Military, multiple executions, 1829-1991, Undated

Online content

APPENDIX II

wision be made for tl
Law of the Colony.

Charles I, common
in England by the L:
since the passing of th

still be punished by t' TRIALS OF CIVILIANS BY BRITISH
of War, Rebellion ar GENERAL COURTS-MARTIAL
ular Administration , DURING THE WAR OF
AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE

he necessity that wou
ment here, of Murd
re British Provinces a
Inacquainted as we mt
ound Considerations
t.

y be connected, and «
useful to the Crown y
sur Power.”

bs aint Below are listed, alphabetically by the name of the accused, every trial of
J. T. Kempe’ civilian by British general court-martial during the War of American
Independence of which a reliable official record has been found. Trials of
yarrison courts-martial are accordingly excluded, likewise trials by general
ted upon the Charge gourts-martial mentioned only in the monthly returns of prisoners made
-, a Prisoner of War py the provost marshal at New York (supra, pp. 134, 138).
2 to be hanged, by tt All entries being severely abbreviated, the following explanation of the
eceived the said Hudéymbols used becomes necessary.
im for another Prison; Accused: ““NSI,” no status indicated; “F/A,” follower of the Army;
fe Board of Directors (R/A,” “R/C,” retainer to the Army or to the camp, “SrW,” soldier’s wife.
he having Pleaded Nc Inhab” will be understood as Inhabitant. Inconsistency in description
Court as follows. reflects the state of the official records.
| Record references: Whenever the trial is one recorded in the War
Dffice court-martial books, the group preface “WO 71” is omitted. Thus
“85/442” means “WO 71/85/442.”
| Order books are cited by the commander’s initials; Generals Gage,
Howe, Clinton, and Carleton thus become, respectively, TG, WH, HC,
and GC; and consequently “HC 6 Aug 78” means “Clinton OB, 6 August
778.” (The Wray OB is cited as “W.”) Where an order book reference is
available, the date of trial is not specially given, as it normally preceded
the order book entry by only a few days.
Geographical abbreviations: Familiarity with standard abbreviations for
e States of the Union is assumed; others in the present category are: “SI,”
taten Island, NY; “LI,” Long Island, NY; “WI,” West Indies; “Bo,”
oston; “Phila,” Philadelphia. “Ft K” means Fort Knyphausen, on the
orthern end of Manhattan Island; this had been Fort Washington before
its capture in November 1776; it was then renamed in honor of the senior

|
|

Tr cee aes
I att das Ol
HT ae SR Ma ee

282

No.
40.

41.

42.

43.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

CIVILIANS UNDER MILITARY JUSTICE

Accused

Cotuns, Joun
Inhab

Cotuns, Mary

NSI

With Nos. 42

& 128(1)

Cotuins, RicHarp

NSI

With Nos. 41 &
128(1)

Coompss, RoBert

Inhab

. Cooper, THOMAS

Mariner

CornELL, JoHN
NSI
With No. 46

CorNELL,
WILLIAM
NSI

With No. 45

Courtney,
Tuomas
Tailor

Cox, Witt1AM

Mate, RN

With Nos. 90, 92,
141, & 191

CREIGHTON,

JAMES
Gunner of a ship
With Nos. 7 & 157

CrisPINn, SILVER

Ship’s Carpenter

With No. 164

Crosstne,
WILLIAM

F/A

Currey, Primus

A Negro and F/A

Trial Charge
NY Stealing watch
GC 16 Aug 83
Phila Receiving stolen
WH19 Apr 78 goods
86/70
See No.41, Burglary
just above
NY Murder
GC 22 Mar 83
NY Embezzling
HC12Mar79 — goods
88/289
NY Assisting
HC11July79 rebels
See No. 45, — Assisting
just above rebels
NY Enticing seamen
HC 12 Mar79 todesert
88/279
NY Murder
GC 22 Mar 83
Brooklyn Plundering
HC 11 Sept 78
87/20
Phila Knocking down
WH7 Mar78 Lt White
85/367
NY Assaulting
19 Feb 81 inhabitant
93/201
Mt. Holly, NJ Plundering
21 June 78

