from all int:, and the atreets
| we err het ale Tac rovfs and win-
dows of all buildings in the vicinity. and ail
| othet eligible places, were early occupied hy
anxious spec’ rs, including the sand ‘ar in
|the river and fhe opnustt: bank. All was
P hes orderly. wing to: the strict en-
| forcement of martial law, not a single case of
| drunkenness or disorderly conduct occurred,
and after\the bodies had been cut down, they
| began to’Neturn from the s-ene, many leaving
| town imm: ones All-expressed themselves
|e saticfied\that the execution was being car-
|ried out, and there were no threats or appa-
‘rent wishes to execute summary vengeance on
| the others. \ ‘

For the Army.
| UNITED STATES MISSISSIPPI
|

BQUADRON.\ Caro, Inu, Noy. 25th, 1362,
‘Inthe Mississippi Squadron
| SEAMEN,
‘ORDINARY SEAMEN AND LANDSMEN,

| The number of Steamers now fitting out offers a fine
epportunity to the We ‘oung men to enlist in the
| Naval vessels of the U

. HOW on the Western
waters, and any one not over forty ars of
wi

will
be recelved, provided he br! niin a certificate
of a Surgeon tiat Le has no chronic disease or physical
debility Y any kind. No perso under eighteen years
| of age will be received without be written consent of
e

&

and seryice, Anyone who
| wishes to enter the Navy will have their actual mileage
| paid them on thelr arrival at Cairo, dr any Naval Ren-
' dezvous, and after they are deliveredon board the Re-
, Céiving Ship. : \ .

The enlistments will be for the war, and not leas than

yebr bd dus 3 neither sex nor condi oe ent one year. If for the war two months ‘advance will be
4 thrill of horror over our veins. Now they |’. aid, when’ the person enlisting presents Limself on
are perfectly harmless, and look as Innocent | foara Receiving Ship, and every one will be allowed to
as children. They smile at your entrance and | have half pay ticket for-his familly from the day of en-
hold out their hands to be shaken, which yet [| letment. An additional examination by\ the Surgeon.
7 will take place on board the Receiving Ship, and any
wre ee gory with oo Blood of babes. |. one attempting to deceive will not enjoy the benefit of
1, treachery, thy name is Dakota, | ,
2 he following are the rates of pay to whi
Father Ravoux spent the whole nightamong | ,.7 aligibie sive once frowe tee BD as persons

the doomed ones, talking with them concern-
ing their fate, and endeavoring to impress
upon them & serious view of the subject. He
met with.some success, and during the night
several were baptized, and received the com-
munion of the church. ae

|
THE FATAL FRIDAY

At daylight, we were again there. at
govd man Father Prous, was still” with
them, also Rey. Dr. Williamson ; a when-

ever cither of these worthy men reased
them, they were listened to with marked at-
tention. The doomed ones wished jit to be
known nmong their friends, and particularly
their wives and children, how cheerful and
happy they all bad died, exhibiting no fear
of this dread event. Tos it appeared not
ag an evidence of Christian faith, but a
stcudfast adherence to their heathen supersti-
tions, 2 P

They shook hands with the officers who
came in among them, bidding them good-bye,
as if they were going on a long and pleasant
jowney, They bad added some fresh streaks
of vermniiion and ultramarine of their counte-
nonces, ab their fancy suggested, evidently in-
tending to fix themselves off ax gay as possble
for the coming exhibitton, They commenced
singing their death-sgng, ‘Ja-zoo leading, und
neully all joining. e Had never heard this
song, and could not now tell it from the war
6. ng, but it was wonderfully exciting, ©

PREPARATIONS FOR THE .GALLOWsS— DEATH
BONG CONTINUED. on

At half post seven all persons were excluded
frog the reer, exeeph Chrerts “CRBIEY, |
help prepare. the privancrs for Cheb
Under the pipermicndence of Major Brovn
and Capt. Redfield, their trons were knocked
off, ank one by one were tied by cords, their
elbows being pintoned behind and the wrists
in front, but about, six finches apart. This
1 igen vccupled Mi about 9 o'clock. In
the meantime the stence was much eulivensd
by thelr songa and convorsation, hovplag up
the moet cheerful appearance

Anthey were boing pinioned, thoy went
rouad the yooin shaking: hands with tho gol-
ert and reporters, bidding them "good by,”’
&e. White Dog requested pot to-be thed, alld
wild that he could heep his hands down, but
of course ble request could not be complied
with, Ho said that Littl Crow, Young six
ond Big Exgle's brother got them Into. this
war, apd pow he and others are to dle for it
After all were properly fRetened, they stood
uA In a row around the repin, aud anolhor ox
citing dentheong was eupg. They thon saat
down very wie y, end commenced smoking
ayaa. Kother Ravowg cnine in and after ad
dering them oa fow momenta, knolt in prayor,
reading fron a prayer book tn the Dakota lan-
Koage, which a portion of the condemned re-
peated after hit, During thia coromoay nous
yal pald Hg miost atiicl ottentton, and aey
Cra) were affected even to tears Me then ad
drecred (herd again, At in Dakota then in
Piench, whieh wae doterpreted by Bapit i
Cron pbell one of the comdereied ladl ty code

The

Phen

tape were them patoon Cheis

} thie Tavdiane +

Phece were trade of white srundin dabeon ¢

hee

bs heed fionmaes

Calpe Were

viel white toof the eput

doote.

a Vessel of War—all person though must enter as >
men, Ordinary Seamen or Leesan. and obtain suck
‘or:

higher rates as may fi ; ~
Mg Yeoman.... rf per month and one Sation,
orer...... $3 and one ration,
Master at Arms. 23 do
Ship's Corporal 20 «do do
Coxswains. . 24 do do
arter Masters... + 24 do do .
uarter Gunners....... -. 2% do do
apta.n of Forecastle. % do do
‘aptain of do do
Coopers. . 2 do do
Painters .. 2 do do
Ghin's Stewar 2 86do do
cer’s do 20 2«do do 7
OOKB . 0.2... cece 4% do do
Master of Band. 20 «do do
Musicians. -15 do do \
Seamen...... -18 do do
Ordinary Seam 14 do do
Landsamen....... 12° do do
Firemen, first-clasa,. 3% do do
ey Firemen, second-class, .. .2% do do
: OAVErB...........,...4. 1 do

Thetiloetoe Rendezvous are open resdy to enlist
fem left amongst the watermen or persons able to
cial ‘ CHICAGO,-
MEMPHIS,

Acting Rear Admiral,
Conmanding Misaisalppt Squadron.

de2x6651-Im
Ho! For THE EIGHT IN.
FANTRY, REGULARS,

$100 BOUNTY.

A fow more sbie bodied MEN wanted for this old and
men “ ad
AOe y

22 per month, P
oOthing and medical attendance tar
ty

ent b

unty given
£ the keg {
re paeriicolers apply to JOLWN W) PRENCH,
Jr, second Lieutenant Bighth fafantry, Recruiting
Olticer, at Nb Sonth Clark street. -

$2.00 will be paid any person presenting an accepted
recruit, Soe? at Sin

; Sewing fllachines. ;
QING ERS

SEWING MACHINE.

SINGER & CO'B LETTER A

With all the new linprovements,

Ja the beet and cheapest amd most beautiful of all Sew
fig Machines bipiuaechine will acw anything from
the soontng of @ tuek te Tarictan to the making of an
Overcoat, Tt dan

Pehl, Riom Wind, Braid, Gather,

‘eck, Quills,
And hag Oapaolty for a great variety af ornamental
work. TQleee ofinple ia aliactire (hata chlldeas temo

fore ih and bawdig we Habiitty to got out of odor tt
lorserteady Gs do tts wor

Te the poor wok Woman who hae trvacw for her daily
Vread the Panotly bewlog Machine will pouye a bea

euto Nev Veetmabkor ot Divemakercan ito withome I,
1M niNgat @co,
Chirago OMe 10 Clark arect

Poo DP Agente wanted ibetoand iowa dado a0) tim
|
iY it} SEWING ALM
| ‘ ‘Le
|

Tv

po

Family Sewing Machine,

c

A)

KIDNE!

These Dar
Diseases,
siated t)

ment

tro)
I

properties of
e

hh organs of :
dition of the £

pial! of tl

ng aw the by:

cq:
which gives t)
healthy tone =
the Constituti
abetis in whic

STONE IN

GRAV.

ANI
4 ¢

Diseases oc
will be entire
if taken for a
vary with the

drops to a tea:

During the ps
urgent symp
proper remed:
\stitution Wat:
DYSMEX ORI

ATION,

Bath disenset
meénetrual fit
and a )pan
foo profi: ve
by

That ditea:
wo. , whic
ligameptr of (
of heaviness:
elites, aad att
ing or rottr

all cases, be re
There ie anc.

IRRITATION
call Nervouan
noraace, ba
doce not real)
the dlmeane, ¢
only cnaumer:
larly of Cold
paired Menc

suor. Lar

SUPP

e Cohaa

Which fn the |

curring disena:
“more graye a:
and as meth
heiug mate tc
comes eh ont:
prtete, the be
come on, and

LUE

Thie Aj-cne
Mreoues linn
all casvan vo
ncioea the bo
spoonful of ti
adlay, with a
medicine, ai
morning aod

IRMUITATION
iNt1

Por theese dic
tow eb an
haa bewu bk ov

Are y..u \
er adbed the be
a stay of Gol
ima, lt

Whasnoe us
tome Atm Me
Wlug Pood a:
dee lw ‘
ehowhi be.

Havo hong

|
i

Bil funtpess

4


a ii oe) oll

i a oh “7 ie
oR,
ey A ge ri

————_—

THIRTEEN SOLDIERS (BLACK) , executed Fort Sam Houston, TX 12/11/1917

ee ay 7 —_——

BOF FICIAL’ BULLETIN: i | WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 19, 108

ht ty

ae BL ons Va ree oN

© on flirial - Bulletin

Pubilaned ivory Teok. ‘Day,
cage ee Pa tay dll by. the :
“ow Public: Information, |

s\omee: No. 10 Jackson Place,
divs Stes): Washington, D. O,

Except”

X “open af the Ovwictat BuLLevin will be furs
Pnivhed without charge to newapapers, all post
Pant oMictalw: of the United States Govern-

a governmental . ingtitutions
oyu) rit 10 ‘iasominntion of oficial news
“ee gs eka Staton Governmont,—-1. 8. Rocu-

1 ATI, Haitor.,’
Hy » MATH BY MAIL,

ies sch as yi’ 4 }
af ne years... ¢ $5. 00
PE RON CNG min Suiabine cine 8. 00
wall» Eee payable to the Hescee

Sate caegg bg eee CPS UTIRT

i ‘by create a Committee on Pub-
srmation; tobe'co ed of the:
tary of State, the .Secretary of*
Pores Secretary of. the.Navy, and .a~
who.shall be charged with the ©

As civilian chairmian of the commits
4 Sia smal Mr. George Creel. -
ecretary of State, the Secretary
of ‘War, and the Secretary of the Navy
6 authorized each to detail an officer
“ ificers to the work of the committee.

tt ‘on: ‘tho’ heot-sugar basin: has
‘authorived, Thy ralve la from $7.25
j .85-1ud good Into. effect December 12."
a fs ahould’ ‘not,: however,» cause: any nad-
Nance In: the.present retail price, and job-:
hersand: retallers', are required to sell.
1efr,. atocl: ‘on hand. on ‘the old. basis.:
CHE. price, $7.85,,;is the figure at the
Basic ‘centers. for sugar; which are New:
ork, *San: Francisco, and New Orleans;
Gy Phe ralse isin view of the fact that the:
aes reed, ‘upon with the representa-
ist “0 Rneqoaban. rovernment will re-

ot Hat tad. wien
Prone vet aunty whieh ee

my AM. pe

ema tf

iter

ae 70. CLOSE § SCHOOLS. Nt

th ited, ‘Estates: < Fuel ° ** Administrator:
a try AL Garfield ‘states that the, Fuel.
inlatration ‘does not. conteinplate’ the’
Glosing:'of \wchoolw in the, Northern ’ ‘and.
damn States during January upd Tobe.
He hea suggestion that school’ ses-,
nded asa means of saving:
‘thes Fuel} Adininistration
AU pr mourcen, but it has not boon :
y % itavora bie constdeentien, xs, ie fit:

f ee ¢
4 ‘TATE OOUNOIEA RROTLON,"

The section of the Councll of National |
, Defense, known, as. the. “section, on : cor
Seopwdtion with’ States,"s.in, the future.

say tl hie, _dealgnated, gepanelias

: the. State
"
ae sp gectton.” on abba ad!

ommittee

Sutin direction of the committee. . .

‘ a"?
tat
“TALES:
"|
Bae
: ime December 10th. The court sentenced

¥

!

My

Wf: hat Are gpphingent: upon. ‘prompt accensiit

aS

i
tenceg
tinted” “the "63-* members ' of the ‘Twenty- | |

Secretary McAdoo W. ould : Daou

vtise: of Gold Coin in Making up Pay Rolls
Owing to the Loss in Value by Vieaaias

~~. The following statement has been
made by Secretury McAdoo:
The use of gold coin as a cireulat-
Ing medhumn Jends to rnpld abrasion
und consequent loss of value. There
is a real economy {in using currency
in all ordinary domestic transactions,
‘letting colned gold be used as secure
ity behind gold certificates and us
. reserve for Federal reserve notes and
other, forms of paper currency or for —

hye \/sforelgnexchange. settlements tn cases
|:S3ewhere-no iF
s<fusting. international balances, , “anes
|)“ would be‘willing’ to furnish’ the: gold :i:::

‘else;can be.used, in Adz)
“po! @Lhere are some. firms and corpora: .
“tions, however, in various sections of
* the country which have been accus-
‘tomed, in making up thelr pay rolls,
to use machines for counting money.
While there is no objection ta the use
of these machines in handling silver
coins, the use of gold in them in times
like the present must be discouraged,

In most cases firms and corpora-:
tions which have been using gold in
- ‘these machines have discontinued the
practice, realizing the importance of

: ile protecting the country’s gold supply

"and ‘of iiscouraging the wasteful use
‘of gold. for pay rolls, especially as In

Als ~, to comply i statement:.belng

most cases the reciplent of the gold
coin would prefer paper money, In
some’ cases, however, paymasters
have seen fit to consult thelr own
CONVEHTENCO Td CONTINUE CO mint des
mands upon the banks for gold coln
for pay-roll purposes.
realizing the waste incident to the
use of gold for such purposes, have
objected to meeting the demands of
the paymasters, but In som» Instances
have been threatened with the loss of
the. account In case of thelr failure
made
“Sthat® ‘other: banks?{n~theicommunity .

__in consideration of the transfer of the -
account. It is hoped, however, that’

’ upon reflection firms and corpora-
tions which are still using gold and
banifs which. signify thelr willing-
ness to furnish’ it..will realize that
this is a selfish. and unpatriotic at--
titude, and that for the sake of the
good of the country in these ‘serious

_ times’ they will subordinate constd-
erations of personal convenience or
of profit: to the general welfare and
be content to make up their pay rolls
in currency, using: silver, coins,, of
course, for fractional payments.

= Thien Colored Soldiers Are Executed
for Participating in. Riots.;at . Houston

‘ “ane War Desartiient haa received the-
following telegram from the Commander.
‘of_ the Southern Department in rojation
_to the hanging
‘implicated in the Houston, Tex., riots last

of 18 colored soldiers

~

Fort Sam Tlousron;
December 11, 1917.

August:
TEX.,

- “ Adjutant General, Washington;

“The proceedings, findings, and sen-
of the General Court Martial which

fourth’ Infantry for participating in Hous-"
‘ton’ riots August 28rd were approved by

‘Sergeant William ©. Nesbit, Corporal Lar-
non, J. Brown, Comperal James Wheat- |

- cuted.

potted

ley, ” orporak J esse Moores’
Charles’ W. Baltimere, Private «
Class) William Breckenridge,

Corporal
(Wirst

ate Ira B, Day

Private rank Pa eiae ari
Tey W. Young, all Com [

fTeWhorter, Company M, to capital
ment,

pun
“ The court also sentenced” 41° men to
‘confinement for life, one mun to contine-
‘ment’ for two years and six months, three

“men for .confinement for two years, and

apenitted five men.

= : =

San

he!

y oD DATES IN CABLE ; GUOTATIONE,

, Should be ‘Definite. in. Order to Avold
Trade Misunderstandings, .

La raat ‘following : atutement uppears in

Commerce Reports:

’ Several misundorstandings bat wate

‘American exporters and foreign buyers

have recently been brought to the atten-
(lon of the Tureau of Morel and Donen
tle Gommerce as a result of the neglect
of the exporters to give defluite tnformna-

, tion in a enble quotation relative to the:
‘length of time that the quotation holds

good..; When giving quotations by, cable’

ae 8

be ‘ance Is received too late.

tance it is considered highly. dostrable
that exporters stato dotinjtely dno thote
‘cables the date on whieh the ‘quotation |
will expire. They are also’-urged' to-

cuble Promptly to fone my purchasers if '
1

the cable from the purchaser 1a rocelved :
ufter the date fixed In the original cnble-
yram,
delay owing to -the censorship and the
pron Of Government bininess, and ets
helleved that midunderstindinges will be
avolded If a definite date ts tixed for the
expiration. of all. offers., that require,

The banks, -

Private:
(irst Class) Thomas C, Hawkins, Priv-: °
ate (Hirst Class) Carlos Snodgrass, Priv-!

ames Divin:
rivate Ris-
Land Private,

1e@ sentence has been exe-

~ “ TRUCKMAN,” 71

Onbles are subject to more or less, ,/

ra

prompt acceptance and itr the, purchaser . ° ni emi

is promptly advised: in; case. his. “accept



NEGRO RAVISHERS
‘HANGED BEFORE
WHOLE DIVISION

Four Men’ Faint. and
ee Negro Runs

naa Tas aia ut" “
Ries SU a es a

vio. SArmuck.

by ‘Aasoctated Preae
‘CAMP: DODQAK, lowa, July 6 “rhree
negro soldiers, convicted by courtmar-

Three negro moldiers among, tie
apoctatore tainted swt the men fell
to their death ans another ran amuck.
He aturted on wu dead run ‘Alrectly to-
ward the scaffold, but guards over-
powered him, A white soldier also
tainted. BR r
Four negroes. were arrested the
morning after the nesault, which oc-
jurred shortly before midnight May 24,
but one yuapect wis acquitted. whan
it war catablished that he was not
near the scene of the crime that night.
With a young suldier eacort the girl
was sitting on A hillside, when,: ac-
cording to her story at the trinl, four
negroes approached aor" oe:
One of therm, representing himscif
as ao military policeman, atruck her
eacort a blow. on the head and in the

(ial of “asmaultipg and -owraging’ a
17-year-old white «irl on the canton-:
ment ggunda the night ot May 24, were
| pera Pree ‘vodny. with. virtually the
pate ‘division w tnesging the execu-
The thitee trape were apritts .
‘ Xi ay ( ’ a

{inwoubly fit earch Onae The F iearoes
tarohed | Ohty the deaffold  slugting
ot wor hiercy 0G. my Seoul)"
‘fn . Hagrogn werg Nolson Johnson of
Tiuge Hada Ala... Rtunley Tramble of
Sita ‘ Ala and Fred Allen of Qeor-
wana, ; Ala, wll nelective service men
Jubnson: and Tramble were Jeclared
»» nillitary police. officials to. have
banfensad : their complete gwullt,) but
Allen, ‘while admitting hie hresence
when the crime. was committed, main-
tiayined ;t0 the laat that he had not out -
rnged the girl ‘Parents of three are

dead, but Allen leay
Le a RE oe aves a wife and 10-

atommich, daaibs him. The negroes

then dragKed the girl to a nearby clump,
of bnshes. Her screams and the alarm |
sounded by het excort when he recov -

erod nroused that rection ‘of the camp |
and military police threw out a drag |
net that reaulted in the arrest of the

suspects carly the next morning, May

2h. A suITunary courtmartial Was or-

ganized to try the negroes nod trial |
started a few days after commission |
of the crime. The finding of the court
was not announced until yesterday,
ofter it had been reviewed and ap-
proved by president Wilson. Both the
wirl and her escort were from Wes
Moines. The girl was declared to he
ju a serious condition after the attack,
but has since recovered. we

When the sentences of death were
read to each negro separately Wednes-
day morning, the first Knowledge uf
their fate, & respectful yes, nity Was
the only comment, but they collapsed
when returned to confinement. :

They had .praved since that, their

ards said, and this morning at
o'clock were holding an {mpromptu
religious service.

Every soldier in the division not as-
signed to other duty was ordered to
attend the executions and thousands
of soldiers were massed about the

| scaffold. -

an


Le dudutis IN ]

JOHNSON 5
Camp Dodge, Iowa (Military) on July 5, 1918.

Fred,

ee BUY WR,

F NEGRO SOLDERS.
-ANDODGE HANG FOR

Entire Division at Cantonment
Sees Execution—Confession
of Guilt Alleged.

Crime Committed Upon 17 Year
Old Victim May 24—Fourth

¢

Suspect mre. eo
Camp Dodge, Towa, ye ‘b.—Three
‘negro roldicrs, convicted by courtmar-
Wal of “assaulting and outraging" a 17
year old white girl on the cantonment
grounds the night of May 24, were
hanged here today, with virtually the
entire _divinian witnessing the execu-
tions. ms ’
The ‘three traps were sprung simul.
}faneously at 9:09 a.m, and death was
almost instartaneous in each case. The
negroes marched : on the scaffolds sing-
ing “God have meres on my woul.” .
Confes+ion Declared Made. :
The negroey were Nelson Johnson,
Tuscamba, Ala.; Stanley Tramble,

Stroud, Ala., and Fred Allen, Georglanu,
Ala., all selective service men.

Nelson and TRAMBLE, Ste inley, blacks,

( Johnson and Tramble: ‘were declared }.
‘while admitting his presence when the

Parente of all three are: dead, but Allen |

| ASSAULT UPON GIRL

hanhedat

by military police officials to. have con-
fessed their complete guilt, but Allon,

crime was,committed, maintained to the
last. that- he ‘had not outraged” the girl. |

leaves ‘a wife and 10 year old son.
Three negro soldiers among the spec-
tators fainted when thé men dropped: to
their death, and another started on a |
dead run directly toward the ecaffold,
but guards. overpowered him, A white
soldier algo famted.. _ VW a

One Suspect. Acquitted..

Four negroes were arrested the morn:
ing after the ult, which occurred
shortly before midnight May 24, but one
suspect was acq uitted when it was es-
tablished that he‘was. not, near the:
scene of the crime that nigh& © '

With a young soldiers escort, the girl
was sitting on a hillside when, accord.
ing to her story at the -trial, four
negroes approached, One of them rep-
resenting himself as @ ‘ansing his a
man, struckwer ¢ t, e.
screams ' a ae i and ‘the alarm
sounded by .her escort: when che. recov: |
ered aroused that section of the camp
and military police threw out ® dragnet

| that resulted in, the arrest of the sus-
| pects early the next morning, re 36.

President: Approves’ Sentence. - |

A auenghnary: courtmartial wan organ:
ized. to try the negroes and trial started
a few dayé after comrhission of the
Relates The. finding of the court war
Announced until yeaterday, after it

a kd heen réviewed | “and: approved by

President Wilson. :
Both the -gtri> ‘and ‘Ket “excort were

Lhe Youn ae 0,

Meer 7 /
G-$SUS

MN

from Des Moines, The,.girl was de-
clared to be. {iy a serlotia eondition af-
tee the attack. but since has Tecovered.


ENS


12 A Rape of Justice

the National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, under the Adjutant
General of the United States Army. This agency replied, “Department
of Defense Directive 5400.1, Enclosure 5 prohibits furnishing the
public with rosters (lists) or compilations of names and home ad-
dresses, or single addresses of current or former servicemen and
servicewomen. We are sorry, therefore, that we are unable to furnish
the information requested regarding addresses of next of kin.” After
fairly extensive correspondence with the American National Red
Cross, the Library of Congress, and several members of Congress, it
seemed clear that this information would not be made available.
Permission was received to copy the letters that the condemned men

sent to their relatives and close friends a day or two prior to the 4

executions. Some of these letters included addresses, but, as might be
expected, persons to whom they had been sent could not be reached

through the postal service, and all inquiries were returned with the
notation, “Addressee Unknown.”

CHAPTER 2

New Guinea

American servicemen in New Guinea experienced living conditions
far worse than those of Gls in Australia. The deprivations they suf-
fered may help to explain how the six black men of this story could
resort to violence. :

Many of the units bound for New Guinea were first sent to such
places as Brisbane and Sydney. This author spent about a year in
Australia, mainly in Brisbane and near Melbourne at an Australian
Unarmed Combat School.

Sports play an important part in the Australian way of life. The
climate is generally favorable to outdoor activities, and a nationwide
stress on physical skill has led to the provision of excellent facilities.
There are opportunities to participate in tennis, golf, surfing and
boating. Great importance is attached to leisure, and this includes the
key pastimes of drinking and eating. Australians are among the
world’s leading meat-eaters. In the backcountry it is not uncommon
for meat to be served at all three daily meals, seven days a week. Both
in the home and in most restaurants grilled steak and eggs figure
prominently. In my entire stay in New Guinea, however, there was
Only one occasion when meat was available. The day before the
hangings I persuaded the commander of a U.S. Navy vessel, tem-
porarily docked at Oro Bay, to donate steaks for the six men. They had
steak on their final night.

The “good life” in Australia was much in contrast to the experi-
ence of the GIs stationed at Milne Bay and Oro Bay on the southeast
Coast of New Guinea. There were practically no outdoor recreational
facilities. There were no night clubs. White officers and a few enter-
Prising white enlisted men were able to date white nurses, American
Red Cross women, and white enlisted women of the U.S. Army
(WACs). Occasionally, a USO group would arrive and put on an
Outdoor show. |

Picture a continent more than half the size of the United States,

13

A Rape of Justice

MacArthur and the
New Guinea Hangings

Walter A. Luszki

MADISON BOOKS
Lanham « New York « London

EB


A Rape of Justice

take down her pants to her knees. I swear to God I didn’t force her
pants down. She was leaning with her back on the tree. I took my penis
out. She grabbed it with her right hand. I told her to put it in. She said,
‘It hurt; it won’t go in.’ Then she grabbed it with her left hand and held
it until I discharged. While I was leaning up against her, I first realized
she was trembling. I didn’t feel my penis penetrate her at all. I dis-
charged in her hand. She pulled up her pants and we went back to the
jeep. The jeep wouldn’t start. The officer asked me if I knew how to
start it without a key. I said, ‘No.’ We looked for the key and couldn’t
find it. Before I got ready to go, he came up and put his arm on my
shoulder and told me not to tell anyone. His hand was trembling. I told

him that he didn’t have to be scared. He said that if I didn’t tell anyone, _

he wouldn’t tell anyone. While I was down at the tree with the woman,
Dupont came down and said, ‘Let’s go.’ I turned around and took a
swing at him. I stayed there. He went back to the jeep. I didn’t at any
time pull a knife on any of them. Dupont did not at any time bother the
girls.

What happened before White got there? Five black soldiers saw
the jeep with two white soldiers and two Army nurses go down the
off-limit dirt road.

Private Arthur T. Brown, one of the five black GIs, tells his story:

We were going down to look for some whiskey; myself, Washington,
Horn, Greene, and Gibson. We had an appointment with some Aus-
tralians to get the whiskey. When we got down to the place, a jeep
came. The guard had told us the MPs were coming. We all hid, over by
the bulldozer. This officer came up from somewhere. He asked us was
we coming up on him. We said no, that we didn’t see him. He asked us
what were we doing down there. I told him it wasn’t any of his
business. Then we figured that he would have the whiskey. He told us
about the ladies; he didn’t want anybody to creep up on them. He and
Washington began to talk then. Washington was talking about whiskey.
Some of the fellows had made a plan to get the whiskey down there. At
this time this other fellow came up from in the back, this enlisted man.
As he came up the stout lady.came up and got in the jeep. The same
jeep that passed by, going to the bulldozer out of the bushes, and he got
in the jeep. The fellows started to get around the jeep and talking to this
fellow. Someone asked if they had any whiskey, and they said they
didn’t have any. We all left. The officer cranked the motor and started to
leave. Washington told him to halt. He stopped the jeep. The officer
turned off the motor and turned off the lights and started to talk. He
and Washington began to talk. I stepped in and asked if he had any
whiskey. He said not, but he would bring some down the next night
and we could go down there and get it. I told the officer I knew he

The Rape at Milne Bay

wouldn’t be back down there, and he would have the MPs come down
to catch us. I went on the other side of the jeep while Washington was
talking to the officer. Three other fellows were in the back talking to the
enlisted man. One fellow was asking the enlisted man if he could get
one of the women down there. Gibson made the first plan with the
enlisted man. The Sergeant made a plan for two fellows to get in the
jeep and drive off with the women. What Gibson told him, I don’t
know. At that time all the boys wanted to be the first one to drive the
jeep off. All five argued who was going with the girls. I said that if they
wouldn’t let me go, no one was going to go, so I took the key out of the
switch. Washington rejected this because I didn’t let any of them drive
off in the jeep. The officer-and Washington was talking again. Wash-
ington told him to take the two women out right there. Horn had a club
in one hand and a knife in the other hand. Washington told us all to
step back and Horn gave me his club. The only knife I saw was in
Horn’s hand and it was a hunting knife. I went on the right side of the
jeep. I had a club in my hand waving it around. They told us to put the
clubs down. We made no threatening gestures. We didn’t make any
verbal threats. We all went away from the jeep while the officer and the
Sergeant was discussing the plan. They talked about three or four
minutes. Then the officer got out of the jeep and came around on the
right-hand side of the jeep and he helped the stout lady out. She was
not forcibly taken out. The lady said, ‘Who wants me?’ I was closest to
her so I said I did. She asked me what I wanted to do and I said you
know the plan. Then she said, ‘I think I have an idea.’ I told her her idea
was good enough. We walked about two paces from the jeep. She said I
could play with her breasts, but could not do anything else. I asked her
why. She told me she was menstruating. Washington came over about
this time. She was standing up all this time. Washington asked me what
was I doing, and told me if I wasn’t going to do it, then let somebody
else come over. I told him what the lady said. He asked the lady to let
him see. She pulled off her pants and told him to put his hand up there
and he could feel some kind of pad. She took down her pants herself.
No one touched this large lady at all. There was a match struck, but I
did not strike it. He looked, but did not put his hand up there. He said
that the lady wasn’t any good for that night. She put on her clothes and
went over to the jeep. I went over to where this other lady was. When I
got over there she was laying on the ground, laying on a blanket. She
didn’t have her trousers on and she didn’t have her underclothes on. I
don’t know who took them off. She asked Washington if she had to let
another fellow have intercourse with her. Another fellow had left when
we came over. I couldn’t see who it was. Washington told her she had to
have another one. At this time me and Gibson was standing over her.
He had just walked up. She told Washington that if anyone was going to
et on it would have to be him. She said two or three had already had
intercourse with her. We began to argue who the last one would be. She


xii Introduction

make self-defense training a natural part of their planned activities. A
growing number are today receiving instruction in the techniques of
karate and jujitsu, and this trend should be encouraged.

Perhaps another reason for writing this book can be found in my
strong personal feelings for the underdog. During my service years
soldiers, particularly Hispanics and blacks, would often request that I
defend them in military court. I had an excellent record of winning
their cases. It was not that I was a brilliant lawyer, for I had no legal
training. But I felt a real commitment to the accused and spent much
more time in background investigation than did. the prosecutor, a
legal officer who was overburdened with cases and could not find
time to investigate each one thoroughly.

This account begins with reports of the key event by two of the
accused.

CHAPTER 1

The Rape at Milne Bay

Six black soldiers were accused of raping one and having carnal
knowledge of another U.S: Army nurse at Milne Bay, New Guinea, on
the night of March 15, 1944. The men were also accused of refusing to
obey lawful orders of an officer of the U.S. Army. In addition, one was
charged with lifting up a knife against two officers.

There were two parts to this incident. In the first there were five
men (Privates Arthur T. Brown, Andrew Gibson, Leroy E. Greene,
Charles A. Horn, and Eugene A. Washington, Jr., all members of the
808th Quartermaster Amphibious Truck Company). Two took part in
the second event (Privates Lloyd L. White, Jr. and Gradde Dupont,
also members of the same unit). Dupont was not tried by a general
court-martial because he appeared to collaborate with the victims.

Private White’s account of the incident is most descriptive and
hence is given first:

Wednesday night, Monroe, myself, Grady, and Dupont went down
after some whiskey. When I got down to the intersection, Dupont and
Monroe went after whiskey. I went to look at my kangaroo trap. I found
out somebody stole the box. Dupont and Monroe came back. We saw
Washington come running up the road. He said, ‘A man with two
women was down there.’ Dupont and me went down there. Monroe
went back with Washington to the company area. We came up to the
jeep. This Lieutenant was standing outside the jeep. Two women were
inside. I started kissing the slim woman. She didn’t resist. She put her
arm around my shoulder. I started asking her for something. I told her I
had been overseas twenty-two months and asked her for some. She
said I could put my finger in there for two minutes. I said, ‘No. How
about giving me some? I went around to the other side and talked to
the slim one. The officer said that the girls had gone through an ordeal.
He didn’t say anything when I kissed them. I asked the Lieutenant if he
Could make arrangements with the skinny one. She got out of the jeep. I
had her by the right arm. I didn’t carry her out of the jeep. She jerked
back once. | said, ‘Please, come on.’ Like that. ‘It won’t take long.’ We
‘vent over to the tree. She unzipped the zipper herself, and I helped her

]

HISTORY
BRANCH OFFICE

OF THE
JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL
a Uitee WITH THE |

BSTATES FORCES EUROPEAN THEATER

18 July 1942 —1 November 1945

Chapter 1 includes statistics to 15 February 1946

Volume |

lssued by
Branch Office of the Judge Advocate General
with the
United States Forces European Theater


i 2% Ch, VIII RELATIONS: WITH THE UNITED KINGDOM on ik 4

mS “The local. policé and ccnstabulary organizations and personnel like-.
4 , wise performed their duties with intelligence and integrity and their
7m - cooperation with the American authorities was of inestimable value to

| the American military courts. It was’the local police and constables

4 ee who were most™ frequently called: ‘upon, to assist in the securing of evi-
> ae dence. on behalf of the prosecttion and defense in cases of lessér degree
% ie of violence or moral - ‘turpitude.’ Iniversally they responded with the

; os t- of: alacrity: and gave unres servod cooperation,

In “ihe socuring of - statenonts from “suapeete and witnesses and in |

presenting their evidence in court the police and their allied experts

exhibited a high degree of knowledge and training in the principles and

rules of evidence. They scrupulously observed the roquirements of law — :

that confessions and highly. inculpatory admissions of an accused must be ;

voluntery in fact as vell as in form. They realized that the test of the |

value oftheir services would be found in the admissibility in court of © iy

gg the evidence discovered by them, With thom the case was not “Nclosed" by: i
2m the operation of soaring. of, Stabonents of the suspect and witnesses, _

So. - ILLUSTEAT IVE CASES

: oo It: will be of interest. to refer to a few of the leading cases whose
4 ‘ar ‘records were examined ‘ynon ‘appellate review by the Boards of Review which
. exhibit the cooneration between- the British police organizations and the.
i ( : American nilitary authoritiés, sity Be i ‘ih

i if  ' In CH ETO 1621, Leatherberry, accused was charged with the murder
o and robbery of an English taxicab Briver. In the investigation of the | i|
ae scene of the crime and :the ‘production of evidence of the surrounding: ~.: hoy
“@- = = facts: and circumstances, the opaeten police officials displayed unusual:
care and deter ies ser. a

. CM ETO 2686, Brinson and Smith, involved the rape of a - girk, of ‘6
; years of age on a winter night at Bishops Cleeve, Gloucestershire. | The
4 aocused denied they were the rapists. Footprints discovered at ‘the ‘scene
of-the crime were” skillfully preserved and compared with the soles of —
the shoes worn br accused on the -night of the crime. By a series of
z ’ | plaster, ‘casts and photographs denonstrating the accuracy of the compar-
q ison, “the identity of the accused as the. renists was established beyond |

all doubt.

. ta CH ETO 3200, ‘Bhice, accused j was chaseee with the murder of a -
fellow -soldier ‘on the public streets of an English town. He denied he.
had committed the homicide. Tho origin and history of a stick of. wood,
the lethal weapon, was an important item in the prosecution's case. A
5 oo British constable's investigation and resulting testimony concerning the
: _ _ same were highly informative and formed a vital chain in the coe é

. tial . evidence adenwdt yang: accused as the murderer. ; 7
; ‘on . OM ‘ETO 5747, ‘Harrison, involvearthe charges of murder and rape wer
sS\.-- wherein a 74 year old girl was the.victim, Evidence assisting in the

7 » establishnent of tho: paene tty «6 of the: accused and cause.of the death of’


oe ‘
‘ei
on Le te a

j

SAINT-NAZAYAI ae

THE US PRISON AT SHEPTON MALLET Number 59


hie.

= ~ A

Shepton Mallet had been used for civilian executions between
1889 and 1926 but the gallows had fallen into disrepair by the
time the Americans wanted to use it and the room filled with
ARP equipment, Wellington boots and buckets of sand. Early in
1943 Bill Pyle was asked to get the trapdoor working as there
was going to be a ‘necktie’ party. Although no expert in scaffold
construction, Bill obtained a lever and installed this on the
right-hand side and, with the help of two stokers, tested its
operation. The sound of the doors banging open was loud

enough to be heard outside the walls and a guard came in to
ask if the noise could stop — it was disturbing the occupant of
the cell next door, who was waiting to be hung! Today the
room has been divided in half: one part being used for the
prison library, the other for a warder’s rest room. As | moved
the rack of paperbacks standing where the trapdoor once lay, |
couldn't help smiling at the title of one book prominently
displayed at the front, Heaven Next Stop. | somehow thought
that Private Cobb might have gone to the other place!

condemned cell. Under the American sys-
tem, after I had pinioned the prisoner, he
had to stand on the drop for perhaps six
minutes while his charge sheet was read out,
sentence spelt out, he was asked if he had
anything to say ... and after that I was
instructed to get on with the job.

‘Even a few seconds can be a long time

Infantry. Although there were no witnesses
to the actual shooting, according to Smith's
sworn statement the events which transpired
read like something out of a western:

‘I did not know whether he was going to
hit me or draw his pistol and shoot me. At
this time the guard and I were about four feet
from each other. As the guard made the

motion towards his holster I immediately
drew my pistol from under my unbuttoned
overcoat with my right hand. All in the same
motion I pumped a cartridge into the cham-
ber with my left hand and fired point blank at
the guard’s stomach from the hip position.
When the first shot hit the guard he spun
around to the right until his back was toward

when a man is waiting to die. On my first
execution at Shepton Mallet, long before the
drop fell, the officer of the escorting party
surrounding the scaffold was flat on the floor
in collapse. Afterwards, at the continuation
of the feast, a soldier said to me of the
fainting officer: “Just imagine a man like that
leading you into battle!” I did not think his
scorn was justified. A man can fight like a
hero, and still be unable to face the death of
a comrade in cold blood.’

PRIVATE HAROLD A. SMITH

The next execution to be carried out at
Shepton Mallet was also as a result of the
killing of another American serviceman.
Private Smith was born in Troup County in
West Georgia and had enlisted in the army
on February 4, 1941. In December 1943 he
was serving with the Headquarters Company
of the First Tank Destroyer Group based at
Chisledon Camp near Swindon, Wiltshire.

On New Year’s Day 1943, having just
been paid, Smith went AWOL and caught a
train to London. He teamed up with Private
Harry English of the 894th TD Battalion on
the journey and together they took a room at
the Royal Hotel. After spending a week
sight-seeing and going to the cinema, he was
running short of money so returned to
Chisledon on the evening of January 8 only
to find that his unit had moved out. Next
morning he hung around the barracks until
lunch time, when he went to the mess hall.
Returning to the squad room he saw a -45
calibre automatic pistol with belt lying on a
bunk. Buckling it on under his overcoat, he
checked the magazine was full and then
started walking back to the mess hall.

Outside his hut he was accosted by a
guard, Private Harry Jenkins of the 116th

La

32

&

Albert Pierrepoint’s first customer. The scene as it might have appeared on March 12,
1943 as depicted in the opening sequence of the MGM film The Dirty Dozen. Bill
seemed to think that the author of the book, E. M. Nathanson, had visited Shepton
Mallet prison to get the atmosphere, although the country mansion setting of the
‘Marston Tyne’ jail seen in the film is completely out of character to the location of the
real prison which is right in the centre of the town. Also a British hangman was used
in every case: 13 being executed by Albert Pierrepoint and 4 by his Uncle Tom.

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CASE NO. 281
SUBJECT MURDER or PYT JENKINS,
COE. 16 INF, APO 29
DATE QJAN. 43 - TIME: 1610 HRS
PLACE: SOUTHERN BASE SECTION
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me. | then fired one or more shots (I can’t
remember the number) into the guard’s
back. As I was shooting the guard was falling
to the ground. After I had finished firing at
the guard at my feet, I remained there for a
few moments standing over him with the
pistol still in my hand. At this time I saw an
unarmed soldier come out of the barracks
and run toward me with clenched fists. I fired
two shots over his head to scare him. He
turned around and ran back into the bar-
racks. I then holstered my pistol and ran
away from the scene of the shooting.’

Smith ran out of the camp, caught a bus to
Marlborough, some ten miles to the south,
and from there a train to Paddington. After
remaining at large for a day, at 2.20 a.m. on
January 11, while sleeping in a chair in the
YMCA rest room at Euston Station, he was
accosted by PC James Watson who asked
him for his identity card. He was then
arrested, his pistol taken from him and he
was handed over to the US authorities.

Shoot-out at Camp Chisledon — the pre-war School of Military Administration
handed over to the Americans. When we first visited the camp in 1978 much of it was
still standing but we could not establish exactly where Private Jenkins had been killed
just from reading the record of the trial. It took us several years to track down and
obtain a copy of the plan above and so pinpoint the precise location on Arras Road,
but alas when we returned all had been demolished.

Robert Churchill, the London gunsmith
and renowned ballistics expert of the time
who was called in to testify as an expert
witness in many cases of shooting, gave
evidence that the Colt No. 515525 carried by
Smith was the murder weapon, and at a
General Court-Martial held at Bristol on
March 12, 1943 Smith was found guilty and
sentenced to death. He was hung at Shepton
on June 25.

PRIVATE JOHN H. WATERS

Private Waters served with a model-
making unit at Henley-on-Thames, Oxford-
shire, run jointly with the RAF, where he
was one of the Americans sharing guard

duties with British airmen. Each guard
was issued with a -38 Smith & Wesson
revolver and 12 rounds of ammunition.

In February 1943 he had made the ac-
quaintance of a local girl. Doris Staples, who
worked in a dressmaking shop at lla Greys
Road. Over the following weeks a tempest-
uous relationship developed but by July it
appears that Miss Staples’ affections were
cooling. Intensely jealous of the stories that
Doris was seeing other Americans, Waters
declared he would commit suicide over her.

On July 14 the normal placidity of Henley
was rudely shattered when shots rang out in
Greys Road. A strong police detachment
was sent to the scene, where they were

Right: By careful measurement we set up our comparison with
Exhibit M /eft. Private Jenkins was initially buried in the

temporary American cemetery at Brookwood, Surrey, but was
returned to his family in Eltan, Virginia, after the war.

33

‘In loving memory of June Lay, born July
11th, 1924, died Sept. 28th 1943. Ever
remembered by all her friends.’

turned round and June threw up her arms
and screamed, and rolled over in the road.

‘Well, I then turned my back and started
running hard, and I could hear more shots,
and had the impression of bullets whistling
past me, so I stopped dead in my tracks,
because I thought the next one would go in
my back. I didn’t turn round. I just stayed
there as I was, with my back towards him.
Then after a few seconds he caught me up
and caught hold of my arm and pulled me
through the barbed wire — at least, he
ordered me to get through the barbed wire,
and we crouched there for a few minutes
listening.

‘] had a white mackintosh on, and he stood
over me with the gun and said “Take your
white coat off. When we run it will show up.”
I could not take my mackintosh off without
taking my gloves off, which I did, and for
some reason or other I sort of handed them
to him — I mean I don’t know why I did it,
but I did, and he took them from me, and
then I took my mac off and just left it where
we were crouching. Then we went further up
into the forest, up on the hill into the grass,
and stayed there a few minutes listening, and
I heard a lorry come down the hill and stop,
and I knew June had been found, and I knew
that people would start searching for me.

‘Then he stood over me with the gun, and
he said “Either you do what I want you to do
or you die. I am going to count ten.” So he
started to count ten. I did not want to die, so
I had no option but to give in to him.’

The nearest American unit was stationed

Detective Sergeant Reginald Butler took two photographs, Exhibits A and B, at 12.30
a.m., the second being too awful to include, and two, C and D, the following day.
Exhibit E bottom /eft was taken on October 1 to indicate where certain articles of
clothing had been found. One of the search party, Albert Smith, marked it in court
with a ‘Y’ where he found a scarf; Constable Boyer added an ‘X’ to indicate the spot
where he found a US forage cap, and Sergeant Gale a ‘2’ for the position of the
mackintosh. Bottom right: Forty years later: where a man forfeited his right to life.

at Iron Gates Camp and an investigation
revealed bloodstained trousers and shirt and
a carbine protruding butt upwards from the
mud near hut 28. Shortly after midday on
September 29 the entire company was assem-
bled in the mess hall, together with their
weapons, where each was examined to see if
it had been fired. Serial numbers were read
off against the number of that issued to each
man and clothing, also marked with the first
letter of a soldier’s name followed by the last
four digits of his service number, cross-
checked. As a result Private Lee Davis was
singled out and arrested.

Forensic tests were carried out by the
Metropolitan Police Laboratory on other
items of Davis’s clothing which were blood-
stained, and also those of Miss Fawden.
Robert Churchill test fired the carbine
1594722 and matched:a cartridge case found
in the road to that weapon. In the end Davis
admitted the shooting although he claimed
he had intended to fire in the air. Found
guilty of the murder of Cynthia Lay and
having ‘forcibly and feloniously against her
will had carnal knowledge of Muriel Faw-
den’, Davis was executed on December 14,
1943.

Right or wrong, after having visited the
scene of June’s murder I have to admit a
certain grim satisfaction at subsequently
standing on the spot where Davis met his
end.

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joined by US military police. The firing had
come from the shop at lla, where witnesses
said a man with a gun was holed up. The
National Fire Service were called to bring
their fire hoses to bear and while doing so
two more shots rang out, one shattering the
window of the premises opposite. Super-
intendent Hudson, in charge, then decided
to use tear gas to flush out the gunman and a
suitable bomb was obtained from the Air
Raid Precautions authorities.

Police and MPs wearing respirators then
entered the shop, where they found Doris
lying dead on the floor with five bullet
wounds. Waters was found in the outside
toilet, sitting on the seat, leaning against the
wall, having bungled an attempt at suicide.

Private Waters was taken to_ hospital
where, in spite of his wound which had
shattered his jaw, mouth and palate, the
bullet finally coming to rest in the front of his
brain, he recovered sufficiently to stand trial
for murder although partially blinded in one
eye.

At his General Court-Martial convened at
Watford on November 29 he was also ac-
cused of leaving his guard post and of
violating the 96th Article of War in that he
wilfully maimed himself thereby unfitting
himself for the full performance of his
military duty.

At his trial witnesses were called to testify
that the accused was depressed over the
relationship and unhappy in his posting
which resulted in the Americans having to
live on the inferior RAF rations. A petition
for clemency was received signed by 35

There were three cases in the UK during the war in which
American servicemen paid the supreme penalty for the double
crime of murder-rape: at Ashford, Kent; Stewartstown, County
Tyrone; and here at Marlborough, Wiltshire. If indeed such
horrific crimes can be compared, the latter by Private Lee Davis

34

\ A ~ SR—Etal

Six months later another shooting drama took place although this time it was in full
public view in Greys Road in Henley; the historic Thames-side town more noted for its
rowing regatta. One of the witnesses at the trial worked in the cafe next door to No.
11a which remains almost unchanged although the tailor’s shop itself has since been
gutted for a showroom for Kitchen Concept Ltd. The outside toilet where Waters tried
to shoot himself has disappeared in the extension of the premises.

members of his unit as well as one from the
local townspeople containing 302 names.
After having been adjudged guilty, all the
evidence was re-examined by the Board of
Review and the Commanding General of the
US forces in Europe, but nothing was found
to warrant the commuting of the sentence
which was carried out on February 10, 1944.
A married man from Perth Amboy, New
Jersey, Waters was the oldest man to die at
Shepton Mallet, having been born in 1905.

PRIVATE LEE A. DAVIS

Just south of Henley-on-Thames where
Doris Staples was murdered, the A4 runs
west through Wiltshire to Bristol. South of
Swindon it reaches the market town of
Marlborough and it was here, in the centre of
the road just as it descends London Hill to
the town, that the next brutal murder took
place which led an American serviceman to
the gallows.

On the afternoon of September 28, 1943,
Muriel Fawden, a nurse at Savernake Hospi-
tal, had gone to the cinema in the town.
Leaving about 7.45 p.m. she met a friend,
June Lay, and together they began walking
back to the hospital.

‘We got half-way up the hill to the
hospital’, testified Miss Fawden at the

General Court-Martial held at Tottenham
House, Marlborough, in October 1943, ‘and
a coloured American soldier came up from
behind and spoke to us. He said “How far
are you going?” We both answered “We are
going to the hospital.” He said “How far is
that?” and I said “Just up there.” and with
that he dropped behind us again.

‘A few minutes afterwards I heard a voice
behind us say “Stand still, or I'll shoot” or
words to that effect — I can’t really remem-
ber the exact words. We both turned round,
hardly believing our ears, and we saw a
coloured American soldier standing levelling
a rifle at us.

“He told us to get over the other side of
the road, into the bushes. We sort of went
towards that side of the road, and tried to
stall him. We said we could not get into the
bushes because there was barbed wire there.
which was a lie — we were trying to stall him.
We said it was much better further down the
road, so we walked backwards, facing him,
down the road, and he still levelled the rifle
at us.

‘Then June said to me “Run, Muriel;” we
both started to run, and then I heard shots. I
was in front — I was leading — June behind
— and I looked round and June was still
running, and I heard more shots, and I

might be considered the most depraved for, having shot June
Lay through the back and head, he left her dying in the road
while he dragged her friend away at gunpoint. Although June
was found by a lorry driver just after 8.00 p.m. it was not until
after midnight that Muriel Fawden escaped from her ordeal.

Within fifteen minutes Corporal Joe!
Wehking of the 42nd Field Artillery Batta-
lion had arrived with a driver to take
Miranda back to the guardroom at Broomhill
Camp. As he was not incapable of walking.
he was then allowed to return to his hut.

Entering his billet in a ‘noisy boisterous
manner’ he mouthed a few choice words
about the Ist Sergeant who was asleep.
Within minutes a shot rang out. galvanising
the sleeping soldiers from their bunks. “Your
worries are over now boys’, laughed Miranda
hysterically, I have shot the Ist Sergeant and
I'll turn on the lights so I can show you.’

When found guilty of murder at his Gen-
eral Court-Martial on March 20 it was really
an open and shut case. There were no
mitigating circumstances in what was ad-
judged a premeditated cold-blooded killing
and unusually, and for the first time in the
UK, the court sentenced Miranda to suffer
death by musketry. He was shot at Shepton
Mallet on May 30, 1944.

PRIVATE WILEY HARRIS JR

March 1944 was indeed a black month for
killings by American servicemen. The
following evening, Monday, March 6, Pri-
vate Wiley Harris and Private Robert Fils
were on an evening pass from the 626th
Ordnance Ammunition Company based in
Belfast, Northern Ireland. After drinking
some wine and beer in York Street they went
The interior of the 42nd Field Artillery Battalion hut at Broomhill Camp at Honiton, down to the Diamond Bar in North Queen
Devon. In the left rear, next to the door with the black-out curtain, is the top bunk of — Street where they had a number of glasses of
Sergeant Thomas Evison. In the right foreground marked with an X is the top bunk of © Guinness. Wiley was approached by a civi-
Private Miranda. The carbine he used to kill Evison was taken from the rack behind the lian, Harry Coogan, who asked if he wanted
stove. a woman. When Wiley replied “Yes’ he

PRIVATE ALEX F. MIRANDA
Almost at the same time that Dorothy
Holmes was being raped at Bishop’s Cleeve,

a hundred miles to the south in Honiton,
THOMAS EVI SON Paes

Private Alex Miranda was picked up by

Special Sergeant Bill Durbin and Constable
be SGT a2-FA BN. 4 DIN
“PENNSYLVANIA MAR 5 1944

North of the Devonshire Police for urinating
in the street. He was taken to Honiton Police
Station about 12.15 a.m. and held until
transport arrived to take him back to camp.
While Sergeant Durbin reported that he was
drunk, although not so drunk that he did not
know what he was doing, he was nasty and
abusive in general. Miranda said to Durbin:
“You are a fine fat sergeant. I would make
you top sergeant. Come on guard tomorrow
night and I will give you a royal welcome.’
When a group of men left the station to get
some sergeants who had been involved in an
accident, Miranda remarked: ‘I hope they rip
their guts out,’ and then said to Durbin: ‘I
was not pissing in the street. You are lying. I
will rip your guts out.’ Sergeant Durbin later
testified that Private Miranda ‘seemed to First buried in the temporary cemetery at Brookwood (Plot O, Row 9, Grave 1), he now
have sergeants on his mind’. lies at Cambridge in Plot C, Row 5, Grave 42.

af 4

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Nothing remains of the camp today, the field which belongs to the local Catholic church being let to a farmer for grazing.

40

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EXECUTIONS BY

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pointed to a girl, Eileen Megaw, and said ‘If
you want to go out with the girl I will get her
for you.’ Miss Megaw, who later described
the American as a ‘negro soldier of slight
build, a high brown not too dark’, agreed a
price of £1. Coogan said he knew where they
could go.

Leading the way to an air raid shelter at
the top of Earl Street across the road from
the bar, he agreed to wait outside ‘in case the
police would come’. Coogan held a torch
while Harris handed over the money in
silver. He went into the shelter and laid his
overcoat on the floor but before ‘I could do
what I intended to do’, Coogan shouted that
the police were coming. Somewhat annoyed,
Harris went outside and flashed the torch up
and down the road. By this time Miss Megaw
had also joined him, rather frightened.

With no sign of the police, Harris asked
her to return inside the shelter but she
refused. He then asked for his money but
Coogan told her not to give it back. When

Miranda chalked up a first when he was sentenced to death by firing squad. Death by
shooting was an option available at the discretion of the court, usually invoked if the
victim was a fellow serviceman, but there is nothing in the records to explain why
Cobb and Harold Smith, who also killed American soldiers, had previously been hung.
The execution was carried out in the outer yard at Shepton Mallet but as no backstop
had been provided the stone wall produced some dangerous ricochets. Therefore for
the second ‘execution by musketry’ six months later (Private Pygate see page 42), Bill
Pyle supervised the construction of a large wooden box filled with earth to absorb the
impact of the bullets. (Aerofilms picture taken 1971)

Although the defence at the subsequent
General Court-Martial asked for a lesser
verdict of guilty of voluntary manslaughter,
the number of wounds and the ferocity of the
attack led the court to find Harris guilty of
murder. His execution took place at Shepton
Mallet on May 26, 1944.

the girl started to run she dropped the coins
and as Harris started to pick them up Coogan
struck him on the cheek. At this Harris
pulled out his jack-knife and lunged at
Coogan and in the fight that ensued the
Irishman fell dead from seventeen stab
wounds.

Left: The knifing of Harry Coogan took place here outside this air raid shelter at the
top of Earl Street, Belfast. The Diamond Bar can be seen behind the inquisitive
children on North Queen Street. Be/ow: The church was already in ruins in 1944 and
the pub disappeared in the mid-1970s. A depressing area scheduled for redevelop-

ment.

i ‘i

41

RE ttt BS

Drill Hall Camp was based around the old Territorial Army hall in West End Road. We
were told that initially the men were quartered at the Quartermaster Depot itself (now
redeveloped as the West Wilts Trading Estate) on the edge of Westbury but that it
was too cold for the ‘darkies’ who were brought into town. One of the old huts still
remains behind the hall, now the Westbury Cadet Centre, although whether this is
Hut No. 2 where the murder took place is open to question as no scene-of-crime plan

exists in Pygate’s court-martial file.

PRIVATE BENJAMIN PYGATE

The 960th Quartermaster Service Com-
pany was stationed at Drill Hall Camp in
Westbury, Wiltshire, in the Southern Base
Section of the Communications Zone. The
camp was located in West End Road where a
series of huts had been erected behind the
Territorial Army Drill Hall.

On the evening of June 17, 1944 soldiers of
the company were drinking beer in the
recreational hall. Private Pygate of Dillon,
South Carolina, came in late just as the bar
had closed. Annoyed at not being able to get
a drink, he stormed off to his barrack hut
where a noisy argument broke out in which
Private First Class James E. Alexander (not
the bartender) was fatally stabbed in the
throat.

Pygate was arraigned before a General
Court-Martial at Tidworth on July 15 at
which he was found guilty of murder and
sentenced to be shot. A Board of Review re-
examined the evidence which recorded ‘that
the accused and deceased were members of a
group of colored soldiers who had been
consuming beer at their camp recreation hall
during the evening. When the hour for
closing arrived the soldier who acted as
bartender refused to serve beer to the de-
ceased who assumed a threatening attitude.
It is not clear whether the refusal of the
bartender to serve beer was the primary
cause of the quarrelsome argument which
simultaneously arose among the soldiers but
the existence of such argument was clearly
established. Privates Roy Easley, C. A.
Dempsey and the deceased appear to have
been foremost in the disorder. Deceased and
Easley left the hall and went to their bar-
racks, hut No. 2. Easley possessed himself of
a bottle and in company with deceased left
this hut and stood outside thereof in front of
the doorway. In the meantime, the other
soldiers left the recreation hall and gathered
in front of hut No. 2. They continued the
noisy argument. Dempsey carried a poker.
Violent words passed between him and
Easley and there were indications that a fight
might ensue between them. Accused prior to
this time had evidently been inactive. He
stood on deceased’s right hand; Easley stood
to deceased’s left. At this juncture accused

42

said to deceased “Get back in that hut before
I kill you.” He then stepped past deceased,
took the bottle from Easley, turned and
kicked deceased violently in the right groin.
As deceased fell back against the door and
then bent forward as a result of the kick he
received from accused, the latter pulled a
knife from the right rear pocket of his
trousers and plunged it into the deceased’s
neck, inflicting the fatal wound.’

The findings of the Board of Review were
that ‘the court was legally constituted and
had jurisdiction of the person and offense.
No errors injuriously affecting the sub-
stantial rights of accused were committed
during the trial. The Board of Review is of
the opinion that the record of trial is legally
sufficient to support the findings of guilty
and the sentence.’

This was duly carried out in the courtyard
of Shepton Mallet prison on November 28,
1944.

Private Pygate met his death before the firing party drawn up facing area 4 in the
outer yard.

Private Alexander's grave can be found i
Row 3 of Plot B at Cambridge.


Altnougn tne trial records give the toca-
tion of the rape of Mrs Beatrice Reynolds
as Gunnislake (which lies just over the
Devon-Cornwall border on the main A390
from Tavistock to Liskeard), it actually
took place in neighbouring Albaston. The
local bobby, Police Constable J. H. Elliott
was closely involved in the investigation
and, although he retired in 1959 and
never revisited the scene, when we con-
tacted him he still clearly recalled the
events of July 1944: ‘The then-British
Legion hall was situated opposite the car
park of the Rifle Volunteer inn but was
moved several years ago. Mrs Reynolds
was a highly respected person, a widow
in her 60s, her late husband being in the
Royal Navy and lost in the battle of
Jutland. Dances were held regularly for
the welfare of the American troops in the
area and it was in her capacity as chair-
man that she attended the dance at the
British Legion hall on the night the off-
ence took place. .. .’

PRIVATE MADISON THOMAS

The next crime to end in a death sentence
was also committed in the Southern Base
Section by a member of a Quartermaster
Service Company, this time the 964th based
at Tavistock, Devon.

At the General Court-Martial held at
Plymouth on August 21, 1944 the charge
against Private Madison Thomas was that he
‘did at Gunnislake, Cornwall, England, on
or about 26 July 1944, forcibly and felo-
niously, against her will, have carnal know-
ledge of Beatrice Maud Reynolds.’

The undisputed testimony for the pros-
ecution was that Mrs Reynolds, a widow of
the last war, lived in Gunnislake and kept
house for an invalid brother. She was active
in the British Legion, being chairman of the
local branch. She testified that she left the
hall at about 10.40 p.m. on the evening of
July 26 alone, to return home. As she did, a
coloured soldier appeared walking by her
side and asked if she had far to go. She
replied ‘No’ and suggested he had better
hurry on to catch his ride back to his camp,
as she did not care for his company. Thinking
that the soldier would go on, she stopped to
talk to Miss Jean Elizabeth Blight who was
sitting just outside her home. The American
went on down the road and Mrs Reynolds
thought he had gone. However, he returned
to speak to Miss Blight and to ask her to ‘kiss
him goodnight’.

Meanwhile Mrs Reynolds had gone on her
way. As she came to the loneliest part of the
hill, to her surprise the soldier again
appeared and asked if she had far to go. She
gave him a definite ‘no’, when, to her horror,
he seized her and, despite her struggles,
picked her up and put her over a hedge. She
pleaded with him, saying she was old enough
to be his mother but his answer was that ‘that
didn’t make any difference’. He wrenched
her gold wrist watch from her arm and said
he would return it when she gave him all he
desired. When she replied, ‘That will never
be boy,’ he struck her a heavy blow on the
side of the head that ‘sort of stupefied me for
a bit’. Mrs Reynolds later told the court that
she remembered ‘going to the ground’ and
his ripping her underclothes off. She pleaded
and prayed and reminded him of his own
parents, but he said he had none. He
dragged her, still struggling, further in the
field. She tried to scream for help but ‘he
clutched’ her throat and she thought she was
dying and became ‘sort of semi-conscious’.
The soldier had a knife with a very sharp
point which he held up to her throat. After
he had completed the act of intercourse, he
showed her a -30 calibre carbine bullet and
said: ‘You see this bullet, if you make any
attempt to run, you'll get it.” He pulled her to
her feet and then quickly disappeared.

At 4.30 p.m. on July 27 the entire com-

4
a =

‘She was walking to her home in Gnaton Terrace, Albaston when she was lifted up
from behind and thrown over the hedge in Albaston Hill and very savagely and
brutally raped. Going down the hill from the main road the scene was on the right-

hand side. .. .’

‘There was a hedge some four or five feet high and | would describe the ground on the
inside (the scene) as more of a piece of waste land, overgrown at that time with long
grass. There was a wood post and wire fence on the lower side. It was here that the

crime took place.’

pany of Whitchurch Down Camp was lined
up for an identification parade and Thomas
was immediately picked out by Miss Blight.
Examination of his clothing revealed blood
on his trousers which Dr Frederick Hocking

of the Royal Cornwall Infirmary said was of
the same group as Mrs Reynolds and could
not be that of Thomas himself.

Private Thomas was found guilty and hung
at Shepton Mallet on October 12, 1944.

43

PRIVATE ANICETO MARTINEZ

The violent attack on Mrs Reynolds was
followed two weeks later with an even worse
incident when a frail old woman, 75-vear-old
Mrs Agnes Cope. was raped in her small
cottage at 15 Sandy Lane, Rugeley. Stafford-
shire.

At 3.15 a.m. on August 6 she awoke when
she heard a noise on her stairs. Suddenly a
man appeared at her doorway, ‘a big man in
khaki clothes and a hat with a black peak’.
“Whatever do you want?’ she cried. ‘If it is
money you want, I haven't got it. The man
replied: ‘I don’t want money. You know
what I want. It be a woman I want.’ His
speech sounded American although Mrs
Cope did not see his face.

Mrs Cope arrived at the police station
around 7.30 a.m. where she was examined by
the police surgeon, Dr. L. D. Roberts.
American guards were stationed at the local
prisoner-of-war camp and examination of the
midnight bed check revealed that only one
man had been recorded as absent the pre-
vious night — Private Aniceto Martinez.
When arrested by Inspector Horace Brooks
- of the Staffordshire Police, Martinez admit-
ted the crime and said that he ‘had had some
drink. I was not drunk. I was sick near the
house.’ He said that he thought it was a
house of ill repute.

Forensic examination of his clothes re-
vealed fibres which had come from Mrs
Cope’s bedroom and a finding of guilty was
sustained by the Board of Review which
examined the records of the General Court-
Martial held at Lichfield on February 21,
1945. He was executed on June 15.

ini

a
—

coe egk a8 me
S83 366 258 jen

By mid-1944, a month after the invasion of Europe, Shepton
Mallet was holding over 600 offenders and Lieutenant Colonel
James C. Cullens, who had taken over command of the 2912th
DTC on June 14, 1943 from Major DeMuth, reported that his
greatest problem was finding sufficient space to house the
prisoners. Additional accommodation for lesser offenders was
found at Langport 20 miles away but the hard-core recalcitrants
remained at Shepton. With the opening of the front in France, a
review of the whole system of imprisonment was carried out
and, as a result, commanders exercising court-martial jurisdic-
tion were directed to make full use of suspension of sentences
and were instructed that confinement was not to be resorted to
(except for the most serious crimes) until all other methods of
making a disciplined soldier had failed. Unit guardhouses were

44

Private Martinez came from Vallecitos, New Mexico, to Rugeley, Staffordshire, where
he was one of the Headquarters Detachment of the US Prisoner of War Inclosure No.
2. At his court-martial, the rape of Mrs Cope was variously described as ‘heinous’,
‘bestial’ and ‘sub-human’ because of the age of his victim although Brigadier General
McNeil, when he signed the Board of Review recommendation to General
Eisenhower, noted that because of the darkness and his intoxication, it was unlikely
the accused knew this. All the cottages in Sandy Lane have since been demolished. |
am standing on the approximate site of No. 15.

to be established for Garrison Prisoners who would no longer
be sent to Disciplinary Training Centers, two more of which
were set up in Le Mans and Paris. Commanders were also
warned to be aware of soldiers seeking imprisonment as a
means of avoiding hazardous duty and shirkers were to have
their sentences remitted or be granted parole where it was in
the best interests of the service. During August 1944 two
prisoners were executed at Shepton: Brimson and Willie Smith
found guilty of the Bishop’s Cleeve rape in March. Left: This is
the execution chamber as viewed from outside with the
mortuary on the left. After each hanging the body would be
taken out from the room below the trapdoor through this outer
door right, and an ambulance would back up to this corner to
take the body away for burial.

Poor Betty, just 15 years old. ... equally a casualty of war.

by the hand. . . . [with] the same condition
of asphyxia present of head and neck.’

Meanwhile the girl had been identified as
_Betty Green by her father. He had been at
the Smiths Arms — some 200 yards from the
murder spot — and he recalled that two
Americans had been at the pub the previous
evening. They had left just before him and as
he walked behind them he saw them turn
towards the Black Path. Later at an identifi-
cation parade he picked out the men he had
seen. ;
On August 25 the Kentish Express re-
leased the first news of the killing, stating
that three American soldiers were suspects.

Betty Green’s clothing and the hair sam-
ples had been sent to the Metropolitan Police
Laboratory at Hendon where they were
examined by Dr Henry Walls. The clothing
of the two men identified by Mr Green —
Private Augustine Guerra and Corporal
Ernest Clark — was also examined and hair
samples compared to those found on the
dead girl. Faced with the damning forensic
evidence, both confessed that they had met a
girl. Clark admitted that he had approached
her and asked her to go for a walk. When he
picked her up to carry her into the field she
had started to scream and Guerra put his
hand over her mouth. They then admitted
that they had laid her against the fence and
taken turns in raping her.

On returning to camp Guerra had asked
Clark if there was anything wrong with the
girl after he left her lying on the ground.
Clark told him he didn’t think so as her heart
was still beating. He thought she had fainted
and after a rest she would be all right again.

nt we
s #5 "

Her last resting place: an unmarked plot in Willesborough.

Justice was meted out at the General Court-Martial held in Ashford Town Hall, since
the construction of a new civic centre, converted into retail shops. The Council
Chamber where Clark and Guerra stood trial is now Christophes hairdressers.

When his statement was taken, Clark said
that ‘I know I am guilty of the rape but I
know | didn’t murder her.’

Part of the policy of the United States
authorities in such cases was that justice must
be seen to be done, and where possible trials
were held in the town where the crime had
occurred. In this case the General Court-
Martial was held in Ashford Council Cham-
ber on September 22 and fully reported in

the Press. (This policy was taken a stage
further after the invasion for crimes commit-
ted in France and the execution was carried
out on temporary gallows erected in the
village concerned.)

Found guilty, Corporal Clark was sent-
enced to death as was Private Guerra for
aiding and abetting the crime, the executions
taking place at Shepton Mallet on January 8.
1945.

A field at Killycolpy and another dreadful sexually-motivated murder — the second crime in 1944 committed by air force personnel.

PRIVATE WILLIAM HARRISON

In September another airman, Private
William Harrison serving with the 2nd Com-
bat Crew Replacement Center Group in
Northern Ireland, where new crews were
formed and trained together before being
posted to operational squadrons in England,
committed the most dastardly crime of all.
He had become friendly with the Wylie

46

family in Killycolpy near Stewartstown in
County Tyrone, and while visiting the house
on September 25, asked permission to take
their 72-year-old daughter Patricia to buy
some drinks for Mr Wylie who ‘had been so
nice to him’. En route to the local shop
Harrison betrayed the trust shown to him,
and took the little girl into a field where he
sexually assaulted and strangled her.

While the General Court-Martial held on
November 18 found him guilty, it unusually
sentenced him ‘in such manner as the review-
ing authority may direct to suffer death’. At
the direction of the JAG Board of Review.
the court reconvened on December 2, re-
voked its former sentence, and sentenced
Harrison to be hanged, which was carried
out at Shepton Mallet on April 7, 1945.

CORPORAL ERNEST LEE CLARK
PRIVATE AUGUSTINE M. GUERRA

The catalogue of rapes during the summer
of 1944 continued, but it was not just
coloured servicemen who were involved.
The next case concerned two men of the
306th Fighter Control Squadron who
accosted a 15-year-old girl late on the even-
ing of August 22 as she cycled to her home in
New Town Road, Ashford, Kent.

At 7.15 a.m. the next morning a railway
worker on the Hastings line bridge ‘noticed
something lying like a body’ in the Old
Cricket Field which was separated from the
bridge by a track known as the Black Path.
Together with another railway employee he
went into the overgrown field, where they
found the body of a girl lying close to the
fence.

The police were called and an inspector of
the Kent Constabulary took scene-of-crime
photographs and Dr Frederick Newall was
called in to examine the body. Dr Keith
Simpson, pathologist at Guy’s Hospital,
London, was summoned to make a further
examination. He found parts of her clothing
disarranged, the skirt being lifted so the
lower hem was above the knees. The left
shoe was lying beside the body. Certain hairs
and fibres were removed from various parts
of the body. Later, at the mortuary, he
removed the clothing and examined the body
in detail.

‘The injuries to the neck were as follows’,
testified Dr Simpson. ‘There was a single
deep-seated bruise on the right side of the
neck, the deceased’s right side. It lay im-
mediately under the angle of the jaw on the
side and there was also near to it a number of
scratches or other marks, On the opposite
side of the neck I found four rounded or oval
bruises, the whole group being, in my view,
very much in keeping with the tight appli-
cation of a right hand from in front. . . . The

The scene from the bridge crossing New Town Road in Ashford on the morning of
August 23, 1944. The police car stands at the end of the Black Path which leads back
beside the old cricket field to the Smiths Arms. Betty Green’s home lies a few hundred
yards up New Town Road to the left, but instead of reaching it she lies where Clarke
and Guerra left her close to the fence to the right of the gate.

asphyxial changes were developed in the
lungs and the heart, but in keeping with
death. asphyxia due to manual strangulation

voice box was not fractured but some bruis-
ing was present behind it as a result of it
being pressed against the spine. Intense

When construction of the Channel Tunnel was begun in the 1970s, the two
warehouses in the background, part of Ashford Railway Works, were refurbished for
casting the concrete liner sections and an access road laid down which bisected the
Black Path. When the tunnel project was abandoned the buildings were let go and the
area turned over to car-breaking. Although the fence built of railway sleepers has
gone, the two gateposts on the left of the path remain.

45

PRIVATE GEORGE E. SMITH

For thirty years Sir Eric Teichman was one
of the British Government’s foremost civil
servants in China. Attached to the Legation
in Peking in 1907, by the time he retired he
was First Secretary and Counsellor, his long
and meritorious service being recognised by
his being made a Companion of the Indian
Empire in 1919, and in 1927 a Companion of
the Order of St Michael and St George,
being elevated to the rank of Knight Com-
mander in 1933 and Grand Commander of
the order in 1944. In 1944 he was living with
his wife at Honingham Hall, five miles west
of Norwich, Norfolk, which he had _ pur-
chased when he retired in 1937. Ironically, in
view of the manner of his death, his hobby
was shooting!

Just north of the estate, near Attlebridge,
the RAF had built one of their temporary
wartime airfields which they turned over to

ieee ee ee

Also by a member of the USAAF, the shooting on the Honingham estate on December
3, 1944. Sir Eric lies in woodland about 300 yards from the Hall.

the American Eighth Army Air Force in
1942, when it became Station 120. In 1944
the 466th Bombardment Group arrived,
flying support duties after the invasion to
keep the Allied armies supplied with fuel.
On December 3 Sir Eric had just finished
his Sunday lunch when he heard shots being
fired in the woods close to the house.
Informing his wife that he was going to
investigate, he set out, unarmed, in the
direction from which the noise had come.

When Sir Eric did not return for tea,
searches began and a call went out to the
airfield to ask if any of the men had seen Sir
Eric that afternoon. As it was unusual for
him not to return from his walks by nightfall,
American military police and local const-
ables assembled at the hall and an organised
sweep was begun. It was not until midnight
that the family dog found his master lying in
thick undergrowth about 300 yards from the
hall. He had been shot through the head.

Very unusually MPs took Private Smith back to the scene of the crime and
reconstructed the murder but, although the photographs were introduced as
evidence without protest by the defence, the legal authorities were in conflict as to
the admissability of re-enactment photographs. This picture established how Sir Eric
could be shot through the right cheek with the bullet ending up below his left

shoulder blade.


In a 1890s-vintage hearse drawn by black horses, Sir Eric was borne to his grave in the

corner of Honingham Churchyard.

The airfield was immediately sealed and
no one was permitted to leave. As the bullet,
which was found lodged just under the skin
of Sir Eric’s back, was identified as having
been fired from a -30 calibre carbine, on the
morning of the 4th all weapons on the base
were ordered to be surrendered for examina-
tion. Each man was interviewed and asked to
account for his movements on Sunday after-
noon.

On December 5 the US Army Criminal
Investigation Department arrived and when
it became known that the CID were on the
base, one man came forward stating that he
had seen Private George Smith of the 784th
Bomb Squadron and Private Leonard S.
Wojtacha of the 61st Station Complement
leave Smith’s barracks on Sunday afternoon
with carbines in their hands. Meanwhile
police had made plaster casts of footprints at
the scene of the crime.

The next day two detectives from Scotland
Yard arrived and Wojtacha made a full
statement. He said that they had left the base
about 1.30 p.m. to do some hunting. After
proceeding about a quarter of a mile they
both fired several rounds at an oil drum in a
field. A little further on he said Smith had
fired at a cow which then ‘started running
around with one of its front legs up in the
air. They then entered the woods of the
Teichman estate, passed near the house and
began firing at a squirrel as it jumped from
tree to tree. Smith then suddenly shouted:
‘Look out! There’s an old man behind you.’
Wojtacha said he glanced over his shoulder,
and saw Sir Eric about 15 feet away walking
forward, carrying a cane.

‘Just a minute,’ called Sir Eric. ‘What are
your names?’

Smith replied ‘Get back, Pop’ and almost
simultaneously fired his carbine from the
hip. Sir Eric slumped to the ground.

On their way back to barracks, Smith
broke off a twig and pushed it into the
muzzle of the carbine, Wojtacha thought to
clean it, but it snapped off. Smith’s carbine
2036239 when examined was found to have
been recently fired and it still had a piece of
stalk jammed up the barrel.

On December 7, Private Smith was told he

camp chapel on January 8, 1945 but,
although he had fully admitted the killing,
Smith then tried to retract his statement and
he pleaded not guilty. The trial lasted four
days. Much medical evidence was introduced
into Smith’s background and mental con-
dition at the time of the shooting. Major Leo
Alexander, Chief Psychiatric Officer, had
examined Smith and he diagnosed his condi-
tion as: ‘Constitutional psychopathic state,
with inadequate and immature personality,
emotional instability, schizoid traits, and
explosive (poorly repressed) primative-

as

Sadistic aggressiveness: severe. Mental defi-
ciency. borderline. mental age nine years. In
older psychiatric terminology . . . Mentally
detective, homicidal degenerate.”

The defence naturally argued that Smith
was insane. His past, none-too-glorious ser-
vice record was produced, which included six
previous courts-martial and, at the time of
his induction into the service in August 1942,
he was already on parole from the Hunting-
don Reformatory, Pennsylvania, the state
having agreed to waive the parole super-
vision during his service in the armed forces
although the sentence was due to remain on
his file up to December 28, 1948.

The unanimous verdict of guilty from the
eleven officers comprising the court came
late on the fifth day following a retirement of
some 80 minutes.

In their review of the verdict and sentence
the Board of Review gave much consider-
ation to the plea of insanity, and Lady
Teichman appealed to the 466th head-
quarters that Smith’s life be spared. She also
appealed to General Eisenhower and to the
US Ambassador in London. All was to no
avail; the Board declaring that: ‘In the
instant case, there is competent evidence
that accused was sane, and that he could
adhere with difficulty to the right. His ability
so to adhere, according to that testimony,
was impaired because he had no moral
restraint. A powerful restraint to crime,
other than moral, is fear of punishment.
Those sane persons whose will-power is
weakened to the extent of being without
conscience, constitute the class who need the
latter restraint most. To fail to punish a
murderer, whom the court’s findings place
among that malevolent group who find it
hard to do right, is to encourage and not to
deter crime.’

Smith kept his appointment with the hang-
man on VE Day — May 8, 1945.

When Bill Pyle showed me the condemned row adjoining the execution chamber (last
door on the left) he said he remembered one incident at the end of the war when an
American leaning against a cell door asked him if he would shake hands with him.
When Bill asked if he was being released, the man replied: ‘No they're hanging me
tonight.’ Although Bill could not remember his name he knew that he had shot
someone in Norfolk so | could immediately put a name to the prisoner. | stand in for
Smith on the exact spot while the warder in the background reprimands prisoners
shut outside while we took the photograph for banging on the door.

would be charged with murder and as he was
being warned of his rights he interrupted to
say ‘I shot him!’ He then made a complete
written confession and during the afternoon
returned with Wojtacha and the investigating
officers to the scene of the crime and re-
enacted the events of the Sunday afternoon.

The Generali Court-Martial began in the

48

CORPORAL ROBERT L. PEARSON
PRIVATE CUBIA JONES

While the search was continuing for Sir
Eric on the evening of December 3, Mrs
Joyce Brown. married and in the ninth
month of pregnancy, was about to leave her
home at 12 Bonfire Close in Chard, Somer-
set. Shortly after 8.00 p.m. she became
aware that she was being followed. Turning
round, she was confronted by two coloured
soldiers who grabbed her wrists and dragged
her along the road to a gate leading to
Bonfire Orchard. There she was raped by
both men at the point of a knife.

During a clothing search the next day
amongst the men of the local American unit,
the 1698th Engineer Combat Battalion based
at Camp Chard, Private Cubia Jones and
Corporal Robert Pearson both had wet and
muddy trousers.

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At their General Court-Martial held in
Chard thirteen days later, both men claimed
that intercourse had been with Mrs Broom’s
consent but there was overwhelming evid-
-ence of their guilt from her battered and
distressed condition when examined by a
doctor. The court brought in verdicts of
guilty, the sentence of death being carried
out at Shepton on March 17, 1945.

The distance from Mrs Groom’s house to
where she was attacked is not more than
a hundred yards. Now the Mintons Lane
on the scene-of-crime plan has become
Summerfield Road but the manhole in
the centre of the road is unmistakable.
Bonfire Orchard itself has completely
gone, having been replaced by the Min-
tons estate. The gate lay more or less in
the centre of the second block. The rape
at Chard on December 3 was the last
crime which resulted in a capital sent-
ence being carried into effect at Shepton
Mallet during the war.


Thus ended one of the seamier sides of
orld War II, an aspect which until now has
izrgely been overlooked, but the grieving
tamilies of those killed and the mentally-
scarred victims of violent assault are casual-
tics of war nonetheless. Wherever men do
nattic. women suffer, and as the armies
swept across France and into Belgium and
Holiand in 1944, all the Allies were guilty of
excesses, including Britain. That this survey
has concentrated on American servicemen
who erred in the UK must not be considered
indicative of anything more than the fact that
American records of their troops’ transgres-
sions overseas are freely available whereas
here the authorities choose to lock away such
sordid details and all court-martial records
are closed to inspection. (British servicemen
committing crimes within the UK of course
were dealt with by civil courts and we have
covered instances of such in the past — see
After the Battle Nos. 37 and 45.)

In his winding up report in 1946, the Judge
Advocate General recorded that ‘the history
of sex offenses in the European Theater
during this war is essentialy a story of human
tragedy and sordidness, of violence and lust,
yet a story that seems to be re-enaced to
some degree in every war. Considering these
offenses en masse, they might at first seem to
constitute a serious blot upon the record of
the American Army; but, comparing the
number of cases with the total number of
men engaged in what was perhaps the
greatest human project of all time, and
allowing for the unnatural and extreme
conditions in which many of them were
placed, the record seems less black or even
better than could normally have been ex-
pected.’

At a period when a million and a half
Americans were based in Britain, the level of
murder, or homicide, was considered not
unduly high. The Judge Advocate General
believed that ‘probably the majority of the
murders committed in this Theater were not
significantly different from the murders
which take place in the civilian community.
It was virtually inevitable that an army as
large as ours, representing a cross-section of
the country as a whole, would contain some
criminal, vicious or maladjusted individuals.
It was just as inevitable that certain of these
men, by reason of their own inherent prop-
ensities, by reason of human frailty in its
various manifestations, and by reason of the
whole complex of factors which normally
produces crime, would commit murder or
voluntary manslaughter. While ready access
to firearms and the general tensions of
wartime living may have increased to some
degree the incidence of murders of this
general type. it is felt that in the last analysis
these murders were simply those which
might have been expected to have been
committed by certain individuals in any large
group.
~ One final episode remains to be told.
Normally in England, executed criminals are
interred within the prison walls but, in the
case of the Americans at Shepton Mallet,
this was not the case.

PFC Dennis Toomey blows taps at Brookwood in April 1944. The First World War
memorial chapel can be seen behind the trees. The ground shown comprising Plots N
to S was evacuated by 1948, the area being subsequently used for the concentration
of the graves of Italian prisoners of war who had died in Britain.

On January 14, 1942, the Adjutant Gen-
eral in Washington sought permission from
the American Battle Monuments Commis-
sion to bury any personnel of the Armed
Forces who might die in England in the
American cemetery which had been estab-
lished after the First World War at Brook-
wood in Surrey. This contained 468 dead
from that war and had been fully landscaped
as a permanent resting place. General John
J. Pershing, renowned First War commander
and then Chairman of the ABMC, replied in
the affirmative on January 24. Initially the
empty spaces in existing rows were used, the
first burial on April 8 being Grave 11 of Row
7 in Plot C for Warren H. Irwin of the US
Navy. All five spaces in this row were filled
that Spring, together with five in Row 7 of
Plot D on the opposite side of the memorial
chapel. As time went on it was obvious that a
more lasting solution had to be found, and
additional ground was acquired in July 1942
for a new Plot E designed to hold 250 graves.

Administrative control of the cemetery
was vested in the US Military Attaché but in
September 1942 this was transferred to the
Commanding General for Services of Supply
for the European Theater. At this time most
of the casualties were caused by aircraft
crashes but the pace was such that fourteen
new graves were opened that month alone.
Additional plots were added, lettered up to
S, and by 1944 Brookwood contained 3,633
American dead.

On August 31, 1944 the cemetery was
closed to further burials, which were then
continued at Cambridge, which had been
activated on December 7, 1943 and was
better situated to cater for the increasing
number of fatalities suffered by the Eighth
Air Force in carrying the air offensive to
Germany.

%

i Bop wt

Up until 1943 the problem of how to
dispose of the bodies of executed general
prisoners had not had to be faced but when
Private Cobb was hung on March 12 it was
decided that a specially designated area —
Plot X — should be established at Brook-
wood well away from prving eyes where
there would be no risk of tarnishing the
honour of those in the main burial ground.
The spot chosen lay in the forest land where
temporary buildings had been erected near
the compost heap behind the WWI chapel.

By the end of the war it contained the
remains of the 19 dead transported the 100
miles from Somerset, the burials continuing
long after the main cemetery had been closed
in August 1944.

When it was decided after the war to
establish the permanent American World
War II cemetery in the British Isles at
Cambridge, exhumations from the main
burial area at Brookwood commenced early
in 1948 and were completed by the end of
May. At a conference of the American
Graves Registration Command held in
AGRC HQ mn Paris on March 16, 1948 it was
instructed that ‘all exhumations [were] to
include those from the general prisoner plot
. . . the excavations to be well back-filled by
AGRC and tamped in order to minimize
future settlement.” The 19 graves were
opened on May 26 and by July the whole of
the temporary cemetery had been evacuated,
the ground smoothed off and restoration of
the First World War cemetery completed.

The following year American executed
dead were gathered from all over Europe
and interred in a special ‘dishonoured’ plot
(see After the Battle No. 32) which was
established in a walled-off area of the First
World War cemetery at Olise-Aisne in
France.

The end of a ten-year project for me — the old Plot X.

51

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x

The American military went to extreme lengths to avoid any
stigma being attached to their honourable dead and to prevent
any publicity (as they still do) from attaching itself to those
executed for the commission of heinous crimes. Our reasons for
presenting this detailed investigation are of historical import
only: to cover one aspect of the war which has previously
received scant attention, which became only too apparent from
the difficulties we encountered during our research. Although
we knew that those executed at Shepton Mallet had been

50

buried in ‘Plot X’ at Brookwood, its location does not appear in
any literature and the American Battle Monuments Commis-
sion could not enlighten us. It was only after lengthy research in
American archives that David Hale was able to unearth this plan
for us of the complete wartime layout of the temporary burial
ground at Brookwood grouped around the First War cemetery
(Plots A, B, C and D). At last the mystery of Plot X was solved,
for there it was, hidden away in the woods behind the service
area.

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“At the’ provost matshal’signal the riflemen fired in
unison, +f

“We looked towards the graves,” a New Hamp-
shire soldier in @ittendance then stated, “but to our
astonishment each man yet remained, standing, show-
ing conclusively that the detail had fired high.
The second or reserve detail was at once marched
Into position and at the same signal the smoke
pufted from their carbines, and their fire proved
more accurate, but not entirely ellective. “The
prisoners all fell. “Three were dead, while two were
trying hard to rise again, and one of them even got
upon his knees, when a bullet from the revolver
of the provost marshal sent him down. Again he
attempted to rise, getting upon his elbow and rais-
ing his body nearly to a sitting posture, when a
second bullet in the head from the miarshal’s re-
volver suddenly. extinguished what little life was
left and a third shot put out the life of the second
prisoner , "

HANGINGS occasionally were bungled as badly.
Near Stevensburg, Virginia in April 1864, the pro-
vost marshal misjudged the length of the rope being
used. When the trapdoor sprang, the condemned man
fell to a standing position on the ground. A frantic
executioner seized the other end of the rope and
jerked the prisoner upward until death slowly came.

Some months later, on another gallows, the rope
broke as the culprit dropped. Guards picked up the
man; oblivious to. his screams of “Shoot me! Shoot
me!” they carried him back to the platform for a
second—and this time successful—drop.

In mid-December 1864, an almost comical hanging
occurred at City Point. While soldiers were adjust-
ing the noose preparatory to placing it around the
prisoner’s neck, the trapdoor collapsed. Prisoner,
guards, chaplain, and provost marshal fell to the
ground in a heap. Several minutes were required
to make repairs. The condemned man sat quietly
on the steps of the gallows until all was ready. He

Stockade of the 50th New York Engineers at Rappahannock
Station, Va., March 1864, Photo by Timothy O’Sullivan (LC),

Dr. James 1. Robertson, Jv., former directory of the
Ciil War Centennial Commission ino Washington, ts
now associate professor of history at the University of
Montana, Missoula,

then resumed his place, gingerly testing the trapdoor
first with his foot to make sure it did not again give
Way prematurely,

CONDEMNED men went to their deaths exhibit-
ing the full gamut of emotions. Many appeared
“weak and tottering,” required support, and trembled
visibly throughout the ordeal. Some were “very pale,
yet heroically firm.” A few seemed calm and_re-
signed, going so far as to speak cheerfully to com-
rades they recognized while proceeding to the spot
of execution, Several convicted soldiers displayed
bravado to the very end.