87/205

Death

200 L, & to serve on
board MOW

£1,000 fine, conf
until paid, then
banished from lines

£20 fine for each of
the 3 seamen as
directed by AP

G only of secreting
HM’s stores;
100 L, & service
on board HM’s
Navy

NG; complaint
frivolous

Pay fine of £20 to
victim, & SGB

500 L

OAR hon «rae BRS tS

284 CIVILIANS UNDER MILITARY JUSTICE

No. Accused Trial Charge
62. Duncan, James _— Phila Enlisting
Master of the ship WH 15 Mar sailors from
Rose 78 MOW
85/284
63. Duryee, Jacos NY Carrying off a
Inhab GC 22July 83 Negro
With Nos. 70 & 97/320
203

64. Exits, Lucretia Brooklyn =. Murder
(alias McNicotr) HC 6 Aug 78

NSI 86/230
65. Emerson, JoHN Germantown, Plundering
In the Provision Pa
Train WH 8 Oct 77
With Nos. 177 &
211
66. Estinc, RaNDoLPH Phila 1, Attempt to
Rope-maker WH 11 Nov77_ kill Capt
With Nos. 99 & 84/432 Stewart;
194 2, Stealing &
killing cattle
67. FarREN, JOHN NY Many robberies
NSI HC 12 Mar 79
With Nos. 3,73,& 88/241
176
68. Ferne, FLENor NY Receiving
NSI 23 Oct 80 _ stolen goods
With No. 163; cf. 92/393
No. 69 .
69. FERNE, JoHN NY Burglary
Inhab _ 23 Oct 80
With Nos. 1 & 92/381
155; cf. No. 68
70. FiGHLIMAN, NY Aiding & abetting
FREDERICK GC 22 July 83 ~—sinccarrying off
Irhab 97/321 Negro
With Nos. 63 &
203
71. Firzpatrick, Phila Stealing a
BERNARD 28 Apr78 watch

-- F/A 86/109

Result

To pay £20 for cacy
scaman, as
directed by 6
Anne, c, 37

Fine 50 Gs & cx-
pulsion; remitted
on condition of
reasonable bail

NG as to both

Death

1 mo conf

Death

One hr in stocks;
pardoned

Result
NG
NG
Death
NG
200 L, & to serve on
board MOW
NG
£1,000 fine, conf

until paid, then
banished from lines

£20 fine for each of
the 3 seamen as
directed by AP

G only of secreting
HM’s stores;
100 L, & service
on board HM’s
Navy |

NG; complaint
frivolous

Pay fine of £20 to
victim, & SGB

500 L

No.

53. Davis, Exiyau SI

Inhab on SI HC17 Aug 79 timber without
With No. 17 89/389 proprietor’s
leave
53A. DELANCEY, NY Insulting &
JaMeEs HC 20 Aug 79 —_ assaulting
NSI Lt-Col
Emerich

54, DELANCEY,

OLIVER NY Insulting Lt-
Irhab of West HC20 Aug 7% ColEmerich
Chester, NY

55. Derry, ADAM Freehold, NJ Arson
DriverinQMGD HC3 July 7:
With No. 167 86/15+
56. Dick NY Arson
A Negro GC 25 Feb §3
With Nos. 79 &
115
57. Ditton, JoHN Phila 1, Robbery;
Waggoner in WH 11 J2n 78 2, Ill using 2
QMGD 85/203 women
With No. 18
58. Donnany, Joun NY Assisting
Masterofasloop GC8 July #3 Hessian
soldiers to
desert .
59. DonNALY, NY Taking property
CorNELIUS GC21Ac¢23 fromaship
Mariner
With Nos. 34 &
185
60. Doremus, SAMUEL NY Murder
Negro & F/A GC 23 Ac¢ 22
With Nos. 10,25, 96/124
93, 134, 186,
204, 208, & 218
61. Downinc, NY Embezzling the
TimoTHYy 6 Nov 77 King’s stores
Asst Commissary 84/411
of Forage

CIVILIANS TRIED BY COURT-MARTIAL, 1775-1783 283

Accused Trial Charge

Cutting down

Result
NG

3 mos conf &
apology,
conf remitted
on ct’s
recommendation

Apology

G of both; 1,000 L,
then drummed
through town with
rope around neck,
then turned out of
lines

Death

NG, but to be sent
to WI

Dismissal; make
good the loss;
£100 fine; & conf
as directed in AP

veaeghae

tietio te ae

sy ya Riemer os ge

.
a

ng
fF

Result

To pay £20 for each
seaman, as
directed by 6
Anne, c. 37

Fine 50 Gs & ex-
pulsion; remitted
on condition of
reasonable bail

NG as to both

Death

1 mo conf

Death

One hr in stocks;
pardoned

No.
72.

ide

74.

75.

76.

77.

78.

79.

80.

CIVILIANS TRIED BY COURT-MARTIAL, 1775-1783 285

Accused Trial Charge
Fiynn, Dennis NY Conspiracy to
Inhab GC 26 Aug 83. make & utter
With Nos. 132, 97/386, counterfeit

138, 158, 159, also US notes
& 175 WO 71/155
Focwe.tt, Georce NY Many robberies
(alias Witson) HC 12 Mar 79
NSI 88/241
With Nos. 3, 67,
& 176
Forp, WILLIAM NY Murder of wife
Inhab GC 21 Sept 83
ForstTERr, NY Murder
NATHANIEL HC 8 Aug 79
Inhab on LI 89/261
With No. 76
Forster, SAMUEL See No.75, Murder
Inhab on LI just above
With No. 75
Fosner, ANDREW NY Burglary
Inhab GC 8 July 83
FRANK SI Robbery
A Negro Man HC 17 Aug 79
With No. 33 89/416
FRANK NY Arson
A Negro GC 25 Feb 83
With Nos. 56 &
115
Futter, SitvesteR NY 1, Assisting Hes-
Inhab HC 28 Aug 79 sians to desert;
90/108 2, Purchasing

provisions from
soldiers; 3, Insul-
ting officer; 4,
“For speaking of-
ten ina very Reb-
ellious manner, a-

Result
NG

Death

G of manslaughter
only; punishment
provided by law;
pardoned on con-
dition of transport-
ing self to WI

1,000 L

NG; “prosecution
has been Vexa-

tious, Malicious
& groundless”’

gainst HM’s Army

& Government”

reaps

296 = CIVILIANS UNDER MILITARY JUSTICE

No. Accused

185. Sate, Mary
Inhab

With Nos. 34& 59

186. Scopry, Harry
Negro and F/A
With Nos. 10, 25,

60, 93, 134, 204,

208, & 218
187. Scott, Joun
Cooper on store
ship
Cf. No. 200
188. Scupper,
NATHANIEL
Inhab
With Nos. 105,

Trial Charge
NY Taking prop-

GC 21 Aug 83 erty from

a ship
NY Murder
GC 23 Aug 82
96/126
NY Stealing wine

HC7Sept79 from ship
90/219

NY Burglary &
GC 17 Oct 83 robbery

171, 178, 189 & 192

189. Stmmis, Sicas
Inhab
With Nos. 105,

NY Burglary &
GC 17 Oct83 robbery

171, 178, 188 & 192

190. Sincvair, SopHIE
SrW

191. Smitu, Davip
Mate, RN
With Nos. 48, 90,
92, & 141
192. Smitu, Joun
Inhab
With Nos. 105,
171, 178, 188,
& 189
193. Smitru, THoMas

Inhab

194. SpENcEeR, Epwarp
Mariner
With Nos. 66 & 99

195. Srantey, Tuomas FrK

Volunteer

NY Murder on board

16Nov79 transport
91/22

NY Murder
GC 22 Mar 83
NY Burglary &

GC 17 Oct83 robbery

NY Buying HM’s
6Nov77 _ stores from
84/414 soldier
Phila 1, Attempt to
WH 11 Nov kill Capt.
77 Stewart; 2,
84/432 Stealing &
killing cattle