For example, a Massachusetts cavalryman about
to die delivered an impromptu speech while seated
on his coffin. “Take warning from my example,”
he concluded, somewhat in confusion, “whatever
comes do not desert the old flag for which I am
proud to die,”

A NEW HAMPSHIRE deserter reached his grave,
then “went so far as to ‘square olf’ at the chaplain
while [the latter] was endeavoring to waken in him
a sense of the solemnity of the occasion.”

Another deserter, on the morning he was to go
before a firing squad, told his guard after eating a
hearty breakfast: “I hope they get through by 11
o'clock, because I want to get to Hell for dinner!”

The reactions of soldiers forced to witness an
execution naturally varied. Some “openly con-
demned” the spectacle and characterized it as ‘a
sickening exhibition,” But. doubtless the great ma-
jority of loyal defenders of ‘the Union agreed with
Lieutenant Millett ‘Thompson,. who observed in
February 1865: “These executions are horrible, but
what can be done? Deserters unpunished would soon
destroy the efficiency of the Army. The bad must
go to save the good, and subserve the cause of
freedom.”


,
List of U. S, soldiers executed by United States
Name. Rank. Co. Regiment. Date of exe-
pda . cution.
ARKANSAS. Le
gene ” Keiffe, Peter....... sen técoausenf ertvate,.| B 2d Cavalry..ccccosces.] Oct. 7,1
ye ee Alexander 5 @  HARNRStos Neb yh MELROSE MOE Ai > eae B Ist Infantry... Apr. SP
Pitt fees, sis ae * CALIFORNIA...
-..... Hudson, Frank = Private. 1 2a Cavaltry.........:........| June6, 1865
~~ Kerr, Robert wil senses Ose A | Ist Cavairy.... .| Mar. 20, 1864

_Kleinkoff, Peter. sece do... E 4th Infantry... | July 17, 1863

Smith, Charl Corporal.| K lst Infantry .. .| Nov. 26,1862
: COLORADO.

Lockman, Charles.....2.. Private..| F  { 2d Cavalry................. Nov. 10, 1364 }

Philbrooks, » Daring. A lst sergt.} Kf Ist Cavalry... Apr. 8, 1862
"CONNECTICUT...

Piece: J ohn, 24 Private..| H 10th Infantry............. Feb. 18, 1866 }.
Collins, James..... do.. /D 8th Infantry...............] Jan. 7, 1865
Cooper, William : cals. pat PRS STH WR a E th Infantry... wenveeee} Mar. LE, 1865
Dix, Thomas : 4 oe hO ceccie G Ist Heavy Artillery... Dec. 2t, 1864

1s EVER WW RE PURMM SS nous cscs ateeicnesids dees Mecsadss ch cacscsterntecensiacsecreccene[srenee CY ae E 8th Infantry.......0....| Jan. 7, 1865

Enviott, Edward. . oe dO oe 00 I ith Infantry... “| Sept. 18, 1363

_ Hall, John. do ..n G Ist Heavy Artillery ...| Dee. 21, 1864
Jackson, Willian - 5 Siete AOS ese A 10th gnc + OS oe ae. 10, 1865

> Jones; Thomas wiedbnk ARSE Ses ¢ do... Bek ees ; ip Peet EIN | Feb. 1% 1865
Landy, Michael do... YU a asveeveesee| Feb, 17,1865.
Layton, George, a/ias Charles veering mae do...... KE 4th gad enon Satis aah Sept. 18, 1863
“Mahoney, John dow... k 10th Infantry..............| Mar. 10, 1865

sMcCurdy, Henry Sec iccees G Ist Heavy Artillery .-| Dee. 21, 1864

NII ADAMOD: cn Ss cosey po prtnwken dantneteccketbacsnens sovsliedacsactaceselocsens do ...... D 8th Infantry... Apr. 28, 1864
~—-Néwton, Frank L : dO 2.00 F 13th Infuntry............. June 16, 1362

‘Parker, John... be QOr iced G 10th Infantry... | Feb. 24 1865

Root, sas W.. alias George H. Harris.....scxc.. 5-60. | cco do... H ist Heavy Artillery .. "| Jan. 27, 1865

-. Rowley, Jo : eveeeeO cone D ith Intantry.............. Sept. 3, 1864

~~ Schumaker, Hoary poe oe C 6th Infantry... | Apr. 17,1864

*- Smith, John oe semeye AO setels G |. Ist Heavy Artillery...| Dee. 21, 1364
-. Stark,. I a i ie ss pesaguiscbactsovecncenf sacar LY cnssce E 6th Infantry.........00.... Apr. 17, 1364 |:

~ Thompson, ames Mb gcse Scsevecsacdosathosssee do...... G Ist Heavy Artillery ...| Dec. 21. 1864

sy OW warrched hE DORR O ee ccns wk edinsctapesscecesaisincsnssdassnes ives sonsnceocess] sooses do... K 8th Infantry...............| Nov. 9, 1863

Mat alee Francis saweeesuptccbeesecs dow... Ds BG ee aE 2 Kine OO eeuue

Cc 8th Infantry... . ........| Mar. 10,1865

° Cc 44th Infantry............ | Nov. 13,1863

i Pensa oe C:. Liipevavect eae D 88th Infantry... ccs | ocenee di

ons mma. Robert... seg Gentes aoe se AE a oe ROO do ....:. G 18th Infantry..............| Oet. 2 i861

Biot eer, DAVIG:-\....--<ccnseeessssnqonasirsnsh inanacmpetnsconnnsonenssnenntansosee|saeaie do.....| D | 28th Infantry...) Mar. 4, 1865

‘McLean, Henry sala PCI. Sth be a OBEN do... Cc 2a Light Artillery...... Aug. 25, 1863

kD ORT ncccercenssonroce Sergeant. G 7th Infantry...............| Apr. 23, 1864

Wilson, William A : Private...) G@ 12th Cavalry..............| July 28, 1865

: dt oy INDIANA. A fi : :

‘Batinesbs, Chauhan, alias Cooper; alias Roberts........... | Private...}...0.. «| 7th Battery................., Dee. 23, 1864

-Blazer, David... iad Fanta fs 4th Battery........2.... June, 1863

~ Gay, Robert QO ccciss D 6th Cavalry... Mar. 27, 1863

Reset TESA a OHA TE .cnokccpiiinS aiasencseccoanscuasctsmppecshpaiattieinfnntsucaessifnsress do......| Unas’d..| 11th Cavalry..............,| Dee. 23,1
boob Reynolds, RENE NREL RE NETL ELS de 2 82d Infantry...............| Aug. 17, 1863
*. Ryan, Thomas, alias Reagan ......-seseecceocsereececssenes dO ...... Unas’d..) dist Infantry ............. | Dee. 23,1
Es RU y Eb OU DOME: cnssctioncaeaves coonseu seed rues oovensossseraseocservocsomoencecteneets do'..28 K 60th Infantry. Oct... 23, 1863
& Woods, 6 Se RES FR I IRA RE ri regan F 19th Infantry............ | June l2, 1363

se Beg John W.......
Driscall, Alexander:
Rayan fad, Joseph Seeeeeen Ee oleae, cNabsseoas eek bdacetebs ceased

ais

be \ KENTUCKY.

Se eeeeree ee eeeensee ae earsr esse oneses senses senees

Anderson, > diaes...

Private...

.| Jaly 11,1862

July 14, 1861
Mar. 18, 1862

“| Nov. 24, 1361

Zith Infantry.......--s-- |

Sept. 4, 1863

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(Number of replies) (Number of PICTURE Sy: ETC. oeruRes co Po i a er g
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GENERAL SERVICE ADMINISTRATION

GSA FORM 6700 (REV. 7-72)


ae
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SIRES SEC Tae Oey ene

rosy,

military authoritics during the late war.

Mode of *

execution. Offense. Authority.
Shek. i.) Bante ce @. 0., No. 168, Dept. of the Missouri, Sept. 14, 1864 a
fee © nism Desertion . G. 0., No. 23, ‘Dept. of Arkansas, Feb. 18, 1865. ee
5, : . Cae . es *
Han¢ged ... penne j |G. 9. No. 40, Dept. of the Pacific, June 1, 1865. .
Shot... eke sept <cintigecredbadhestoacbnecavescmabeies cccmed G. O., No. 4, Dept. of New Mexico, Feb. 39, 1864.
xsi AA fageetbes Senution amet attempted murder...| G. 0.. No. 149, War Dept., Adit. Gen.’s Office, May 26, 1863,
siansKO vecesice Mutiny :2.555050..) By order of Colonel J. West. laa

tg order of Liontenaxt William Wise, 2d oe Cavalry:
No. 25, Dept. of New Mexico, Apr. 4, 1

G. C. M. O., No. 35, Dept. « of Virginia, Feb. 17, 1 aaa
G. 0., No. 179, Dept. V irginia and North Giriiion. Des 30, 1864.
G. C. M. 0., No. 47, Dept. of Virginia, 7% 9, 1865; urge
G: 0., No. 172, Army of the James, Dee. 2 0, 1864. ;
G. 0., No. 179, Dept. Virginia and Recie Carolina, Dee. 30, 1864. et
do Msgitesieccioce cebsvses-covers} Mts (ag. NOs BE, ‘Army of the Potomac, Sept. 11.1863. _ ‘ Se Sa at
Hanged ..... “Murder .. CEs AS sovoseseret Sr. O., NO 172 Army of the James, Dec. 20, 1864. ; Ue eked 3
Shot........... Desertion s.cecnseosseoesse-s+ ws] G. O., No. 44; Dept. | of Virginia, Mar. 4, 1865. ; Jb, Rea Sn Seah kale
Hanged .....|......... NO isn soilpde cus dlda leas icbsenchbcose wecees G. 0., No. 35, Dept. of Virginia, Feb. 17, 1865. i gens hance ay Rk Nia -
Bot ect ese UE co aso cacecine webebumicens G. 0., No. 32, Dept. of Virginia, Feb. 16, 1865. ia
++. 0 .do.. ppitawidicenspesdébiog oceans G. 0., No. 88, Army of the Potomac, Sept. 11, 1863. ection
ncsol i aleibecss eb AAD sUOs age Mins Uk oes eseccocsencoes G. O., No. 44. Dept. 1 es Mar. 4, 1865. jae cae
ny: Pepa ms ee eee ME Elise ie nd nde ae ibavoea Mepiaswsnnse G. O., No. 172. 4 Army of the James, , hog 20, 1864. :
seit: ”. anmewite| igForne WR eee aceste G. 0., No.2 orces Norfolk and Portsmouth, Ape Zi) 1864.
Hanged .....| Theft..... af SSO 8. 0., No. ios, Dept. of the Gulf, June 14, 1862...
Bhot...2..4 MPOMTETOT ee ee G. 0., No. 34, Dept. of Virginia, Feb. 17,2
Hanged .....}.000..... PAOD sd sssavaveseboie ed ivwabuswncpecsiceans G. C.'M. 0., Ne. R Anmy of the Potoinae, Jan 18,1
BE: FECES, SREY 2 SEO RRE TS! BAILS RE A EOE RN G. O., No. 97, Dept. Virginia and North Carolina, Ane. 2, 1864,
Biota do.. 1 G.O., No. 50, Dept. of the South, Apr. 15, 1864. 9
nosed Vidgubcminttvesesoces do... G 0:; No. 172, Army of the James, Dec. 20, 1864, = By
Sig ARO coor p Nec ge uta do.. i sserssssssccsereees| GO. O., No. 50, Dept. of the South, ag cohag g 1864. Dithoe e
do soueseshO G. 0., No. 172, F vsarge of the James, 1864.
Sw eS a ssMAY eine tacscetauetcseonenbeicts, wot Cheessates G. 0.. No. 24, Dept. Virginia and North Carolina, Oct. 31, 1963,
o-+0 do pat Do.
Shot.csc. Desertion G. C.M. 0., No. = Army of the ree Mar. 1, 1865.
ee sae <a G. Gs No. 244, Dept..- of the Camiberiend, Oct. 20, 1863.
RET: PRET: §
Hanged... M ander Reale ental court-martial.
Shot..............:-.80 G. C. M. 0., No. 38, Army of the Tennessee, Oct. 31 1864.
«0 .........} Desertion G.0., No. 705. De t. of the Cumberland. May 9. 1863.
Hanged .... BOGE i davenhsdesist ainedsLeentiovegi picel G.C.M.0 , War Dept., Adit. Gen.’s Office, Apr. 14, 1864. :
SUES Sea PPRGRTUROR ooo. oc ccccanascanes G. 0., No. it veeatanes Cavalry, iv. of the Galf, Pela foe
Shot........... Desertion... G. 0., No. 38. District of aman, Dee: 14, 1864. “3
sei wctencal eater” Welcaieeme i G. O0., No. 108, Dept. of the Cumberland, ane 19, 1988.
i? 0 een renee 0 nnrennne G. 0., No. 23, Dept. of the Ohio, Mar. 21, 1863...
seme I: G. 0.. No. 38; Dist. of Indiana, Dec. 14, 1864." 2"
Hanged ee Pea ay iv G.0., No. 188, Dept. of the Cumberland, Aug. uw, 1868.
Shot...........| Desertion .............s00.s00--..2.-| G.O., No. 38, Dist. of Indiana, Dec. 14, 1864. bios
pa”: 7 al PROTOS ook sacnn G. 0., No. 279, War Dept., Adjt. Gen.’s Office, Aug. 8, 1863.
rien: bs Saeeus: Desertion .. G.0., No. ;

PPOORTRION sasc sece She cg teetieilecedoeansdensecs

Orders, No. 8

60, ‘Army of ~ oe June 8, 1863.

G. O:, No. 55, Headquarters 24 Kaness Cavalry, July 9, 1862. -
8, Army of the West, July 12, 1861.

G. 0., No. 130, Dept. of the Ohio, Aug. 13,1863, <2


4 Geen

"UNITED STATES MILITARY A ‘AUTHORITIES


s °
List of U. S. soldiers executed by United States
. Name. Rank Co Regiment. Date of exe-
- " : cution.
OREGON.
- Ely, Francis wee] Private..j A Ist Cavalry..........se. Mar. 11, 1864
eee : PENNSYLVANIA. re A
i Mimarmmaih Talila Tse se A lth Cavalry............... Sept. 18, 1863
Og EE OR tr oe PE SU EEL Meee DES OEE yee OPE Se Epes SOMERS H Ist Light Artillery...... mes 2, 1863
Dormady, William Hoo Re MEO sciitg aa A a RO eae
Folancy,. vy ohn, alias Geacinto Lerchziew.. I 118th Infantry. ~| Aug. 30, 1863
‘Foster, John. Unas’d } 58th Infantry... Jan. 3, 1865
Goodrich, Peter I 97th Infantry... .-| Feb. 27, 1864
~Grover, William A 46th Infantry... | Junel9, 1863
Haley, James B 1l6th Infantry. Oct. 16,1863
‘Howe, William H A 1 .| Aug. 26, 1864
Be OULOP OI ire eos AS cocere ntinncoermanstor reseadbenc, Unas'd Mar. 9, 1865

Kuhne, poor, alias G. Week
Lai, Emil, atzas E. Duffie.
Lanaban, John eae
McKee, William......
Murphy James
Oliver, Hiram
Rionese, John, alias George Rivnese.....
Roberts, Jeremiah

~ Thompson, James Scene ublnce is Sdeeteu iunsacas sous ntept abel scéske

Walter, Charles, aéias C. Zene.
Wert, Michaet
» Wilson, James

sede es cen eenwece er eserse er ewermceresesnenes se rerearuneereasecseens| sHeeee

Boe w he WUT ecm scents sgpec nobus sseekGhsnidvcnencosontonvesanrins Private...
SSH RON TEND. Se SOMBER iui ss oc wncevbiputsliecdbecersdaonpece tepecvecencccesicsagheostie A606:
aie. Paae TEXAS.
ee bse Oereen: PeW00,-<acinescecnsasess<inneecocksocsesvsecoios rsinbntbanip sewsrsccw Private...
¥ + i VERMONT. i
Be ce
— Blowers, George E igidenytedpeventTptpiersibishniessdsititesdeecast Private...
3 Carpenter, Charles .................-..-. iueohes camalenccnikic wcaveimsvenshee
° Riley, Mathew, alias John Roach........ MotB C oe an hacguicansdasassoal osteo soeeesovane
AE AGU Sigel ON as is aae Saleen eti eras soedacocodieasenesdcessicibiiaedsciebeciecaas | Private..
WEST VIRGINIA.
Maretim, FOR Roi. 5s , cia snloylenstsceciecceseceresc savored céwweecsenceved Sergeant.
RAGE, PTE series os nec necenededesnasoosacciecvcresensdinseraies Private...
| WISCONSIN.
ee Carroll, John .... wo ese ae Cle ca ca ST Private...
3 U. S. VOLUNTEERS.
Dowdy, William C fe Nese vag ar dsntniceorer Private
By SUTRDULE SY ERT TN I i oi asics crc ncnck devasontnils nocehebecteoinbecoscenesecifivvies do ......
a VETERAN RESERVE CORPS. -
Aer heobamboah,, Willlintin Go. cisccecsaca ses -cccasseicdosareceresesccecreconescs Sergeant.
U. S. COLORED TROOPS.
Allen, James........:...-...... pote i ae ee Private...
'. Brooks, Dandridge...................+- gp oatastpand
t Wiatheee, ALE Oe isis So icoe cose Weececncenenecessceus
AOU ie: A BION, 553 pcsscscccss<epscetpeecccscccocinecesseicassa
Colwell: Alera ners aio; necessissies sonsseotneponccdinns oe
RGAE V0 SLEIRA hoo case ca Seccsivao ssa deccestesieci eps’ Glebe
OPALS, TR VUE i.e vsn cokes Socapsdaes eoesnoensabesnecohaveed
Davis, Bra nwel oss iccices.sces scccessesncaccscetves vesce
Dixon. GOTO rio iccesedics eNececesiesecescutecchvenese
Wott: THO UGS sii civic Sesca ries sesdsacescevereccsresces Seccdlgs
Grant, Simon... eccessecseeceseeeseeeceeceseeceeneeceseee es
Grien, Joseph... .eececcescesseeceeceseseeceeneeceeeeeceese cases

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Sd Tnfamter es. isch cece
38th Infantry..............
1st Heavy Artillery ...
6th Cavalry......
1st Heavy Artillery ...
Ast Cavalry .........06
BE. ANFEMTV si ercbicdencsest
48th Infantry
79th Infantry
HOG LOPANeey. occ icciveeces
Zist LMIARTY oo. cccecdes

3d Infantry:

Aug. 29, 1863

Dee. Sissi
Junel9, 1863

Jan. 6, IS6+
; Sept. 6, 1865
Tisth Infantry..........:. Aug, 29, 1863
55th Infantry............] Mar, 27, 1865
90th Infantry... Oct. 2.1863
97th Infantry... Feb. 7, 1564
118th Infantry 2... Aug, 29, 1863
184th Infantry... Jan. 6, 1865
97th Infantry.........2.... Feb. 7,1864
2a Cagairy vanbapuleentateess Aug. 30, 1863
loco asc MANN Gdeeccrh oe deep oes mahiecmael OO :cevsicecews}-
Ist Cavalry :.eiceetee. June27, 1864
2d Infantry........-.-s.00. Dee. 18, 1863
gned recruit................. Apr. 22, 1864
BNSE TOCA socccvcs ccceccfesouss Oxo iy a2
5th Infantry... Dee. 18, 1863
5th Infantry..............- Jan. 19,1864
9th EREANUT .o. encacacecite Nov. 27, 1863
20th Infantry... Nov. 11, 1864
ist Regiment... Sept. 9, 1864
4th Regiment........0.... Det. 22, 1864

Jan. 3, 1865

Dee. 1,1865
July 30, 1865
May 6, 1865
Ang. 18, 1865
May 65, 1865
May 26, 1885
Dee. 1, 1865
31, 1864
21, 1865
26, 1865 |

3, 1885 |

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, KUH} LAI, RIONESE and WALTER, all soldiers shot for
facts Army) : » Virginia, August 29, 1863.

‘ KUHN, George & 4 other U. S. Soldiers
: Née-year~old Pvt. George Kughn of the 118th Pa. Volunteers
was one of five substitute deserters who were sentenced to
be shot on Aug. 29, 1863. Army authorities had ordered the
execution in a desperateffort to discourage desertion,
thousands of men were taking the easy way out to avoid the
hardship and danger of military service, Kugh insisted on
Seeing a rabbi before the execution; since there was none
in Washington, the army sent for Rabbi Benjamin Szold of
Baltimore. After a conversation with the boy, the rabbi
was convinced that there were gounds for clemency in the
case and he went to the white House to ask the President te

grant a pardon, «Lincoln had already received petitions on
the matter from some New York people ‘and declined to inte>
cede, but he listened patiently to the rabbi and then sent
him with a letter of in‘ roduction to Gen. Meade. The Gen,


Page 1 of 3

The Executions

by Dave Mathews

Although the details are somewhat sketchy and contradictory, we do know that soon
after the capture of most of the men of the 2nd Tennessee Infantry at Rogersville, at
least three of them were separated from the lines and shot by the enemy. It is not
certain exactly when they were each shot, but according to the best information they_
were executed by firing squad by order of Confederate General Ransom at
Blountville, Tennessee on November 13, 1863, one week after their capture. They
were all shot because they were recognized as former deserters from rebel forces.
Jack Snow mentions the incident in "The Adventures of Jack Snow" as does Dr.
John Shrady in "Reminiscences of Libby Prison". The best description of the actual
incident comes from D. H. Gallaher and A. J. Burum, both residents of Roane
County. Their sworn statement is part of the pension file of William R. Silvey.

The journalist who interviewed Andrew Jackson Snow had this to say, "While the
men were being looked over and searched, seven were picked out of the Second
Tennessee and stood under a walnut tree away from the rest. They had been
recognized as having been among the many men who had been forced to join the
Confederate armies and who had deserted to the Union forces at the first
opportunity. They were never heard from again. Uncle Jack always shared the belief
all the Union men had at the time -- that they faced a Rebel firing squad. In later
years Uncle Jack couldn't remember the names of any of the seven men but he did
recall that one of them was called "Abraham Lincoln" by his comrades because he
looked so much like the President."

Dr. John Shrady told a similar story. "Soon after our disaster a Confederate captain
rapidly selected from among his old neighbors five or six of our command, whom he
claimed as deserters. The truth was that they had been "impressed," but had not yet
been "mustered in" before their escape to cur lines. We left them im the celd gray
morning, a sombre group around a burnt-out log fire under a close guard. Among
them was poor Dabney, the bugler, the soul of our party, mimic, storyteller and wit,
with streaming eyes looking away from a hilarious life into the gloom beyond - and
Lincoln, too, for so we called him from his resemblance to the martyred President,
straight and slender as a ramrod, with teeth set and his old, changeless battle face.
Another was watching the curling clouds from a corn-cob pipe. The broken blue
wreaths seemed mute emblems of crushed hopes, as they dissolved in the keen, frosty
air. We never heard of them again - unflinching heroes all, beggars not even for their
lives. The neighbor had gratified his malice, his patriotism, perhaps even his
conscience, but our execrations fell upon the Judas, and our prayers went out with

the victims."

The clerk of Roane County provides us with the following account of the incident

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Page 3 of 3

time at his residence before fleeing to Kentucky. On January 16, 1863, several weeks
after the escape, he enlisted in Company F of the 2nd Tennessee and formally
mustered a few months after enlistment. A description of Abraham's death
contradictory to the one sworn to by Gallaher and Burum was provided by
Hamilton's friend James P. Clark, also a soldier in the 2nd Tennessee Infantry.
Clark stated Hamilton was shot a few hours after his capture near the Island Road
as they approached Blountville on November 6, 1863 in Sullivan County, Tennessee.
Clark heard the gunshot and saw Hamilton's body lying on the road. Other soldiers
in the regiment provide a similar account. If this version is correct, Abraham
Hamilton died on his wedding anniversary only a few miles from his residence.

I will continue to attempt to learn more about this incident and to identify any others
involved. In the meantime, if anyone has additional information please let me know.

Bibliography

The Adventures of Jack Snow by Andrew Jackson Snow

Reminiscences of Libby Prison by Dr. John Shrady

Civil War pension files of William R. Silvey, Abraham Hamilton and William
Franklin Dabney on file at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.

http://home. fuse.net/damathew/execute. html 11/10/01


Page 2 of 3

sworn to by D. H. Gallaher and A. J. Burum on February 5, 1866, both residents of
Roane County: "That on or about the 13th day of November, 1863, at Blountville,
Tennessee, one, William R. Silvey was shot in their presence, by a file of men, by
command of the Rebel General Ransom; the cause assigned for his execution was
that he had deserted the Rebels and joined the Federal army. Two others, Frank
Dabney and Abraham Hamilton, were shot at the same time, under the same
circumstances."

William R. Silvey, from Roane County, Tennessee enlisted in the Federal army as a
26 year old private on April 16, 1863. However, that was his second attempt at
enlistment. About five or six weeks earlier, along with neighbor James R. Davis, he
had been on his way to join the Federal Army when both were captured by
Confederates. Davis and Silvey agreed to join the Rebel army as a ruse in order to
get out from under guard so they could get away. Later they did escape and joined
Company B of the 2nd Tennessee at Stanford, Kentucky, both working as wagoners.
Unlike Silvey, Davis was able to avoid capture at Rogersville and later provided us
with some of the details. Before his service in the army, William R. Silvey had
married Mary C. May on August 2, 1859 in Roane County. The Silveys had two
children. William Abraham was born June 25, 1860 and Mary Elizabeth Ann was
born October 15, 1862. Silvey's widow later married George W. Byrd on January 31,
1865.

Another of the men shot was Private William Franklin Dabney from the town of
Clinton in Anderson County, Tennessee. Franklin was the 20 year old unmarried son
of Cornelius and Sarah Dabney and the bugler in Company H of the 2nd Tennessee
Infantry. Sometime around January 16, 1862 while Dabney was intoxicated in
Knoxville, a group of Confederate soldiers surrounded him. In order to avoid being
arrested and sent to Tuscaloosa, Dabney agreed to join a Confederate regiment.
About four or five days later he escaped and fled to Kentucky where he enrolled in
the 2nd Tennessee on February 5, 1862. He formally mustered in at Somerset,
Kentucky on June 5. According to Major Carpenter and others who gave testimony,
after his capture at Rogersville on November 6, 1863 Franklin Dabney was
recognized by his captors as a deserter from a Confederate regiment and pulled
from the lines with a few other soldiers from the 2nd Tennessee. He was reported to
have been shot on November 8, 1863 at Blountville, again disagreeing somewhat with
the earlier account that he was shot on November 13.

The third identified man executed was Abraham Hamilton, an 18 year old private
from Sullivan County, Tennessee. Abraham had married Eliza A. Chase on
November 6, 1858 in Washington County, Tennessee. They had one child, a son
named John born on August 24, 1859. According to the testimony of Eliza and other
acquaintances, Abraham was arrested at his residence and forced against his will
into the Confederate forces on October 25, 1862. Due to a leg injury, he was never
assigned to a regiment but instead worked at a hospital in Knoxville. He was finally
able to escape a few months later on December 25, 1862. He stopped only a short

http://home. fuse. net/damathew/execute. html 11/10/01

BERTS, wife of Capt. John W. Roberts of
husband's home in this city last night.
26 Feb. 1865.)

the Burd Levi, died at her
(Nashville Daily Union,

ERTS, Capt. John K., died 2 Jan. 1927 in Nashville; if h :
until greeny he would have been 91 years old: hea e had lived

to-the-last ving man who knew Old Hickory and in 1845 shook }

County; served in the 6th Tennessee Regiment,

CSA, and i
‘battles. (Confederate Veteran Magazine, Feb. bier gill

1927, page 68.)

BERTS, Mrs. Martha, 83, died October 31; had lived in Ma Cc
since 1849; her husband died 1863; she was born 1813 in Geta
Carolina and had lived in her home

(Maury Democrat, Columbia, Tn, 7 Nov. 1895.)

ERTS, Capt. Matthew W., old and respected citizen of Athens,
Alabama, died with congestive chill last Saturday. (Memphis
Avalanche, 9 Nov. 1866.)

ERTS, Sarah I., wife of William Roberts, funeral to be held today.
Nashville Dispatch, 3 March 1863.) Funeral to be held today from

tthe Sewanee House, age 53, buried City Cemetery. Nashvill i
Union, 3 March 1863.) . Leia ht

ERTSON, Mrs. Cordelia, died on the 25th. (Nashville Republican
panner, 28 Dec. 1870.)

, bookseller, died Wednesday in Nashville, May 1;
s Alley. (Western

_was passing through a
teamer and hit in the left breast; died instantly on the steamer

pn the Mississippi; was from Kentucky. (Nashville Dispatch, 1

RTSON, Miss Gertrude, of Dickson County,

he Cumberland Presb terian Church today.
anner, 9 Feb. 1869 y

funeral to be held at
(Nashville Republican

RTSON, Miss Lizzie, fumeral to be held toda

on Charlotte Pike.
Nashville Republican Banner, 10 June 1870.)-

ied near Williamsport on the 26th;

, one of the pioneers of the county;
os) almost an octogenarian. (Columbia Herald and Mail, 3 Dec.

RTSON, Nancy, widow of Eli

jah Robert 5 1
the Charlotte Pike J son, funeral to be held “o8e8.)

. (Nashville Republican Banner, 15 Oct. 186

RTSON, Lt. Patton, son of A. B. Robertson, was killed in fight

rper's Ferry several months ago; was a
aduate ‘ the University of Nashville. (Nashville Dispatch, 13

», &.A., Company E, 38th Tennessee Confederate Regiment, died in

= = in oo last week. (Nashville Dispatch,

ISON, Rev. Edward, Professor of Biblical Literature at the Union

ological Seminary in New York, died on the 27th ult. at the
3 (Nashville Dispatch, 4 Feb. 1863.) es

Emeline Maria, appointed administratrix of the estate of
| “er nteaes, deceased. (Nashville Republican Banner,

a

330

for 46 years; she had 11 children.

ROBINSON, Caroline Howard, wife of Harry Robinson, “died in Nashville
on the 26th; native of Bootle in the vicinity of Liverpool, England.’
(Nashville Daily Gazette, 29 Sept. 1852.) .

ROBINSON, James C., Esquire, of Williamson. County, died on the 13th
at his home; age 58. (Nashville Daily Gazette, 16 Oct. 1852.)

ROBINSON, James A., William Baldwin and Franklin Bratcher, privates, \
5th Kentucky Infantry, were shot on Friday near Nashville for
quitting post to plunder and pillage, for robbery, for disorderl
conduct, and for straggling. (Nashville Dispatch, 17 Nov. 1863.

ROBINSON, John A., a wealthy gentleman of Norwich, Connecticut, died
recently and in his will directed that his remains should be a 4
for three days before they were placed in the grave, where the lid
to the coffin was to be removed, and the coffin so closed that a
person could readily get out. It was provided that food and water
be placed in the coffin. A hammer, too, was to lie near his right
hand, while a lamp was to burn in his sepulcher for three days and

three nights. Every one of the provisions was rigidly enforced.
(Maury Democrat, 3 May 1888.)

ROBINSON, Capt. Joseph W., died on the 7th in Nashville, age 38, native
of Bangor, Maine; resolution of respect to his widow is to be made.
(Nashville Daily Union, 8 April 1863.) Capt. Joseph W. Robinson,
commissary of subsistence, 38, died on the 7th; survived by widow.
(Nashville Dispatch, 9 April 1863.)

ROCHE. A daughter of Mr. Roche of Nashville was mortally wounded in

the late bombardment of Chattanooga. (Nashville Dispatch, 1 Sept.
1863.)

ROCHE, Amanda, wife of F. G. Roche, was among the deaths Sunday of

yellow fever in Memphis; a little daughter also died. (Democratic
Herald, 27 Oct. 1855.)

ROCHE, F. G., formerly of Columbia, died in Nashville; remains
_ _returned and buried at St. John's. (Maury Democrat, 20 Oct. 1892.)

ROCKWELL, Eugene B., telegraph operator at Nashville, died Tuesday
of cholera; his wife died of the same a few days before as did

S. Adams, music professor at Ward's Female School. (Memphis
Avalanche, 22 Sept. 1866.)

RODDY, infant child of A. J. Roddy, died Sunday and buried at Ebenezer
Church at Ettaton, Maury County. (Maury Democrat, 20 June 1895.)

RODDY, Captain, of Washington County, Tn, recently arrested and charged
with being a member of the Haun court martial. (Monitor,
Murfreesboro, 9 Sept. 1865.)

RODDY, or RODDEY, Philip Dale. Roddy was to come in at Decatur, Ala.,
yesterday and surrender. (Nashville Dispatch, 14 May 1865.)

General Roddy, Confederate cavalry officer, now in New York and a
businessman, is stopping at the Overton Hotel. (Memphis Dail
Appeal, 23 Dec. 1868.) General Roddy, the distinguished comevum.,
is at the Peabody Hotel. Gen. S. B. Buckner left Memphis last
evening for Louisville. (Memphis Daily Appeal, 7 May 1869.)

General P. D. Roddy says he met Fanny E. Shotwell in 1867 and
contracted an intimacy which lasted several ears; the infatuation
has cost him a great deal of money. She calls herself Carlotta

F. Roddy and she is charged with loca and is on trial: (Nashville
Union and American, 21 July 1874.) (N.B. He died in London, .
England, 20 July 1897 and is buried Tuscaloosa, Ala.) :

RODDY, Miss Lizzie Henrietta, of Kedron died. (Columbia Herald,
14 Aug. 1896.)

331


"The younger of the colored precahsrs mad a prayer for'the soul.of the
prisoners, in which they appeared to join with some earnestness, at.
least their lips moved, but no audible sounds escaped them, all kneeling
upon the platform, Stevenson was, most-affected by the prayer and nearly
reclined instead of kneeling, either from weakness, of to avoid the noose
which ‘hung;near and occasionally touched his head, After the conclusion
of the prayer, at about a quarter-to one, the ropes were adjusted by
Ma jor Rowley and Captain Williams upon ‘the neck-of itheir prisoners and
the officers, after placing the white caps on the h&XAXKABE heads of the
negroes, descended and removed the -XXMMK ladder. Before the ministers
had ‘left, Corporal -Jim had asked his spiritual adviser to pat ‘his hand in
his ‘pocket, remove a pocket handkerchief ‘he would find there ‘and ws th Lt
bandage his eyes,-perhaps thinking that no caps were to be brought. he
handkerchief was found, and Jim held it tn his hadd when He was dashed into
éternity and he was buried with it in his grasp. Previous ‘to this, however,
the less of the negroes had been firmly beund with cords, At precisely
thirteen minutes to ene o'clock, according to your correspondent's wateh,
Captain Williams untied the rope which held the crank of the revolving
sleeper, paused a. moment,; then quickly pulledout the wooden pin, the drep
fell - and in a second the three murderers were suspended in the air

writhingxin their death agonies. Ray died almost immediately after a
minute or two, 'Corporal Jim' also lived but about three minutes. © Roth
of these men undeubtedly broke; their necks by the fall which’ was about

three feet. But *tevenson aopeared horribly convulsed for the space ‘of ‘
four’ minutes whem he also was still, There was perfect silence in the

‘whole’ assemblage until the drop fells; then some colored women - not the

relatives of the prisoners - they were not present, being at “sland No.
10 = commenced singing terribly and giving utterance to the most doleful
yells. They,wer quickly silenced, At a quarter past one, Dr. Staples,
acting Medical Director of the Yistrict, aschmded the KXKXFAIH ladder,
felt theppulses of the men, and a few moments théereafter.pronounced the
order faithfully executed, and the prisoners'dead, In twenty minutes |

more the hodies were lowered into. the wooden éoffins and carried off-fér
burial. ‘hree of the murderers of the Beckham family ‘had expiated their

crittes as the law had directed, They no more lived. Seven more are in
custody and will probably suffer thesame fate at no very distant day."
DAILY MISSOURI DIMOCRATI, St, Louis, Mo,, 9-8-1863 \(page one, ) -:

"Columbus, Ky., Sept. 4 = Three of the colored men found ‘builty by a
military commission of which Col, W, T, Shaw, of the llth Iowa, was
Presiden, of the murder of the Beckman family, at Compromise landing
on the lth of last month, were publicly executed by hanging here today,
General Hurlbut's approval. of the finding of the military commission
arrived only yesterday,, but wt was pre-emptorialy ordered that the -
execution take place on the: ensuring Friday after the’ reception of the
order at the Headquarters of the district..." DAILY MISSOURI DEMOCRAT,

St. Leuis, Mo., September Lec 186 3-page one, et :
eed . §26S-8¥E (S02) ee hes T etilse
| ‘ 9gpse WW ‘ALISYSAINN

— $029 XO ‘VWVEY TY 40 ‘AIND
AMVUEIT MYT 40 TOOHOS :

| |

|

Battle of Five Forks. (Harper’s)

Before long Pickett returned to the command of
his old division. He still seemed impressed with his
previous title, however, for he wrote to his wife after
the war, reminding her of the time he was “Depart-
ment Commander and she not only had ‘vassals and
slaves’ at her side but the Department Commander
and all his soldiers at her feet.”

/ PICKETT’S part in the Civil War came to a shock-
ing and disgraceful end at Five Forks on April 1,
1865. Assigned to hold a vital road junction, the
importance of which was clearly and repeatedly im-
pressed on him, Pickett nevertheless left his troops
to ride to a shad bake with Tom Rosser and Fitz-
hugh Lee. The generals were separated from their
commands for hours, during which Sheridan attacked
and shattered Pickett’s command and left the entire
Petersburg line exposed. Impregnable for nine
months, it had to be abandoned. General Lee’s sur-
render came nine days later.

Several days after the Five Forks debacle Pickett
was released from the army as a supernumerary
officer. The remnant of his division was consolidated
with another unit. He did not go home, but tagged
along until the surrender at Appomattox.

A Northern journalist noted that there was intense
dissatisfaction among Union soldiers when it was
learned that Pickett was being paroled instead of
being tried for the “brutal murder” of the North
Carolina militiamen.

TWO months later formal charges were filed
against him by Secretary of War Stanton, but Pickett

seen arms mee tpn ae te a seme ep

fled with his wife to Canada. Eventually he appealed
to General Grant to honor his parole, and Grant
interceded with President Johnson. He was allowed
to return to Virginia, but his home on Turkey Island
had been burned in 1864, so he went to live in
Richmond. Here he entered the insurance field, like
so many other professional soldiers who in serving
the Confederacy had lost the only occupation they

had known. — ‘
Pickett lived only ten years after the war. During’ ;

: . . '
that time he met General Lee only once, in a Rich-

mond hotel in 1870. Colonel John Mosby describes §
the painful affair:

“After leaving the room I met General Pickett
and told him I had just been with Lee. He remarked
that if I would go with him he would like to pay
his respects to the general .. . The interview was
cold and formal and evidently embarrassing to both.
_..In a few moments we left the room and Pickett »
spoke bitterly of General Lee, calling him ‘that old
man ... He had my division massacred at Gettys
burg.’ ‘Well, it made you immortal,’ I replied.

“I rather suspect that Pickett gave the wrong reason
for his unfriendly feelings. In May 1892 at the
University of Virginia I took breakfast with Pro-
fessor Venable, who had been on Lee’s staff. He told
me that some days before the surrender at Appo-
mattox, General Lee ordered Pickett under arrest, |
suppose for the Five Forks affair. I think the pro
fessor said that he carried out the order. I remember
well his adding that on the retreat Pickett passed
them and that General Lee said with deep feeling:
‘Is that man still with this army?’ ”’

— T

Picke
Story

HEL
in Ne
Museum ip
Rothermel
the climax

At the su:
Legislature
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studied art
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Meade, Ha
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obtained fi
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Rotherme
to the sticl
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when I rez
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as they pa
approached

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Meade, his
left of the
expressed |}
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heroes of t

Pennsylvan


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on a

wretcher, his abdomen torn by a bullet, someone
noticed that Pickett wept.

IN TIME, Pickett’s conduct during the charge
would become the subject of bitter controversy.
Those who were there scoffed at the fanciful accounts
a Pickett personally leading the assault. Colonel
Eppa Hunton wrote, “No man who was in that
durge has ever been found, within my knowledge,
who saw Pickett during the charge.”

Many, however, came to Pickett’s defense. Colonel
Rawley Martin of the 53d Virginia said, “From my
knowledge of General Pickett I am sure he was
where duty called him throughout the engagement.
He was too fine a soldier and had fought in too
zany battles not to be where most needed in that
supreme occasion of his military life.”

EMBITTERED by the repulse, Pickett wrote a
report sharply critical of his lack of support in the
ntack. Lee told him to destroy the report and re-
write it, because its tone and contents would do the
Southern cause no good. Though Mrs. Pickett indi-
ated, as late as 1899, that the report—written on
wrapping paper and other scraps—was not destroyed,
she never produced it.

Pickett’s division was not immediately recruited
tack to strength, but was reorganized after the Battle
a Gettysburg. Initially it was given the rather
humiliating task of escorting Union prisoners back
Virginia. Pickett was not heard of for some time.
He was given command of the relatively inactive
Department of Virginia and North Carolina and fur-
aished a correspondingly small force with which to
operate. He married Sally in October and the couple
xt up housekeeping near his headquarters in Peters-
burg. One of his men observed that the general's
hdy was a “lovely, highly cultivated Virginia woman
who occasionally rode with the general through our

amps.

Cemetery Ridge after Pickett’s charge. Drawing by Edwin Forbes in Battles and Leaders.

EARLY in 1864 Pickett undertook to wrest New
Bern, North Carolina from the enemy’s hands but
the effort was unsuccessful. He and his young sub-
ordinate, Brigadier General Robert Hoke, could
not coordinate their movements. But during this
campaign, and perhaps because it was turning out
so badly, Pickett took an action that almost led to
his arrest and trial after the war. This was the
execution, under Pickett’s authority, of twenty-two
or more members of the 2d North Carolina U.S.
Volunteers who at one time had been members of
a home guard company in North Carolina, but who
were captured in U.S. uniforms near Kinston. Pickett
had ordered them tried by court-martial as deserters
who had taken up arms for the enemy.

When the captives were first brought before
Pickett, according to a Confederate who was there,
he roared, “God damn you! I reckon you'll hardly
go back there again, you damned rascals, I'll have
you shot and all other damned rascals who desert.”

The men were accordingly executed in the town
square, but by hanging rather than musketry. Cap-
tain John G. Smith, 8th Georgia Cavalry, recalled,
“It was an awful cold, bad day, and the sight was
an awful one to behold.”

BY MAY 1864 Pickett no longer had time to re-
flect on his actions. General Ben Butler with 40,000
men had moved suddenly towards Petersburg, and
Pickett had to halt him. With a much smaller force
he managed to stop Butler and bottle up and im-
mobilize him on a peninsula of the James called
Bermuda Hundred. Many have called this the most
brilliant and effective operation Pickett carried out
during the war. But he seemed to go downhill there-
after. As General Gorgas noted in his diary Pickett
“is very dissipated, it is asserted.”’” Soon Pickett
reported himself sick and unable to continue in com-
mand. Beauregard took over.

23

a aamamem sm

i

sy


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ec UUNELDE maln SOLDIERS, hanged

Civil War Times

[LLUSTRATED

Volume 5, Number 2 May 1966
IN THIS ISSUE
The Battle of Malvern Hill
By Joseph P. Cullen....... Page 4
George E. Pickett—A Personality Profile
By Gerald A. Patterson....... Page 19
Pickett’s Charge, Story of a Painting
By Frederic Ray....... Page 25
Escape From Richmond—A First-Person Account
By John Bray....... Page 28
Military Executions in the Civil War
By James I. Robertson....... Page 34
How Soldiers Rated Carbines
By Spencer Wilson....... Page 40
Occupation Duty in Selma
By John R. Buttolph....... Page 45

OUR FRONT COVER is a drawing of a Federal soldier by Felix
O. C. Darley who lived from 1822 to 1888. It and other illustrations
by Darley appear in Volume 3 of Benson J. Lossing’s “Our Country,
a Household History of the United States For All Readers.” Darley’s
work was extremely popular during the middle 19th Century.

OUR BACK COVER, from Kean Archives, is an invitation for
Negroes in Burlington County, New Jersey to sign up for Federal
service, probably during the Confederate invasion of Pennsylvania
in June 1863.

OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS are designated (KA) for Kean Archives,
Philadelphia; (LC) for Library of Congress; and (NA) for National
Archives.

Second class postage paid at Gettysburg, Pa. CIVIL WAR TIMES Illustrated is.
‘published each month except September and March: by Historical Times, Inc., 302

York St., Gettysburg, Pa. It is printed by Telegraph Press, Harrisburg, Pa. Regular
subscription price $10 per year. Advertising rates available by writing to: Adver-
tising Dept., CWT Illustrated, 302 York St., Gettysburg, Pa. Direct editorial mail to
Box 1831, Harrisburg, Pa. This magazine assumes no responsibility for unsolicited
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CHANGE OF ADDRESS—Second class mail regulations do not permit magazines
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advise our circulation department, Gettysburg, Pa., of both your old and new ad-
dresses one month in advance,

Copyright 1966, Historical Times Inc., Gettysburg, Pa. 17325

N

Unit Identified

EDITOR:

On page 35 «
officers “not id
New York Infa
and _ surroundin
ald’s and Milh
officers who ar

Unit Designatic
EDITOR:

I notice that
not agree with
Official Records
alry, Ist Divisi:
spells out all u
First Division, °

Use 1
name c
enjoy §
WAR 17
him a «
zine. TI
now or


The Boston Merning Saucnal 4-23-1864 page A Column |

Militery Exeeution at Fort Warren

The necessary Severity of militany laws Was rigorously ils ated and enforced Ate esterday atternom
at Fort Warten in the exeeuwho es ldiers pr crime of desertic. hating Violated ther! sand hems
thy the most serious offence whith « citizen or Soldier Gan Commit, the INes wee orfeited. /F
the ae \e us cans sup been Set Carlier and offener acted ™, tHe Cause of the Cd try wh ith if is
d uty of ey vt, would no dewht have been materially aided tn thes local: ate This evident
Wntentien ei rat the dbecities of New Evy fend to enforce the mil tary

Ite ofdesechio wil|
Serve as a Terrible ined to those whe have beer? fu Ht, oes a Itke ering er inn may hereafter Conttern late
Such @ perilous offence. This a ou ee rePlecd on that justice Was Never move e Weert ally rendered
than ™ the present Case.

The tacts tn regard tothe Careers of the deserters executed yesterdas are deciyed chiefly from their
oFPicers, They are bel\eved Frum the conterte at! letters to jes belanged In Cohoes New York. Both
enlisted December 3rd (863 fur three years as part ¢ Pilaietyat ot Sunderland Vermont, ene under the
name et bape as Halt he ms whose real an ts et o have been James MeCarty), and the ether 4s
John Roach althaeh his rlaht name was Matthew Riley. aL fe were both of Invh arentoge about 21 years
ane. After be igh ly a they were Stent to the genere res ceaNt at Brathe bora as reeruits for
E  SthVYetmont volunteers and ceceNved the Tay bounty. Two deus afterward they deserted and

4
ickedled +t Springfield Mass. where it Is thersht that th hn enlisted and deserted. Wh ted th
pe very, rth d guise and sree thet uid Maine ebarton, New Hampshive te én l's¢ as aye ad jae"

‘They escaped fre the Cars while under arrest i were retaken. Ther Covrespmdence develo loped that they
My principals of 6 “ deits 4 of pri fessional government b dunty Swindlers, Bath were ef the werst char acter and |
red Consp (eucr i inthe ae tuna of New wolf newspapers A pi ‘ture of Carpenter.m the Ro asues
Cle of that cit ahs a ave been Co pied Mto the New Naw ere Police Gazette . Those Pecks we
Cert: d by Cont, C est Mare all of th ¢ Disin The men were Sentby Ma oy A.W, Rustin
ho prac the camp at Brattleb wo, to Maj i See Cant Commandant of Fort Wacken yom he [th of
pane ely ew Court lari a or [sland pursuamrt to orders fram Meter Generel Dix.
Li nest a mi Con a and are. to hes bt, de sere bem oved by enece| Dix,
aloe Cabot ues ed With the duty ot executing IT. Rev. Fatrick W. Mo 3 of ch James Chucch, Alb Street,

iat 4 them as To geter advisor dai{y durfng eweel ith bee Wednes They, recerved Yh < Minis-
Bus and eppeacell te gate alaily arog every became pretty (hy teamed to their Gite.

The father pod mate f Riley, fle -spathes af faa and ak relatives went dean re aoe
ning's boatt and had a op d affect ies fnttervien with the Condemned rings’ were
oxchant d; Tears Shed , Gnd a ny pre pe arewell spoken Carpenter and Rikey were then Piet te priest.

i jot faba th hs hone deat + qr t every civileqe Which his dey allowed , deterred th
evn ver RaS a, quarter befixe to cle! ek in evde ie ted Pa te eg shoul he sent i bent ifm “i ht be
ecely

e wore m it became evident that eles Pat ld ish ted and -
arechimms weve beaun +o execute the Crimmals. ” pe aR: sep

Soo af ser o'clock the several Companies ofthe [st battalion of Heau 4 Artillery garrisoned the Ly
Commande by Capf JH Baldwin A, “Got, CE. Niebube 8, “ CF, T vectors Cy Cont. THT. bitthe D

d Cart. GS. W ( Unatta i d ter '
ade ie Cound eid: eve the line. “Usd Bhs saab mais heig tc tha ' nif Uhycper
the Wharf to the level pin rah north énd eth els ne! and med on Wee vides ap

pe : Square .

Lieut: John T. Batch elder of Comp ont 6, Provost Marshall of the post, at half past one o'cleck famed 7h
funeral pro

P
| heed fork re the band of the (st U.S. Artill
Fit dee nae athe gay oF ner He ede Several Companies, arude b ie wht “ia shan

From the Times of London, July 3rd 1865 (9:4)

AMERICAN JUSTICE - Twelve negro soldiers were executed
at Vicksburg on the 26th of May for the murder of Mrs.
Cook and her child. The men had left their camp one
night without leave for the purpose of robbery. They
went to Col. Cook's house and shot him. But after a
little time he managed to crawl out to a barn. Mean-
time they demanded money of Mrs. Cook and upon her
refusal to give up her property they shot both her
and her child dead. They then sacked and fired the
place to wipe out all traces of their crime. They had
a fair trial and were justly convicted. Thousands
flocked to see the execution. The ground was kept by
their own and other regiments. Being asked what they
had to say, they stated that they had fought for their
country and had been taught to hate rebels but asser-
ted their innocence of the murder and said that Jesus
was their friend. Then they sang a hymm and the chap-
lain said a short prayer. The executioner went along
placing a rope around each man's neck and adjusting
the caps over their heads. The word was given and

the twelve men were then between earth and heaven.

A wild murmur of the black women and children rang
from hill to hill but the band struck up and the
multitude gradually dispersed. - Memphts Bulletin

thm.

IRIE 5 TONER cletampapeT  RIREERR tr RR

oid UNION ahnWX. PoaloONHAs nan ead: py Téellow prisoners

é 9 w
ain oe ee ogy alg Hsp AE ce al sng hm tenis TD “ f oe a Ki
following trial, andersonville, Ga 1864/65

Eyewitness to History

an actio
blamele:
of their
lynched
risk of t
— the acc
"stockade

A Guard at Andersonville 9 ="

Confede
One
of the 5
not ove
Captain
quently
of a rev
agreeme
mo . would c
The only visitor who came inside : lled {
Hho slvobade- acoso! Cathchie prt, but cote civilians sometimes , By James Dunwody Jones pe roeeth
climbed to a sentry box to view the interior. There was no Red Cross ¥y eneis
in those days to see that prisoners received proper care. (“Century™ Me 81
magazine) ; them tc
. _ he was
JAMES DUNWODY JONES, born on a plantation in The stockade consisted of about 16 to 20 acres with a : executic
McIntosh County, Georgia, enlisted in the 8th Georgia _20-foot wall of pine logs standing upright and embedded *  stockad
Regiment at the age of 17. A skilled marksman, he dis- in the earth to a depth of 6 to 8 feet. The guards sta- the disp
tinguished himself at First Manassas, and won a battle- tioned on top of the wall overlooked the interior. The ers were
field promotion to lieutenant. At the end of the war he prisoners got fully as much, and as good rations as our Court
was a major. He wrote his memoirs some years after the guards. My servant Sim almost every lay brought some. ~ cused w
war, and dedicated them with affection to his Negro thing from the cooks of the prison, who were paroled trial las
servant Sim. Sim was with him during the four years of Federal soldiers, the cook house being outside the stock- and con
campaigning, nursed him to health each of the four times ade. Sim often brought, from these cooks, ham, bacon,
he was wounded, and at the end of the war went back and beef for our use, when I could not draw a pound DEM
with him to the plantation. The excerpt from his manu- _ for myself from the quartermaster. And may I ask, whose men. W
script published here was furnished by Major Jones’s fault was it that there was no exchange of prisoner? gallows,
daughter, Mrs. Mary J. Hillyer, New York. We would gladly have given 10 for 1 (and we had them Wirz re
to give) but no! The policy of the Federal government his pror
IN 1864 I was ordered to duty with troops at the famous Was to exhaust the South. That was General Grant's men un
prison camp at Andersonville, Georgia, in the capacity of | policy; and the only one that was a success. of the |
drillmaster and ordnance officer. No doubt you have — ; ; - to witn
heard many stories of Andersonville, some true, some WHILE at Andersonville I witnessed the hanging of fold. I
false. Andersonville was no worse than Northern prisons. !' six Federal prisoners by the prisoners inside the stockade, = the old
There was suffering at Andersonville; there was also suf- i one
sering . Jonnaon 4 intend: here bi he hardships a GUARD'S VIEW—This is how the prison at Andersonville looked from cite se
prisons. Thirty thousand men in a ‘stockade are apt to the headquarters of Captain Wirz's headquarters. This contemporary 8
suffer more or less. sketch, by R. K. Sneden, first appeared in "Century" magazine. Foe: REV
oa Twen
F Wirz
= oF = ae bo EB ge dere sou
eat Wks ~~ me = of 8 out.
mine sho 4 rare enn 7 ‘
oye sui P hh : pede 44 rm ; INA
arn moon Lin Pf :
aig Hie 1 18 fortunat
Nosy Me they we
: they sta
most sp
ward. H
down w
hope of
long ch:
*®  gantlet.
+ beating
| in ~ thousan
; : =» poor fel
‘ BEY f f! we “4
3 Wy ° S.
XN FY tienes Nw Ar Dc ee Aiea Z ‘ :
IRN DST SR ied 4
yoy LAND i Laer ae of
A —| EAL Ze Lo ma 7


Continued from Page 25

rades who were still quivering and struggling in their
death agonies. He was forced to his place at the end of
the scaffold. The trap having fallen he had to walk
across a single 3 x 4 scantling and stand trembling upon
it while they tied the rope around his neck. Then he was
shaken off, by the executioners rocking back and forth
the support on which he stood. It was terrible to see the
miserable wretch’s efforts to keep his equilibrium, but
at last he lost his balance and with a fearful cry plunged
into space.

The sight was horrible, but remember this was but jus-
tice meted out to six murderers by their fellow prisoners.
The six are buried to one side in the National Cemetery
at Andersonville. Seventeen thousand other Federals are
buried in this cemetery.

Captain Wirz could not have prevented the execution—
that would have required 5,000 well-armed troops, who
would have had to rescue the men by force and held the
stockade in check.

ABOUT THIS TIME the great Stoneman raid for the
relief of the Andersonville prisoners took place. It came
so near succeeding that it caused the transfer of the prison-
ers to South Carolina. I had the pleasure and the honor
of helping capture the Stoneman command.

Soon after the above event I was ordered to Columbia,
South Carolina for assignment to command the interior
of a stockade containing 1,250 Federal officers. To me this
was one of the most pleasant episodes of the war. I soon
made fast friends, I believe, of every officer in the prison,
for it has always been my rule never to strike a fallen
foe.

I always told the boys, “It is your privilege to try to
get away, just as it is my business to keep you.” I never
punished a man for trying to escape.

THE END of the war was drawing near, a fact we
could not realize. Nevertheless it was quite patent. The
officers from Illinois made me a most unheard-of and
generous offer as a mark of their esteem and good will—
a farm and stock, with provisions for one year, if I would
go home with them when we were exchanged. Arrange-
ments were already pending. They said, “You are bound
to lose your Negroes and perhaps all your other prop-
erty.”

ae

Dy b Yj é = = “4
ress; * ‘ i . j ms ew
aes \

SOUTH GATE—A main entrance to the inner stockade, showing a
guard house at the gate and a sentry tower on each side. ("Century"
magazine)

Page 28—CWT Mlustrated—February 1964

I could but thank the boys who meant so kindly to
ward me, and replied, “Gentlemen, we are friends now,
and you esteem me in my present relations toward you.
But should I accept your generous offer, made in grate
ful kindness, what would be our relations when settled
in our Western home? I would be pointed out as a
deserter, a renegade, a coward, a man not to be trusted.
I would be considered a man who failed like a craven to
face the inevitable, and proved faithless to his country at
the time of its greatest need. No, no, gentlemen, I thank
you, but I must sink or swim with the ship.”

They saw I was right, and said, “Forgive us, we only
thought to save you from loss.”

THEN CAME the boom of Sherman's guns from across
the Congaree River, and the hurried move of the prison-
ers by railroad to a safer place. A good many Yankees
escaped during the evacuation of the prison, but we
had no time to look for them. Among the escapees was a
Captain Carpenter of Philadelphia, a fine gentleman. Also
a Lieutenant Richardson of Boston, also a nice fellow. But
he was not so fortunate as the others, for just as the
train was about to pull out, a sallow-faced South Caro
lina boy armed with a shotgun came up and said to me,
“Cap'n, I’se fotched a durn Yankee in; what shil I do
wid him?”

The lieutenant was so covered with dirt I did not rec-
ognize him. Thinking it was one of Sherman's men,
I replied, ‘Well, damn it, shoot him.”

Quick as a flash the little cracker brought his gun down
on Richardson, when the latter exclaimed, “My God!
Don’t tell him that, for it has been all I could do for the
last two hours to keep him from shooting me. Don’t you
know me? I am Lieutenant Richardson.”

“By George, old fellow,” -I answered, “I would never
have known you, and the fact is, I don’t know what to do
with you. I have no place to put you, the cars are all
closed, and as you can see, the train has started to move.
I guess you had better go on to Sherman, as you had
started that way.”

Said he: “For God's sake, take me along. Don't leave me
here.”

“Well,” I said, “give me your parole of honor. You can
go back to the last car and jump on if you can. You will
find my boy Sim there. Tell him I sent you, and that he
is to take good care of you until I see you again.”

I was on duty for three nights and two days without
one moment's sleep or rest, and did not see Richardson
the whole time, as my servant brought food to me on top
of the cars. But Richardson got through all right and
was exchanged shortly afterwards. Although I wrote to
him several times I never received a reply.

A LOVE AFFAIR came under my eye while I was at
the Columbia prison camp. All prisoner correspondence
came through my hands for inspection, and when it did
not conflict with orders or the good of the Southern
cause, I let it pass into the prison—most of it was so
passed. One of the inmates was a captain whose name I
will withhold, as he was an estimable gentleman. In the
North before the war he had met a young woman, a great
beauty of Columbia, South Carolina. When the fortunes
of war brought him to that place as a prisoner, he renewed
his acquaintanceship by mail, the letters being read by me

EXECUTIC
robbers amc
fined at An

as they pa
the young

engag ]
cheer
troub

learned th
ade. He b
retrieve th

With so
Captain an
give me th
afterwards
to himself.
article cou

to a poor,
THE Y¢

a widow n
linian nar
her stepfai
Boozer. Shi
tain was d
escapees, j:
through on
as his wife.
Like ma
true love d
Mary Booz
New York
wealthy Br:
soon had th
brains.


rant so kindly to-
: are friends now,
tions toward you.
2r, made in grate-
ions when settled
pointed out as a
not to be trusted.
‘d like a craven to
; to his country at
entlemen, I thank
ship.”

give us, we only

s guns from across
ove of the prison-
od many Yankees
e prison, but we
the escapees was a
1e gentleman. Also
.a nice fellow. But
s, for just as the
faced South Caro-
p and said to me,
1; what shil I do

dizt I did not rec-
rman’s men,

ight his gun down
aimed, “My God!
I could do for the
ing me. Don’t you

”

1%

1, “I would never
t know what to do
1, the cars are all
is started to move.
rman, as you had

ng. Don’t leave me

of honor. You can
you can. You will
t you, and that he
you again.”

two days without
1ot see Richardson
food to me on top
ugh all right and
though I wrote to
oly.

eye while I was at
ler Correspondence
1, and when it did
| of the Southern
most of it was so
cain whose name I
gentleman. In the
ing woman, a great
When the fortunes
‘isoner, he renéwed

oe read by me

_—e

RE POE NGTG REL ET 8: oy Oc AB BSR

srnmaets

ek Nis

ae

EXECUTION OF THIEVES—The seizure and trial of a group of
robbers among the prisoners was conducted by the other men con-
fined at Andersonville, With Captain Wirz's permission, the prisoners

\

RG \

Sik
then hanged the six men convicted. This episode has been described
in a number of books written about Andersonville, as well as in James
Dunwody Jones's memoirs, (Urban's "Battlefield and Prison Pen")

as they passed. This friendly correspondence soon ripened
the young man’s feelings into love, and the couple became
engaged. I even allowed her to send him her picture to
cheer his lonely hours, and came very near getting into
trouble over this. In some way the commanding officer
learned that I had allowed a picture to go into the stock-
ade. He became very angry over this, and ordered me to
retrieve the picture and return it to the girl.

With some difficulty I obtained the picture from the
captain and returned it to the lady, remarking, “You may
give me that picture if you wish.” She did so, and shortly
afterwards I gave it to the captain, warning him to keep it
to himself. I could not see how the possession of such an
article could injure our cause, and it gave much comfort
to a poor, lovesick prisoner.

THE YOUNG WOMAN’S mother was a Northerner,
a widow named Feaster, who had married a South Caro-
linian named Boozer. The girl, Mary, took the name of
her stepfather, or at least was known locally as Mary
Boozer. She was extremely beautiful, and the Yankee cap-
tain was deeply in love with her. He became one of my
escapees, joined Sherman when the latter’s army came
through on its way north, and carried Mary Boozer along
as his wife.

Like many wartime romances, however, the course of
true love did not run smooth. Soon there was a divorce.
Mary Boozer, as depraved as she was beautiful, drifted to
New York and from there to Paris, where she trapped a
wealthy Brazilian. She spent his money so freely that she
soon had the old fool reduced to beggary. He blew out his
brains.

Then she caught a French count, squandered his for-
tune, and got rid of him. The Siamese ambassador at-
tached her to his suite and took her to Siam. But the am-
bassador did not have sufficient power to keep her from
the interested eye of the Viceroy.

Soon Mary was installed in the Viceroy’s harem, and
her position was that of the favorite. Success seemed as-
sured. Then she slipped. She took up with a French naval
officer whose ship was in port. The old Viceroy, who was
not at all broadminded, had her beautiful head removed
by the executioner’s sword.

Mary Boozer was not the first girl to lose her head over
a sailor. Nor the last.

(— >

(ones) & new look at the great
enigma of Gettysburg
the
great Destined to become a collector’s item,
bh this reprint of arivaddress to a Civil
Gettysburg War Round Table is highly contro-
versial; unusual historical reasoning
places the failure of Pickett’s charge
in new perspective. Limited edition,
pocket-size, soft-bound. Single copy
— $1. Five-ten copies 75¢ each. Over ten
Mic csoniomnehie copies 50¢ each. Order today from:
DMS, Inc., Suite 502, 1612 K Street, N.W.
Washington, D. C. 20006 ny

CWT Illustrated—February 1964—Page 29



Pvt. Johnson, a deserter from Ist New York Cavalry, being
taken to the place of execution. (Frank Leslie’s)

Troops passing Johnson's body after the execution, (Frank
Leslie’s)

As soon as the brigades were in proper formation,
the first rank turned to the rear and faced the second.
Down this human aisle the “funeral procession”
passed. The provost marshal and his entourage led
the way. Next came a brigade band, rendering the
somber notes of the “Dead March” (though the man
for whom it was played was still alive). Following the
band were two firing squads of eight to twelve men
each. The first contingent was to carry out the sen-
tence. The second or reserve squad, if needed, would
finish the job. Behind them walked four soldiers
carrying a plain pine box. The condemned man,
either walking or riding in an open wagon, followed
his coffin. A chaplain and four guards accompanied
him. Bringing up the rear was a twenty-man_ escort
guard, their muskets reversed.

THE procession passed through the ranks, made
its way to the open side of the square, and halted.
Soldiers placed the coffin beside the open grave;
others positioned the prisoner so that he faced his
division. An adjutant now stepped forward and read
the court-martial sentence. Many soldiers who were
forced to witness an execution considered this particu-
lar procedure the most nerve-wracking and unneces-
sary of the entire ordeal. When the reading of the
court’s decision had been completed, guards seated
the condemned soldier on the foot of his coffin. He
was permitted a final word with his chaplain. Then
a cloth was placed over his eyes. The firing squad
assumed a position some ten to thirty paces from its
target. The command to fire—either a verbal order,
the wave of a sword, or the drop of a handkerchief—
came from the provost marshal. A sharp crack split
the air, and in most cases the lifeless prisoner toppled
backward into his coffin.

Once a surgeon had verified death, the troops
formed in column and marched past the body. The
band again led the procession. This time, however,
it played such lively airs as “Pop Goes the Weasel”
or “The Girl I Left Behind Me.” One officer ex-
plained: “In war, no more time is given up to senti-
ment than is absolutely necessary.”

Such callousness prevailed to the very end; for once
the executed man was interred, neither headstone
nor hump of earth marked the spot.

FORMAL though the execution procedure may
have been, some death sentences were carried out
with a clumsiness that sickened all in attendance.

One of the most horrible examples was the Decem-
ber 21, 1864, execution near Laurel Hill, Virginia,
of five deserters from the Ist Connecticut Heavy Ar-
tillery. Five firthg squads of twelve men each took

positions about twenty-five vards from. the prisoners.

ment, nevertheless lost only seven and eight men,
respectively, through execution.

A CLOSE correlation exists between the high ratio
of Easterners put to death, the preponderance of ex-
ecutions in the Army of the Potomac, and the crimes
for which the men paid the supreme penalty. Of 267
soldiers executed, 72 died for murder, 23 for rape, 20
for mutiny, 3 for spying, 4 for theft, and 4 for mul-
tiple offenses. Yet 141 men—more than half of the
total number—paid with their lives for the crime of
desertion.

An estimated 201,000 soldiers deserted from the
Federal armies. Fewer than 76,000 were ever appre-
hended. The odds in favor of deserting successfully
were, to say the least, extremely good. “Indeed,” one
Massachusetts artilleryman later recalled, “any man
who was base enough to desert his flag could almost
choose his time for doing it. The wife of a man in my
own company brought him a suit of citizen’s clothing
to desert in, which he availed himself of later. ”

BY EARLY 1863 Federal military failures had sent
morale steadily downward and desertions sharply up-

ward. Sterner punitive measures had to be initiated,
lest army discipline break down completely. With
the reluctant approval of President Lincoln, Generals
Hooker and Meade resorted to the use of firing
squads,

At noon on June 12, 1863, Private John P. Woods

of the 19th Indiana was executed _near_Warrenton,

Virginia, for desertion. A week later, just outside
Leesburg, three deserters—two from the - 46th. Pennsyl-
vania and the other.from_the | 3th New. Jer sey—fell
before a barrage. of bullets. an August..29, in a_field

near iT Rappahannock Station, a large crowd of “soldiers,

i eS AE

civilians, and newspapermen watched firing squads

dispatch five more deserters. All were conscripts who
had esc aped from guards while en route to join the

[18th Pennsylvania.

DURING the period July | to November 30, 1865,

Sa TERT ME AGRA RALIRET ELIE ABO HEIDE HE AN aye: “

twenty-one soldiers in the / Army of the Potomac, wW ere

executed, (1. incoln commuted the death sentences ol
RR

fifty-nine others in this same period.) Nevertheless,
by the summer of 1864, desertion and bounty-jump-
ing were reaching an all-time high. The principal
cause was a large influx of conscripts and substitutes
sent as replacements for men whose three-year terms
of service were expiring.

Corps commanders offered furloughs and recom-
mendations for promotion to any soldier who arrested
or shot a man trying to desert. Provost marshals made
increased use of the gallows, a less honorable form
of execution traditionally reserved for such criminals
as traitors and rapists. Between mid-November 1864,
and April 1865, a general court-martial at_City Point,

sentenced fifty deserters to death... Lincoln intervened

to save only four of the men, Every Friday was what

PIPELINES AL AE Maa 3 PEE AS OS

Lincoln called “Butcher Day,” as executions were held
weekly—sometimes within twenty-four hours after
conviction.

WITH but slight variations an execution followed
an elaborate and formal procedure long established
in European armies.

To give the event full impact and meaning, the
division to which the culprit belonged was compelled
to witness the execution. The division’s three bri-
gades, two ranks deep, would form three sides of a
square. The fourth side of this “hollow square” was
open; there, beside an already prepared grave, the
prisoner was to be shot.


Provost marshals of the III Corps. (LC)

The death march of five deserters from the V Corps. Original sketch by Edwin Forbes, (LC)

oa ae -™

24 A 13


SOUTH DAKOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

; \
) Executive Mansion,

Wshargher e  Saprree me 4S Sd t4OE

NT are if ae A ty 4 te pein 4 Z

= Cea “e hes a ee ee a
a ew hoi 4 :
he teu kao tru. che, APY Ly Keo prreoreo.
obas Raw age—_ta A 4 L, LE prcored.

a
Vine 0 tad 6 aes Me s h he

¥.

tu Kans Adon ham yg. Str € BE pecared
4 - fa. hrm aa,’ IP /o. 4, Wo pecored.
Waw... fo- ED ng = Figs Y oe ie 4 LK, pecered

wy ‘fd i¢ “ Ae [RKO |
- amy, JA? 15, 4 Fo pacer.
(g ria A es 6 Re Kaioins
SS CMe atin
foe, ica

HISTORY OF THE SIOUX INDIANS 303

99s hes. pha.” (refs Sos) SJ? 38. 5 Sar
‘ ome Rin kek — -Orowe.” JS G). [tLcsreo,
= , 7 MH? 67, y [a prem,
Anos. £ fh pacar,

Ov, Wan Be hota’ KP 7b. 4 Fh poem,

“niko Diack Ko-- har ya A . Fb. é, Be (eearst) .

; se A? 2,2 F
“ Meemy Onikoroo” a Katy brown. Ne HS. by ¢Fe pane

*Chestns ° Lofashay » Sejal & [ha paco~v-
— tan OT : BS
, Wiss. 4 th poco

JP (yo LE pacers.

“Va. Gey thoto— olow.’ Jitd)5. b Ae pacer
mc _ bhu. Chor! ov Varn haw ON, Pits: Prone
- toy” St In. 4 KE: peeorwe. i
Jr. $87 - by es pas
J? 333. Sj EE peor
JS? 348. 4 LK pocorn

SM 373, 4 HE mernn.
MN. 37). by LE, prearen

é feck CF haw Can > LEU CB, nrack~
Cpe fA arp Geeta fe on natn pre a~e>

RNR METER OS SR
aetna ga EA tet Tw * he Badd

M
a.
&
z
oa

eRpecccd

tw
“To
. d
ee RSH By

Se bDelwegn
~sipfa, bob
boty are of
dots
‘ 4

i

a

4

pitda che
UWope, aud
ue Noor lidk
alla: Wail
r. These
tupdieded
cers ta
vative.
ta.

ctv ae
we part of
PCO plage

iL insare

a.

to Geant

e{ tre re

Ne

ony with
ho

aman

meee,

the Utu-

f cert
eof this
eas Do
tepudi-
style of
’

£
{ea are
twenty
allege
ysr te
onemilt-
covet.
y bens
tot te
atetmey
ovided
how
‘o@ta il
a ean
ey may
st pubs
ethan
e taken
Oean't
el, or
bra 4
oO the
wOwWry
se ol
ed wa.
mwnner,

‘horiaf,

: Cy a sa Sos Sa ae an Yo |
wet trated atts trots Jn Mt pom Ts &pot iy
tuiedots Of both coupitente at this ivichl,
asmbat FISH, H
Ger. Clinton Hh. Pteb, of St. Loula,teaid us
he etercd to the vadews tpeakers|he felt
be tiem that de vebed te Church lf "as
Wand, Bapricty ot Wiest ytorans I these
Weetibgs coudou dy the y Would bavg tu babs
terstown alias woth cs ‘
Vhe dh xolacy with wenag and the Gene

elton piouduie rd bp Rew De, Meg eh,
AT STRIAWAY HALt,

rpecche@nimilar to those. deliverell athe
Avadeiny of Mupig: Were tiade cat hhiowsy
Het German. The torre halbo wage taved

ry

hyde womo-t, while @ Jorge ouebud oF pers:

40048 lined thotsiak Walk,
TUE DEAN Ge CANTERNERY,!

Vie Dan of Comberbuay to diay shoke at
“TU, OD thal q ‘S's :

© Chuts fi ofthe Aven
Aids chun wanone Prats ont Hound
trove, He said
@t:an diilerep eta The

trestia oont whieh

the Urutcetant di HOwiva lope ace establish d
te theaght the ie OU

tte whet
Evargelual Aliatee! would tend po
have Theta haar hy of achion, es rechathy
tb Udesionary Tabur, ‘8 | :
CPRUUR GT SENVECIR, 2 ny
At Barversity Mate Vresh<tetlan bhurch,
Rev. Mr. Shestadiia; of Bouihay, India, dis.
Cotrred on the eoucition and prospeeta of
chatstagiy dy thar opoatry, AY the efatrches
aveblet del cates ta the vane heat Ais.
Boe EPChe, Oro hy aod cvenlog, were
dersely cromdud ee
LACKS SEIZED. '+ neg
Tio thersund dears worthot Less were
snd OV Curtown tose Oicera Vesterday,
THE COOPKICM MURDER, Es Nats
A atatement was ninde by Luce'te Myers to

ttt,

erfuly

Arererter yesterday that obe was in Good- |

ol's house and in os next room whoo he
Was inucdered March £7, but it is xenerally
diecroaitid, ;
— AROVEO mann i

The Apollo Hull Democratte Exeentive
Conmitioe ~sesterdgy voted to ea the
regular pomlnationa mede at Utles,

WATKR MAIN HURAP,

Tue main pipe df the Hoboken Water
worka burst lest night, a water famlue en-
sung i
OU, CLOTH FACTORY BCENED,

Scples's oi! cloth factory in Newark, N.J.,
burned last myhis lose, $60,000,

Cart. Havi's heats,

The Herald has a letter from Dundee, Bceot+
land, etatiug that ia¢portant atateoments rela~
live to the death of Capt. Hall, of the Pularie,
have Deen nade by Second Mate Given to the
United States consul there, and have been
furwardid to the Americana Uovrrnment.
Morton Was all's attendant io tts fast illness,
and te has wade statements (#9 wtye the
Herald corresponcent tmpticating De Bla-
seltin the dea heft ifatt, He alec butimates
that Baddiagton cotmcides with Morton's
statement. j

SUPPOSED MALPRACTIOR,

Tie jive made a déscent on the house of
Mis. Metvier, a elettvasant in Jersey City
apdarrested thy proprietrees on sueplelos at
thelpracticr, The taby af @ woman about
Vwitty two sep of eee was found on the
Premocce The police te fuse to give the pate
Of the deer aed, wy i the arreet of tue other
Partica hinplcated. |

Maine buteiligences.
New Yawn, tht Thm Arriged—Ateamer
Vola fran Glseece, and Winesneg fro
Verp. ot § *"y

5 v
QUPENRTOW RM, Colt, Si Kcatpald Fuanee
frogs New Vers arriqed.

Moverte, Oo, &e~Steamabip Aarvatiod
from Qaet es wr red aut, ;
Iino Liqeer Law Nastaied.

Cupe res © et 4 me pag rete Curt of Pale
eis, 1 @henten at Cie@e hee readered @ de«
Paten (heer gh dnatho Keo te aMenue the ve
bts ofthe Meaty vqQpate

fai bered te alma (otoet ie tcesn tg lines
PKs SPER, Oh 8M Qube jong, peatane 1018
Oi Ponte : :
g

” fre Ppa mya 8

fer Tie damdoa: fapera comtaln several
Lyon Heine of pitetcet tu fron poole, A
eet cf Nh bee te ponte cee tae bean daeeay »

tard te mp pebere + te. on Po clawed dee gat
tty Ware thane fg ge te terres gba
‘oe othe beng Cum roped, con et bas ST er
LL a aes Coe Gee) ee Oe > ee
te dary ote Oy fered hy all rate
oS fms OTe, Wis ee ge ten hoe attra

font Fed Rit tee eae oa bier Pen
Bes ree oP Verh cdg) Pe tty bite, NBrth and
Boule Malte: dete, apd the oonwecl Ray-
te See eg Ged tae tistics woges alle and
SHEN PaR tee sok ee a asd fe Be 10m
"Tile tt She ep tem off bi

“ wom ee

work on the Pott

OT a thet. ne at © Prete mses ty hug ran rye A
NebGriee mh Mew sure Pe Ho +e,
oe (Syleth 1TH @ ad cae HT geal
8a whe Jules J “mar ont 4088 mores
ONS Bede) i ww pti ened bs Mee ¢

that, oetaithstaudiag eect:

law. ertna:
OW Shicm 4 eo ome

woes ake Lev Rod eld uappy. body have
boet ecrry for their evil deeds and f fe tf}sm oo
more Many Indlans have r. celved Chr&tt apd

been evod ana bappy. Many Cherokee

and
Cuk Kasawa, the

Pajiaves,"and fir in thetialands
the Zamauy, Jost tke YOur-vivos, Some of
these istanders were so wicked thay kitied their
Ute curdreu, because they did oot 1 wut oobe
trouble Of Lakiog care at thet, and fig a how
Ih ther wleweucs aod tramped the d rt un them,
sone hile) aud a ec weather when the oieston-
Ory Web! aeny frovs ie Of thegetslands where
bo bad turienite bet Ste from their orusl and
Biche Way? gu Lecd toesthir ou toy sea
Stute 602 Weyt ant tad tha missfonary thas
be had tuted thi from. toetr Wichey Ways,
and oor thoy dd pot kiow wa: they shou'a Ao
hag ae bim geteed all these psople worg socre
oe their tins, @od uever rupeated chem an
wore Thos prayed toth= Agta: Fath is ere
Coy to formive thew, aud meke thaw aod keep
them good, Now. Gud loves you ga m ich an he
6:0 bos. He wants you to repeut; you know
that rou have wicked hearts. and that you havi
done bad things. But, however wtekot you have
becn, acd Wé6 have all bees vorg «intal, you thay
be sated, Do Nt Conceal your 410%) Guotoss
acd heartily ackoon ‘edge them, and you shail
be eaved.
etin and sou wll, Pecan tago [2 heaven, and £
wart You tou, We all wang to.muct ly bearen;
repent aud ba happy,’ 5 :

When the post chaolain conchided his a4-
anes, General Whea'on told Dave Hil to tell
the Hedians, except the ax ¢ ‘ndeunet, te
fur to the frovt, At this man RUNIC Was
watered very quick, and : i¢

“THE CHAPLAIN AGAIN EESC IRD

Scareblu, Bastou (hart y, Black Jim, Barn.
ehoard Slolux, salt: ;

Lbavetotcll you aitbattha Great Father in
Wornirgton haa decaog that to morrow tou
Mest ail die for sour sins andiny Groat Sptur
S60 tee you that if you repent and show = sor:
rw for the crimes rou have committed you writ
gO tO fhe Dappy tang, "2

He then stepped up and shook bauds with
them all, adding. “! hope to meet you all ia
the happy land above." eo

Dave HM, the captives evinced cousidersable

intertst, and they were evidentiy striving

hard to maintain comovsure, and they had a

very stolid apprarmuce; but the nervous

twitebicg of the hands and restless wandering

“ their cyes showed that the blow struck
ard.

EFVECT OF THE DEATH ANNOUNCEMENT,

Roston Charley hept steadily chewing to-
bacco while the sentence was being spoken,
aod squirted the juice about the floor in a
nerehalaot style, as if pothing of any imiport-
arce wus taking place, ;

Scenebin Cxpressed his contempt for the
whole tiatter, laying back on the bunk and
hawirg in the moet expressive manner, as if
the entire proceedings were rather a bore,

deck appeared totake the news very coully,
but Me briaht acd sparkling eves appeared
upusually brilliant and cazed around the cle-
cle ina quick and restless manner,

The oF age then Informed them, by
order of the President, that their wives and
families would be taken food care 0 , also
Meat General Wheaton was now prepared to
bear any romarke they bad to make.

CAPTAIN JACK SPRAKA,

Captain Jack then eprke, Dave Hill trana-
lating the Modoe to {hugo and Olver Apples
wate Ue Jargon dato Koul-h. The substance
of Jack's epeesh wax as follows:

“PT have board the sentence, and know what tt
is, but Kfeot that lam more tnuaeent teas Ho
viet fariey, Ho ker Jim Steamboat Fravk and
Shack Nasty Jim, that theo mea Plauned aod
Wectueted the gtime of whioh am arcused
Whee J itok ino my heart 1 ee 00 crim there.
Viewty et atarted (eee murder, Ite nerd
ty 110 (oem of their sacage hapte fo wae ale
Wyk ib Satur Of peace act Hogue ORaries was
fhe tee to prepone the murdee af @ nice: Can.
bo ett the Meace Voy sitamoners. These young
BO were with fie, Feat ro; but mney he
the power aad carried me wit them. Wa
Cathe Gent & peresuel dM wity,

MY LEPR Ws IN TANGER
Shen Begun Cherny proposed kibting Conera
Carty
raretomedtt Rosue Charap catt i! you tat
Soheip mm lanie myrett' f feet @wbve trees
{ Gh owe ere ar tiharts Ciey tere trampbed over
tee oid the Govereticut about feel aur
HOR NOT Sf tg we ge Drouehg 19 fetal,
a8 they were ae gaity if pir more than
fey thet Mogae (Rarity was the
OU) INO Phe I Naereed mn, ie wen @ lrattor
fa both siden Hetad dee to Modoca aad bed
th Cpe oem Vanhy 2 should the ts wie biot
brunt? Bere Heater Jing and opus Coatey
Fi selon en that Battated gurder ff want
bv total thetrita want tad ibone mon, ft
Fie @ beet moa h Naas Jay aihed Uuwerel Candy
wd! Wow tie eel
LOM CA KLEY BILD Dn TROMAS,

The wet aeaheut tne measvecta Baaton
SEs ake mk Naty beegeal 10 iar fhe
TO ore tt te matin to eee Ati Triad wan
hee detet Phew Sea teal me thers iaia
feet nt Wheat Wie need Deuere’ Danty, eae
1414 wor tmseen bine He vad an efter tae
tiem Pp fovea herpes tod me he know
be eeton e ehante, and Seon mot be n-14
eb tte ashe wey nee ator ora, Bowne
Reed wetted te RE b ee Gemereé ont. aad
re ae ee as te re | mae Ceoyete ot tdriteonuy
US tee eee ont thal dey” i

Pyeoe roa! Generel Wheetes, Jack was
ther shed by an interne: bet

VLE THURY RUT RO OF REFAL CABREL AND The
COMMON EME, :

era @heltney sapeeted to gala by such ec-
j gh ed ;

And now, Garten Jack aad Soon:

the fear, brid, standing before Captain back,

When these remarks were translated by

Ho.tep Tuarley #as the ope &bo Hrat -
iF

ee AS. Boe LS Cy

WLU Thy eyes dl kKuOw it}?
Postet Was then a-hed
WHY THEY KILLED CANBY
and the commissiontra, Ha sad that alt
the precents they recdived- had no intu-nee
on them, and they suspected Canby and the
Colmiestoners Of tradebery and got up @ bry
mad, as
Hoston then made
Which Ne tried took
shire’ in
worked very hard in keeping the young men
gilete” He appeared to
Bowus aud ateosala that Dogas slept to whtte
eau oe Niu before the tussacie, in order
to disarm avy suspicions. Gen. Canby might
have had about (thpir! intentions, ~ Borne
thought ‘Cunty, x eaghuus, Giilem= and
Thetnas Were powetiht men. add that thelr
death would satisfy them, When they sav
Dyer coming in place allem, they décided
to. Kill tim also, W eo! Bogus came, in the
evening before the mabaatge, he told Kiddle’s
fquaw he was zoirg to kill the four, aud she
suid, Goand kUl-them, 1 am .telilog what {
know to be-trug; not hing wore. oS
“Captain Jack thea'gliaded: to what’ Boston
bud said about bis engre in the Massacre, and
tben saidss co p at 4 ry ae PE an
J hava always’ had] grod
How, SGarfaccd Char! My reiation, more

a long harangue, in
Dw. Hat dack bat no

-

.

heart, and have

*

eRemibalten ang - ch RAR TASER '
RUAN ECAR FACED (HARLEY OVER JIN MY

is ie La PLAC, . net
anditben ' could: Hye: avd tako care of my

ROPE Ro ee aay oy 4 rena
Mhis mGdget request? rather amused the
bectatows, aud, tu Jock"s dissrust, did not re-
eve much considerstion from General
Wiiuten, Jack concluded by saying, “fam
rendy tb yo aud ce my Great Fatoee above,”

: CONGHIN HAS A TALK.
Sconcvhin was asked by order of General
if he bt el be wished to

6uy, The old chict'
h'y at the prospect of tulk, and, makirg sign
in the attrmative, he ep potmald corumenced,
and spoke as follows—-his speech being inter.
preted by Oilver Appldgate aud Dave Will:
You ailtknow mea oe Iwas always a good
man, There was a time when I did oot waut a
white man bere, J arked advice from white
men, IT sence my boy tit Yinax reservation and
be chose a piece of land for bisbume. Boston
Chartey bas told the truth when he called ms a
woman. IJwas I'ke g woman sn! opposed to
war, I was always @ peace man, but tbere were
somMeA young meu that were over-rash aud avx-
fous to do something to dietingulsh themselves,
Hooker Jim ang some oth rv bora made all tho
trouble, aod woen ! look at these trons on my
Jega [feet that they should wear them: and not
I. Thev were the cause of the trouble. I have
alwaye given young men sdrice. shook bands
with the white peopie,and here I ain now con-
demned, with Irons oni my feet. [ neard what
the Great Spirit man bad to say and I think It
00d = { should pot fie for what others bave
ove. but I wilt now cross the river and will go
to meet my father in spicit land.
Jack now beyan to muve reetlessly, and
presently laid down of his eide of the beach.
“My father lived long ago: begged to see him
fu the upper world witb Great Spirit. (¢ the
law kitte mel gouptorpirit land Perhaps the
Great Spirit will say to ma, ‘My law hae taken
your fe and Laccept of sou ar one of my pao-
te." Tam eure it 1a not ta my beart to do wrong,
ut Ewes log away by fhe wishen of them. It is
dong a great wrong to take my hifo asl can tel)
you.

Wheaton,
eye Hghtcd considera-

THE auriity PARTIFA

are Bogus Charley. Stpamboat Frank," Hooker
Jimand Soar feced Chariey Twas an oid nan
#efin camp and cook of active part.and 1 woul
hke to eae those executed for whom tam now
Wearing irons Uteilyquthetcruth fami a good
man and haves youl beert, Lnavenvede ong
time with cattle and boOrses and never stato any
stock Tre boys that tnurdered the pease com-
Diiamoners aod citizepe ou Lost river I have
an oitterest fn af; Inv Cbiidren, and tf
the inw doew pot kiitthem, may crow and be-
come aeed meu, FT foow bacwio the hiurory of
the Mcdox war, and P¢sn aon Orieneal at the
betrem of ali trouble, Heeam: down to Link-
Vie with lven Applecate: sent Ivan to ade anid
fask with Careain Jack and no youd. If Ode-
Deaterme hope Cali the Modoos wo to Yioas:
atiesetacritk a, Uber fore PE thing Odunent
reageonitve forte dsath of Genera Canby and
the chainaan ing tee’ | ft bave haerd of reports
that were sent to \regmanking Jackson that tha
Monces wera mating froubia cathy warpath,
and ruck bed talk brought Majoc Jackson and
thetetierndown 1 dq not wautto way thar ap
seotener A EOS rignt, Out after your retreat I
theugat hooned cine god enerender ard be ses
Cure, Tfeit thatrhesd murders bad tecn com-
titted by the boya aod that | hed been burried
song with toe current, Whee Lthink of these
thot gee the dirgat boantt hes locked down upon
or fiom eboreeod Judged ma eich Als inw
#1d weld 1ouro Men Sere anxious for war. You
ktLow @eretber f em enod or not bechuee you
beye ted the tae on me Horvker Jim always
tas cbt he was elrong, cood sb t. aod did these
(Ug COM Tey 10 my @ishes. and | spose
@eritot 'hees murder) of the oltlaves When
the Ke Chief in Washington read the evidence
ae baver tp mist bag ibero led to beliavea that
PeS-orctims wap « winked gay 000 did tot
brow ther I(seonchip) Bad used al my tnfiq.
thre ei e teubhg mento keep them trom doing
ttceee tah a@ore Th
prec d athe evidence ha pete from bts suboedt.
Bio wud portepe ttirks Hconschin @ wicked
nen, » bude Hootebin Eas deca Is 5
 p goon, Qh te? ipian
eli bie Wletime. Tha Great Sptrit wre loots

hose will sen eckia in obaites, tut He
roves thet hia ute @ood, and gaye: ‘You

G16} yOu become one Of my poopie,’ {will sow

the maseotrey und. that he had.