4 Feb 78
85/262

Stealing cattle

Result
NG

NG, but to be s nt
toWI

500 L

£1,000 fine, or
1,000 L if nor
paid before
evacuation

£50 fine& 500 L

1, NG; 2, NG

1,000 L

. te

MEENA Ree

CIVILIANS TRIED BY COURT-MARTIAL, 1773-1783

Result ~ Accused Trial Charge

-: 2xer, JOHN NY Conspiracy to
arse fl 13 Aug83 9 make & utter
~<"tch Nos. 72, 132, WO 71/155 counterfeit

738,158, & 159 US notes

7+. Donny, JoHN NY Many robberies
ol HC 12 Mar 79
-<“h Nos. 3,67, & 88/241

77. Z.akE, CHARLES
Conductor of

Germantown, Plundering

‘rtillery Stores WH8 Oct 77

“rh Nos. 65 &

ail
]72. S...PH, Davip NY Burglary &
tnnab GC17Oct83 Robbery
itch Nos. 105,
171, 188, 189,
& 192
72. Zaxpen, THomas NY Robbery
\ feriner from WH 24 Mar
cransport a7
182. =, RoBerT FrK Selling rum to
“or innab of HC 30 Aug 79 © soldiers, pur-
if nor Phillipsburg NY 90/210 chasing their
re necessaries,
un enticing
desertion
}=L. FacHARDSON, NY Murder
Isaac
Negro HC 1 Dec 78
88/48
13> Fucsy, AGNES NY Burglary
Imhab GC 25 Feb 83
With No. 183
12. Fucsy, JAMEs See No. 182, Burglary
Imhab just above
With No. 182
2+. Roacn, JAMEs NY Attempt to
inhab HC 8 Aug 79 murder &
89/248 robbery

295

Rewlt

Special verdict,
only in WO 71/

Pe er ere te Te
; rie

$3, coe in GC 26
Aug $3? norin
97, 380: SGB
Death a
Aa
=
NG Be
%
3
£1,000 fine, or i
1,000 L if not rs
’ paid before +
evacuation re
z
G of 1 *
& 2, :
NG of 3; ’
50 L & £5 penalty
NG
NG
Death ;

ase a ORMOND

RTE TO ig, BE. IB age REE GAS SA Hee OE Sak Sl

i al Sih aie 5b Ci

294 CIVILIANS UNDER MILITARY JUSTICE

No. Accused Trial Charge
165. OutHouse, Simon NY Burglary
NSI GC 21 Aug 83
With Nos. 19, 96,
& 202
166. Parker, NY | Robbing dwell-
NATHANIEL GC 21 Aug 83 ing house
Refugee
With No. 5
167. PeEppEr.y, Freehold, NJ Arson
Micuaer HC 3 July 78
Driver in QMGD 86/154
With No. 55
168. Putuips, Joun Phila Embezzling part
Mate ofanArmy WH18 Feb of cargo
victualing ship ° 78
With Nos. 13, 38, 85/272
& 172
169. Picot, Hittse NY Robbery
NSI 26 Jan 80
With Nos. 30, 85, Not named in
104, 137, 213, HC 15 Aug 80
& 214 91/154
170. PLato NY Theft
A Negro Man WH 3 Apr 77
83/245
171. Pratr, ANaNiAs NY Burglary &

Inhab

With Nos.105,
178, 188, 189,
& 192

172. Porter, Francis
Mariner on Army
victualing ship
With Nos. 13, 38,
& 168

173. Power, James
Inhab of Phila
With No. 94

174. Power, JaMEs
A Negro F/A
With No. 136

GC 17 Oct 83 Robbery

Phila Embezzling
12Feb78 part of cargo
85/272
(Not inWH)

Darby, Pa Plundering
WH 27 Dec

85/186

Mt Holly Plundering
NJ
HC 21 June 78

87/207

Result
NG

Death

£1,000 fine, or
1,000 L if net
paid before

evacuation

No.
175. Pow

176. Pur

179. Rax
Mar
tr

180. Ren
Inhe

sent

CIVILLANS TRIED BY COURT

No. Accused Tria
196. STEELE, Jorn NY
Carpenter of a WH 14 Aye
transport 77
With No. 6 83/30
197. STEWART, JAMES NY
Inhab GC 16 Aug 83
With No. i144
198. SrewarT, JoHN NY
Inhab of NY HC 12'MMarr9