My-a'l the blame on
fold, withither feet ou the top

ey
man than Pam. and £ doula progose to inake aa.

Chariton T. Lowts,
‘J. M. Bundy,

Areat Chief bea to da: |

: ia. ble Va bea pgert apt

A.C Applegate and drevid thik, © ap -aricmn. ty
(he cuiptite thu catuse of tye cre CAO be tres
totrem ly thea jutaut. and atte 5 aM At

Joiaot Kipgebyury read tue orders Prersul ee ing
(be rentenve Of (he ComMmireisn, aud the Prew

Geor's vider theretn, with the OPdOre uf tis Ree

relars of War and the Qepartmece cuimmendyr
toe pretuises, The tao repreved pris lore,
Berochoand Stoluk yet stout Ob "tie gevusd
in front of the wen td, eheckled ant aude
Suerd, Duricg the readiag the pi.toved vie
tina Were BPated CH iby pletform of ihe eset
ene.
RUF veurse nut Walsreauheg »
The reading ovcupid toy yy.

gies eoebs "Ti,

abrious'y b&b
woid of it.
UCB, mae:
ty “TAK REPAEVED

Thes the 4 judeutiead the urdse of commute.
i316 the gare of Barucnu and diuias, utd the
DCor keclows were tekea back to toe StGvaads,

eVisenttpy bappy at oot sc CUMPanying ths others

TO Ube happy uuting grounds,
PRAYER,

Lhe rtapate igen or

vid prayer firth saeis of tbe

Was limened to aitenraccip, ||

“it TAK ROMs SePinED,

At 10:15 the fatal anoses wer : plared aroun! |

tho necks, ucd-r direction. ot Vapt, Hoge. fh
was Brcereary tocutc a Mttietot Jack's Joug
hair, ¥bich waa in the way oft the rope. Caps.
Hoge tutn bid forever gied-by@ to tha! prie
oness, and the black caps wire Gece over the
heads of ail ie culprhd 4

THE ROPES CCX,

Tt must have been an awful mamuent. At 10;.0.

they stood ofthe drop The rope was cut by
the wisiatant at the sisnal mate with Capt,
Hoge’s bandgercnief, ‘The bodiva swung round
acd round, Jack and Jim appere@tly dying © g#t-
ly, but Boaton ard  Scvachin aufferiag
terrible convulsious, Boston avd Sconchia
repeatedly drew up tbcir leas, but the two oth-
ers eetmed to dig almovst instantly, At 10:93
their pulses were felt by Captain Hoge, and, as
I write, they are swinging lifeless io the air,
THR HORRIFIED SPECTATORS ce

As the drop fell with @ terribie deadly thug.
four poor- wretched buman bolngs fell iata
eternity, and aw haif-emotbered cry of horror
went up from the crowd of over five bundred
Kiamatb lodlaus who witnessed the awiul apec-
tacie. Wailsof desp and bitter anguish went
upsrom the stockade, where the wivae and chil
dren of the poor fellows bad @ fair view of the
sickenlog score, The coftics. eix in bu nber,
had been placed directly in the rearof the gal-
lows. two of them destined to be unoccupied:
The order commuting the sentence of Barncho
end dlolus, only arrived at 19:30 p m Imat even-
ing, ang preparations had been made for them
like wise, 4 if

A Dinner to Wilkie Collins.
iNew York Mail, Oct. 2]

Mr. Wilkie Collins must have been exeerd-
ely zratitied by the compliment part bin
last evening, In the shape of a. dinner given
at the Century Club by Mr. 8. 8, Conant, of
Harper's Weekly. Not only was the Centary
the place of all others whercin it was most
Attiog that euch a testimeunial should be be-
stowed, and where such an entertainment cao
be most exquisitely carried out, but the com-
apy was worthy of the occason—belog fine:
y representative of our Iiterary, journal slic
abd professional. life, ; See
Mr, Conant presided at the middle of the
Jong table, and Mr. E. C. Stedman and Mr,
William A. Seaver, at either end of the table,
assisted in the honors of the ‘evening. The
company consisted of the following gentle:
men, excluding mention of the guest aod

bost of the evenivog:
Parke Godwin, Whitelaw Reid,
Joho Alay

James Parton, j a
Kev. De. h. Trereus John W. Tia er, Ur,

Prime, seen R. Rane Al
dudge ¥ uret, Pi of. Henry s
fudge Van Vorst RG. Brdasn,

Bret Harte, >
K. H, Stoddard
Leet Seamewow, 5 eet

FE. L. Gudktin, 3

Cal WoC. Charch,  Henrs Holt,

ivory Chamberlam, Edward Seymour,

FoF. Marbury,’ C. PL Dewey,
Chart. U dling,

Witham A Seaver,
Harry Harper,

The dinver, which wae in the Century's best
style, Was discussed, after which Mr. Serres
very gracetully and bricfy introduced tf.
Cultvina, who eeeraoed bearuly to apprec ~~
the complinient ha had received. Mr. Pas ‘
Godain, in behalf of the press, mode ans re
those speeches whicvi defy rep OrUine, € jn
which cach gucecasive sentence jaa ¢ . jo
fal surprise. He was followed by on nen
James Parcon, and others, and et a me ® -
ibe chtertali ment was closed Fo mune oie
the evening thoroughly deltchteg Shiga
introduction to so ry eon edmaira-

e company separe -
ips fas the author of “Ene Womanlu Waite,

Augustin mith,

‘re tobacco manufactory
ier bese ge Detrolt, yraterday
crening Love prodadly $15,000, ineured,

vied an earucat au tfter. .
Culprits which |

rc e@epearae

ee ee ee ee ee

TBeorerscow ews sas ce ae

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ToWinchester and Beyond

to move at 5 a.m. the next day, May 19.

So began 10 days of marching and fighting
that would make Stonewall Jackson a legend
in his own time. His offensive would take

him almost to the banks of the Potomac —

and send a stab of fear through the Federal

administration.

As the men of the Valley army hurried north-
ward through Harrisonburg, they were told
to store their knapsacks. ‘““We knew there
was some game at hand then,”’ wrote Pri-
vate John Casler, “‘for when General Jack-
son ordered knapsacks to be left behind he
meant business.”

On the afternoon of May 20, Jackson’s
troops encamped outside New Market, near
the junction of the Valley Turnpike and the
road running east across the Massanutten to
the Luray Valley and the Blue Ridge.

Shortly after Jackson established his New
Market headquarters, Ewell rode up. He
had, as Lieutenant Henry Kyd Douglas de-
scribed it, “ill humor on his face.”

“General Ewell,” cried Jackson with rare
warmth, “I’m glad to see you. Get off!”

“You will not be so glad when I tell you
what brought me,” replied Ewell.

‘What — are the Yankees after you?”

‘““Worse than that,” said Ewell. “‘I am or-
dered to join General Johnston.”

Just that morning, Ewell had received pe-
remptory orders from Johnston dated May
17, forbidding an attack on Banks and re-
quiring Ewell’s immediate departure from
the Shenandoah Valley.

It was stunning news. Stonewall Jackson
had come too far, his opportunity was too
great and his hopes were too high to be
thwarted now. Risking a charge of insubor-
dination, he suspended the execution of

Johnston’s order and fired off a telegram
to Robert E. Lee: “‘I am of the opinion
that an attempt should be made to defeat
Banks, but under instructions just received
from General Johnston I do not feel at lib-
erty to make aa attack. Please answer by tele-
graph at once.”

Ewell rode back to his camp; there was
nothing for Jackson to do but await an an-
swer from Lee. And while he was contem-
plating the discouraging turn of fortune, the
attention of his army was riveted upon the
arrival of some outlandish strangers.

Northward down the Valley Turnpike, in
neat gray uniforms with white gaiters flash-
ing to the cadence of their march, beneath
banners adorned with pelicans and behind
blaring regimental bands, strode the 3,000

Tall, burly and fearless, Confederate
Major Chatham Roberdeau Wheat
(left) was well suited to command the
Louisiana Tigers, a battalion of wharl
rats and ex-convicts from the New
Orleans area. “It required the iron
hand of discipline, tempered with
fatherly kindness, to make soldiers of
them,” wrote a Confederate officer,
‘‘Wheat had these two good qualities
in a remarkable degree.” A drummer |
boy (right) displays the exotic Zouaw |
garb worn by the Louisiana Tiger
Rifles, one of Wheat’s companies.


men of Ewell’s largest brigade. They came
from Louisiana— New Orleans dock work-
ers, sugar plantation aristocrats and Aca-
dians from the land of Evangeline. The most
extraordinary of them all were the self-styled
“Tigers,” tough veterans of the Battle of
Bull Run, a battalion of cutthroats, thieves
and other rowdies taken from the alleyways
of the mean towns that lined the banks of the
lower Mississippi.

Ordered to join Jackson at New Market,
the Louisiana Brigade had left the rest of
Ewell’s command at Conrad’s Store near
Swift Run Gap, skirted the southern extrem-
ity of the Massanutten and then turned
north, making good time. Now orders to
halt were snapped out in F rench — “gobble
talk,’ as it was quickly labeled by the as-
tounded Valley men who lined the turn-
pike — the Louisianians broke ranks, the
bands played and many of the newcomers
joined in pairs, clasping each other about the
waist to dance in madcap abandon.

* While the Valley army was gawking, the
commander of the rollicking brigade sought
out Jackson, whom he had never met. Rich-
ard Taylor was the son of General and later
President Zachary Taylor and a brother-in-
law, by virtue of his sister’s marriage, to
Confederate President Jefferson Davis. He
was a frail man, this brigadier general from
f Louisiana, with dandified mannerisms. At
36, he was richly educated — at Harvard,
Yale and Scotland’s Edinburgh — yet his
pre-Civil War military training had been
limited to a visit to his father’s border camp
during the Mexican War. It was widely —
and correctly — believed of Richard Taylor
that he had attained his high military rank
through his family connections. Even so, he
was a natural soldier.

Taylor was a disciplinarian after Jack-
son’s own heart. Shortly after he assumed
command of the Louisiana Brigade, some
of the unruly Tigers raided the guardhouse
in a futile attempt to free their incarcer-
ated comrades. The raiders were arrested,
and a few hours later, two of the ringleaders
were tried by court-martial and sentenced
to death before a firing squad comprised of
their fellow Tigers.

At that point the commander of the Ti-
gers, Major Chatham Roberdeau Wheat,
asked that the ugly task of execution be as-
signed to some other outfit. Wheat, the burly
giant who had been terribly wounded in the
Battle of Bull Run, generally got his way. Yet
Taylor turned him down cold, and the sen-
tence against the miscreants was carried out
by other Tigers in full view of the assembled
brigade. As an example of discipline, Taylor
wrote later, “‘punishment, so closely follow-
ing offense, produced a marked effect.”

More often, Taylor’s regimen took benign
forms. For example, to cure Straggling, he
had insisted that the men bathe their feet in
cold water at the end of each day’s march; he
taught them how to treat foot sores and blis-
ters, and advised them how to select properly
fitting boots and shoes. ‘Before a month
had passed,” recalled Taylor, “the brigade
learned how to march.”

Thus, as he sought out Jackson to intro-
duce himself, Taylor was filled with pride
at the marching abilities and sharp appear-
ance of his men. What he saw in Jackson was
less impressive.

Taylor related that the officer who was
guiding him “pointed out a figure perched
on the topmost rail of a fence overlooking the
road and field, and said it was Jackson. Ap-
Proaching, I saluted and declared my name

117


;

> i? THE

Mate

aes

Dakota or Sioux Ingia is

From their earliest traditions and first contact with whi + >)

is

to the final settlement of the last of the: spor © *

| and th © {vu ab ets a

| |

| _ ey

t

t 7 en BI s
DOZ.wt ROBINS ON
;

'

'

|

Secretary of the Sc.th “dakota Do:

nsamaceenanmaneienanee

2 tig Be

ea Ro:s & HAINES, fs:
WANETA MWNEAPOLIS - 1967

RECEIVED

| ee 8 : DEC - 1 1969

a

gees NIT EAL POTATO

sie

os:
i
’
.
Bria

MANKATO STATE COLLEGE LIBRARY

ght massacre at age 13.

rightfully belonging to Modocs.

itty Braves To Standoff

IS-

ited po
destroy those
ty and honor

igni

ive act to

y their d

| convuls

Captain Jack (In middle above with companions) lost his father at Ben Wri

When he became Chief he vowed to regain all land

Forty years of betrayal and murder led to the lava

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HE bloodstains are still there.
Makeshift rock fortresses large
_enough to hide a man’s body
have not yet been worn away by time.
You can see them if you'll take the
trouble to visit the Lava Beds National
Park in northern California. Few do. It’s
not a pretty place. If you stand in that
desolate area long enough you may im-
agine that you smell death. But maybe
it isn’t your imagination...
For death had had a field day here

Modocs fought Cavalry over 70 miles of lava beds in costliest battle of all‘ time- Horrible

“scalpings and- mutilations occurred on both sides resulting in. hundreds of deaths.

only one hundred years ago- It hovered
over seventy square miles of lava beds to

claim Indian and. soldier alike in the

costliest frontier battle of all time.

The bones of the dead still lie buried
among the rocks that had been tossed
‘up by an ancient volcano, Charred frag-
ments of weapons, wagon®and homes
lie in the crevices and caves, or deep in
the flint-like fissures and trenches.

This was the weird terrain on which
50 braves made their last stand against

Photographs courtesy of Denver Public Library Western ‘Coljection

.

more than 1,000 good U.S. soldiers.
History records it as the Modoc In-

dian War. A cursory reading of that
chapter may have you believe that jus-
tice had allied itself with the whites. A
deeper study may instill doubts. Probe
the personalities of those who fought
each other here and you may forever
wonder where the greater evil lay.

The conflict between whites and
Modoes began in the 1830s when wagon
trains Were attacked almost ona regular

17


BRAVES)

basis. The men were slain and the wo-

_men were raped. Young girls were car-

ried off to become slaves _and prosti-
tutes. .

But the pioneers kept coming. In
1847 they inadvertently got even with
the Modocs. They brought smallpox
with them. The severe epidemic wiped
out nearly half of the tribe.

Four years later trouble flared up
again. John Reed, a gold-miner, heard
about a fabulous strike at Yreka, Cal-
ifornia, Modoc country. He and 64
hopefuls set out one August night in
1851. The Modocs intercepted th
About 35 whites were slaughtered and

18

Photographs all courtesy of Denver Public Library Western Collection

Reed’s daughters, aged 16 and 14, were
abducted. The Indians also took 46
horses and mules and burned the pagon
train to the ground.

News of the Reed Party Massacre
spread quickly. A highly indignant pub-
lic convinced Ben Wright, a 23-year-old
Indian fighter, that vengeance was in or-
der. Wright gathered 15 volunteers and
hunted the Modocs for more than a
year. A few Indians were killed. One
raid ended with the recovery of most of
the stolen animals. But it was a poor
showing. Ben hadn’t found the Reed
girls nor had he exacted thé kind of re-
venge the whites cried for.

Worse, time was running out for the
Wright band. Winter was near. Ben knew
he had to resort to drastic measures or
perhaps never find the Reed girls. It
didn’t take him long to come up witha
fiendishly clever scheme.

He and his party camped near the In-
dian village under a white flag of truce.
The next step was to have a barbecue,
the biggest one they could build. Then
they invited the Indian leaders to eat
and discuss peace. The hungry Modocs
couldn’t turn down the offer. More than
fifty showed up. They came unarmed.
Wright’s men showed them that they
too had no weapons available.

But soon after the Modocs began to
eat, they discovered that the food had
been poisoned. Some leapt to their feet

1873 sketch of Modi war shows soldiers recovering nadies of the ain; Battle cost govern-
ment over $500,000, eight officers, 39 enlisted men, 16 civilians and two scouts.

moaning and clutching their stomach.
Others rolled on the ground, vomiting.
Most tried to escape, but it was at this
point that Wright’s men drew guns from
hidden places and began shooting.
The Modocs were cut down in cold »
blood. They were scalped, some of them @
while still alive and suffering the agony /%
of being poisoned. Nearly all of they)
bodies were horribly mutilated. In the a
plot that became. known as the Ben §
Wright Massacre, 45 Modocs were killed. 4
It was a dirty trick, but it brought
some measure of satisfaction to the @
young Indian fighter. The slaughter of 4
John Reed’s party had been avenged. :
‘What Wright didn’t know, however,
was that one of his victims was the Mod-%


Ot Se hn en AR i ean taco i: it ii

held an inferior position and he chafed
at it. If the Modocs killed a deer for
food, the Klamaths claimed the animal
because it had been slain on Klamath
territory. If a Modoc caught a fish, it
was taken from him by Klamaths who
said that since the waters belonged to
them, the fish in the waters also belong-
ed to them.

The situation had become intoler-
able. Captain Jack’s last hope—word
from the White House—faded when it
became obvious that Grant had pushed
the matter aside.

“The white man has made fools of
us,”’ he told his tribesmen during a par-
ley. ‘“‘Nothing has happened since we en-
tered the Klamath Reservation. We must
be able to wander as we please. This is
our land.”

He was on the verge of declaring war.
Furious with the whites and their empty
Promises, he was in no mood for more
Palaver. Yet there would be more, this
time with the new Indian Superin-
tendent Alfred Meacham.

T was a snowy day when the Meach-

am party boldly rode into the Modoc
village. With him were Frank Riddle and
Winema, who would act as interpreters.

Meacham was a 43-year-old teetotal-
er from Indiana. The stocky, bearded
man was deeply religious and wanted to
do right by the Indians. Although new
to the job, he had already. provided
funds, food and clothing for the tribes
on the Klamath land. He also ordered all
white men in the area to either marry
their Indian mistresses or return them to
their people. Not wanting to lose his
prize, Riddle married Winema.

Now, all three were ushered into
Captain Jack’s lodge. Scar-face Charley
confronted Meacham with, “Why did
you come? You were not invited.”

“The White Chief wants me to talk
peace with our red brothers,” Meacham
said.

Captain Jack growled, “Does the
white man really want peace? He lies to
us. He cheats us. He steals our land.
Why should we believe his words?”

““Let’s discuss it,” suggested Meach-

am.
Grudgingly, Jack, Scar-face Charley
and Curley-Headed Doctor agreed. The
talks went slowly, taking two days in
all, because the words had to be trans-
lated by Winema. Jack could understand
English, but he wanted his tribesmen to
be taken in on every facet.

Captain Jack demanded that a good
portion of the Klamath reservation be
turned over to the Modocs for his
peoples’ exclusive use. Meacham agreed

. to it and a settlement had been reached.

At this point, the emotions of the
whites went out of control. Meacham
and Riddle cheered loudly. They
jumped up and down and slapped each
other on the back.

60

It was the wrong thing to do. The
Modocs regarded it as an insulting dis-
Play of white triumph. Curley-Headed
Doctor grabbed a riffle and pointed it at
the visitors. Scar-faced Charley raised a
spear. Meacham and Riddle rose to their
feet and pulled guns.

It was a stand-off that might have re-
sulted in blood-shed except -for the
quick thinking of Winema, who jumped
between the two groups and brought
some common sense back into the pal-
aver. She told the Modocs in their lang-
uage, “If you kill these whites now,
more will follow and it will mean death
to the Modocs.” Then she turned to
Meacham and her husband. “If you fire
now you will be killed. You are at their
mercy. We must continue our talks.”

The weapons were lowered, but both
groups glared at each other in silent hat-
red.

There was still much to discuss—the
size of the Modocs’ new territory, its
boundaries and whether whites would
be permitted to enter it. Captain Jack
snapped, “‘We’ll talk tomorrow.”

That night at a parley, Curley-
Headed Doctor insisted that Meacham’s
party be killed and the war started.

Reason told Jack and Scar-face Charley ,
* for a reservation for his people. At first,

that they couldn’t win a war against
trained soldiers. But something had to
be done. The incident in the lodge earl-
ier indicated that the whites could not
be trusted.

While they argued, Riddle realized
the party were captives. He felt that
they wouldn’t get out of the village alive
and that the only thing to do was to
escape and get help.

Under the cover of darkness, he un-
tied his horse and fled to town. Once

there, he knew that help would be a

questionable thing at best. The soldiers
were so drunk they could hardly stand,
much less ride and fight.

Somehow, Riddle got them saddled
up and headed toward the Modoc vil-
lage. The troop arrived yelling drunken-
ly and firing wildly. The Indians were
taken by surprise. Many of them es-
caped, including Captain Jack, and the

hostages, Meacham and Winema, were :

freed.

No legal action was taken against the
Indians. Meacham sent Captain Jack’s
sister into the hills to find her brother
and to ask him to return to the reserv-
ation. She carried with her Meacham’s
Promise that the agreement they’d
reached in Jack’s lodge would be honor-
ed.

The chief had no choice but to re-
turn. He had few braves with him. Hard-
ly enough to make war. Captain Jack
was sick at heart. The white man just
couldn’t be trusted. His father had
learned that bitter truth at the Ben
Wright Massacre and now he too learned
it.

What could he do? He could try

'Tenegades to get back to their land. The

‘against the Seminoles. He’d given aid

again to live in peace with the whites,
He would swallow his pride and return

Perhaps Meacham meant what he said.

about honoring the agreement. The ~
Modocs would be satisfied with a reserv- ©
ation they could call their own. The
Lost River Valley would do nicely and —
Meacham had agreed on that area asa
place for the Modocs. *

But Jack had a grim surprise waiting
for him. Alfred Meacham ignored him.
There was no more talk about Modoc
territory. The tribe was not given its

own land. Meacham refused to see the |

chief.

Added to that set-back was increased
pressure from the Klamaths. Now if a
Modoc built a shelter, it was claimed by
the Klamaths because it had been built
with Klamath trees. :

Old Schonchin never protested; that
job was up to Captain Jack. And be-

ES ae a SO Or

cause the old chief never spoke up for ~

his people, he lost more and more
braves to the Captain Jack camp, includ-
ing his own son Schonchin John. In the
end, Schonchin was the leader of help-
less old men and women and children.

Jack went to the Reservation Agent,
O. D. Knapp, time and again with com-
plaints about the Klamaths and to ask

Knapp made promises but never kept
them. Then he tried to avoid seeing the
chief. Finally, he told Captain Jack to
stop bothering him.

Furious beyond words, the chief
stormed out of Knapp’s quarters. Jack
was angry, disgusted and thoroughly dis-
heartened. There was just no way to
deal with these people. The only thing
they understood was bloodshed. And if

it.

Jack called a meeting. Curley-Headed
Doctor, Scar-face Charley, Schonchin
John and others showed up. All agreed
that if they were to ever get their land
back again they’d have to fight forit.

Captain Jack selected 50 of his best
braves and led them to the lava beds at
Tule Lake, near the California-Oregon
line. With them went more than 100
wives and their children.

It was a drastic act. The Modocs had
no business straying off their reserv-
ation. The Indian agent sent word to the

Modocs refused to budge.

The agent then appealed to General
Edward RS. Canby, a 50-year-old
bearded Kentuckian who commanded
the Army in the area. Canby and his key
officers were Civil War veterans and de-
spite the general’s fighting background,
he had a reputation for treating the In- -
dians fairly. é

Canby had fought with Jackson

grudgingly to remove the Cherokees.
He’d also fought in the Mexican War, in
the “Mormon War” of 1858 and had

that was what they wanted, they’d get ie

—-— A t., ~~ et we

—

ee

~~

Pret Reet Meet gin cane ate pete i ie il a li

She was still crying when the troops
showed up. She had to be dragged away
from the terrible scene of death and
bloodshed, and in Modoc she screamed,
“Why did they not listen to me?”

In the number of lives lost here, it
was far less of a blood bath than the one
perpetrated by Ben Wright years earlier.
Nevertheless the white community all
the way to Washington called it an atr-
ocity. All negotiations were called off.
The old policy of extermination of all
renegade Indians was restored.

At the Lava Beds, more than 1,000
soldiers and volunteer civilians were
grouped into a fighting force. The
Stronghold was circled, cutting the
Modocs off from their food supply.
Two days later 400 troops moved in.
The terrain was so rough that it took
them more than six hours to move a
half mile. Modocs sniped at them all the

way and many fell dead among the

jagged rocks.

Six hundred soldiers and volunteers
closed in from another direction. When
contact was made, gun crews of the 4th
Artillery hauled their little bronze can-
non into position and fired Coehorn
mortars at the Indians.

The shells weighed 17 pounds and
the cannon had a range of 1,200 yards.
The weapon was not a novelty in war-
fare, but to the Modocs it was strange
and mysterious. The shells arched up so
slowly that the Indians had time to
shoot at them. One Modoc picked up a
dud and tried to defuse it with his teeth.
The mortar exploded and blew his head
off. He was the first Indian to die in the
Modoc War.

For three days and two nights 1,000
whites battled about 50 Modocs in an
area perhaps twice the size of a football
field. Sharp-shooting Indians crawled
among the rocks, popped up suddenly
to pick off a few soldiers, then disap-
peared. That was the pattern. The
Army’s tactic was to lay down heavy
mortar barrages while patrols crept for-
ward. It rarely worked.

Captain Thomas Evans of the 4th Ar-
tillery led 85 men into a trap when he
tried to set up a new mortar position.
The mistake was due largely to his inex-
perience with Indians. While his unit
was at mess, a small band of Modocs
over-ran the soldiers, killing five of-
ficers,'eighteen men and wounding an-
other eighteen.

That same night Captain Jack, Scar-
face Charley and Ellen’s Man George de-
cided to move their braves, women and
children to another part of the beds.
The mortars were just too accurate for
comfort.

There were about 160 in the Modoc
party, and in the weeks that followed
most were reduced to rags. Jack kept his
people on the move constantly. And al-
ways, troops were never far behind.

On May 10, the Modoc chief

62

watched a contingent camp near Dry
Lake in the southeastern section of the
Lava Beds. At dawn he led an attack on
the unit, killing or wounding many sold-
iers. But Captain Jack was in for a sur-
prise. The -troops rallied and fought
back so savagely that the Modocs were
forced to scatter. Ellen’s Man George
was killed and two dozen horses were
captured.

This short, bloody battle was the be-
ginning of the end for the renegades.
Their spirit dissolved. Curley-Headed
Doctor’s magic no longer worked: The
leaders bickered. Finally, they split up,

and in doing so sapped: what little |

strength they had.

N June 22, Bogus Charley and his

group surrendered. Hooker Jim
dramatically threw himself at the feet of
an Army officer. Scar-face Charley, wha
was last to desert Captain Jack, meekly
gave up the struggle.

Captain Jack did not come in volun-
tarily. Scouts found him resting on the
rocks. He said to them, “My legs have
given out.”

He was brought in shackled with leg
irons. The trial lasted nine days, from
July 1 to the 9th. Captain Jack and
three other leaders were sentenced to be
hanged. All four were placed in a cell
which permitted them to watch the gal-
lows being constructed and their graves
dug.

On October 3, 1873, the Modoc
chief stood proud with the noose
around his neck. It was 10:28 a.m. Hate
still burned like an inferno within him.
He would not repent for actions which
he felt were justified. He closed his eyes
and said, “I am ready to go to the Great
Father.” ee

The trap was sprung.

Even after death, the great chief was
not permitted the dignity he deserved.
Ghouls dug up his grave the same night
he was. buried, had the body embalmed

in Yreka and was taken on tour for the
public to view for 10 cents a look.

All of those involved in the Modoc
War died in the late 1800s or early
1900s. Except Winema. She passed
away on the Fort Klamath Reservation
on May 30, Memorial Day, 1932, boast-
ing to the end that she had once dined
with President Grant, which was true.

Although she’d tried hard, the little
wisp of an Indian girl had failed as a
mediator. But so had others. The Modoc
War had cost the U. S. government
$500,000. The death toll was eight of--
ficers, thirty-nine enlisted men, sixteen
civilians and two scouts. Sixty-seven
others had been wounded. The Modocs’
toll was five Indians killed, plus a few
women and chidren.

The grim irony is, however, that if
the government had given the Modocs
what they’d asked for, it would have
cost no more than $20,000—with no
lives lost.

The stark evidence of this costly and

unnecessary war can still be seen at the”

Lava Beds. You can look at it. And you.
can ask yourself: “Where did the guilt
lie?”

BLIZZARD BOUND:
RAIL JOURNEY OF
SLOW DEATH.

Continued from page 23

into the West was still an adventure—_
rails across the country had been a fact -

for only six years, just since the Union
Pacific and Central Pacific rails met at
Promontory Point in Utah.

Rail trips into the West were almost
always great adventures. There wasn’t
much danger of Indian attack anymore,
but they happened often enough to
make the passengers wonder if this
would be one of the times. Highwaymen
robbed trains now and then, too—and

this might be the time. But if neither of ©
these incidents occurred, travel alone’
across the endless Great Plains was a ro- ~

mantic adventure. There were still herds
of buffalo, and antelopes to see. And

prairie wolves, sometimes called coyo- |
tes, and new settlements and the zest of

meals in the railroad’s exotic little eat-
eries.
It would be a great adventure—but

how great, not even the most pessimistic

passenger could have predicted.

“I knew I’d made a mistake the min-
ute we got out of town and got an un-
fettered look at the storm,” Wood said

later. “It was a mean northwest wind—

the hell-raising kind. It was already so
strong it was rocking the cars. It sucked
smoke from the locomotive stack and

whipped it against the cars, along with ~

hard-pelted snow that stuck to the cars,
making their north sides solid white an
ridged with snow.”

The train wheezed along at 25 miles -

per hour. “I hesitated to make greater

speed because I feared we might sudden- |.

ly come upon a drift that would derail

us, the snow being so thick that we

could not see such a drift until too late

to effectively use the brakes,” Wood re- (%

ported.

a

om

77

<3

*
-
on x e

Soe

ee

air Pe
—— as ile eed

There was bad news at Abilene. Fur- ve

ther west gulches were drifting faster
than snow plows could clear them.

“Nonetheless I decided to proceed,” od 4
Wood said. “Abilene was a haunt of @

badmen, who, when likkered, might mo- ~

lest the females among my passengers,
for whose chastity I was responsible.” rn i

The big train crawled westward. The ™~
storm had become a blizzard. Many 7

times the engineer stopped to,examine

the drifts before he probed the big loco-

motive into them.


iting
him.
»doc
1 its
> the

ased
if a
d by
duilt

conquered Mobile in the War Between

the States.

Canby was a commander with a
strong sense of justice, and when the In-
dian agent came to him for help he sug-
gested that the Modocs be given the ter-
ritory they asked for.

That was too sensible an answer for
the agent. He complained to Washing-
ton. The result was that General Canby
was ordered to get the Modocs back to
the Klamath reservation.

On the morning of November 29,
1872 he sent a detail of the Ist Cavalry,
38 men under Captain David Jackson to
the Modoc encampment at Lost River.
When they entered Captain Jack’s camp
they found the Indians naked and cover-
ed with war paint. The captain told the
band to surrender quietly.

Jack was not in sight. Scar-face
Charley took command. He told his
braves not to lay down their arms. Jack-
son ordered Lt. James Boutelle to dis-
arm Scar-face Charley. Boutelle ap-
proached the Indian. Charley cocked his
rifle. The lieutenant fired, but missed.
Scar-face Charley fired back, and nicked
Boutelle in the arm.

Wild firing broke out. With no battle
plan, the soldiers were disorganized and
ineffective. The shooting spooked their
horses, and in an attempt to round them
up, the soldiers were easily picked off
by the Modocs.

Scar-face Charley led his men back to
the Lava Beds where the women and
children were hiding, leaving behind
only those who were too old or sick to
keep up.

Frustrated, angry at being beaten by
Indians, the troops took out their rage
on the squaws by raping and mutilating
them. The old were killed and scalped
and the camp was burned to the ground.

While that was going on, Curley-
Headed Doctor and Hooker Jim (with-
out Captain Jack’s knowledge) led raid-
ing parties on the Lost River cabins of
settlers. They cut a wide swath of blood
through the territory, killing more than
a dozen men.

Oddly, men who were friendly to the
Indians were spared. So were women
and children. Still, the crimes were hein-
ous. Hooker Jim would have to answer
to them. After the slaughter, he joined
up with Captain Jack at the Lava Beds,

“adding his force to Jack’s so that now
there were 75 braves and about 150

women and children.

Reluctantly, General Canby sent a
larger force to the beds. This time 300
men under the command of Major John
Green marched out. It was Thursday,
January 16, 1873. The troops outnumb-
ered the Modocs four to one. The of-

ficers were West Pointers, schooled in_

the art of military science.

Green split his force into six groups
—three to attack from the east, three
from the west. It was 4 a.m. A dense fog

hung over the area. The bugler blew re-
veille, awakening the soldiers and also
alerting the Modocs.

Captain Jack’s small band scattered
among the rocks and small peaks. They
hid in the caves and fissures and waited
for the bluecoats to show themselves.
The Modocs knew the terrain; the sold-
iers did not.

Green’s men advanced in the fog.
The rocks were so hard that it was im-
possible. to fide horses over them. Shoe
leather was shredded in no time. The
soldiers stumbled and cut themselves on
sharp edges of lava-hard rock. They
couldn’t see in the fog, so they fired
wildly. And one by one they were
picked off by the Modocs. Many of the
troops were left wounded on the battle-
field. Others huddled in crevices, torn,
terrified and half frozen. It was here
that one of them said, “This place is hell
with the fire out!”

Before the day was over, the soldiers
were routed. Fifty of them had been
wounded or killed—and not one Indian
had been hit.

Major Green told General Canby that
to dislodge the Modocs from “The
Stronghold” he’d need at least 1,000
men.

Canby sadly "nodded his agreement
and began the process of regrouping and
building his force. During that period,
an Oregon Grand Jury indicted Curley-
Headed Doctor, Scar-face Charley,
Hooker Jim, Long Jim, One-eyed Mose
and Boston Charley for the murder of
seventeen Oregon settlers.

Apparently, it was a time for meet-
ings. The Modocs held one, too. Curley-
Headed Doctor suggested that the white
leaders be invited to a peace parley and
then murdered. Ben Wright had ex-
ecuted that kind of treachery, why
couldn’t they?

Surprisingly, Captain Jack turned it
down. Despite his reputation, he was a
peace-loving man and never wanted to
do anything which might endanger the
lives of his people. But the reaction to
his negative vote was violent.

He was thrown to the ground. Curl-
ey-Headed Doctor threw a squaw’s
head-dress and shawl on him. “You are
a woman!” he shouted. “My medicine
protects us. We cannot lose!”

Captain Jack saw his command slip-
ping away. He jumped up and said, “If
this is what you want, then we will do
it. Perhaps we will all die. But I am your
chief and I will lead you.”

He called for a peace conference with
the white leaders to be held half way
between the two camps. General Canby
jumped at the chance to avoid more

bloodshed. Before the scheduled meet-,

ing, however, Winema visited Captain
Jack’s camp and learned about the plan
to kill the white leaders at the confer-
ence.

The news abinned her. She was torn

between her devotion to her tribe and
to the new people she had grown to
love. After wrestling with her con-

science, she decided to tell her husband _

what she’d heard.

Riddle passed the word to General
Canby, who promptly discounted the
possibility, saying that it would be sui-
cide for the Modocs to pull so rash an
act.

Winema stubbornly insisted that the
Modocs would kill the peace emissaries,
that it was the belief of Indians that if
you killed the leaders of a tribe, you
were sure of easy victory. Her words
were not heeded.

On Good Friday, April 17, 1873, the
peace commissioners started out toward
the Modoc camp. In the party were
General Canby, Alfred Meacham, L. S.
Dyar, who was a Klamath Reservation
Indian Agent, the Reverend Eli Thomas
of San Francisco and Frank Riddle and
Winema, who would act as translator.

The Modocs stood outside their tent.
Opposing parties faced each other with-
out saying anything. Then Hooker Jim
broke the silence by grabbing Meach-
am’s coat; which had been draped over
the inan’s horse. He tried it on and said
to Bogus Charley, “Bogus, now I look
like old man Meacham.”

Meacham turned to Captain Jack and
snarled, “What does this mean?”

The chief shouted, “Atwe!” meaning
‘tall ready,” and he drew a pistol. He
aimed it at General Canby’s head, only
three feet away, and pulled the trigger.
The gun misfired. Canby stood para-
lyzed with fear and didn’t move when
Jack cocked the gun and fired it.

The bullet slammed into Canby’s
face below the left eye. He fell, but got
up and staggered away. Ellen’s Man
George grabbed a rifle and shot the gen-
eral in the back. Captain Jack then
stabbed Canby in the throat.

It was the first time in American his-
tory that a U. S. general had been killed
by Indians.

While this was happening, Boston
Charley pumped a rifle bullet into Rev-
erent Thomas’ chest. The man dropped
to his. knees. Charley swiped at him with
the rifle butt and knocked him down.
Another Modoc put his rifle to Thomas’
head and pulled the trigger.

Meacham ran backwards, drawing his
revolver. He squeezed the trigger but the
gun didn’t go off because he’d forgotten
to cock it. Schonchin John followed
him. He snapped off three rounds. The
first one caught Meacham under the

chin. The second ripped off part of one |

ear. The third split the man’s head open.
L. S. Dyar escaped and Frank Riddle

ran off unharmed after he gave up try-

ing to persuade Winema to follow him.
The Indian girl dropped to her knees
and wept for the dead men even as the
Modocs stripped the corpses of hey
clothes.

61


Chief Kintpuash (Captain Jack

1872-73... THE MODOC WAR between United States forces and the
Modoc tribe, led by Chief Kintpuash (Captain Jack), broke
out in the border area between Oregon and California. The
Modoc had ceded their land to the United States in 1864,
but in 1870 left the Klamath reservation to which they had
been assigned and returned to their old lands. It required
several years, more than a thousand soldiers, and the use of
artillery pieces finally to dislodge the Modoc, numbering
about two hundred fifty, from the lava beds of northern
California where they had taken refuge. Kintpuash and three
others were tried and hanged for the murder of two members
of a peace commission sent to deal with them. The rest of Hyejne
the band were sent to reservations in Oklahoma. Wy

From the a Recollections of General Nelson A, Miles”

a ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
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——+ BS ULING ou en

FIVE. NEGRO SOLDIERS HANGED.
FOR RIOTING AT HOUSTON.

San. fen eote: Texae ‘Bent: ‘V4 ~The {Ive
negroes’ whose sentence to ‘death, wus
Pronounced. by court. “martial which tried
them for participation ju the Huoustlon
riot and whose sentences Were approved
by President Wilson. Were changed at:
Fort’ Sam Houston © at. dauybrealk:. this
morning, No. civillans Were allowed to
Witness the executions, which Were car.
tled through: with Breat secrecy.

Those who paid the death penalty were
all members of, Company J of the Twen-
te Foupet | Infantry, They? are Privates !
Babe Collier, Thomas McDonald, Joxeph
Smith. ‘James’ Robinson and ATbert, D. |
Wright, ; !

~The men were convicted at a eourt.-!
martial conducted in October, 1917, at |
whieh brigadier General George k. Lhant-
' ¢r Was president, |.

Ten-other members — of the Twenty. °
Fourth who were szentenced to be hange “d
by. the court-martial Were: granted u
commutation of sentence to life imprison-
ment by President, Wilson.

' {

Fichtinge Fourth

Wooo oe ey.
Kl) Obes Is [

Mf WV

NEGRO S

By Associated Press.

SAN ANTONIO, Texas, Sept. 17.
The five negroes whose sentences
te death were proneunced by a
courtmartial which tried them for
participation in the Houston riot
and whose sentences were ap-
proved by President Wilson, were
hanged at Fort Sam Houster at
daybreak thig morning. No civ-
ilians werx allowed to witness the

- executicns, which were carried
through with great secrecy-

Those who paid the death penalty
were all members of Company I of the
Twenty-fourth Infantry. They are:

Privates Babe Collier, Thomas Mc-
Donald, Joseph Smith, James Robin-
son and Albert D. Wright. :

Convicted at Courtmartial.

The men were convicted at a court-
martial conducted in October, 1917, «t
which Brigedier General George K-
Hunter was president.

Ten other members of the Twenty-
fourth who were sentenced to be
hawged by the  courtmartial were
granted a commutation of sentence to
life imprisonment by President Wi!-
son. They were taken to Fort Leaven-
worth prison Tuesday morning to begin
Serving. their sentences. They are
members of I. K-and M Companies of
the Twenty-fourth,

The prisuie were put. aboard a
train at 10 o'clock Tuesday morning
in custody of a guard commanded’ by
Lieutenant Black of the Third Infan-
try and composed of eight enlisted
men. The risoners will reach Fort
Leavenworth prison Wednesday night.
- They are: =

Corvorals Robert Tillman, John Ge-
ter, James H. Mitchell, First-class Pri-
vate John H. Gould, Privates Henry L.
Chenault, Edward Porter Sr., Robert
Smith, Hezekiah C. Turner, ail of
Company 1; Corporal Quiller Walker
of Company K and Private Charlie
Banks_of Company M-. They were
members of “lower A” guard at Camp
Logan and were charged with murder
and mutiny and sentenced to die. Pres-
| ident Wilson commuted the sentence
1 to life imprisonment.

A Military Execution.

The execution of the five negroes
was conducted under strict military
discipline without any outside knowl-
edge. The condemned men were in-
formed a few days ago that the Pres-
ident had affirmed their sentences and
were told to prepare for the execution
Tuesday morning: A company of the
Third Infantry and a troop of cavairy
was thrown around the cavalry guard-
house Monday afternoon. Shortly be-
fore daybreak Tuesday morning the
prisoners were conducted, under heavy
‘Guard, and in trucks, to the place of
execution. They were permitted to
have a few minutes with a chaplain
and were then hanged.

The hanging was typical of the mili-
tary econtrol-It was a business-like
affair, devoid of any frills.
| Announcement of. the execution was
made at 9 o'clock Tuesday morning
by Brigadied General J. A. Ryan, com-
mander of Fort. Sam Houston. Gen-

OLDIERS

FOUND GUILTY IN
RIOT CASE HANGED

eral Ryan said the executions were
without unusual incidents.
Reviewed by President.

The five negroes were tried at the
second courtmartial, announcement of
the sentences of death was made in
October, when the court reached a
verdict. Infliction of the penalty was
withheld pending review of the case
in Washington. While the records
were being reviewed a third courtmar-
tial was: conducted and ten other mem-
bers of the regiment. were sentenced
to death, others being sentenced to im-
prisonment. President Wilson, in re-
viewing the findings, commuted the
sentence of the ten who were tried
at the last court, approving the -sen-
tences of five tried at the second
court.

Through an error in announcing the
President's decision it had been stated
that the President had approved the
death sentence in six of the cases.
General Ryan said Tuesday he had
noted the newspaper statements, but
that he had checked the records care-
fully and the President had approved
the death sentence in only five cases,
commuting the sentence in ten. He
also said there were only fifteen of
the negroes at Fort Sam Houston un-
der death sentence and there was no
doubt but the newspaper reference to
six to be hanged was an error.

Killed Houston Citizen.

The five negroes to die were con-
victed of killing E. M. Jones; » Hous-
ton citizen, who was shot during the
riot. They were also convicted of
mutiny and of marching on the city
of Houston, “To the injury of persons
and property.” Jones was shot near
Camp. Logan whem the rioting negro
soldiers first left the camp for their
march down ‘town; The ten whose
sentences were commuted were charged
with causing the death of Capwin J.
W. Mattes of the Second Illinois Field
Artillery,-who was killed while trying
to halt the rioters, and of causing the
death of three civilians, also of dis-
obeying a command of Major K- S.
Snow, third battalion commander;
when ordered not to leave the camp.
The President announced in. his com-
mutation of the sentence to life im-
prisonment that it had not been shown
that they had personally caused the
death of any individual. Testimony
at the trial was not clear as to any in-
dividuls accused of causing the death
of Captain Mattes or other persons,
but it was clearly established® they
were present when the murder of the
officer and civiliama-occurred-

co ke i

Red Cross Plans to 4

By Associated Press.