199. Sweezy, Isaac NY
Inhab GC 8 July 83

200. Symmons, Tuomas NY
Stewardonstore HC7 Sept 79

ship 90/223
201. Taytor, Rosert NY
Shopkeeper late 5 Feb 79
of Phila 88/268
202. Ter, Isaac NY
NSI GC 21 Aug 83
With Nos. 19, 96,
& 165
203. Topp, ADAM NY
Mariner GC 22 July 83

With Nos. 63 & 70 97/321

204. Totten, CaEsaR NY
NegroandF/A GC23 Aug 83
With Nos. 10, 25, 96/126

60,93, 134, 186,
208, & 218

205. Van Back, NY
JosEPH 12 Feb 77
Negro; inhab 83/173
With Nos. 216 &
217

206. Van Dyke, NY
NICHOLAS 7 Oct 77
Inhab 84/352

Charge

1, Forcing safe-
guard; 2,
Murder

Stealing

Enticing

soldier to
desert

Burglary

Receiving gov!"
stolen by
Scott, No. 1*/

1, Holding corr’
spondence ¥/'*!’
rebels; 2,
Attempting °’/
go to thern
with arms ”
clothing

Burglary

Aiding & abv" °
in carryin’

off Negro
Murder

Theft of Cro’
property

Sheep stealin”

Vs \775-1783 297

Result

LN 2,NG

yin

| te

viele, remitted on
; commendation
wf court

a iG; 2,G: “
|x: imprisoned in
.ome one of HM’s
( ,aols during the
present
\¢ebellion.”

390 L

w
wm,

Tae agente

298 CIVILIANS UNDER MILITARY JUSTICE

No. Trial
207. Van Pett, NY
THUENEss GC 21 Aug 83
Inhab
With Nos. 12
208. Van Riper, NY
GC 23 Aug 82
Negro & F/A 96/126
With Nos. 10, 25,
60, 93, 134, 186,
204, & 218
209. Van TasseELt, NY
Jacos WH 24 Mar
R/A & 22 Apr 77
With Nos. 83 & 87 83/220, 239
210. VEAL, Joun NY
NSI HC 12 Mar 79
With Nos. 112 88/306
& 113
211. Waker, GrorcE
Conductor in the Pa
QMGD WH 8 Oct 77
With Nos. 65 &
177
212. Watt, Tuomas NY
Inhab 29 Aug 77
84/187
213. WaLLeER, NY
CATHARINE 26 Jan 80
NSI (Not named in
With Nos. 30, 85, HC)
104, 137, 169, 91/154
& 214
214. Watter, JosepH NY
NSI 26 Jan 80
With Nos. 30, 85, (Not named
164, 137, 169, in HC)
& 213 91/154
215. Waty, Jesse NY
Inhab 3 Sept, 2
Nov, & 13

soldiers to
NJ, enticing
them to desert

Holding corre-
spondence
and trading
with rebels

Germantown, Plundering

Carrying on
correspondence
with the enemy

Result
NG

Death, but Fecory.
mended as subjec
of mercy; par-
doned on Condityen
of going to WI

Death; respited;
granted King’s
free pardon,
seeWH 12 Oct 77

1,000 L, & conf
until amount of
theft, £67 6s. 3d.,
is restored

“4

Rap E eC ENT a RIE

nee

300 CIVILIANS UNDER MILITARY JUSTICE

No. Accused Trial Charge Result

227. Wiis, THomas NY Abusing a
Employee ofthe GC11 May Negro
Magistrate of 83

remitted on con.
dition of leaving

Police country
228. Witson, JoHN NY Rape NG
Mariner 17 July 81
94/253

300 Raj rec. fo mercy,

5
x
i
-
¥
‘

ion

No. Accused

21 5—Continued

216. WaALsH,
CATHERINE
Inhab
With Nos. 205
& 217

217. WatsH, WILLIAM
Inhab
With Nos. 205 &
216

218. WatteR, REUBEN
Negro & F/A
With Nos. 10, 25,

60, 93, 134, 186,
204, & 208

219. Warp, JoHN
Driver in QMGD

220. WEAVER, Wiruiam NY |

NSI

221. Wess, ELEANOR
SrW

222. WELSH, JAMES
Laborer

223. WuiTtE,
ALEXANDER
Asst Barrack
Master

224. WHITEMAN, ISIAN
Inhab
With No. 29

225. WuittLe, JosHUA
NSI
With No. 31

226. WILLIAM
A Negro Man

CIVILIANS TRIED BY COURT-MARTIAL, 1775-1783 299

Trial Charge
Dec 81, &
14 Jan 82
HC9 Feb 82
95/1-103
NY Theft of Crown
12Feb77 property
83/173
NY Theft of Crown
12Feb77 property
83/173
NY Murder
GC 23 Aug 82
96/126
FrK Stealing a
HC 23 Aug 79 _ horse
88/519
Clandestine
HCsAug79 = going to
89/237 enemy’s country
FrK Receiving &
19 Dec79 _ secreting
91/47 stolen goods
NY Robbery
GC 21 Feb 83
NY 1. Disobedience
HC 15 Aug 80 = orders. 2. Mak-
91/430 ing false reports
NY Burglary
GC 17 Oct 83
NY Burglary
GC 15 Oct 83
NY Stealing 2

HC6Nov78 __ horse

Result

NG, but to be sent
to WI

1 mo conf, recom-
mended to mercy,
pardoned .

“to be Drumm’ d out
of the Lines with
a Rope about her
Neck”

500 L, then to be
sent to WI

Suspended from pay
14 days; remitted

500 L

pane scan ner SR! ee

open eee NARI PA

paver

<A ee

2. 4/20/79 Two unidentified soldiers executed by firing squad
for desertion.

One man is Richard Hollowell, a soldier in the 9th Pennsylvania
Regiment, who was found guilty of "Deserting with his Arms and
Accoutrements, forging a pass, stealing and attempting to go _ to
the enemy''. He was sentenced on April 6, 1779 "to suffer death".

The other soldier was John Williams, of the 1st Maryland
Regiment, who was found guilty of "Desertion with an intention of
going to the enemy" and "persuading others to go along with him",
He was found guilty on January 7, 1779 and sentenced "to suffer
death".

Both men were ordered to be executed on April 23, 1779. Three
other men (Thomas Hall of the 7th Maryland Regiment, James Tarrel
of the 4th Maryland and Henry McManus of the 6th Maryland) were
ordered to be hanged on April 23, 1779 at 11 a.m. in the field
near the new provost at Middle Brook, New Jersey, at which time
and place Hollowell and Williams were to be executed.

Though Hollowell and Williams are executed on April 23, and not
April 20, I think they are your men. Their sentences do not
mention death by firing squad, but the other three specifically
mention hanging. Since their sentences do not mention hanging,
perhaps they were shot.

458 NEW JERSEY IN THE REVOLUTION. [1780 ©

of Sir Henry, we may expect a very active campaign, and
the expence of much blood.—We have had authentic ace
counts that their killed, wounded, and missing, since their
arrival, amount to 300 men. F riday morning we made
prisoners of a British Lieutenant and six privates,
who came a small distance from their picquets to
steal poultry, and{ before daybreak the same morning, on
.the mountain near Scotch Plains, a party of villains who

_ came from Staten-Island to steal horses, were discovered

- by Mr. Casterline, an officer of militia, who killed one
. Inslee, and took three others, Lesegh, Hutchinson, and
Closson. A court-martial is now sitting for the trial of

#4 the latter.j—A report prevails in our camp this day, that

. Admiral Arbuthnot arrived at Sandy-Hook yesterday, with

~~ a fleet from the southward.”

Le An humble address to the afflicted friends of American
~ Liberty in the State of New J ersey.