TOKIO, Thursda
Americant Red
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“After the avreement fa approved by the cred-

ilors. Settlements may be made under re-
strictions which guard perfectly the intorests
of the general body of creditors, The cred-
{tora surrerder na rights they now possess,
but merely accept fie aivantages of a trust
civated for thelr bengtit, and the debsore guin
nothing except the surplus, whieh they hops
'o eccure by: the jeconomical aod gudi-
‘ous winding u of their estates,
The powers are given to the trus‘ea,
but he fa tu act under the control of ‘a com-
mittee representipg the creditors, constating
of Mr. 8. M. Fettuo, fate presidont of the
Philadelpbia, Wilunugton “and Baltimore
railroad, Win. C, Hoaston and Dell Nellett,
Jr, president of the Commercial M@xcaange
Beuk of Phifadeiptiia, Negotiable jcorctis
Ca'er Of Interest OF any creditorioa thy truss
estate will be given ty the trustee, After all
the: dibts sre paid in full, the remaining
property will be reassigned, [os ae
It is understood ‘at the firm “fo not
Propore to cull| a general rheehog
of their creditors, is they hive beeq doing
busitess in three dill¢rent citica, aud the cred-
{ters are Bo scatteted as to render such @
meeling lupracticabie, They buve, however,
addressid wv letter td eagh ercditor 00 far as
huown, submitting tocir proposition” Any
creditor failing to reedive such notiticauon
can examine the papera at the oflices of the
Orm in Philadelphia, New York, or Waahing=
tou, } :
Columbus, O. }
Coremnus, O, Oct. 5.—Phere ls no more
apprehension on. a¢count of the Huancial
situation. Seventy-tive depositors and cred-
itors of the Commercial Bank have expressed
ther confidence in’ i's stability, in'a pub-
lished card, in which they request the bank
to resume and to receive deposits anew in
currency, checks and zold, ana pay outin the
same, couverting their securiues end paying
theircreditors as soon as possibice. The de
posits in the banks generally yesterday were
ereatertban the angunt drawn out. There
has been po stoppage of manufactories, and
none is expected,

‘
i

~~ New Osleanns.

NATIONAL BANKING ASBUCIATION FAILED,
New Onnvass. Oct. 5.-—The New Orteans
National Bupking Association, ©. Cavarue,
president, du accerdguce wilh @ resolution of
the buard of directors pius-ed al a meecung
eid last evening, gees lato liquidation and
will be
Wwibg togrristance exteaded to the bunk og
s president ‘the housg of ©. Cavaroe & soo
ag alsu Laied.

New York.
~ ARRIVAL OF SFFCIE,

Nev York, Oct. i —The steamship City uf

Brusecis biings $059 0v0 aptcis. a
NEW YORK. |
— oe

Addresses Yesterday by the Denn ot

(ngierburv, Hev. Shasvadiin. of

Kombay, Siephenson of Uubiin,

Kic.—Statemeat «by Secund Mate

Morton Concerning Captain Haii’s

Death. Pana ae

AN IMMENSE AUDIENCE, ;

NEW York, Oct. 5 —Uuere was an immense
audk Dee 1b ‘aeAvaeing of Music thas even-
ine atthe meetipg of the Evaovelieal Aliisuce.
Mauy were unable) to obtain admittance.
Felix RK. Brunot prestded. The Dean of Can-
terbury conducted the devotional exercises,
und made w jraver for the removal of the
ditleres ces that have made the Protestant
natue a 0)-word, and for the breaking down
of every wall of separation that bas kept
those apart who belung to oe church.

REMARK4 OP MR, BRUNOT.

Mr. Biunot suid tte grand assemblage wf
Christians of every clime present was
protupied by # st:ll prander milleuial idea,
aod be eXpeeted tat wheo they departed
(hey Would carry aWay a élruDger resuiuticn
to Up bt wo soldiers of Chat.

ADDRESS OF REV, ROBT. KNOX,

Rev. Robt, Knox, of Belfast, frelund, waa
toe bret epesher. He puuuch the hey; nuts of
int Meehux Ly an ¢icqueat appeal vo abide
in Cbrist {

PROTESTANT MU VEMANTS IN INDIA,

A clergyman at Rotibay gave an ace ouut of
the Broject of founding @ Christian opgionmy on
toe Bombay presides }y, Of an eveageligal con-
ference beld ot Alecabad ot ministers from ail
pacts of the worid and of the fuucding of native
» Diistian el iauces atiindia He eoetia ed that
tre time would coma when all the world wilt be
brou.bt to God. aud peace reign upon earth.

Thef president bere oveerved, if the pronise

he conversion of natives is being realized
Adia, why not amin, the American Jodi ans,
MOUDERS VROGRB63B,

nev. Dr. Corlan, of dieneva, delivered ao
eduress in French, cf the relations of Chris-
thanity and modern progress, ‘
ADDRESé LY KEV W. pTRPHENSOM, OP DUBLIN,

Kev. W. Stephenéon, of Dublin, ‘said he
tepresented the least of lands, you one dea-
tued, it seemed, to play an importagt part,
Afier auverliny iv the ptreatus of ‘etnigrauts
whligh that lad is B@DUIOK fort, Lo raise, it
might be, perplexiog provieius in other
Ini ds, Be asid: UP your grems Jand 3$ ideuti-
tied for coca or iflwitn my own. the trurat

pluecd ju the bands of au ceiver, |

E, MONDAY, OCTOBER 6, 1873.

a tae t < td I
‘Preliminary Details to the

» Final Scene at the
Gallows,

Talks with the Doomed Prison-
 €rs--Captain Jack Cling:
aay ing to Life.

; ral
é .

HOW THE FOUR DIED
| :

Fort Klamath Telocram (Uot. 8) te the Now
. : : Yors Heraild,| é
On Wednesday the post chaplain paid «
Visit to Jack and the reat, and talked forsome
time, but they did not bay hulf the attention
necessary, car-faced Charley fa swip ing
about round the post, aud when 1 mot ‘hin
carly this morving | asked him what he
thought of Juck’s otter to exchange places,
but Scar-taced Charley did not see the (ua of
the Joke, - .

Od

ie ‘A REMARKABLE MERTING, | ; wae

1€ Weeting beld yesterday, and reported

herein fun; whe ope af the cheat r sitrkable
that. bas ever beep held in that section of the
country, The speaking on the part of the
Indians Was remarkably gvod, and Sconchin
excelled himself, muking oue of the moss
pithy and sensible epecches Lbaye heard for
some time, f

Boston took a yery warlike view of the af:
fair, aud punsted of killing Canby: ard Dr.
Th mas.

Black Jin. was ul-o auxiousto take another
lease of hfé,and proposed ty General Wheatou
that when daek and Seonchin were executed

‘he ehould be epured and made chief of the
tribe. 2 hear that the balance of the tribs
Will leave ina tew deys for bogb DY. Russel,
near Cheyenne, Wyouing Territory. ,
~ Ab about dl o'clock yesterday morning Gene
eral Fravkh Wheatoy kindly ‘javited my tu
accompany bi to hear tbe post chaplain, tes
Kev. CL. Megennberg, baye er
i A TALK WITH THR INDIANS
in the guard-house, We stepped quietly
across the parade ‘and walked ity the main
puardgroom; the doors of the culls were prus-
ently ublocked by order of Lieutenant Tay-
Jor, ottiecr of the day, and the prisovers were
marched out of thelr cells and took up @ pro-
sition ip the southern end of the guard room,
Jack, who, by the by, looked cousiderably
worn and pulled down by close evutinement
for tWo or three muuths, touk « seat ou the
end Of the Yunk, aud old Sconchia sat down
con his right, hagdled up iu dis Plapkeb. Bath
‘of there modest braves were xhackled at the
feet, aud bud rather a wid @nd pervous tps
pesrauce, asal Very uuxivus about their fu-
ture.

Boston Chaikey aud Black dim, shackled
togelber, sat duwtun the Jettut Jack, the
former ou the edge of the bunk and the jaiter
on the floor, with his back to the wall, The
Buckskin Dector and Pete, two of the Lost
river murderers, eat uext to Black Jim, wita
Barecho ard Slulua en their left, end Long
Jim on the extreme right. Young Sconchin
sal op the buuk on the right oft his father,
and the Curly Headed Doctor, Dave aud an-
other of the Losh river tuurderers were squat
ted along the wall on the mshi of the éeui-
circle. :

U8 WHOLE PARTY WERR VERY FiboERTY.

as, altbouzh they had learved from: outeide
surcee that six of them were going tu be
bavacd, they had received no official votill
eativd Of their approaching dooms After th
Goocral had taken hig seat, the Pose Cusp
tuin walked into the midale of the clrvle and
delivered tbe followluy address. The metuod
Of iplerpreting was rather roundabuut, bir
as both Dave Hill and Oliver Applegate are
very protclent in Modoe Gorgon languages,
they cucceeded im explaining
THR MINIaTER’S GOUL WORDS |

loa manner sufficiently comprehensive for the
savage cupgregation, The Kev, Mr, Hegenn-
berg would speak # few sentences tn Eug-
lich and then Ollver Applegate would put

| terpret to Capt. Jack and his band in pure
Modoc. :

Duve Hill is one of the most intelligent
Klaimathes on the reaeevation, and proved a
very ‘Dlojemt interuiecter. The object of the
minister weg to lmprese on the mind of the
Iudiane the peceasity of repenting for thelr
sits if ey expected peace and hapviness in
the spirit land, The following is an abegract
| Of the remarke:

“Loonie ecain to epeak to you of the love of
the Great Father to lia ehidrean. He naw ton

THE MODOCHANGING.

.caro of.

them into Gorgea, which Dave Hill woula in=74

evaded ths question,

Ceptain Jack rather
and said:

“E wisded for peace! but the yous mou eatd
they were not ready for praca, Teasy wanted
war, bot they did not give their reasons [ wae
aiweya for peace, but tbrough the influenes ot
the ycucg man, headed) by Hooker vim. the war
went oo. I dtd not counsel the Com batbeathes
or Hot Creeks to fight.| 1 waa for peace. They
Came to me and made my heart fick. for they
wanted to fight When il came here! hopadto
be sot free, asl was nut the fostigator of these
bad dotnes. I hoped ta live on Kiamath with
my peopis."’

Geveral Wheaton then told the inte reter
to telf Captain Jack his peop'e would oe con-
veyed tu # comfortable home and weil taken
He apkea hith waich ove of the baud
he wonld hke to take churge of his famity
when he wos gone.

KEALIZING HIS FATE.

Jack rather wioced under tat question,
and said: . ioe

Tcan think of no one who could take good
care of my family, Aa would be sasoioioue of
all. even of ScareLaced Ghatioy,wLom bo tuvugat
@ good man,

Captain Jack thea lexprersed <q desire to
huow if he mighteptertain hopes of liviny,
sod cn being told the Presideat’s orders
would be carried out,’ he sald: “The great
chief in Washington is a long wavy off, and
be inleka that be haa been misrepresented,
an

If THE BIG CHIEF WOULD Come

to res bim he might change his Opinion.”’ He
Was then told the eg children oum-
bered millions, and that he was guided vy
god men, who represented him.

Jack then coutinued:

“I dem't wiah to takagreat deal. aud only
shout those tbiogs near my beart, and IT wouit
sike 40 havea execution pf sentence postpoued
until things could be made more clear,” :

eTRIKING ae OF TACK,

On hearing that the President's dceision
Wus pot given wilbout @ good deal uf thougtt,
Juch aid: o

‘T know, jrdelog byltha details, he waa roe
basty in the matier, null woink o8 enduld pave
Beard what i Lad tv say.’

The interpreter then told Captain dach
that General Wheaton advised loin net to
thick of reprieve, bubto pave utrension ts
What the chaplain lad to sey to him.

Jdach suid thet lie Kkew what the chaplain
Rua Was wood, and bd rhould follow i, and

Wothey jerinitied hla todve he would pe-
come a better nan, After eSpressing a dee
sire to buve a talk with tee four acuuta, be
eM: é
It in terrible to thibk Lhave to dia. heeause
whinever J loow ato nty beatt b seen desire to
liye; bh woud vibe tu dive unlit I die macurai.

Geo. Vebeaton the asked if any of the
otha re hid anything to pay, aod then Diulux,
one of the two Combat. she, salt:

] want to talk. Pedple call me George, 1
bare been Goutined tu tbe guardsbouse throug
Gere preseotation, acd my child died yesterc ia,
and bcvud net vo with tbe gourpera. Nobddg
bere cob ray thot be saw me at bus etene cL cue
Maréacry,. | would Lketo know who were ths
Witnesses against me. ‘Toney toid lies. | tous
bo part in the massacre. I ain coniived bers
without couse,

Barbeho, the otber Combatoole;:

Tem inpownt, I want to sve tbe man coa-
Goed who resity kiied General Candy, [ was
B06 Viatance Bway When thy klilieg was done.

They were then told Unat they were ouly
charged with carrying artus to assist in the
ngeSacre, ond they both deaicd carry any ares
atull. IMiack Jim thet said:

i sew great mavy wien present, but bave no
talk to mokeas Jack halks. | always tell the
truth, and ag well-kQowh amcne ay peudle.
Was wounded first fight at Loat river aod very
sick for mavy mMoothbs, and vot on toe wer-patb
My heart tells we 1 am guod sod strouy wan,
aod able te take care jof the Moaocs, ¢ Jack
aud Scoucbin are Ki.led 1 abould theu-he left tu
tuke ceraot the Modutsa. | do uct kuuw what
Jack aud Sconchin think sboutit. That's my
idea.

AM AFRAIY) OF NOTHING,
acd when it's War am @.ways infront rook tT:
[have been gulicy of chime the law of chiefs de
Cloes that} stould diet Iam withog to div, ant
am botafraid to die! | bave vern jong time
CoLbued iD guard buuse Wi bout ofed a coauus
tolag apd if we arejo diel thint we snould
Tebr BOWS arraus+Men efor Our Buizri'etu tue
otber world, atd | wegld ke to bear the spirit
Nish tack, “
Geveral Wkcaton ex plained that the chap-
luis bud come fer Lbat purpose, Capt, Jack
then raid:
I would like tbi er to be delayed antil
Dy Bpeech oan be la’ sfore ee big clint vt
people. (The tatter ¢ pot kuow tbat Boau-
Cosriey and Uocoser Jim Instige’ed the murder
of Carby}, 1 wish to) be good frieuda toth;
whites. and am willing 'to live in any part of the
world they may send I feel frieudly toward
very one. and the woites are my friends,
‘As Jack persisted tn begging for reprieve
Was wid, oe order of General Wavaton,
thattbe great law-makers of the Goverament
d carefully coneidercd his case, and that
tie Preeideut’s decision was final,

BOSTON CHARLEY CONFESSES,

ostum Charley beg vaprvased @ desire to
tals, ordeaid: ‘

“You all kvew me during the war, but it
sec med to me that! bafitwo hearts, one Indian
sod other wolte. Lama boy. yet syouall kouw
of whatl an. guilty. Al‘hough s bov, I! fee} lice
aman, When Liook egcenu sideut mal toink of
there men and womedn. Seo ebta. To am nor

“NEW

Canby. Lkiiied De Thomas:

1,890,

SERIES NO.

lagi trying te
Chink that it is juat | ehuw-d div anu thet tbs
(reat Sptrit approtes of itand ears itigieaw I
I jeave my con I hope he q@iil be
asilowed to remain in this coumtey, 1 bapa be
Will grow up and makea good man. 1 want tura
bim over to the old Chief Bcourhin at Yivexs,
who will make a good mnof bim Ihave a}

ways looked @n (be younger men of our tribe as
my special charge. acd have reasoned witd
them, atd pow i am todie asa result of tBeir
bed condition. I loste fourehiidrep, aod I wise
them turned over to my brother at Yinax. Muat
Gie, if 1 bad the biced on my bacds, ike
Boston, I ebhould asy kilt bias, i killed tienerai
but I vare notn-
ing to aay about the deomion. It ia Sirvady
made, @od | would never ark it to be Crossed

You are tb@ law-eiving power, Yana have tried
me-atd ssid Tmust aie 1 au satisfied iL the
law fa correct. £ bave made beseech. 1 woud
uke to a¢e the Big Chief fave to faces tak
with bim, but ho tsa lece distance off. ikea:
the top of a high ail, with me at toe bottom,
aud 1 can’teo to him; but he has made bis de

Cision, made his law, and I say

LET ME Dig,

I don't belteve'all tbe talking | oan do will maka
the Freeideut cross over oi deciioa and |
dup't tak for that purpose. | wien to let you
know my beart,

Gen. Wheaton then told the interpreter to
teli Capt. Jack and the others that if they
Wanted anything to ark the sergeant of the
guard and be would bring it tothem, They
Were alsu told they would be visited Ja the
evening by their equawe and families.

The post chaplain got up wud delivered the
following vraper: ;

“QO God, oue Heavenly Fat@er! who didet
Make all woo in Toy inage, toak they might oe
eved end happy, Li: veardet fhe coutewstues
Oud stati ments Of inbse men etugether aud
(bere tbhingw Ol which we are igauraut. Ub may
tte Hgbtor Thy gospel penetrate toetr. nuda!
May shew aruly become cerry (OF thete aius aod
eo repent tbat they shall reorive pardon avd bo
accepted as ‘Luy Chidreu ardsaved © (ind! as
the thiefco ths Cross eas parcuucd aod eaveO,
may theze all be saved by @ ti falta, Blass
Thee tur thie exemple of the puwer of ‘Vay
graco On, glorify ‘Thy mercy to tins praseot
Case by tavioy Liese wu paisa. We pray Toes
for them, ‘Liev ares uoers uke al mon, irre
speottye of the Offenses fur whilu thay bare
Pee COMMINed Bb roctouced to die Toms
bave stoned in ess light than watere head and

Oo bave weny ugeo them  Altuousn gusty,
tring them true pr Pedtabec, F one aod aave
them; gierify the mercy in. them, for Jesus’
tube. Atuien.’* _

The aeeting then broke ap, acd Lstiyok
hands with dack apd Sconehin, who both a. -
peuted glad lo see me, :
JACK WANTS SCAR FACED

Phaca.

Jock, however, suou ceserted and renewed
los attack on Geoora! Wisegten, ureing thet
it would be quite proper for Bcar-faccd
Charlie tu take bis place, and then hie vata
able services Would be saved for bis family
and bis tobe. ‘lhe General, however, could
hotrce the pofot, and iete dack in arather
Unensiable efate ot ind, The ~prisouers
were shortly af erward retummed Lo their ceils,
and ator. M. Were Visiked by Lucie fumiites.
Ibis Was the iret meectios eitce the death
Warrart had been miudce public, and, as it
wasto be the last beture ¢eath eeparated
thei forever ou this earét. i would uturally
have been afleeting, but (was perfectly uns
prepared for the

FRANTIC STATE OF GKIEF

into Which the women worked themsulves
‘They howleg their weird death suug, and
threw themselves on their doome.? fiienge,
fawuing them all over. Even the little ebild-
ren reetmed to catch the jufection, amt they
cried utd wept io the mort finished style.
Jack appeared very much affected at mect-
Ioy tis favorite equaw Lizzie anu the filtle
papoase, Itis sister Mary was eveu more
allected, und worked berself into a perfect
puroxyemuf grick The little girl eveo aps
peared to comprehend the situstiou, aud
eobhed bitteriy, As Jack pave her
ONE LAST, POND PMBRACE,

the squaws returued to tbe stockade and the
Wurucrerd were left in their cells, witu po
olber compution thaa the giguing foreboding
ard anticipation of the morrow, Old seon

chin wet bis femily without wuch visible
emotion, Lut his children cried bitterly, and
the tGuaws yellod oe ifthe world was comluy
toanend, the chiet did pot betray any ont

ward tixos of uyitation, He kissed bis live
son repeatedly, and when just before retreat
they werc taken away, he faid down In his
vell and. ryliled bimecif like a ball in bie
blarbets. During the afternoon of yesterday
a1 umber Of soldiers and citizens went out to
ee

HANGED IN its

MR, FIELDS’ PATENT DROP

tested, and it worked like a churi, letting
down the trapevery time withont fail. sowe
thirty or forty cliizets were standing around
the scatluld, and they appeared a inter:
erted with the device of Mr. Fielde’ plan to
lower the drop. The scouts were also loating
around there, and in whe eveviuy one of then
catuc to me and asked me if i bad anything f
coula give bimty do. This mornloy, shortly
ater daybreak, 2 took a walk ont to the
svatiold, aud found a wumber of Indigus,

Kiamaths and others, scattercd among the
upwicidy wachine with  ratucr Curious
eyes. R

The Latest.

Prom Somdat’a Courter Fournat?

~

Teer ATAANARA .


COLLIER, Babe,
McDONaLb, Thomas,
nOBLNoON » vales,
IMITH, Joseph, and
W AIGHT, Alfred D.,
black soldiers,
for rioting, Fort sam
Houston, Texas, on
9-17-1918,

1 -
‘at=nalen=
LCA ddey

r
Newt We

NOUV

i ke oe i 4 Eo ] recat
“ kk we, BS

By:Associated Press

|. . SAN ANTONIO, Texas, Sept. 17.

“The: five. negroes whose sentences. .
te death! were: pronounced: by .a

courtmartial. which tried them: for.
3 Participation: in the. Houston riot —

no

. and-whose ‘sentences. were~ ap-..
proved"by. President Wilson, were
hanged. at. Fort: Sam: Housterr ‘at |
» daybreale: this morning. No@ civ=~
. liane werx allowed to witness the’ ~
executions,..which were carried.
_ through with: great. secrecy.)
Those who paid the death penalty
were ‘all’:members of Company I of the
Twenty-fourth : Infantry. They are:

>

|. The hanging was typical of the mili-

} Were told to: prepare for the execution

_ Privates. Babe Collier, Thomas “Mc-
| Donald, ‘Joseph Smith, James. Robin-
|gon and. Albert D. Wright. ©: Be
» Convicted at Courtmartial. .

. The: men:.were-convicted ata court-
martial. conducted: in October,/.1917,) at
which’Brigadier*General | George *-"K-
Hunter was. president. | i :
. Ten..other: members of the Twenty-
fourth’. who. were: sentenced: | to._be
hawged;, bythe. courtmartial “were
granted a commutation of: sentence to
life’ imprisonment. by President Wii-
sons: They were:taken to Fort: Leaven-
‘worth prison Tuesday. morning to begin.
Serving. their.:sentences. .They.. are.
members: of. I. K-and M’Companies of
the. Twenty-fourth, belts ameeen! eae tn
The: prisune’ “were put. aboard “a
‘train. at 10:0 slock..Tuesday morning
in: custody..of a. guard commanded by.
Lieutenant Black of the ‘Third -Infan-
tryband:composed - of.’ eight. enlisted |
men:~ The:.risoners>' will. reach Fort
Leavenworth prison. Wednesday’ night.
ns ‘s They: are:j iat caer saan fo AN acti * aie rhs Spied
.. Cornerals: Robert: Tillman, John Ge-.
ter, James H. Mitchell, First-class.Pri-
vate John H. Gould; Privates Henry Ls.
Chenault, Edward Porter Sr.,.. Robert
Smith, .. Hezekiah ”c. Turner, <all- of
Company;. I;. Corporal Quiller “Walker |
of: Company. K and Private Charlie
Banka.of Company M. They” were
members. of “lower A” guard. at Camp
Logan and were. charged with murder.
and*mutiny and sentenced to die. Pres-:
Ident’ Wilson .commuted | the: sentence
to: ‘life. imprisonment. , aad
be aa A Military Execution, ae
“The execution of: the five negroes
was: conducted. under strict: military
discipline without any outside knowl-
edge. The condemned: men were. in-
formed a. few. days ago that.the: Pres-

Tuesday morning.’ A ‘company. of: the

was thrown around. the:cavalry guard-
house Monday afternoon.. ‘Shortly’ be-
fore:.daybreak Tuesday. morning’. the:
| prisoners were conducted, under heavy

execution. They were permitted to
have.-a; few minutes with a chaplain
and were then hanged. meee i

tary: controla¢It ‘was. a business-like
affair, devoid-of: any: frills... <0 2.0
_ Announcement ‘of. the:-execution. was
made: at 9 o'clock ‘Tuesday: morning
by Brigadied General J. A. Ryan, com-=
mander of’ Fort Sam Houston.-...Gen-

eral Ryan..said: the executions: were
without unusual incidents, xo oY
5 Reviewed by President... —

~The five: negroes: were: tried: at the
second’ courtmartial,: announcement: of
the sentences.‘ of* death: was. made in

‘verdict.
withheld pending... review” of the case
in’ Washington. While | the’. records
were being reviewed.a'third courtmar-

bers: of the regiment: were» sentenced
to death, others being. sentenced to-im-
prisonment. President Wilson? in. re-
viewing the Pindings,::commutad the
sentence -of the ten. who..were tried
at the. last ‘court, approving: the -sen-.
tences’ of’ five tried: at. the. second
_ Through ‘an error in“announcing the
President's: decision: it had. been_stated
that: the President. had: approved. the

-death:. sentence’ in: six~6f. the cases-

General--Ryan_ said:Tuesday”™ he had
noted: the. newspaper: statements; but
that..he--had: checked the records: care-
fully-and-the. President: had@“approved
the death sentence. in only..five cases;

also..said-. there: were'only ‘fifteen: of

Six to be hanged :was:amn error.*- -~*

ot Killed: Houston’ Citizenss*-°
» The five negroes: to’ die. were con-
victed of killing E. M. Jones#°2 Hous-
ton citizen, who. was shot.-during the
friot.. ‘They. were also *eonvicted. of
mutiny. and’ of. marching or«the: city
of Houston, “To: the injury: of persons

October,.. when® the. court* reached.-a}
AInfliction: of: the: penalty. was:

tial. was:conducted and.ten:other mem-}

commuting the sentence-in- ten.» He-

the: negroes at’Fort.. Sam: Houston. un- |
der death sentence. and there~ wasno
doubt but, the. newspaper ‘reference. to.

G- 11-1416 CI-aAD

=<

‘ident had affirmed their sentences.and }-

Third Infantry and a troop of cavalry

Buard,. and in trucks, to ‘the-place of a

and property.” * Jones.: was: shot’ near
Camp. Logan’ when#*the- rioting negro
soldiers first left. the:camp. for their
march. down. .town;**:The: ten-* whose
sentences-were commuted were charged
with causing the: death of. Capwin-J:
W.: Mattes, of The Second: Illinois:.Field
Artillery;-who was. killed while«trying
to halt-the rioters; and of causing the
death of three. civilians,” also of’ dis-
obeying a command: of: Major=K#:S.
Snow,” third | battalion: commander;
when ‘ordered not: to: leave thecamp:
The President announced In. his: com-
mutation of the sentence..to® life--im-.
prisonment.that it had not been:shown
that-they had personally ‘caused: the
death” of: any. individual:<* Testimony
at the trial was not-clear’as ‘to any in-
dividuls accused’ of -causing*the-death
of Captain Mattes: or~ other::persons;.
but’ it. was. clearly. established* they
were present. when :the: murder- of.-the
officer.and civiliang-occurred« ;

Red Cross Plans to

THE STATESMAY Quolin 1 Iowan

By Associated Press...
TOKIO; Thursday

Americant. Red C’
CLA. are: planr
their. operatic
-American:-a°
workers 9°

it- was:

anese:~

tinge

ler

’


a

ee ee

ow Ve FRIDAY Gry LY

19 ISIN TEL

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EN i PAGES.

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\OANTEEN CORPS MEETS

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| War Situation 7)

Ina Nu tshell |,

RITISH FRONT— ~

A ‘ Last. nigtt the Hritish had
“eth Swell established  Uemscives
ie ted - new positions cast of
Hamei- that “when~the “Germans '
delivered a counter attack ft was -
easily” repulsed." In addition to
the: prisoners . Gaken’'s* German
Tield. gun and mere than 100

RENCH FRONT

“French patrol detachmenta,
Joperating between Mantdidier

cfd the Olee, dn tbe Chanipagne, .
eine. the tight behk of the Meuse

and if Lom

a

“MERICAN SECTORS—— es

ah The Fourth ‘of July was
an. unpenally quiet day. in’ the
Gorinalty.—tnactive sector Goce.
pied pry” American ‘ troupe from
“the “Woewre- to the Srcise “bor
Even the artillery, and air
service were lems “busy © that :
weal, cloudy weather days and

} ‘poor visibility hempecing | thent.

-R Vsala— me aks fe

A dolayed anak from
toxlay gal all. ‘communication ©
with Vologda, Mosors and ser-)”
etal. places in. weatern Siberia.
; Cat off. fot severale
aye The department's last
report from Ambas«ndor Francia
at Nudomde —_ dated: dint, ma,

genes tra weenie

TRAINS: INS: OF SOLDIERS °

© Meinbers. oe the wornet's can:
teem corpa made & teal’ Fourth ot
tule Pre lat for many ‘Aaldiers |

hurwdar-

eee, ty Mre WO Fink bine!)
wt uh cexsmand of the curpa, |
the wom, were wo duty all mors
ne, at mne “af the catlrond stations

” ttn beet

es gael traliie—carryiig eo)
ict Tee timing Sage. ant ma
“bated tae spneces “\ nee bo tiew
“eatels.- chkncraate (eed wortes
The Pep

1 ere
> eS ities

Ee, fe :
7 *

SAtpets,

8

o) iitauk dated June BH and re. 4
fo Otved at the state ‘department.

“i hety Hee),

i) MAK nies
“VERMIN SUITS

paign to. Provide Every
Towa Soldier With Ones’

STATE UNIVERSITY.
WILL HANDLE THEM

}

Direct’ the “Work: of: All

Women’ s Organizations.

45 inc Som

Wanted. “Women to make
16.060 antivehtiin gabuenta. for
the dowa: men of the fHighty-
“ele nch clvision at: Camp Dodge
et ore they ge to: Stapee

: 1 Evenibg ribet fe. launsh-
ioe: - & Campaign to> supply
every Jowa man Of the Blguty-

eigith with one Gf those chemically
i) treated “suliv. It? Wit dnsiire: Hine

Teka 1 aha “Camc|

Ds MOINEA

at
-

+ as tiger Gols can

sae Auction Off a a Hand-Crocheted

Mic: Chorlcue Exaindn tol

jaeainwt trenoh fever \ (caused by
and Ra lnat rontinity
hours of tertaré “PEC RAS, | of ines
oeatie fae
“An. this great.cadiy = The Trib-
wad” is bee PEotne: Mevarts
pment of The tuited Stat en Wee
thitihe @o much: of the antitermig
Mele being ~ prepared. by” the
Sate Vpdveraity of lowe tht it hes
forettd: *2E.000 OF -thenrsoon io be
i bene b5 rallng’s men Reross Bear,
4 Tk Kerments Bre cyozidered go
hie The thee Wik ga) an
cs TH ee treigty: he war de
i™ tape. <cwtt) purchase the cloth

Metlyey

vhs wens Raaiaieek hand-eto-
cheted bedapready euch. stitch of |
which was. takes. SHA.

This apread” wie made. ‘by Mra!
ELH Jones of “Dos Moinee avd +t

$3"
ld Adio Amer
ttt ae ¢
:

5 Phe Fiak,

Das Beet in weve Uiiterent ptater.
Cabtore le, Mexity ai) Tenax wiittes
‘. wet Was wore wing omit it ie}
& beet Pal piace of rork abd ens
WoT ele eke * & Reed aired bed “And
B* the rend

7 ri 4-3

& patriotic] ¢

WATERBURY,

AND CHUDREN'S HOKPITAT, BO

i
2
tad

ta} Now mere

ger to be Gone
i aecided pot |

HB:
hiv: who en
its ¥ined th<

' Cahle bd BY case nr

,
jb ieMborg. of. th hese! ai bontd. shit

women scoliprising. the hespital at ‘Port ben Moin
fomen's aad, Chil-| numerabie articies have been m
on Ray! TFederss for the comfort of the sick Soldters:

Purehade greed ibings,
pulstes by My« Jones bas heen dow fp
bia fed Hor he oaiian
{ Wl nnhitersen With false BOA Hiunes |
lees

3 -} mercy on thelr. souls,’

a assaulting & it-yearola; white git

“Mrs

8 Fy PROUTY. MEMBERS
ARD,

i

money

te. ao
fee oot p
The “Tribune

pig cap reya® fore the Mort Veg!
tah tyke, “pa aly. 5%

BoM ats h fq) Tart hers partic ati

i ee

“aie. and the 3.009

y babked. iterates ties of aoldieree} 4

, Welty ; :
pL wee Be ti i ii fa as

s 2 CENTS f
7

“Monies bE Digeees ‘As ie ‘
Are Lead to The nD : Death:

: THE MEN Ha}
“Heb: Fonmeca ‘Tascumha,- Alakema.

ae Wite dead. Has one son 10 years. jd. No*

- Fred Allen, Georgiana, Ala. * Singte. Parenti’ x “isd
i Stanley Mp th Btryea: aehe pines.) Parents dead.

oe

Seccssssiaecenecares

# CALM. PROCEDURE
_ASCREDIT 10 88TH |

ca ‘Mrigadier Gtiekr ek
an thd Cainp Dendiggett oo)
* On" Friday, duly:

acne ‘gentenes dy

- Wee ee etiective

beaten a

“Crying, out’ to heaven to. fatal:
the three
Negroes found guilty of wantonly}

até the vanlopment. May 24, ‘were
hanabd af ee meres 4 ie wetys %

The enure ee eee Sgunets
Negroea. in,

sortorey prekesrese

j cainp’: were owittieasen: :
Ate. owas firit
Saar
“Tha seene— pecum died a Dead
ainphitheater In. the center’ were) 5
athe gallows Oh every. aide’ were :

bcp tai dt

pg, ¥
P energetic action on the parte
Otftorr: aad meb the ex

were me Ties dA aPPreRend ad
with Sweantt that ke
arene Soon beocght ashe
The Negyo tpdops were marched $ ee Chel"-cagerg ee?

aoe yesh SPT #:f Beit

ES shea aa teria BS _ DeMid the phates,

J bt til, BO


NEGRO SOLDIERS , |

- ‘Camp Dodge, Iowa, July &—Three ne-
gro soldiers, convicted Dy court-mar!
tial of assaulting a. 13-year-old white:

girl on. the cantonment grounds the
night of May 26, were Hanged here to-
day with virtually the entire division
witnessing the executiank,., cee Reet E
The three traps were sprung simul-
taneously at 9: a. m;, and death was
almost instantaneous. : The negroes
marched. onto the sca orld singing
“God Have Mercy on 'y Boul.”
The negroes were Nelsdn Johnson of
Tuscumbia, Ala.; Stanley Tramble. of
Stroud, Ala. and Fred All
giana, Ala. all sele
Johnson an
y military po

. Three negro soldiers among the spec-
tators fainted when .the men dropped f
to thelr death and another fran amuck.
He started on. a, dead run Airectly to- |
ward the scaffold, but euards overpow-

ered him. A white soldier also fainted.
Four negroes were arrested the morn.
fing after the assault. “which  oécurred
shortiv Petore miadniaht Mav 24. One
auanert « soquitted when it was et-/
tablished that he was not near. the
acere of the crime. His, Mam PAE
With a voung soldier. ercort.. the girt
qwak aitting on a hiliside wheg aco
cording to her story at the trial. feur
hed. One of them, rep-
military police-
diow on the

threw out a 4
the arrest of the men early. th

A summarv ¢
few days efterwerd. db
of ‘the’ court war nat announced
yeeterdav after '¢ had: been ret
and annroved fv President Wilaon. Bath
the wirl and from. Des

thelr fate. a

the arly romme

ever, ehan petvened to f

wacg comoceed when they walked te
i

. tan ep cn cereeOERthe eehnee> oaeie


WALL STREET!
‘ ’ ‘yams: 3 Ree § ai Vane
wht et tendag Le renga!

Pe Be tm BIS

Ow

Sata: Per ¥
i-athh, ahs oh
aT Rie ree SPS

. Sapper: Te cored &
deen hol ee ete one Pall

poise 4a

Figg ts!

mere

2 ee ee
Wis @

Pwe
ne
Fi OR

hes

xXRW Yonk,
Rae, hana Kiet a

bs ai tee rae

itgar GS weed

t

Pres} BN i tbes

en
x

oe tare

er

; Lot ps”
Se Low is isiy Beat

; om man

| PRODUCE MARKETS. th

é ii se9 Seen et 3 $ ee

4% =) rte: gE atige ne +4

ierdied Fy Beaver ud ae Lugo ds ectiey
4b.

Cat aft ;
{rok a “tan, >

4 vay
ee iss ve rai TREO
{Peviwa rica.)
by fhe hes He are whe
i i

Whe

" ore ‘wine ana
fiseurgin “twine ae *
orp ga ay ER,

i motte,
en
" poundik
$ ®
2 mel ooh ek ‘it 133 meee
3 Geideyy oh eR oT ah ‘ki 6/e ame 3
Dd fQehted Br Poe faz eer pe
Z EP red by ie S43 bay ‘lows
shy. Selig: hee ‘Eel
e a a Li f dork pe yy.
ict ns a) at ik wes BAe
$5.96; Ape rae iy
aM fit
ee te (4s Ne Zz ise

Ran, A hy Pree pel Sah carey >
eae A 83 St M.
i Peatanene FS ghee wee ‘phe pete

. si bog hy oop 300 Peureda,
re ‘de oer buahel

Stn th hin

Bein ADMIRAL WARD DIES

“~ ROSLYN, NOY; July. $2~Roar

‘Admiral Aaron Ward, United States

spe weed retired. died at his houre. hete
iloday after three says Hiawe ve
heart trou bie. *

aah ace ae erpen ee

+ Ber loe:

NAVAL FLYER. MAKES

Gee

é
a MARS.
mh ae py Saree aeons

4 Seay Bip See t Ne
ee

sa
TY mw

{TAREE NEGRO

y : ys x Wilt jag oF, om

‘ SOLD S Ex ECHTED| ploye, Of Tie Regtater and Trihar

j eta. is that aiateat weary oes Toney

: : Seat bepine : phe Wis Bua the reticence

ais foe rNtEe FROM ‘vant OxBe ip Gehera® Ageuinsidn” testhe gtey”

(juries ary Pt: be) Macttes Fos © War a wermber of |

teseii { miei let! papers “a ; | CHRIDRES 1 Thar Setn Tpltig. States py
a Sow veered ay BARA itty an det! eointary piso ack ts
Rice, a | wigne it Hirai hidseckt thai arte, ce"
Fe ae oF ot surmiees AMIS agian Et 2

ths sfoace. abs orale

tar ial hoe rd. WAS “i; a
Cimarle® oR. Atadiacd at .
t whe is op cut ink ake ore

tis sige (8 gp omen.

and

Gis

Personne! of penta

rs: Cel, “Mibept ) i tiot: re $e
jandet of. the! Three Haadred
amatun: ion. drain; Was

to relies tof the sical ana oiner
tan bres eas de Yasepa
i BRatnaré Walters Fulton. Dacia
aGatrison Ch te Lo Eaathias:
ae . SHY he, Orten

SRE Wesel iret
: Metregary

;
y

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met

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ye. Them back te: Sie

hs
“A the irleih? recruniag eee
wendationa ofthe’ s fe

“s4 firet ° ~ é

Hitnered: Pifty first infagtes se euren(e of hae eta

Shiting “Rin. in | pragecutions 9F THe Ts. ee ty : heh

ve i so@harkes iJ ) pears “ek tty.

aa Set Has } t a arn <

bona Wis ein Secdad  tiauteian img at SEU re tt $tred<) {fet “ten

Phot Cot eaGe | Ot ARE, CePCt Lege this itorning while Shan ning |

Mikaile: “Capt tayeqind AL Scat pp tee at TRirtyeighth ead lnue
Mikneapols was appotitec 5 tas RSP Ee Pee Was bad? Mag

ads Vik curee etd it Geet Se fata, mane |

i Te te ee
p} clade ennided. but forodd thet. to Proviged iter “end vhep :
fearry isi tg eatety Geom stretchers | hie fod NET et thewhe ck }

whan Hun baliecs wounded hin:

He wast leading a squad. ef" whew!
iS @ skirmish. Botte pal oe terion i
everyone | bat. Prue, ) Rept ©
eet on ‘shunting enrit se fan ts

* shesa.. Sraey a fhe gee
sie

1% nate

lore

® ebell Robe inhaSted. we Tera? Ones Se? he
Pe. ern: ADE Lie fomed- them, ie: bial pal redid sp fa
render A bullet shattered: bie teh to Che ohéen
dry et. he wat prepariog <t ee He waster

Coupe Hel Rou ees

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met aE ae

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Sasha a , ae BRYAN.

PRLLE SS Reel fate tat
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Pee = frets oe Att er

Paiiow es th
Bit ths
pebore Dek

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be Metonald, “ar.

a eats

further. Irteh. ent gaent

othe ‘capital 5 PMensiont! plone ©

oe,
¥.

eo, Meine ayaes madly pus Hes
Pet pe Gr sedi ae plant
(Fv ROW 3 Rhea OTs SQ wieke re wine:
Plane, Basho pas Vis ver eweet clover!

ana rye; which. Wi thei Be plowed] 2
lendébite: Teriiike the Pround pres Py
par oie tte cbe ing yeodod ows 5 aes '
afar pare ane en puEeposes * pee ¥ Pt
WiS) Alien,” ser retary of Tesantd gh we
Frank *Shaw.osiate £adhorm Ewha. 9-7
Hdieyt: BLA a teesaurer, cand ae EA : ty pO teved 8
Bales, wecretacy ot the enee attr os ia} mo éesr id

councll hare returned: trax EhetE | hot ait <3 ree
tripe Ransds end Colorado to: 77) ; :

twestig ater: Te siephoda, : {AR TROSE:) f 5

s BALES +: . nis TRURSOAR S. An ae

OA patriofic prog: 1 wil be iver |
Sundey evening o-by! fe cbraky
Christian’ Pideavars soe eK COL Thee;
Pnivereity Chpreb 6), Christy Tae, .
prokra thy Snclunes: AB PERO son hs

‘wae

the iperade | Sreiia: Héding. Vielit sdlnn by Tiare + ‘A
f ALSOHSEL Say And fern a be, the hos aie tters | ay
r hiwin view ef 7 ttoop ‘guartes, x, Fe darks hee wets Cho nok ReReed
ip hatracks Rod bor ir fetve we tae! oot Ot exter et ‘ :
Peron achne uf ihe, aaaauit: ie OE Purkit, state secretary ; rhe
i Phe Cecer aren ee Leth 2 of the Yu Mice a wn gu te Qeosr toh. ct
shy HLT R a Leweie: 9h. ;Rapida Soadav to-speak vat Re iax-3
1 Beets cul | PeOuE war re. thrown ing of : e ootoes stove vf the mew ie
ee barring: thie: eunioiment. th Alt) assbelahon. hating therks oooh op raed chalks
Lfertobity Rae yers. ct So ioK AC Rennedy. Y. MC. AS secres 2 few thys..
f ci Bharti it Sohn erst toa de RODATIO | es yy at civ Teepnecd front ony front, retest ve prove oe
fiongent ie Public Satety Tea Wool- Tepeaks wh Boote, aise Bort’ Dades t Sat gh ih $e
-kar, Actnioet Pokise fe SACK BOR. today de dhe it~ al el ea { weak! f thas tase week oF Bape A
> nee AgrRentet ABS aia ENE pice fobs oversnss “Kor ty + DFeanter Peet Se tl ree Rar ves? ee MA RSHE
} erie welt vty Ris ak. pict he: Des Moines Miatsterial- asec! wal) HF aise Sow. age. ares i;
‘ Bithat er ae i Gh wih ectatabe Vi Mit. &, Peas & Aeeoie RES ALY
Pr dy eGav wi tines set Fhe: ge ee Poaaat ost MLE to ‘ghey? sotticers. yan hastory Gf ihe state
[Hon freint be Meperton Cth MARS oper wear tae the prospect) Ter aw igadtia
Bien pee Phateban’ 1. Sia a deere Pa Miss Sara. Kirk ot Deever, Fors 2") fn aoe TOME MeRiEs hs we; “ag :
Party Views Sceattoht- meris of! Dee Moines asi be. tet ip) a isi ag a tunedavrer ate bey teed ‘ie zh
| Pig eres Bek gra Cl Le ee eh rme cad WER POT. wet Vives > tks So oF teh BALD i EL TEC ys vor the Re xt txor }
Le saat b Saran bh he MS Prange b3 410% AO Sunday sktecmady pete sow} wer 28, en Pfeil aights
TSS i sats ut i 1 et ‘7 4 #8 Heke 3 Patetds fay) th
t Conti és) Wt) aw Foarth: of dats | Pembers sid; Bog yi i: “the | f Row sho > WR Dees. sever ding to) o4
{party at ane cla cj { peerpedters” AO: ‘ay a ge eh dete lss EMT Reed. chief of ihe buds Wee uth et
fo The ecattoly. was (noplain view, +&. 8 Boutth of a5 3 ares ‘ ra | Gr 2 Care stMEH pater #0; torch }
bihildren poked thete’ tn others what. dark: Tharasdsy, “Over SAU wele Las yh) neve. i
jeimeant MI news: but mene | PIES went and en JOYE Bw DTORTAT OF) - The prospect for het pext thi
wouidisa ts: * SUITS Ber. 68 BAG oe OR este, PREM houty. ts tale apne Wwarinas
The eurioge ot edth cfhr med pt | WAS PROT NEG: by. ; mt) ates battalnt fl et Veena. Lite grat a Fa

nrititary -peiute) Seadquurterce. ai¢-

way th fie Part onintut promptly. “at

Sp clock,

a Ambalepeee : ; were: pitesed Lith
Tha the tists an it Hvitary Koard,
ied 1Hiiwed ambivtanne Me 43,

te ton veved. The, dositial prt ORCS.

ty FheS
Newapap*inien follewad ta the

third... Officers followed » ©:
He Viet. wie thireree ens in’ the
PO Tah Be

eng ee Rite. fa

NEW. ALTITUDE REGORD

GREAT LAKERS Bi Jake bell
Edeai, Dineaw~ Fo Porhes ef the

aviation cerpa-at the watal traintng
station bere réached ah wititude sf
LE 286. foet with: alt vat the ae
thse’ s

be wReay,

Dis cays
ei ef) itn

WANT eye MEN iN RUSSIA

Se Enehit men Who PSOE fay work
bverkeas eat VOM Qe As secretaries
may have a eliapce to €6 ta Ree

stating that thirty picked inen wilt

Tissday Bob “With (bare. how S01 NER
Monthly: mMeeing. "408 da ttetdlog Kee i
the Harry Rmers teargotas The?) ae SaHINUTON, ee tule gc} TO SAV
Apeakers will te Major $7 FL Polka Pieridene  Wilsew hat @lgned. whe
Hand Late Yours. fe Reports of t thangs. title Celar sundry appre sii
COMPRES wilt be Bier, PPP! Sti PUL far Bovera ROE BE
4 i hévs  decte tia ory ait Row
The mational danke of the! Pitre ne she dehy, ene whe Plait g x seh ay
‘American -Os:eopachié asnee) aia | io vi wt Silt “Aine gs nit tera PE eS,
WHT ROt core 1b EN Moines Beets g | vie? Shee ra gone nt bee ‘
LHi?, but wiil xb ts Jeaireaie ii are feud yi harGir 8 | Permahedt ob
Z U * * og Ab AR OY IE: OA Ay Pkenks ‘at th nay Be ESTER tk per
fit : Deans, Riley: PRanced te U St Cae neh: Welch Leet
je 2 OC ARLBON, : Py eethad ot azicht for the was,
Goode Larter i ati bic homé pee wey ;

eta. OW. ‘Paraoty “tn oharte ott:
the beer uiting has. fecelved-< a meg,
8age Legit hicagd headquarters

he sent’ from ihe United Blaten te
do commun{ty sefvine IA Russia”: |

: carpe : PMissnaud penetht ed. by

por Phere, wilt Se no cee ae. mest. + Gay's ale HEA NE cenier aS $

dery mideriis ar the Ban ber otf iuirgughoat: sie hs he tntire “niié "Ey
>

ye

Commared today. . War Saving jar) di¢ meet hes

Puy rniog have.s@ pGmpletely, Cegupies | +t

the cae Af the busines’. whet “Gah. &

wae Bot TRougb). ad vieanty thet f Ge
be m > +}

BASE the vegiiar wertiex totar ' SIGNED his

The women's teunneil of defen e~

are aes ‘ek

BIG t APPROPRIATION
“MEASERE oy

“AMERIC AN AVIATO RS

BOW Ne2

fin shiy Want Pkitie
arene, Wevlgeniny.

beeetahit, Mark?

. sneral 6Orw >

> 2 a
el ee ) BUN PLANES
t * ;
oe ee ecotbakell | t
LES AD AY HOWRITH. 4 Ww ret THE AMEPICAN FORLRMS j. | aed et Fe
tene Tay Héwnith, 8 years aid] ON THY MARNE PRANT, July Kat a
dad thin marniag al the Rohe ‘ofl: The Atirritas aviators co thie |i Comm:
*, Mro Otrtatinn How-f foal are yapotied Usia morging tot Pa ce
Wr) Raat FHttteqnth dMreet. | hive Brows bh soon. tere Gera | et labs
‘Al dervices will be held j alrpianen atiames on +

De eee
3.

Xo ge stad 9

A Rape of Justice

didn’t say who the others were. Washington told Gibson that it would
not be him. He said that he would be the one. We left Washington and
the lady and went over to the jeep. The officer was at the jeep with the
other lady. The Sergeant was gone. Then Horn told me about the
Sergeant being gone and Horn went over to tell Washington about the
Sergeant being gone. I felt in my pocket to give the officer the key, but
there was a hole in my pocket and I had lost the key. He asked us if
anyone knew how to start a jeep without a key. No one knew how to do
it, and we four left; myself, Horn, Gibson, and Greene. We went back to
the company. We took our clothes off and put them in a stream before
we went back to camp. We was going up the road and someone was
coming, so we went through the swamps. Our clothes got-all muddy,
that’s why we took them off. Gibson told me the next day that he had
had intercourse with the girl. I heard them all say that they had had
intercourse with the thin girl. I didn’t have intercourse with her. The
Lieutenant did not give us any orders to leave at any time.

What White and Brown said they did started a series of events
that ended in the hanging of six black soldiers. The investigation and
the court-martial that followed brought out a slightly different ac-
count.

At about 6:45 p.m. on March 15, 1944, First Lieutenant Thomas
G. Havers and Sergeant James F. Flanagan drove to the 124th Station
Hospital, APO 928 (Milne Bay, New Guinea) where they met Second
Lieutenant Ruth R. Irvine and Second Lieutenant Marie Weaver, both
of the Army Nurse Corps. Weaver was escorted by Havers and Irvine
by Flanagan. Havers drove the party to an area known to Flanagan,
later driving to a spot on the bay shore where he parked the jeep at an
angle between two trees. They got out of the jeep and sat on blankets
in the vicinity. It began to rain, and they returned to the jeep. The rain
stopped, and again they got out of the jeep. Weaver and Havers sat on
a blanket in front of the jeep. Flanagan and Irvine sat on a blanket in
the rear of the jeep.

At about 10:15 p.m. five black soldiers approached. Havers
walked toward the men. Private Brown was in front. Havers said to
the men, “Move along.” Privates Brown, Washington, Gibson, Horn,
and Greene were identified as the five men who were in the group.
Upon being ordered to leave, Brown wanted to know if Havers had
any more business down there than he did. After passing foul re-
marks the men returned to the road.

As the men approached, Flanagan placed a blanket on Irvine's
shoulders, saying it looked as if there would be trouble, and telling
her to move back to a swampy, brushy area. She went to a concealed

eRe as 3 z aap ters 2: 2 RR RS
as St thas fas set STS

The Rape at Milne Bay 5

spot in the bushes, lay down and remained for some time. Flanagan
told her to make no outcry, and he took up a position by the road,
listening to the men talking to Havers.

After the black soldiers left, the nurses and their escorts returned
to the jeep. Havers said, “We're getting out of here fast.” They climbed
into the jeep. Havers turned the jeep around and started forward. At
that moment the five men returned and told him to stop. “Raven”
(Private Brown) reached in, switched off the motor and lights and
asked if there were any weapons in the car. Havers ordered the black
men to get out of thé way. One of them said, “You ain't goin’ no-
where.” Another added, “We want box.”

On being told that the nurses were to be at the hospital by 10:30
p-m., Private Brown said, “You got some whiskey?” Havers replied
that he did not have any. Brown said he knew damn well Havers had
some whiskey. During this conversation the black soldiers were mill-
ing around the jeep. One insinuated that the party was there for
immoral purposes, and if Flanagan and Havers could do it, so could
they. Havers said, “No, these girls aren’t that type of girls.” Havers
told the men to get out and leave the girls alone. One of the men tried
to maul the girls. Havers told him a couple of times to shove off. One
man tried to place his hand on the leg of one of the girls; another tried
to grab the breast of the other.

Brown picked up a club and shouted, “Get that mother fucker out
of there.” Brandishing the club, he grabbed Havers by the hand and
tried to pull him out of the jeep. Havers told him to put down the
club. Brown waved the club threateningly and told them to get out of
the jeep.

On the threat of death to those in the jeep, Gibson forced himself
into the seat beside Weaver and put his hands on the nurse. Havers
tried to push him away, telling him to get out and leave them alone.
Brown told Havers not to do anything. One of the black men said,
“One more false move, and it will be too bad for you.” Havers told
Washington to get the man out of there. Washington pulled Gibson
Out of the jeep. Washington said, “You know what we want. We want
the girls.” One of the black men grabbed Havers by the collar, turned
him around, looked at his bars, and tried to pull him out of the jeep.
Havers argued with him and added, “Let's get out of here.”

After the threats had been made, Flanagan talked to two of the
black men and suggested that they get into the jeep with the nurses
and their escorts. :

At this point a two-and-a-half-ton truck with personnel from the

lack men’s company came in the direction of the party, stopped,


ne Rana, ei tain reenact

6 A Rape of Justice

turned to the left and backed out. Some time later a three-quarter-ton
truck came down and did the same thing. Then the five black men
crowded around the jeep and one of them said, “Don’t make a move.
Make a move and it will be your last one.” Attempting to gain time,
Havers asked the men to go away from the jeep until he and the
members of his party could talk it over. One of the intruders replied,
“You'd better talk fast, because you don’t have much time.” The black
men moved away about fifteen feet but returned almost immediately.

They were told to go back again, because the party in the car needed
“more time to talk over the situation.

During the time the black men were out of earshot, Flanagan told _ |

the girls and Havers that the five men wanted to play around with the
girls and that it would be up to the girls. They were all going to be
killed unless the girls gave in. If the girls wanted to get out of the car,
Flanagan wouldn’t stop them, and such action would mean saving
their lives. The two nurses would not consent to this proposition,
stating that they wouldn’t allow the black men to touch them in any
way.

The black soldiers were becoming increasingly worked up and
were milling around the jeep. One or two of them had clubs. Wash-
ington said, “You had enough time to talk. You are going to do it the
hard way or the easy way.” He came to the jeep, told Havers and
Flanagan to get out and stand on the left-hand side of the jeep. Brown
grabbed Weaver and took her toward the bay. Weaver was scared but
resisted, and succeeded in freeing herself, but Brown grabbed her
again, started toward the beach and threw her on the ground. Weaver
kept resisting him. He swung a club and said, “I will kill you.” Weaver
called Havers for help. Brown warned, “If you call for him again, I'll
kill you both.” Weaver heard one of the black soldiers tell Havers, “If
you take another step toward her, it will be the last one you take.”
Brown threw Weaver on the ground, removed her slacks and at-
tempted to remove her underclothes. She fought him off and told him
she was menstruating.

Havers grabbed Washington by the arm and told him to get
Brown to leave Weaver alone. Washington went toward Weaver,
struck a light, stooped over, looked at Weaver and said, “Let her
alone, she’s menstruating.” Brown left and Weaver got up, put on her
slacks and returned to the jeep.

Brown went to Irvine. Gibson pulled Irvine by her arm from the
tight side of the jeep, and another black soldier pulled her from the
left. They engaged in an argument as to which one would have her.
The one on the left pulled her out of the jeep about ten or twenty feet.

The Rape at Milne Bay f

s carrying a raincoat which he placed on the ground. Irvine
preeneen ro get away from him, but he pulled her to the ground and
ushed on her left shoulder to put her on her back. The nurse resisted
him, but he succeeded in taking her trousers and underclothes off her
left leg. He lay on top of her and penetrated her completely. Next, a
smaller one of the black men got on top of Irvine. She was able to pull
away from him to some extent, although he tried to pin her down. He
penetrated her slightly. Washington (“Chief ) asked Irvine if sa
were hurting her, and she answered, “Yes.” “Chief” then got on top :
her. She continued to resist. One man held her by the shoulder an
two by the legs until she couldn’t resist further; Chief penetrated
her completely. Then Irvine got up and put on her clothing. .

When Weaver returned to the jeep, she saw three black soldiers
down on the ground with Irvine. She and Havers started toward
Irvine when one of the two black soldiers who was near the jeep said,
“Stand back or I'll hit you.” During the time the two nurses were
being dragged from the car to the places where an attempt was made
to rape Weaver and where Irvine was raped, they were struggling to
get away from the black soldiers and crying out for help.

When two of the black soldiers took the nurses toward the beach,
three remained with Havers and Flanagan. One of them had a club.
Flanagan made a dash for the road, and two of the black men ran after
him but returned without him. Flanagan fell and was unconscious.
When he regained consciousness, he heard cries and screams and
started through the swamp to the Quartermaster laundry to get help.
He became lost but finally reached a road where a truck was unload-
ing. He asked the driver to take him to the military police. He was
taken to a lieutenant at the docks.

After Washington penetrated Irvine, the five black men left and
scattered. Weaver and Havers brought Irvine back to the jeep. She was
dazed and stunned and didn’t talk. Havers put them in the jeep with
Irvine in the center and Weaver on the outside. Havers attempted to
Start the jeep but discovered the keys were missing. He tried to start
the c i nife.

While this was going on two black soldiers, Privates White and
Dupont, came from the direction of the swamp. One was a heavy
man, the other of slight build. White said he had been standing guard
©n the road. Havers told the men that the girls had gone through hell
and that he had to get them to a doctor. White replied, “I don’t care.

He added that he wanted some of the “stuff” the other five men had
had. He grabbed Irvine by the arm, fondled and kissed her, and
‘wisted her arm, attempting to pull her out of the car. Havers told him

6 A Rape of Justice

to leave her alone. White ran around to the other side of the jeep and
said, “What the hell are you arguing for, I only want to fuck her once.”

White grabbed Weaver. She appealed to Dupont for help. Dupont
told White to leave her alone. White told him to keep out of it. White
pulled Weaver out of the jeep. Dupont tried to catch White's arm, but
the latter struck him. Dupont pulled away. White attempted to re-
move Weaver's slacks and underclothes. She was resisting and fight-
ing. White pulled out his penis. She continued to resist. White then
attempted to pull a knife on her, saying, “God damn you, I’ve got a
knife here.” Havers told Dupont to go down there and make him

__ leave her alone. Dupont said to White, “Let's get out of here.” Havers

went around the jeep and hollered at White. White pulled a knife and
chased Havers toward the front of the jeep.

Then White went to Irvine, and with the knife in his hand held
against her, picked her up and carried her toward the beach. She
screamed and Havers told him go put the knife down and told
Dupont to make White put the knife away. Havers walked toward
White who hollered something at Havers which sounded like “get
back there.” Dupont went toward White but came back. White, hold-
ing the knife in his right hand, pushed Irvine up against a tree at the
edge of the shore, pinned her against the tree so she couldn’t get
loose, took off her slacks and underclothes, and penetrated her fully.

After White left, Irvine put on her clothes and returned to the
jeep. She was stunned and dazed, and acted as if she didn’t know
what had happened. Havers searched for the key but couldn’t find it.
White and Dupont left. Havers took the nurses out of the jeep and ran
to a dock under construction about three hundred yards away. The
lieutenant in charge of the work detail took Havers and the two
nurses to the 124th Station Hospital where Irvine was given medical
attention.

The next morning, March 16, 1944, a gynecologist, Major
Leonard P. Heath, assisted by the Chief Nurse of the 124th Station
Hospital, examined Irvine. A vaginal abdominal examination revealed
no external or internal evidence of injury. There was a clear tenacious
fluid in the vaginal vault. Smears were taken and were given to the
pathologist, Captain Howard S. Root, who made a microscopic exam-
ination of the smears. The examination showed epithelial cells, a type
common to the vaginal mucosa, and numerous sperm cells, but no
evidence of inflammatory exudate.

Irvine was under treatment and sedation at the hospital. At the
time of the assault she weighed 118 pounds, but three weeks later, at
the time of the trial she weighed only 109 pounds. Havers testified

The Rape at Milne Bay 9

that he weighed only 135 pounds and that his mind was upset by fear

of the threat of death which he had every reason to believe the black

soldiers would not have hesitated in carrying out.
Who were the people involved in this gruesome drama? The six

men were:

Private Lloyd L. White, Jr., 20, inducted at Baltimore, Maryland
on April 22, 1943. Allotments to dependents: Class “F,” $22.00 per

month.

Private Arthur T. Brown, 19; inducted at Greensboro, North
Carolina on December 15, 1942. Allotments to dependents: Class

“E,” $30.00 per month.

Private Andrew Gibson, 21, inducted at Altoona, Pennsylvania
on April 21, 1943. Allotments to dependents: Class “B,” $6.25 per
month; Class “E,” $25.00 per month.

Private Leroy E. Green, 22, inducted at Savannah, Georgia on
November 2, 1942. Allotments to dependents: Class “F,” $22.00
per month.

Private Charles A. Horn, 20, inducted at Harrisburg, Pennsyl-
vania on April 19, 1943. Allotments to dependents: Class “F,

$22.00 per month.

Private Eugene A. Washington, Jr., 20, inducted at Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania on April 19, 1943. Allotments to dependents: None.

Two had minor previous convictions. Horn received a summary
court-martial for “Absenting himself without proper leave from about
1800, 6 August 1943, to 1930, 6 August 1943. Sentence: To forfeit
$15.00 of his pay and restricted to Company Area for 15 days.
Washington received a summary court-martial for “Neglect to take
Atabrine (drug used as agent against malaria). Sentence: To forfeit
$10.00 of his pay.”
Military police were alerted. Captain James E. Stukes, Assistant
Provost Marshal, came with another officer to the 808th Quarter-
master Amphibian Truck Company on the morning after the incident.
He talked to its commanding officer, First Lieutenant Atha A. Knight,
and said that the officer with him had the names of some men who
might have been involved in the incident. Captain Stukes asked for
the company roster. Approximately 15 men were interviewed. The
officer who came with Captain Stukes could not identify any of the

10 A Rape of Justice

men. Each gave a good account of where he had been that night.
Finally, Lieutenant Knight suggested holding a company formation at
which time they would bring the nurses and the officer to pick some
of them out. That afternoon they picked eight suspects. After follow-
ing up a few rumors, Knight submitted other names to the provost
marshal’s office. Finally, Knight picked out nine men who were then
sent to the stockade. He visited all of them and told each that he
wanted to see the guilty men brought to trial and the innocent men
returned to the company.

Two of the black men in confinement who were not involved in
the rape but who had knowledge of the incident were interviewed by
Captain Stukes. After their statements were obtained, the two men
were released from confinement. Then Dupont, who was with White
at the scene, made a statement.

The six men were tried by a general courts-martial on May 11,
1944.1 The court consisted of seven U.S. Army officers and was
headed by lieutenant colonel in the Dental Corps.? The law officer,
who was not a member of the court, was a major in the Quartermaster
Corps. It is not known whether the law officer was a member of the
bar of a federal court or of a state supreme court, certified to be
qualified for such duty by the Judge Advocate General of the U.S.
Army. The U.S. Army Courts-Martial Manual in force at the time of
the incident provides that “The authority appointing a general court-
martial shall detail as one of the members thereof a law member who
shall be an officer of the Judge Advocate General’s Department, except
that when an officer of that department is not available for the pur-
pose the appointing authority shall detail instead an officer of some
other branch of the service selected by the appointing authority as
specially qualified to perform the duties of law member.”

Two captains of the Quartermaster Corps defended the six black
soldiers. They advised the soldiers not to say anything in their own
behalf. Two first lieutenants of the Judge Advocate General’s depart-
ment of the U.S. Army were prosecutors.

The trial started May 11, 1944 and lasted three days. On May 13,
the court found all six men guilty and sentenced each man “to be
hanged by the neck until he is dead.”

_The Commanding General of Intermediate Section (New
Guinea), Brigadier General Clarence L. Sturdevant, approved the
general court-martial decision and forwarded his recommendations to
the Branch Office of the Judge Advocate General of the Army Service

Forces, Melbourne, Australia. On August 15, 1944 the Board of Re-
view reported as follows:

The Rape at Milne Bay 11

It is the opinion of the Board of Review that the evidence fully supports
the approved findings of guilty as to each accused. There are no extenu-
ating circumstances. A crime of a most diabolical nature was planned
and executed with cool deliberation upon two nurses in the service of
their government. Such protection as was attempted to be afforded and
resistance they offered was nullified by threats of death and the display
of dangerous weapons. The court imposed the extreme penalty and the
sentences were approved and confirmed. The trial discloses no irreg-
ularities injuriously affecting the substantial rights of the accused. The
findings and sentences were concurred in by all members of the court

resent at the time the votes were taken. The sentence of death is
authorized, by. Articles of War 66, 92, and 64, respectively, upon convic-
tion of mutiny, rape, and lifting up a weapon against a superior officer.
For the reasons above stated the Board of Review holds the record of
trial legally sufficient to support the approved findings as to each
accused, and the sentences.

Elbert M. Barron, Colonel, J.A.G.D., Judge Advocate
John A. Stagg, Colonel, J.A.G.D., Judge Advocate
James B. Murphy, Lieutenant Colonel, J.A.G.D., Judge Advocate

The recommendations of the Branch Office of the Judge Advocate
General at Melbourne were sent to General Douglas MacArthur,
Commander-in-Chief of the Southwest Pacific Area. General Mac-
Arthur as a Theater Commander in World War II was given authority
to execute death sentences, an authority normally limited to the
President of the United States. General MacArthur ordered the execu-
tion of the six black soldiers.

After MacArthur's approval the men were removed from Milne
Bay to Oro Bay, a distance of about 175 miles by air. At Oro Bay they
were confined at the New Guinea Detention and Rehabilitation Cen-
ter.

On October 1, 1944, the day before the hangings, the black
soldiers wrote letters to their relatives and friends. These are re-
produced in Chapter 12. On the day of the hangings, October 2, a
number of near misses occurred. Statements made by some of the
black men when they were on the gallows are included in Chapter 13.

_ What other information do we have about these six men? Exten-
Sive efforts were made by this author to obtain information about
them, including contact with the Department of Defense, in hope of
finding names of the next of kin and their addresses at that time. Such
information would have been a starting point in tracing the families
and obtaining information about the men beyond what was available
in the official records. The Department of Defense made a referral to


AFTER THE

BATTLE

THE US PRISON AT SHEPTON MALLET

On April 14, 1942 the President of the President. Colonel

Lawrence

H. Hedrick arrived in the UK in January 1942. coming

United States, in a letter to the US Secretary
of War. directed that the Judge Advocate
General establish a branch with the United
States Armed Forces in the United King-
dom. The office was to include a Board of
Review to perform in al] cases involving

(promoted to Brigadier General prior to his
arrival in the European Theater) was desig-
nated the Assistant Judge Advocate General
in command, and the Branch Office was
formally opened at Charlton House. Chel-
tenham, on July 1&8. The total officer person-

ashore at Belfast in Northern Ireland (see
After the Battle No. 34). Thereafter there was
a continuous trans-oceanic movement of
personnel and equipment from the United
States. and the United Kingdom became a
semi-permanent base of operations. As it

sentences by General Courts-Martial not nel was seven.

requiring approval or confirmation by the

Charlton House, Cheltenham. From July 1942 to October 1944
(when it moved to Paris) this was the headquarters of the
American military justice system in Europe — officially designa-
ted BOTJAG — the Branch Office of The Judge Advocate
General. At its head was an Assistant JAG, Brigadier General
Lawrence H. Hedrick, succeeded on June 20, 1943 by Brigadier
General Edwin C. McNeil. Left: The General's office, where the
files of the cases of all those accused of capital crimes in the UK
were examined and from where the findings of the JAG Board

28

The first American military forces had

was realised that American troops would
occupy a unique position with regard to the

) 4
~ ho y

_

ort
a

of Review were dispatched under his signature to the Comman-
ding General of the European Theater for approval, is to the
right of the entrance on the ground floor. Aight: Today this is
the corporate headquarters of the holding company of the
world-wide energy conservation group, Spirax-Sarco Ltd, its
chairman occupying the same office as Hedrick and McNeil.
Part of the group is American, operating from Allentown
Pennsylvania, hence the US flag — a rather appropriate symbol
in view of wartime use of the building.

ei 8

111114 ede Vi

a ne emcees

Shepton Mallet is Britain’s oldest-serving prison, having been
built in 1625-27 at a cost of £300. When the prison population
declined after the First World War the prison was closed but
kept in good repair for possible future use. With the outbreak of
hostilities the military authorities had the need for additional
glasshouses and the buildings were transferred to the Army in
October 1939. It was soon filled to capacity, some 300 prisoners
occupying the 162 cells, and overflow facilities had to be
provided from Nissan huts built within the walls. Discipline was
harsh and drill and PT was carried out in the enclosed exercise
yard above. When the Americans arrived in Europe their first

inhabitants. an amicable international under-
standing was necessary to define this special
relationship. As a result of negotiations
between the American Ambassador, the
Honourable John G. Winant, and the Rt
Hon Anthony Eden, Parliament enacted the
United States of America (Visiting Forces)
Act of 1942 which became effective on
August 8. Amongst its provisions was the
pre-eminent clause which stated that ‘no
criminal proceedings shall be prosecuted in
the United Kingdom before any court of the
United Kingdom against a member of the
military or naval forces of the United States
of America’ (subject to certain exceptions).
The Act also provided for a method of
administrative proof that a given individual
was ‘subject to the military and naval law’ of
the United States, and foreign employees of
the American forces were only subject to
these provisions if they entered into that
employment outside the United Kingdom.
Disparity arose with British civil and criminal
law over certain crimes such as rape, which
could carry the death sentence under US
military law but which had not been a capital
‘offence in England and Wales since 1861.
Parallel to the legal formalities was the
practical necessity of providing a secure
means of detention for American military
prisoners although European Military Thea-
ter HQ laid down that the principle of
confinement as a punishment should not be
resorted to for other than capital offences
until all other methods of making a discipli-
ned soldier had failed. Soldiers were to be
advised that action which led to imprison-
ment was a contribution to the enemy cause
since it immobilised him as an effective
fighting force and also tied up personnel to
guard and feed him. The ultimate intention
was to restore to duty a self-respecting,
better trained soldier as soon as these objec-
tives had been obtained. Those prisoners not

a
H
Mati

REARS

Ae

a ad
ee

BEERORE stam

military offenders were held in Holywood in Northern Ireland
but in mid-1942 an American advance party of an officer and
two enlisted men arrived to begin the American take-over of
the prison. Over the next three weeks all the British prisoners
were transferred elsewhere and a period of three months was
then spent in getting everything ready for the new inmates. Bill
Pyle was the British civilian works foreman in charge who
continued in his réle throughout the war. He finally retired in
1969 — we went back to the prison with him in 1978, when he
was aged 76, and photographed him outside the main entrance
(opposite top).

American military offenders were designated either Garrison Prisoners, where the
sentence did not warrant dismissal or discharge, or General Prisoners. Each type was
classified into ‘A’ for minor offences of a purely military character; ‘B’ for serious civil
or military crimes but only those which would not ordinarily be punished by
imprisonment in a penitentiary, and ‘C’ for those serious crimes which involved ‘moral
turpitude’. Class A prisoners wore the ordinary uniform of a private but without any
decorations; Class B had a six-inch white letter “P’ on their backs and Class C the
same, except that the letter was black. General Prisoners were also graded according
to conduct known respectively as first, second and third grades. Some 300 American
prisoners arrived at the Shepton Mallet railway station in Charlton Road in the
autumn of 1942 and were marched under armed guard to the rear entrance of the
prison in Frithfield Lane. Above: This gate was walled up in the 1970s and a new
entrance cut beside it on the corner. (The original gate can be seen on the aerial

photograph on page 41.)

When the first prisoners arrived a welcoming meal was ready waiting on trestle
tables. Today the eating facilities have been upgraded to those of a canteen standard;

otherwise the interior is largely unchanged.

considered suitable for rehabilitation were
returned to the United States for completion
of sentence.

Disciplinary Training Centers were estab-
lished, renamed Base (Section) Guard
Houses in 1944, under the supervision of the
Theater Provost Marshal.

The Northern Ireland Disciplinary Bar-
racks was activated on August 21. 1942 at
Holywood, County Down, its first com-
mandant being Captain Donald L. DeMuth,
formerly the CO of the 234th Military Police
Company, and redesignated Disciplinary
Training Center No. | in October. However,
once the Judge Advocate was operational in
Cheltenham a Disciplinary Training Center
on the mainland was essential. Fifty miles to
the south, on the edge of the Mendip Hills,
the British military authorities had the use of
the former civil prison at Shepton Mallet,
which had been loaned to them by the Home
Office in October 1939, and it was taken over
by Major DeMuth as the new location of
Disciplinary Training Center No. 1. From

We were exceptionally granted permis-
sion by the Home Office to visit and take
photographs in the prison, our request
helped because it now contains Category
C low-security classification prisoners
serving medium-term sentences (not to
be confused with the American military
grades). Apart from Bill Pyle your Editor's
other guide was Stan Dyer who was a
guard at Shepton when it reverted to the
jurisdiction of the British Army after the
war. If | look rather nervous it is because
a) this was my first time ‘inside’ and b)
we are in the prison’s so-called haunted
cell. Then, after chatting with the Gov-
ernor, George lies, he assured me that |
was the type who would be broken by a
prison regime. After that | really enjoyed
my visit!

30

June 14, 1943 its commander was Lieutenant
Colonel James C. Cullens, its title being
changed on September 23 to Disciplinary
Training Center No. 2912.

Acting on the instructions of the Judge
Advocate General (JAG). facilities were
provided to segregate those prisoners con-
victed of ‘murder, manslaughter. arson. rob-
bery. rape, sodomy. mayhem (American
terminology for wounding) or larceny of
property of more than $50 in value” from
other general prisoners.

Most Judge Advocates believed that the
death sentence was of dubious value as a
deterrent, but that it was justified as a means
of eliminating from society the worst class of
offenders. Up to October 31, 1945. 443 death
sentences had been issued in the whole of the
European Theater of Operations. 34 per cent
for rape (151 cases): 30 per cent for murder
or murder and rape (100 cases): 19 per cent
for desertion (130 cases). the remainder for a
miscellany of offences such as misbehaviour
before the enemy (24 cases), assaulting or
disobeying an officer (24 cases). and one
mutiny. Offenders were split 55 per cent
white and 45 per cent coloured. Of these 443
sentences only 108 were confirmed but sent
to the Board of Review for review, which
approved 104. Subsequently 70 of these men
were executed.

Two main patterns generally characterised
the rapes that occurred in the United King-
dom in the pre-invasion period. The first was
of the less violent type. In a typical case the
soldier and the girl were acquainted and
spent a portion of their time at a pub
drinking. Afterwards the girl permitted some
personal liberties but the soldier, encouraged
by her conduct, forced her to have sexual
intercourse with him. Such cases did not
always attract a sentence of death.

The second pattern was where the victim
was subjected to severe violence throughout
the entire transaction. There was no pre-
tence or claim in defence that the girl
consented. and no effort at seduction. The
woman was simply attacked and raped, and
invariably the guilty men paid the supreme
penalty.

In the United Kingdom the death sentence
was carried out on 19 American servicemen
convicted of crimes committed during the
war: 8 for rape and 11 for murder.


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SUBJECT: MURDER BY PVT. a
CASE No: 267 ee Cc’
DATE: 27, DEC., 1942. ,
TIME: 1130 Wours.
PLACE. DESBOROUGH,
ORIGINAL SKETCH BY J.E.O'NEIL AGENT
DIAGRAM By: ae Lee. FORCE HG.”
PATE, 23 PEC 94d scale: 1°12 Ertan V
mY

PRIVATE DAVID COBB

Private Cobb, a 21-year-old coloured sol-
dier from Dothan, Alabama, was serving
with the 827th Engineer Battalion (Aviation)
at the ordnance depot at Desborough,
Northamptonshire. On the morning of
December 27, 1942 Cobb was on guard duty
outside the guardhouse at the entrance to the
depot leading off Braybrook Road. At 11.30
a.m. 2nd Lieutenant Robert J. Cobner came
to the guardhouse whereupon Cobb
announced that he was not going to stand on
his post any longer because he had been on
duty for four hours. Lieutenant Cobner
reprimanded Cobb for carrying his rifle
across his shoulder in an improper manner
and told him to stand to attention while
addressing an officer. Cobb’s reply was that
as he was confined to barracks for an earlier
offence he did not care, at which stage
Lieutenant Cobner called the Sergeant of the
Guard, Corporal Mason, to arrest him. As
Mason approached, Cobb brought his rifle
down to his waist and said that he would not
give his gun to anyone until he was properly

Bows 2
A : i¢
16 im wei

wa Ss

relieved. When Corporal Mason failed to
take the rifle. Lieutenant Cobner stepped
forward. Cobb shot him through the heart.

At his General Court-Martial held in
Cambridge on January 6, 1943, Cobb
claimed in his defence that he did not know
that Lieutenant Cobner was the Officer of
the Day and that he had been taught that the
proper way to relieve a guard was for the
Sergeant to bring a relief. The Court proved
that Cobb did know the dead man and held
that he was guilty of murder. The Board of
Review which examined the case on Febru-
ary 19 held that there were no mitigating
circumstances and that ‘to commute the
judgement of the court in this case
would seriously jeopardise discipline’.

On March 12, 1943 Private Cobb became
the first GI to enter the execution chamber at
Shepton Mallet. Although US forces were
allowed to retain most of the traditional
formalities of an American execution, the
actual method had to conform to British
practice. The American style noose with its
hangman’s knot was not permitted, neither

was the standard five foot drop. The British
gallows was designed to impart  instant-
aneous death by breaking the victim’s neck,
the length of the drop being finely calculated
according to the physical characteristics of
the condemned man.

Albert Pierrepoint, the official Home
Office executioner brought in to carry out
the sentence, described what happened:

‘The timing of the execution was
American-style. It was generally carried out
at about one oclock in the morning.
Another custom which was strange to me
was the practice of laying on a mighty feast
before the execution. We were eating badly
in this country at that time, but at an
American execution you could be sure of the
best running buffet and unlimited canned
beer. The part of the routine which I found it
hardest to acclimatise myself to was the. to
me, sickening interval between my intro-
duction to the prisoner and his death. Under
British custom I was working to the sort of
timing where the drop fell between eight and
twenty seconds after I had entered the

Lieutenant Robert Cobner, murdered in cold-blood here at Desborough alongside the
road to Arthingworth (note wrong spelling on the scene-of-crime plan), now at rest in
the US military cemetery at Cambridge (Plot D, Row 3, Grave 50). Only the steps to the
guardroom remain today but they appear to have been turned round; either that or
the ‘rise’ on the plan has been drawn incorrectly.

PRIVATE ELIGA BRINSON
PRIVATE WILLIE SMITH

By March 1944 the build-up of forces for
the invasion was in full swing. The American
zone of operations was largely in the south-
west of England and it was here at Bishop’s
Cleeve in Gloucestershire that the next
capital crime was committed. Both men were
members of the 4090th Quartermaster Ser-
vice Company in the Services of Supply,
redesignated for Operation Overlord the
Communication Zone of the ETO, and the
pair were put on trial at a General Court-
Martial at Cheltenham on April 28-29, 1944
for raping Dorothy Holmes.

The pattern of the incident was very
similar to that which had taken place the
previous October in Burton-on-Trent. On
the evening of Sunday, March 4, 1944 the
two coloured soldiers followed a local girl
and her American boy friend as they left a
dance. The boy friend in this case was
Private First Class Edward Hefferman, who
was hit in the face with a bottle as he stood
talking with Miss Holmes near the gate at the
end of Brookside Lane shortly after mid-
night. While he ran for help, she was pushed
over the gate, whereupon both men carried
her across a brook and laid her down in an
allotment. They then took it in turns to hold
her down while the other assaulted her.

As snow lay on the ground, Constable
William Hale and Sergeant James Hall of the
255th Military Police Company were able to
trace the entire course of events — the scene
of the struggle marked by a broken mineral
water bottle, footprints going down Peckett’s
Piece Lane to the gate, drag marks down
Brookside Lane, and scuffle marks in the
allotment. Casts were made of the footprints
and peculiarities in the footwear of the two
men pinpointed those concerned.

Both soldiers were found guilty, and
hanged on August 11, 1944.

“s an) - ~ .
by SaSdea
y Be ar er
a eet HP
SMP SCENE OF CRIME
eR em *

_—* a
ee : =

Sergeant James Hall of the US military police retraces the sequence of events in
Brookside Lane on March 4, 1944. Left: Exhibit 2 where the knickers were found and
below Exhibit 12 where the drag marks began.

The Bishop's Cleeve case caused us the greatest problem in pinpointing the scene of
the crime out of all the sixteen crimes we investigated and three visits were necessary
before we were able to take a comparison. The problem we faced can be seen from
comparing the extract from the pre-war Ordnance map be/ow /eft — the actual one
used at the court-martial to establish the route taken by Dorothy Holmes — with its
present day equivalent. Since the war the town has been developed out of all
recognition and on our first two visits no one we spoke to could recall where the
crime had been committed or where Brookside Lane once lay. Only after we obtained
the plan from the United States Army Judiciary were we able to overlay it and find the
spot (top right). The top end of the ‘Lane’ still exists although now just a small path
without a name. The brook which ran along the side has been piped underground but
remarkably the service poles still remain.

¢ gts.
‘ iy) -s
J HGP
df ei


In January 1944 Private Thomas Bell made legal history,
becoming the first man to be executed for rape in Britain for
nearly 100 years. To retrace the story we took our European
Theater ‘aficionado’ Roger Bell to Burton-on-Trent to follow the
route taken by the other Bell on the evening of October 3, 1943.

PRIVATE THOMAS BELL

On October 3, 1943, just before Davis's
court-martial, another rape by an American
soldier took place, this time in Burton-on-
Trent, Staffordshire. Private Bell was on the
strength of the 390th Engineer Regiment and
had taken the R&R convoy from his camp at
Sudbury arriving at Burton during the after-
noon. That evening Bell visited the Star pub
and at closing time approached a group of
young people sitting on a bench in Memorial
Park: 17-year-old Ivy Cranfield, her friend
Dorothy Ford aged 16, with their boy friends
John Blackshaw aged 19 and a British sol-
dier, George Price. When Ivy and John left
to walk down the path to Litchfield Street, a
‘big coloured soldier’, Private Bell, followed.
When they told him to go away he seized her
arm, and produced a razor. Two other
soldiers came up and Bell told them to ‘take
care’ of John Blackshaw. They held the 19-
year-old’s arms while Bell took Ivy down
Abbey Street where he said: ‘Will you give
me sugar?’

Reaching some houses on Fleet Street,
they met a young girl, Margaret Harfield. Ivy
caught hold of her arm and cried: ‘Oh save
me’. Holding her all the time, Bell took Ivy
on into Green Street and over the wall by the

Left: Board of Review: ‘Accused took the girl down Abbey
Street to the rear gates of an inn where he said: “Will you give
me sugar?” When she asked him what he meant he replied:
“Don't try and be funny. Remember | still have the knife in your

back.”’

36

flood gates to the river. There, it was
alleged, the crime took place.

Private Bell was picked out at a police
identity parade by Price and Blackshaw from
over 200 coloured troops but at the General
Court-Martial convened in the town the
following month there was conflicting evid-
ence introduced as to whether Miss Cranfield
had gone willingly with the soldier.
However, the testimony of John Blackshaw
that Ivy had been forcibly taken away was
paramount, and 23-year-old Private Bell
became the first American to die at Shepton
Mallet solely for rape when he entered the
execution chamber on January 31, 1944.

PRIVATE J. C. LEATHERBERRY

The crime for which Private Leatherberry
was hung has since been labelled by crimin-
ologists as the ‘Birch taxi-cab murder’. It
was solved as a result of a remarkable piece
of investigation work by Detective-
Superintendent G. H. Totterdell of the
Essex Police. Before he died in 1976 his
memoirs were published under the title of
Country Copper:

‘At 10 p.m. on Wednesday, December 8,
1943, I received a telephone message from
the police at Clacton-on-Sea to say that a

on helt

,
AE” ame ata

Left: From 9.00-10.30 p.m. he was drinking at The Star,
renamed in 1976. Aight: Memorial Park — the convoy to take
the men back to Sudbury was drawn up some 50 yards away. It
was here that Bell first accosted Ivy Cranfield sitting on a bench
with her boyfriend.

Vauxhall taxi-cab, CPU 602, had been found
abandoned by Police Constable 505 McCor-
mack, in Haynes Green Lane. Laver Mar-
ney, containing a jacket and bloodstained
mackintosh.

‘With Detective Inspector Draper I went
at once to Copford Police Station, where I
conferred with Sergeant Garrett. who had
been to Haynes Green Lane and brought
back the clothes with him.

‘I examined them and found that the
sleeves of the jacket were turned inside out
and looped together as if the garment had
been pulled off the wearer from behind.
There was what appeared to be bloodstains
on the back of the mackintosh near the
collar. Neither of the garments were torn,
and the mackintosh appeared to be new.

‘In the pockets I found a motor driving
licence in the name of Henry Claude Hail-
stone and a taxi-cab driver’s plate No. 842.
From the address we found on the licence,
127 Maldon Road, Colchester. we inter-
viewed Hailstone’s landlady. Mrs Pearce:
and she identified the clothing as her
lodger’s. She said that she had last seen him
at ten minutes past eleven on the night of
December 7, 1943.

‘With Inspector Draper I then set off for

Right: ‘Holding her all the time he took her . . . into Green Street
near some flood gates. Just before they reached a wall she
escaped from him but slipped ... He threatened to kill her and
put her on top of the wall. He then climbed over the wall and
pulled her down.’

iw

*

L
d

Private J. C. (his Christian names do not appear anywhere in
American records) Leatherberry and Private George Fowler
were stationed with the 356th Engineer General Service
Regiment at Birch near Colchester where an airfield was being
constructed for the United States Army Air Forces. On Sunday
evening, December 5, 1943, they decided to go AWOL to
London, not returning until Tuesday evening having spent

Haynes Green Lane to inspect the cab.
Arrived there, I found the windows closed.
and the headlight and rear lights still
switched on. . . . Though the car was on the
wrong side of the road, it appeared to have
stopped naturally. There were no signs of a
struggle on the road or the grass verge. but |
found a sixpence wedged between the offside
running board and the body of the car.

‘But the interior of the cab showed clear
evidence of a struggle having taken place.
Personal papers belonging to Hailstone were
strewn about the floor. The leather uphols-
tery was badly scratched. One piece near the
driver's seat was hanging down, together
with the telephone flex that ran along the
roof to the rear of the car, and a string
parcel-net had been torn down. Hailstone’s
empty wallet. his brown leather gloves, and
another sixpenny piece were on the floor. On
the rear seat there was a clot of blood and on
the inside of the offside window a number of
small blood spots.

‘There seemed to my mind very little
doubt that Hailstone had been attacked from
the rear while on his journey from Colches-
ter and that his assailant had afterwards
driven his cab to where it had been abando-
ned. That the cab had been drawn up on the
right side of the road seemed to indicate that
his passenger could have been an American.

‘A search in the immediate vicinity was

‘ Bo 4 Bi
es ee eer) me

almost all their money. Leatherberry proposed the idea of
taking a cab at Colchester and robbing the driver on the way
back to camp. The unfortunate driver waiting in his Vauxhall
outside the station was Harry Hailstone. Reaching this spot on
the B1022 Fowler asked the driver to stop to relieve himself.
Fowler maintained at his court-martial that it was while he was
out of the taxi that Leatherberry then kilied the driver.

‘8 Bara , Winterflood’s a ts pe eo. Sie | \Halb*
. a, * “a FROM COLCHESTER = e {
re ie bes Ings reen_, ™ cr / we
came | ne
B [ana
BODY HERE (mew, eee

BIRCH AIRFIELD

paler:
Wes... 3 eee Birch ray —_
PSSING min Sees, gd Hiolt er: .
- PLAST, . t Moat PH f...-- = Roundbush > om —
ir A mn Moat’, gsLayer Breton
i . Dake’s. 2 > Heath...
TH 3 s.Fm a Pa

Layer
} Breton

TO MALDON — an
6 E re yer Y Noe. XS
Wood fs Marney Fm es
Tea 5 Green
Woe eve he ctiebigie aes a a ey | ae
LA Tbe Rampart. OmeT go FO Wick Fm
: 7 4 + 20

L ry Y f R MAR NEE y Layer/Bretonc

Carrying the body across the road they rolled it under the wire fence surrounding
Birch rectory where a low bank would hide it from view. Be/ow /eft: The position
where Hailstone was discovered two days later was marked in this scene-of-crime
photo with an X. Aight: The exact spot can be established today just sixty yards from
the gate to what is now Greenacres Childrens’ Home.


made for Hailstone’s body. We found no
trace of it. A wide systematic search was then
made, concentrating on the road leading to
the five American Army camps, which inclu-
ded many coloured troops, in the neighbour-
hood of Birch. The Garrison adjutant at
Colchester was contacted, and he brought
eighteen of his men to assist us. Later two
members of the Investigation Staff of the
American Forces at Ipswich arrived to assist
in the inquiry.