GENTLEMEN,

()* this day of general calamity and distress, it becomes
every one who wishes well to his country to exert him-
self to the utmost of his power, in order to extricate

her from the savage barbarity and cruelty of her more

_ than savage, unmerciful enemies. In their late exploits of

devastation and ruin, we may behold the rancour and spite

of their hearts against us in the most lively colours; when
despairing of subduing us by force of arms, they are de-
termined to burn and destroy our houses, and if possible
desolate our rich and fertile country. But my friends,
their power is limited and their rage and vengeance, will

I trust in the end fall upon their own guilty heads. How

ean they expect to succeed in their undertaking, who

cpenly violate all the laws of God and man; and, like
their father the devil worry and distress those which they

1780] NEWSPAPER EXTRACTS. - 459

cannot destroy and conquer. They may perhaps plunder
and burn some more of our towns and villages, but they
cannot burn up our land, nor prevent the rain descending,
and the sun shining upon it, to inrich, and fructify it.
Therefore let us not be discouraged, but trust in that God
who governs the universe, and who will plead our cause
against an unrighteous foe, and in due time will deliver
us out of their hands.

There is nothing which we have so much reason to fear
as the awful prophaneness and extortion of the times, the
want of brotherly love, and compassion one for another;
these sins ery against us, and call for heavy calamities and
judgments to be inflicted upon us; which we all experi-
ence in a greater or less degree, and if they might be the
means of reforming our land, we should be much advan-
taged, even if we suffered the loss of all temporal things.
But how far our kind father may yet afflict us, we cannot
tell, yet it is our duty to take notice of his providence, and
eye his hand in all these calamities he hath been pleased
to bring upon us, and repent of our sins, and turn unto
him with our whole hearts, and then we need not fear
what our enemies can do unto us; for nothing can injure
our best interest ; being protected by an almighty arm, we
shall be safe and happy even in death itself. As this ad-
dress is designed to comfort, and cheer up the hearts of
the afficted and suffering friends of liberty, I hope they
will take it kindly that sympathize with them in their
heavy calamities, and desolations lately experienced. You
my dear friends, are touched in a very tender point; your
houses are burnt to ashes; your provision destroyed, &e.
These are truly heavy calamities, and call for relief from |
your compassionate country. And I Hope your country
will endeavour to help and relieve you according to its
ability. You, my friends, as well as I, have engaged in a
great struggle for liberty; we know in some measure the
value of the prize for which we are striving, viz. liberty

464 NEW JERSEY IN THE REVOLUTION. [1780

hairs on each flank; he is very heavy set, and as likely a
horse for the gears as any in the state, without exception ;
a natural trotter, good carriage; he is barefooted. Who-
ever takes up said horse and secures the thief, so he may
be brought to justice, shall have the above reward, or £.150
for either horse or thief, and all reasonable charges paid.
. : JOSEPH Gricas.
June 24th, 1780.
‘—New Jersey Gazette, Vol: III, No. 181, June 28, 1780.

By accounts from Jersey we are informed, that General

$ KB -Knyphausen made a Moon-light retreat out of that State,
"on Friday night last, and left his works at Elizabeth Town,

to be leveled by the Militia, which was soon effected.

ae ere Accounts farther say our loss in the skirmish of the 23d,

~*is 40 killed and wounded, that of the enemy not less than

"+200 killed and wounded and 30 taken prisoners.

_ The ship Revolution, Capt. M’N aughton, from Martin-
ique for this port, is put into Matomkin inlet, having been

chased by a frigate a little to the southward of our capes.

~The Pennsylvania Journal, June 29, 17 80.

FISH-KILL, Junz 29.
' Extract of a letter from Camp, New-J ersey, June 25.

“On Friday last, the enemy moved from Elizabethtown-
Point to Springfield, in considerable force supposed about
5000° men.—The bridge at Springfield, was pretty obsti-
nately defended by a detachment from Colonel Angel’s
regiment of Rhode Island troops; nor was it gained by the
enemy without a conflict of near forty minutes: This
regiment had about forty killed and wounded ; our whole
loss during the day, does not arise much higher; but from
all accounts we have been yet able to collect, the enemy’s
have been vastly superior :—They retreated with great

1780] NEWSPAPER EXTRAOTS. 465

rapidity, after they had burnt Springfield, to Elizabeth-
town-Point, and evacuated that place between twelve and
one o’clock the same night.”