‘On December 8 a civilian-pattern mackin-
tosh, considerably bloodstained down the
front, with the words “Captain J. J. Weber”
written near the collar-band, was found lying
in the gutter of the main road to Maldon,
near Tollesbury. In one of the outside
pockets was a new cloth American Service
emblem and on the inside of the coat a
Canadian maker’s label. The coat was found
six miles farther along the Maldon Road
from Haynes Green Lane, where the taxi
was first discovered.

‘We got in touch with Canadian Army
Headquarters in London in order to ascer-
tain if any officer of the name of Weber was
serving in this country, but at first drew a
blank. But later information came through
that an officer, J. J. Weber, was attached to
the Canadian General Hospital at Cuckfield,
in Sussex. He was interviewed by the Sussex
C.1.D. and made a statement.

‘On December 5 he had been stationed at
18th Canadian General Hospital, Cherry
Tree Camp, at Colchester, completing a
course. On returning to camp from London
he had met a coloured sergeant of the
American Forces at Liverpool Street Station,
and they had struck up an acquaintance.
Arriving at Colchester, he had invited the
sergeant back to his mess for a drink. During
his temporary absence from his room the
American had absconded with a bottle of
whisky and his mackintosh (the one in
question). In the pockets of the latter were
five pounds in notes, a Rolex wrist-watch, a
torch, and a pair of gloves.

‘At 12.55 midday on Thursday, December
9, Police Constable Snowling of Copford,
who was one of the search party, found the
dead body of Henry Claude Hailstone. The
body was lying on the side of a bank in the
grounds of Birch Rectory, which forms the
boundary between the Maldon Road going
from Colchester in the direction of the
American camps and the Rectory. I went
immediately to the place.

‘The dead man was fully clad, with the
exception of hat, jacket, and overcoat. The
left-hand pocket was turned inside out. The
head was pointing towards Maldon, the left
of the face badly injured and the features
covered with blood. The body was invisible
from the road. Two strands of barbed wire
ran along the top of the bank. The bottom
strand opposite to where the body was found
was partly bloodstained. There were no signs
nearby of a struggle or footprints or the
impression of tyres.

38

Left: Hailstone’s taxi was found abandoned close to the airfield parked on the wrong
side of the road — an immediate clue that it had not been left there by a British driver.
Right: That spot was here: 50 yards from the Colchester-Maldon road down Haynes

Green Lane.

‘I was not of the opinion that Hailstone
had been killed at this spot, and, since he
weighed between eleven and twelve stone, it
seemed reasonable to assume that more than
one person had been needed to deposit the
body.”

When Superintendent Totterdell followed
up Captain Weber’s explanation of how he
had lost his raincoat at the 18th Canadian
General Hospital at Colchester, the mess
orderly remembered the incident and
handed over a gas mask which had been left
behind by the coloured American soldier.
Inside the flap was the name ‘J. Hill’. The
owner was traced to E Company of the 356th
Engineer Regiment stationed at Birch, but
Private Hill stated that he had given the item
to another coloured soldier by the name of
Fowler.

When Private George Fowler was inter-
viewed he said he had left the mask at the
Liberty Club in Euston Square during a day-
pass to London. His story did not ring true
and he was held on suspicion while his hut
was searched. In his kit bag a pawn ticket for
a Rolex watch was found with the customer
being given as Charlie Huntley of the 356
Engineers. Huntley, also coloured, said that
he had been given the watch by another
serviceman he had met at the West Indies
Club, a Private Leatherberry.

Once Captain Weber had confirmed that
the watch was his, Fowler was again ques-
tioned. Totterdell recalled that his confid-
ence now appeared to be shaken and he
admitted that on the way back from London

Leatherberry had suggested they should hire
a taxi at Colchester and rob the driver on the
way back to camp. He said that he had left
the cab to relieve himself while Leatherberry
remained inside and that it was he who had
strangled the driver from behind.

Private Leatherberry denied being with
Fowler on the night of the crime but he was
arrested when a bloodstained shirt, pants
and vest were found in his possession. These
he tried to explain away as having been
caused by a fight or sexual intercourse and he
remained obdurate and, as Totterdell wrote,
‘shut up like a clam’.

Statements were taken from people in
London to disprove Leatherberry s conten-
tion that he spent the night of December 7 in
London, and the Hendon Police Laboratory
examined all the clothing and finger-nail
scrapings from both men.

On December 19, both suspects were
handed over by the Essex force to the
commanding officer of the 356th Engineers
together with all the statements and forensic
evidence and the General Court-Martial of
both Fowler and Leatherberry opened in
Ipswich Town Hall on January 19, 1944.

Fowler’s testimony was the only direct
evidence of the commission of the crime, and
although he was also found guilty of the
murder of Harry Hailstone, the court sen-
tenced him to life imprisonment. For Leath-
erberry on the other hand, adjudged the
wilful perpetrator of the murder, it was an
appointment with Pierrepont at Shepton
Mallet on March 16, 1944.

Fowler (/eft) was sentenced to life imprisonment; Leatherberry to the gallows.

;
:
7

ad
so
.

pet ede Oe ee

‘
11
military authorities during the late war.—Continued. : pe aes «
Precise ah Offense. Authority.
Hanged ..... | Rape G. 0., No. 63, Dept. of South Carolina, ites, 17, 1865.
Shot...........] Mutiny. peer: G. 0., No. 132, Dept. of the Gulf, Sept. 18, 1864.
Hanged .....| Murder G. 0., No. 39 * 39, Dept. of Arkansas, May & 1865.
po! Cry eran ober ea. 7’ G. 0., No. 81, Dept. of Arkansas, Dec. 3, 1864.
pith do ........| Mutiny. G. C.’M. 0., No. 39, Dept. of Florida. Nov. 18, 1865, ages
ei mR pe Drum-head court-ma - 43. May 4, 1 A
Hanged inspcees +40 Pe i oa G. C. M. 0., No. 268, War Dept., Adit. Gen.’s Otic. J une 7, 1s.
od Drum-head court-martial. -
G. C. M. 0., No. 18, Sa a of the Mississippi, May 10, 1865,
..| G. CO. M. 0., No.1, Military Div. of the Southwest, July 14, on
Drum-bead court-martial.
.| G.C. M. 0., No. 35, Dept. of Kentucky, June 4, 1865.
G. C. M. 0., No. 55, Dept. of Virginia, Apr. 9, 1865.
G. C. M. O., No.9, Dept. of North Carolina, Feb. 1, 1866. -
G. C. M. 0., No. 18, Dept. of the Mississippi, May 10, 1865. Sa
G. 0., No. 20, Army of the Tennessee, Aug. 4, 1
G.C. M. 0., No. 1, Military Div. of the Southwest, July 14, 3865.
G. ee 0. No. 18, Dept. of the Mississippi, May 10, 1865.”
0 af
G. C. M. 0., No. 39, Dept. of Florida, Nov. 13, 1865. ee a
G.C. M. 9., No. 18, Dept. of the Lrg” sng ret a, 1865.23) 5422: ce fie
.| G. C. M. O., No. 39, Dept. of Florida, Nov. 1 i fs ge ces :
: .| G. O., No. 149. Dept. of the Gulf, Oct. 15, fre ee
Hanged —...1...-..004 do w. jo tdeonialereweetac G.C. M. 0., No. 18, Dept. of the Mississippi, May 10, i
CL ED ESS! DO isan épnscsacebebahsceet hehe ercinnn G. C. M. 0:. No. 15, Dept. Virginia and N. ag wa Suly 14, 1864,
Hameed 3...) Rave 65. cee G. 0., No. 63. Dept. of South rolina, Nov, ye
pets do........| Rape and murder...................0......, G. C. M. Q., No. 268> War Dept., Adjt. Gen.’s Office ge Sune 1865.”
Shot...:.......| Mutiny G.0., No. 20, Army of the ‘Tennessee, Aug. 4, 1864.
Momeind: <1 Mute ons oc acts ‘| GO. No. 149 “Dept: of the Gulf, Oct. 15, 1864,
Bhote nae G. 0., No. 9, Diss of Vicksburg, "June 20, 1864.
Bets: d G. 0., No. 20, Ariny of the a Aug. 4, 1864.
sd d ‘| Drum-head court-martial, S. 0., No. 43. May 4. 1865.
Hanged ... sate G. C. M. O., No.:259, War Dept., aa Gen.’s Office, nd 1864.
Shot... G. 0., No. 8, Dist. of Florida, Feb. 28, 1864. bs
Hange G. C. M. 0., No. 18, Dept. of the Riiseissipni, gd 10, 1865. -
iis d G. 0., No. 109, Dept. of Washington, Nov. 1
Shot... .| G. C.M:0.;No., Dept. Virginia and N. Carolina, Fuly a 1864.
Hanged G. C. M. O., No: 18, Dept. of the ieee yee
Shot... G.C. M. 0., No. 0, Dept. of Louisiana, a “
Langed .. G. 0., N

Shot...2....... Desertion ......

oe do- do...

SIAN GO ..f, EBERT is Bo wesedesieerren seins
Shot...........)- Desertion

nore RS)

aeons LO weeeeeee] Murder

Hanged .....| Desertion and murder «.................-

oO. i, Dept. of Louisiana, Dec. 16,

G. C. M. 0. No. ‘$1 Arm aly ta ar 26, 1864.
G. 0.; No. 124, Dept. of the Missouri, July 19, 1864.
G. 0.; No. 1, Army of the Potomac, Jan. 2, 1862.

G. 0., No. 104, Army of the Potomac, Dec. 5, 1863. ~~ -
G. 0., No. 20, ‘Middie Military Division, Feb. 22, 1865.
G. 0., No. 26, Dept. of New Mexico, Apr. 5, 1862... ~


10

List of U.S. soldiers executed by United States

. . Date of exe-
Name. Rank. Co. Regiment. pe dg
iF ‘Ss. ‘Cocbane Pesors--Contineed.
ot Gripen, James.. .| Private...,  F 104th Infantry..........-| Nov. 20, 1865
~. Hamilton, Henry... : oer AES econ: Gea seca 3 2d Infantry.................| Now. 4, 1864
Harrison, William H.... Rees! arene do.. A 69th Infantry...........0 May 12, 1865
, Henderson, William.. 2 IR Harare. * B 66th 8 Re Dee. 7,1
IATA EMAAR ccna hens Nipieichascusorenenrnserbiansinetntebonil ont do...... [ 3d Intantry.................| Dee. 1, 1865
% Jackson, Washington Avessod do... E Ist Heavy Artillery .. ...| May 6. 1865.
ees eon “pe UE es oo naatdansendsibeneentbateed do.... G 88th Infantry.......-..| July 30, 1865
“26 DAY, HONTY....-....seeseecnrereccresneneecenswerasenescsoeenewenesncenrnsescseetelensees do...... I 5ST th Infantry... cece s-+ June 21, 1865
SEE ee ee eci e eee S Ge eta an aE hide D4 LEER RCE MIUOE SIUC DE NOUNS SPET OE FOU TIR do...... D 52d Infantry...............| May 26, 1865
~ AE ease. William... Ist sergt.. I 116th Infantry............] Aug. 11, 1865
. Kemp, Lawson : (epnteetenn obasiericcievaseoeed Private A 55th Infantry........ Nov. 19, 1863
my . Lewis, ROS ee coer Ginn pcbana se Aiunadalieka'aivey~pccacebactiod do... E 13th Heavy Artillery. = 1865
(NG ONL CREME ET IE ET ELS EER MeCN BO ..c0 D 10th Infantry..............| Apr. 20, 1865
McCloud, Benjamin Ne saliaes dg eksiphtedtsi Sina iealowocndonessens| shesed do...... E 3ith Infantry............- Feb. 9, 1866
McDowell, —— Saeed Pe pe: eee D 52d Infantry...............| May 26, 1865
IE heer h  so a fess ecko cecen gs psacwninsnssecionspaneoe’ WG 5003 es 53d Infantry...............| Sept. 15, 1Sé4
oore, Doctor.. Sergeant. I 116th Infantry............{ Aug. 11, 1865
Moore, Peter Private... D 52d ie cccunaby arene DRO = 1865.
- Morrison, . James. Corporal. cpt ROPERS PAE a pdacaait a 6 Rae! do.....
Nathaniel, Joseph Private...) K 3d Infant
. Pierce, Otto..<....... SES Ries BO s.sec L 5th os y Anthieo ...| May 26, 1465
FP ROMPELOT, ROOD... vaciicrsics ocoscsenceccscslideeesiivecspesersewcece sowssogeoone ysenes QO isis E 3d Infantry... Dee. 1, 1865
DUNN, JRMCS.......ececeescseecseeecsenecnesceeenersnnemneveesencnesacssnsceacne essere dO ...c03 A llth Heavy Artillery.., Nov. 25, 1864
PELE: DA ONG, ©. cc ccccvns sacscosscaveneseyvssenrarasssenntonosaceepetescegocnsefets ses do..... D 59d Tu fantry....s. 20. ccacoe j
cist. Roger, JONSON.......0...-csscccccocnscecsseeserneceeesrsenesccnssonesscsee|eonees do...... H 6th Heavy Artillery...|S
—Rudding, Benjamin EO CA do...... D 104th Infantry...
Sheppard, John.................6 ROT IES BO ccs I 38th Infantry.
~Simunsg, Gilesz..............02 Aig i Ss Sergeant. Fj 49th Infantry.
Stokes, Darius............. Fe ete I Bata eetrenmlieciecncerensasity Private... I 2d Infantry.
Thom paon, Corn elius...........s--vecscceccencesescseestcseqneeecesveens A 48th Infant: 4
Tontine, Washington _F 49th Infantry.. y
Turner, Chariesi.:......-.speseess.s E lst Heavy Artillery ... ..| May 6, 1865
~\ Vess, Alexander............ (EK 3a Heavy Artillery....., Dee. 16, i864
= Walker, William.......0.0..02./ Bee stdin cs encuahantas Spbdincencoorae E 21st pe wsesseee -oeue| Mar. 1, 1864
Wallace, William... eee D | 52d Infantry... w-...| May 26, 1865
Williams, Chartes se tsconedbinied nassijgned reeruit..... .| Nov. 25, 1864
Williams, James.. a G 6th Heavy Artillery...| Sept. 1, 1864
SW TEEIBS PORES oo cicsio oc uceladasccughsenssblpobvadiieccatnsasteuesidssnbee D 52d Infantry... May 26,1865
Wilson, Lewis : eect L 10th Heavy Artillery.| Mar. 23, 1866
Wright, Fortune........... A 96th Infantry..............| Mar. 2, 1866
ie : REGULARS. *
Chandler, Seldon S$ K 4th Artillery...............| Sept. 2, 1864
Gibbons, Barney..............--- pies ia tn A Tth Ln fantry..-...... 2.0.0 Aug. 12, 1864
Lanahan, Michael A 2d Infantry...........-....-| Jan. 6, 1862
McMann, Joh B lith Infantry..............| Dee. 18, 1863
Murphy, Frederick, a F 6th Cavalry c i... Mar.. 3, 1865
Same, Fee oie po eB cen leat sil esadedsnwoenseateqnveess kK $a Cavalry... ..| Apr. 6, 1862
fe) MISCELLANROUS.
Z Lowe, Witlinm, alias French Bin clasianks fewpnesil mnsennvanstee|en srielesbuneeitinteiepbeneswsscl OCs. 2) 538

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EPLALLS MR A te ganas

military authorities during the late war—Continued.

Mode of
execution. Offense. Authority.
Shot.........| Desertion............. ..| G. O., No. 111, Dept. of the South, Dec. 14, 1863.
Hanged... ..{ GC, M. 0., No. 51, Army of the Potomac, Dec. 17, 1
hot...... ..| G. O.. No. 45, Dept. Virginia and North Carolina, Apr. 18, 1864.
pe do.. ..| Drum-head court-martial, Apr. 16, 1864.
Hanged ...| ©. C. M. O., No. 51, Army of the Potomac, Dec. 17, pes
eet do.. ..| G. O., No. %5, Dept. Northesst Virginia, Aug. 1, 186
Shot... .-| G. 0., No. 45, Dept. Virginia and North Carolina, yl 18, 1864. ~
ans hO 2 ..| &. 0., No. 26 Dept. of Virginia, Feb. 4, 1865.
= Hanged... ..| G. C. M. O 8 50, Army of the i eateboy Dec. 12, 1864.
POE 25,551. ..| @. C. M. O., No, 39. Army of the Potomac, Oct. 15, "1864,
Shot..........] Rape and st G. C. M. O., No. 19, War Dept., Adjt. Gen. *s Office, May 2, 1864.
seeee+QO wcooees REMAN: cesses cet nicdistal se decncrosssiceeveeed: (he Os No. 3 Army of the Potomac, Oct. 2, 1863. =
erent O we sie sed oa sg sae AEO wavevsssscasostertedatussecnsocscioes sleced sO, ‘M. ES 1, Army of the Rae Jan. 2
acces do ......| Rape and theft..... Bes ce sol ly Dike o" "No. 119, War Dept., Adjt. Gen. eee M May 26. 1864,
wiser lD creo] SPY ...- 5 EA Faas ..| By order of General Sheridan.
200200 wvinewee| D@S€F GOD. cccccscessssee | G. O., No. 63, Army of the Potomac, June 13, 1863.
wr 2esGO wecnenes| SPY -ccerseeccesoeatecenseecees ..| By order of General Sheridan.
o--20-G0 200-] Desertion......... Sea .| G, C. M. O., No. 12, Army ofthe Potomac, March 11, 1865. -
ons eee do........| Rape and theft... snisot Sagiatse ok sasacctte ses} Mie Kg. ML cOs INO. 119, War Dept., Adit. Gen.’s Office, May 2, 1864. ~
Shot...) Murders scscoceee " G. 0., No. 33. Dept. of New Mexico, Dec. 31, 1963. -
Hanged...) oo. G6 i055 eget G. 0., No. 104, Dept. of New Mexico, Sept. 30, 1863,
setees O weve ere) os eeeehO nee “ ee G. 0., No. 23, Dept. of New Mexico, Sept. 2, 1865,
Shot.........| Acting a8 A SPY .cccceceesoeeonseseeeeeee.| GC. M.O. ad No. 26, Dept. Virginia and N d. Coeeiions Feb. 29, 1864.
sesees 0 ....-! Desertion. .| G. 0., No. 88, Army of the Potomac, Sept. 11,
DO srsirwee | G. Q., No, 104, Army of the Potomac, Dec. 5, 1800"
G. C.'M. 0., No. 51, Dept. of Virginia. Mar. 25, 1865.
G. 0., No. 71, Army of the Potomac, July 21,1863. --
G. 0., No. 9, Dept. of the East, Feb. 1, 1865.
.| G.O., No. 104, Army of the Potomac, Dec. 5; 1863.
.| G. 0., No. 91, Dept. of the South, June 17, 1864. SS
|G. C. M. 0., No. 194, War Dept., Adjt. Gen. A org July 8. 1864,
G. 0., No. 44, Dept. of West Virginia, pd 10, 1
ae cesses Rape -....s0c00sesserssesercnnserarseerionees seven] G. C. M. O., No. 194, War Dept., Adjt. Gen.’s ‘Ofties, July 8, 1864.
Shot:.......... Pillaging.... sabate dia tis ntsieasvicwbbetideecasoved Si -Claey Be Oe a4 Advanced Brig. on Bayou Boeuff, Mer Apr. 25, 1863.
grees do.......-| Desertion... ai vbalen aos cbkcomtabaessecend-ansd Ute Ate be le ‘No. 7, Army of the Potomac, Feb. 9, 1865.
Hanged......| do .. bpscbooes Saaust latesedpecceesa<| fs Be; Oc, INOS 50, Army of the Potomac, Dec. 7 1864,
Shot... 0 do... <e ks ..| @. C. M. O.. No. 9, Army of the Potomac, Feb. 20 20, 1865.
sone do.. pe Rae a seeensveeercessceseessecee eee] G O., NO. 52, Army of the he says Dec, 11, 1861.
Hanged.) Murder... ..csassnsesssseeesnesseeneeeeeeen| G. O., NO, 186, War Dept., Adjt. Gen. re Office, Nov. 15, 1862,
ShOt «nen DesertiD.ccsesnesccnesessnscesessereeeeeenet GO. M. O., No. 35, Army of t e Potomee. , Sept. 15, 1864.
Hanged. AMET orsnioicinsecartishctnbeneidenend Es, 10; DA, Dope. OL ¥ — June 1 ;
sree Cs aoapees Mann Pee ..| @. O., No. 71, Dept. of North Carolina, May 31, 1865.
sev nns ---| Desertion .| G. C. M. O., No. 11, Army ef the Potomac, Mar. 1, 1865,
.| G.O., No. pam Dept. of North Carolina, Mar. 26, 1865. ~~
G. O., No. 72, Dept. of West Virginia, Sept. 10, 1864.
:| GC. M. 0., No. 9, Army of the Potomac, Feb. 20, 1865
SAA, BE O.. No. 49, Army of the Potomac, Dec. 6 6. 1864.
.| G.O., No. 92. Army of the Potemae, Sept. 27, 1863:
| G. C.'M. 0., No. 49, Army of the Potomac, Dec. 6, ‘1864.
oo ete | G.O., No, 88, Army of the Potomac, eR 1863, ae
22s 20+ LO wvessere Rape. AE oe DEI Sk OE MN .| G. 0., No. 31. Dept. pid Washington, Feb. 27, 1865.
Hanged....| Decertioa............ ee M. 0., No. 50, Army of the Potomac, Dee. 12, 1864,
nee wees tts caneeeesdO weresersnrarneeneeesesssrsneseceseeeeameane| GC. M. O,, No. 1, Army of the Potomac, Jan, 2. 1865.
SHOE, .sereen seed OG mececcassencessseessarseescsassseeeesensere| GO. No. 90, Army of the Potomac, Sept. 17, 1863...
sornie DO crneseee ls cece O ceseeeneasecsecessesssacsecesesssecersseene| G. O., NO. 88, Army of the Potomac, Sept. 11. 1363.
SPUSTAK |, Bronet, NARA, FRR GS entte ae aemmE FF 0., No. 80, Dept. of the Gulf, Dec. 7, 1863.
seca cee SRR Sala eu weeesssseanees} G. O., No. 88, Army of the Potomac, Sept. 11, 1863.
Hanged... Marder ecsceenennenenneenee G. CM. 0., No. 8, Dept, of the Ohio. Aug. 4, 1865.
2 eS IE FF PORE Gt ate ne ea ROR ONS EE (n= 0., No. 74, De ept. of Arkansas, Norv. 8, 1864.
Hanged......| Murder... ssemneneeessen| Gs C, M. O. No. 21, Dept. of Texas, May 28, 1866..
BhOt swiss Desertion and thet... sevsrsasererseee| G. OC. M. O., No. 170, War Dept., Adit. Gen.’s Office. ae 21, 1864.
oo00eeGO weas0.| Desertion .... wadhihitua de tawnisseeks 6.2. eeLd: .§. Forces in the Field, Dept. of West Vireinia,
: g. 4, 5

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List of U.S. soldiers executed by Unjted States
. : Date of exe-
Name. ’ Rank. Co. : Regiment. ‘cution.
ate . .. New Hawpsutre-—Continued. : ee
mye 5 Kendall Metis cabig ee | Private... G@ | 3d Infantry...| Dee. 17, 1863
-~*- Byneh, John, alias John Wood wessfeeedO en FE | Sth Infantry... Dee. 23, 1864
aaah bes Bppamoimapin, CWE 5 accecccsenscsscssemastercoscovens NE NN Re - 2a Infantry..............., Apr. 29, 1864
BE Oe ERR ONL ee en ee 3d Infantry...) Apr. 16, 1304
: j ~ moved William, aliae James. Craig.......cc..seccccececcceceeeeee | cee eee do... F 5th Infantry.............| Dee. 23, 186+
vi. William F : shiost abcedcE Ah ovecel ve abil 2d Infamtryn...ccccen Aug. 2, 1561
d Scott. WINES ic Ladies cae sae MUNN Gh Leellauoexes oagtigoieaeeajeboseaboest scent do x... 3 wins bee wiKLO) caccesnsoveene codaccoset ALE: 20, 1508
Sharp. “sot i., alias pomaaare PPAR G) OF 2 ouncscienieovassrcce-fope oss hO covcesh | fk Wwth Infantry...) Feb. 9, 1865
aga RAT Rae swonaltO acocenh” EL 5th Infantry <2...) Dee. 16, S64
¥elon, J ice ccecet. sO do Oct. 25, 184
: ae - NEW JERSEY.
Callaghan. John pearaateice | Private..j H 2d Cavalry .........0......) Junel0, 164
Connelly, Joseph aa : Leckégibeisonanede chase ves AO wee H 4th Infantry... Det. 9, 1563.
‘Cox, Peter...... acace RP coerce f  Sigepas tral es DO ees coc ccesesesccsenc| Jam. 6,1866
FOTO, TOWRA G i ois aie osc lalbicies Sndece¥istccsansaqronepeiinc ss seecee] etowed do ...... D 24 Cavalry | June 10, 1864
. King, Chartles........... acties <1 O . L 3d Cavalry ....... | Jan. 6, 1505
Krubert, Christopher. B 13th Infantry, June 19, 1863
Regley, Henry... L 3d Cavalry ... Jan. 6, 1865
Smith, John H Sth Infantry... "| Mar. 18, 1865
Snover, John M 2d Cavalry ...... Tune 10, 1S64
NEW MEXICO.
Coffield, Joseph................40++ K Ist Cavalry .............| Jan. 19,1864
- Carrabojal, Homoboma. D lakes EO spcntcpsioncciccntcech VOW, 2h, Laem
. Madrid, Juan... s Cc wcsflO sacercerceeses reeseveee) DEPE. § 1866
NEW YORK. Sgrcsa
Abraham, Thomms........ccccceseessesseecersereeeeeerens dnteencosenisness Private...|  @ 139th Infantry............, Mar. 7, 1864
= Pilierdanin; Facodd......cccocscqccccccsnassenecccsosvscsecesnseesanesossasocees Corporal.| G 119th Infantry........... Sept.17, 1363
ile Allen. Winslow N.. sessececerssreeeeee! Private...  H 76th Infantry..............| Dee. 18, 1868
a - “Brandt, Frederick Wo... .ccccscscccssesessncessseeressereescceranenenseees cove lO seevee E Sist Infaantry.........., Mar. 26, 1865
Butler, Bradford... pn i 157th Iniantry............, Aug. 1, 1863
$ ; Devlin, Jas., alias Pat. Diamond, aliag Fr’k Tully.........|..2ccsteeceeees E 43d Infantry............--.| Feb. °3,1865
Devoe, SLUG CL, CRRA TEARS EEG LESS aN ena Private .. B Sith Infantry..........--.. Dee. 18, 1863
-.. > Flood, John, alias John comnts adgsnsssiceatens| son cea do ...... BK 41st Infantry ..............| June19, 1964
go Geary, Daniel ..:.. aveneet siciageO veo see) 2 te 72d Infantry... July 15, 1364
Gillespie. Francis.......1...0---c-s0++0 SL ecacsuieccdasckeeiten temvepacasen sare AD isn ene B_ . | 15th Cavalry...............| July 11, 1364
Gordon, Ransom S......sc00- ica Ss canbeedseoedohas vibes] ine eed Go: B 72d Infantry...............) July 15, 1864
Hamill, Henry....... do... D 131st Infantry ............| Apr. 25, 1863
Hoefler, John..... E 124th Infantry.........-| Feb. 17.1865
ae oes Hummel, Charte E Tth Infantry.............} Dee. 16, 1864
fas ‘ Jangrow, Newal ae H 64th Infantry... 0... Mar. 3,1865
Johnston, Wikliam Ho... see ceecessneceneeesenee ee cnbosdoreseadh sence do.....| D Ist Cavalry ........04+---} Dee. 13, 1861
Kessler, John............. Glee: A ae eee Kk 103d Infantry.............) Dee. 5, 1862.
Lynch, Willlam L......... sek bree Siu do..-| 3B 63d Infantry..............-| Sept.30, 1864
eMahon, John.... i i CRS , ©: Wee F 99th Infantry..............) Junel3, 1862.
McNamara, Patrick............... MTSE ete WENT, PSRENN heen °% 132d Infantry.............} Funedd, 1865
Nichols, Johar ...........:-cescoosscrssecccnasesseseseaccedeccasesascsecesacsees | ooseee Pee Sra 69th Infantry..............| Mar. 14, 1865
PTODIS, FOB. soni see cscccessaceicvsnsansenedsssiocceicatndedsbentscdesseceeses| cesece do... K 12th alo oe mpg ea Mar. 31, 1865
Prevost, JOseph ..2........-sccccsscecsgeoccssvenracenensacesonencccoencnsncese| cance do....-. A 1st Lin. Cavalry.........| Nov. 10, 1864
Tiny tibhiky AMON sean siaecaiiodiaebon-eticasasbibedbninlonrsnisvoecnieetl sey do .....- B .. | 64th Infantry..............| Mar. 3, 1865
ROWS; WA WAT... .cecestsccsecenes . . Hw sthchaatt Ach garedtic: -G 179th Infantry...........| Dee. 10, 1864
Smmalz, Adam .........sccccccsscscacevesecescateccsesarensssaarenscqeeeresealsemena do...... E 66th Infantry... Oct. 2, 1863
Siren, APATIOE Moiese chcic tcc Ss asegcpolene in oeit de sbersabsteoetberseeees Re Cc 179th Infantry:......r...} Dee. 10, 1864)
SOBER, WALLER inh eas oon eens loudsnsnade caclang}osbsstpeaenacysorticonfegn cet BO sis EB | 78th Infantry.............| Sept.13, 1363
BPOPEY. CHAU ORilo iil csaseccesstselsccacdeiddapenccgee saesitabaaessesnes Sergeant, E 13th Cavairy...:........| Mar. 3,1865;)._
Suhr, Christopher ..c..:........ccccccisececssseesese Private...; £& 7th Iafantry.............-.| Dee. 16, 1864
Thornton, Waterman ...........-csseesscsesseesseeecessasaceesseneneeee  eewese do ...... ‘EB 79th Infantry............| Jan. 6, 1865
PUSAN YEAR CONTE sites et ae Ya cc cna Ceecanscdeinnsuebcetvesan onneed| gas bcs do ...... D 145th Infantry...... Sept. 25, 1863
Treece, Cornelius...............cceee Pelisceas dassscathspcdstsanmotiavsacss {ibs obs do...... kK 783th Ln fantry.......reeee|-s--e- © vere snernne
PB tiie TGMRR ON Sos oS gosh ad dbgeeibaivbucanscoeteid de csebcepoteate| ceeded A0-5e. ise C | 114th Infantry...... Dee. 23,1863
Van, George.. RO Oe SUL alla cie sh Ue ccsceanscnabeepsotd bqeass [led we dO 20k D 12th Infantry..............| Sept. 18, 1863
OHIO.
Conriel, MiGhee@h, oi. o.c).cc.csskcy seopionrobensedsenstcsserseadoonseenossess Private...; E 24th Infantry... | Mar. 5, 1862}
BRA Ppl SOMA OW 5. Sula ote sdesclanssbventoncssocepstapabscescrgyedsocstandfonsecd WO isis A 43d Infantry.. Sept._6, 1865!
Prinde; GOOved. VW corsece-cnaksdovscdiietcsibeepacessdlisascedsscbesssensdsebicn tes do 2... B 2°d Infantry... Dec. 16, 186+ |
RROoGREES: RO DOPE opi saveccb scans idettvessemsnseestaberenetages seseSaaewebere phen old do ......| B 77th Infantry. June 8, 1866
PhompeOn, FONT Haw snencccrcoisa-ogosntbardsasposeeda-shcoesieorsceacene] ocxves BO vccsas hee Ist Cavalry... | Apr. 29, 136-4 |
Whitlow, Tsaac B., alias John Habl........cccccesccssessccescesees wieenshO seve} D 23d Infantry .-ereoeeser- Aug. 5, 1564


or
»

military authorities during the late war.—Continued.

Mode of
execution.

Offense.

Authority. ; sg

| Murder..........

| Desertion.......
sta gickte GO ccs
do..
do.
do
TRE GO scircics ati dka bdo stv se deidianetaging
Hanged... Murder...
seahid MAUS ics aah kde aA ca cehesitihccaplodyss Uunmataanwecinsecesss
Shot..........1 Desertion
tif ciccuctic MT OOD. cc kesaisde tise relsiccsaseccasensescescoe
Shek i5....03 pr a Co) OER IDUC LY FA Le aC en

Shot 2.22} Mutiny. a

gS BERS by PS aS REE Eras ae eo emer
davai dO .ccc2..:| Pesertion and rape............--cceeeeeeee
Shotecc. BROMOTUIOT i oe ics idileséecivee
eer? MED ik ATs vosb AO as is aeeeeeavheobacrascsonnnndises bynes
Hanged eo ase cawesison
HOt ee ene] MUI DY ..--seceecseeneceesseeneeeereeneseeneeees
His © w...-.. Desertion Seas acho

ee

Sai ek coienivan eres
wap TOME esc Deésertion
vse | do
Shot Deserti Fy ill

ot.........| Desertion and pillage...................-.
aia 0 ia A FE ck signi pibisdan te tcabomaioisoniess
Panged.....sij---<eosss OG iid ciee te aN aaiicdvesentacincel
Peres TID snus hciinsats MD Sdkconcage epi b iaesestievcnlavnagookes
ye Re BEE ( eectet ec erin est CI NOP TOOT
Hanged......}..-... -do cocle sweaes ‘ a Bash,

PEMERADOAD

PEPEEROREPLS

Military Commission, Geveral Kilpatrick. oe aS :

G.

G. O., No. 190, Dept. of the Missouri,

G.
G.
7a.

ROOD

+)

\

.7, Dept. of the Ohio, Feb. 4, 1862.
0. 180 Dept. of the Ohio, Aug. 13, 1863.

. 13, Dept. of Western Virginia, Nov. 15, 1861.
. 140, Dept. of the Cumberland, sane 12 1803.
. 180, Dept. of the Ohio, Aug. 138,

. 178, Dept. of the Gulf, Dec. 20, are
‘ 180, Dept. of the Gulf, Dec. 29, 1864.
‘ 153, Dept. of the Cumberland, June 22, 1863.

Pes

Pea fort mache

. 58, Dept. of the Gulf, Aug. 10, 1863.

o. 103, Army of the Potomac, Nov. 20, 1863. “iim n, -
Vo. 73, Army of the Potomac, Aug. 7, 1863. }
0.57, Dept. of the East, July 7, 1863. :
‘171, War Dept., Adit. Gen.’s Office, Oct. 29, 1862.

. 83, Dept. of Washington, Bent. 14, 1864. *
. 88, Army of the Potomac, Sept. 11, 1863. eR

, No. 50, Army of the Potomac, Dec. 2, 1864.
. 87, Army of the Potomac, Mar. 4, 186
212) Army of the Potomac, Mar. 11, 1865.
. 74, Middle Department, Sept. 19, 1864. 5 carpi
ag No. 36, Army of the Potomac, Sept. 18, 1864;- 0s

, No. 82, Army of the Potomac, Aug. 31, 1864. ~
0. 72, Army of the Potomac, Mar. 11, 1865. 3
0. 90, Army of the Potomac, Sept. 17, 1863. Wo =

sos

zigB RnR ie
noo ana Ee.

COANNSOONSCS

hee & ys 3
O., No. 90, Dept. of the South June 16, 1864, hays Ba ot RO a
0.. No. 6. Dist. of Florida, Feb. 17, 1864 : : =—
C. M. O., "No. 40, War Dept.. Adit. Gen.’s Office, Mar. 15, 1964,
C. M. 0., No. dl, Army of the Potomac, Dec. 1, 1864.
O., No. 86, Army of the ae Ane + 24, 18
Q., No. 6, ‘Dist. of Florida, Feb.
0., No. 46, Dept. of the East, Tonek 1863.
O., No. 91, Dept. Virginia and North Carolina, Aug. 6, 1864,
0.. No. 10, Cavalry Camp, Vienna, Feb. 7, 1864.
O., No. 98, Army of the Potomac, <b Oct. 24, 1863.
0., No. 6, ‘Dist. of Florida, Feb. 17, 1864. ‘
0., No. 86, Army of the Potomac, Aug. 24, 1863.
C. M. May —, 1864.

0., No. 18. Army of the Potomac,

.0., No. 95, Army of the Potomac, Oct. 8, 1863. “tae
| O., No. 100, Dept. of the bce Ett i May ' 4, 1868,” i

0., No. 174, Dogk ofthe Missouri, ee 1864,
Oct. 6, 1864.

. 0., No. 122, Dept. of the Missouri. Oct. 21, 1863.
0., No. 3, Dept. of the Missouri, Jan. 9, 1865.
0., No. 41, Dept. of the Missouri, Mar. 19, 1864.
0., No. 3, Dept. of the Missouri, Jan. 9, 1865.

., No.1, Army of the Potomac, Jan. 2, 1865.
ae 51, Army of the Potomac, Dec. 17, 1864.
3, Army of the James, Dec 1864.
5s Dent Virginia and North Carolina, May 4, 1964.
43, Dept. Virginia and North Carolina, Apr. 14, 1864.
No. 52, Army of the Potomac, Dec. 24,
43, Dept. Virginia and North Carolina, Apr. 14, 1864.

¥
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List of U. S. soldiers executed by United States

. Date of exe- |
Name. Rank. Co. Regiment. aie
Kentruck y—Continued. me |
Calhoun, Samuel H ies Private... A | 2d Infantry.............. Feb. 53,1862 |
Carmen, Frazier. sdtesasleabupeabegeelraiinepeecweasenn Le: | WSF F 27th Infantry.............| Sept. 4, 1863 |
Coffey, Christopher. g SEY P"PEGER Se 3s do ee oy i
Coffey, John W... be coehenbesKt Al cee OS ae i RRO, RRR MO iin
Gatewood, Richard si0iech®eeren C ~ | Ist Infantry ..............| Dee. 20, 1361 |
Minix, William... ‘ PONDS, ae! pee A Sth Infantry..............- June 16, (863 |
. -Pointer, James A.... oe aceata ae H - } 27th Infantry...) Sept. 4, 1863 |
- Rhea, Larkin -D: : ae ae newnttes do .....- C Tth Infantry...........| Dee. 24, 1864
~ Roarch, Lewisic...........--.-----s--eccemneserccenseccnetenesecceneecawennees snes PFS pe Begs ERE MD ikic eticntc. ct PAR. OB Seo
Schockman, John... : easel cacies bi Ist Infantry ...............| June 2}, 1863 |
Stivers, Lewis peefceeh® severed B 7th Infantry.........-...} Sept. 21, 1862
Private...j| FF Ist Infantry:.............., Aug. 14, 1863
- Hunter, Cyrus H... : | Private...) G@ 3d Infantry.......00-.----| Dee. 4, 1863
Jewett, Thomas : S38? SA Rian mbar. do ...... D 5th Infantry............... Aug, 14,1863
Laird, William H a seeeesLO serene G 17th Infuntry.............. July 15, 1863
: Lunt, Wi WwW Recs yee do...... I 9th Infantry...............| Dec. 1,1862
; MARYLAND. ;
: Dovaing. darwet W.. aliae John W. ~~ sceciceleccessseeel Private... H 4th Infantry............... Sept. 16, 1864
“. Jomes, AlLDert........-eeeccnreessenssencssceessececceeeneceseteneeneeaeseeres erst: cereal do ...... K 3d Infantry.............-...| Sept. 18, 1863
Kane, ba conus 4 aliag William OR ONES LRT INA MARE 80 2.024 A Sth ErvGast try -.cceiinnccone Dee. 16, 1864
Kuhnes, Jose ae 98 en an ose Go ...... I Fd Infantry —...cscecr-cs-- Mar. 7,162
“. MeNealy,: oa .&., aliaa Joseph OS CT TE ME MRD sh oe ccecentsts 1st Infantry ..............- Mar. 18, 1865
_. MeDonald, George W., alias M; ave Dunning................-..| Sergeant. FE . | 21 Cavalry...........----.| Sept. 21, 1864
. Merling, Charles H iN scisceceiberiecbossad Private... H De LIRR cn secteay sane’ Oct. 14, 1864
~~ Bweney, JOM ......csececceecsseerseerseeecceecencecescessceneaeneneneeensenee| serene do ...... Cc 1st Infantry ..........--.--| Sept. 20, 1864
,. Weaver, James, ae IN; Bho BUR Oe. i so ecisces cnccecocsccceceecccsents ee ee Deewana EO oo siccacdaccsceesatec Mar. 26, 1865
“Williams, Charles........0--ccscsscecsssserseeneneaneesecceesereesencsan|stenes rt eae D 4th Infantry..........--..| Sept. 25, 1863
Baie Catan MASSACHUSETTS.
Baker, Wallace. fk sl Sc veqnthatinngtcs deelecesenee Private... I 55th Infantry (col’d)...| June18, 1864
Cook, John W.un...cecececcecsssceeccesesteseecesseesecenenacsssseaseseessaenee| erases do...... Bi fase BO incss cast ye ‘| Feb. 13, 1864
- Dawson, Thomas B......c..ccceeeseeseeeeeeeneseeeeneneresssensennenenes vee O ee} TE 20th Infantry.........-.-.-
Dixon. John C.............. bois i = sagt acdecspiguacne tediend do......| H ist Heavy Artillery ...; Dec. 23,1864
Hill, William F.. ids Ne 8 es eh do ...... K 20th Infantry............. Aug. 28, 1863
EA MOON sscsencknsoncencsccssimasrenensrorss ened aS ante abewal eae dow... B 55th Infantry (cvl’d)...| Feb. 18, 1864
“o Poynch, William 0.0.0... eccssseseesseessencsneseneeeseseeeesenceesnene| eomees do .....- G 2d Caval ry.....ceccoceooeees June 16, 1863
RNR, TRI access iienicnscctbentltissnschssapetgsoeseseceseensedsaseoneteoeres DO :evens F 24th Infantry Aug. 8,186
. Ormsley, William Bon... ceeeceteeeesbeeeneeeneeeeees weeeeeDO .o200 E 2d Cavalry... .| Feb. 7, 1864
* Ploberts,. JOWD......ccecccocsscccerscesvovscseenssssceecacessencesvsssepecaseese| sneees O roe H 15th Infantry. ....| Oct. 30, 1863
220° Smnith, SoWM Me... cceeseeeecesssersseeecenencereesenensncnseereceseassenboenens do ....-- A 55th Talenur io. Feb. 18, 1364
“i Qenith,, JORD...........-sccccccseccscssscesseres coccessssessesssresoscrasconsones waeee10 sees] It Co. | Sharpshooters.......-.-- Aug. 28, 1863
- Starbird, AGN DD issn si hihcnciendstcacsinocincs besrieubceboceedctuciecustan do ...... K 19th Infantry..............| May 20, 1864
ee ea - MICHIGAN. : : ‘ ek
Taree, Beaty. Sagees aitc Private...| D Oth Cavalry.............--- May 13,1865
~~ Beardsley, Henry C. Ee ee eee ee! do ...... G 5th Infantry... Oct. 17,1863
& — alias é Soi Nae cb cincastint enescn OO .c.00 “KE 10th Infantry..........-..- May 15,1863
Betas Aa ine ~ MISSOURI. ‘ . bsg
¥ asiacan Baward ae B 2d Artillery ..........-..-.| Nov. 25, 1864} |
© Jackson, J etkerSOn -......-.-0---cecnssosesscssenereseecesersesseneeneeenees B Oth M.S. M. Cavalry..| Oct. 28, 1364
Kingston, Paul. aaovnjuinscnpsioveabenbetiansahsesesvonnseass M 1st Cavallry...ceces-o-reoees Nov. 27, 1863
Purvis, Abraham C | 2ist Infantry.............} Jan. 13, 1865
Rely, JOWn, jr...-..s.-ceeecccerecscceeesssnseeseneessssenenssnerenseesesees L 20 Artillery ......ss.e-+-+- Apr. 29,1864
Richardson, Ephraim : wstsesennenneensesansee: C 21st Infantry ......--..-+ Jan. 13,1865
; NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Benson, Johnee.....ccsecccceceecceeseenssreessesseeeees racidedecsenchcdsrdpresomtizss Unas’d | 5th Renate sccensseneseenof J 200~' 6, 1865
Bradley. George, alias George W. Bates Private... H cesiciie AO chap pratibaipctlaneass Dee. 23, 1564
Brown, James B............escecenseeeeesseesee ees 40... 3d ee cau Dee. 26, 1864
Burnham, Henry Aw....sceee-ee se Sth Ta fetes... ees May _9, 1864
Eagen, Tihs eo a ete heacsp 20 Infantry... i.<..i<.<.35- Apr. 15, 1864
Genan or Jenos, Michael, alias John 5th Infantry. ..cc...2..25.2 Dee. 30, 1864
Holt, Henry...... sacseneneagescecsresseeeacsenseanenseasacnenenssnenrennmenenees 2d Tnfantry......-c..000- Apr. 15, 1864