Last week about 90 sail of great and small vessels ap-
peared in the N orth-River, nearly opposite Col. Philips’s;
from hence it was concluded that Sir Harry intended to
attack West-Point; in consequence of which the militia
in this county was called out, who appeared at their re-
spective places of rendezvous with great alertness. We
have since heard that most of the vessels have fallen down
the river, ’Tis thought the manoeuvre was made in order
to facilitate their burning plan in New-J ersey. Though
they burnt the small town of Springfield, they paid dearly
for it, having lost in killed and wounded, by the best ac-
counts we can collect, from 500 to 700 men.

On the 19th inst. three spies and horse thieves were
hanged at Head-Quarters, near Morristown ; they were
taken in Monmouth county by some of our militia. The
gang consisted of five, one was killed, and another made
his escape. They: were harboured by a Quaker, who is now
in custody, and it is expected he will, in a few days, receive
the reward his conduct deserves.— The New-Y, ork Packet,
and the American Advertiser, N 9. 177, June 29, 1780.

BOOTS! BOOTS for the General!

The following original, in the hands of the Printer, ap-
pears to be the epistle from Genera] Maxwell to Parson
Calwell,! alluded to in his letter to that Divine dated,
Camp, 22d February, 1780, and copied into this gazette
on the instant. |

“Dear Sir,

“My old Boots will neither keep out wind or water, if

you can help me to a pair I would come down some day

Rev. James Caldwell, of Elizabeth, was coMuussary and had the issu-
ing of supplies to the soldiers.

' 456 ° NEW JERSEY IN THE REVOLUTION. [1780

Point to Springfield, did but little mischief on their
march. When they arrived, were checked by the spirited
conduct of a few Continentals and some militia, who gave
them so warm a reception, they thought proper to halt and
burn every house, except two or three in the town of
Springfield.,
~ “Six O Clock P. M. The enemy retire to Elizabeth
Town; 11 o’clock, their main body are at the Point below
the love: ;

“94th. It is reported that Clinton is gone up the North

river with all the force he can make, exclusive of Knyp- -

hausen’s division, and it is thought by some he will soon
» join.

“The loss of the killed and wounded on both sides must
be very considerable; Col. Angel’s' and Col. Dayton’s regi-
~ ments have suffered much, a Capt. Thomson? of Ool.

_Lamb’s regiment is killed; further particulars I have not
yet been able to obtain, and have no doubt but you will
receive authentic information of every important cireum-
stance, more just and minute than is possible for me to
give at this time; however I conclude, that even these im-
perfect hints might not be disagreeable.”—The Pennsyl-
canta Gazette, June 28, 1780.

TRENTON, Jene 28,

Extract of. a letter from Monmouth county, dated June
22, 1780.

“Yesterday morning a party of the enemy, consisting of
Ty with 30 blacks, 36 Queen’s Rangers, and 30 refugee
tories, landed at Conascung. They by some means got

1Col. Israel Angell, of the 2d Rhode Island Regiment.

?Thomas Thompson, Sergeant in Alexander Hamilton’s Company New
York Artillery, March, 1776; 2d Lieutenant, August 15th, 1776; Captain-
Lieutenant, 2d Continental Artillery, January 1st, 1777; killed at Spring-
field, June 23d, 1780.

1780] NEWSPAPER EXTRACTS. 457

in between our scouts undiscovered, and went up to Mr.
James Mott’s, sen. plundered his and several of the neigh-
bours houses of almost everything in them; and carried
off the following persons, viz. Mr. James Mott, sen. Jona-
than Pearse, James Johnson, Joseph Dorset, William
Blair, James Walling, jun. John Walling, son of Thomas,
Philip Walling, James Wall, Matthew Griggs, also several
Negroes, and a great deal of stock, but all the negroes,
one excepted, and the horses, horned cattle and sheep, were,
I believe, retaken by our people. We had wounded, Capt.
Walling slightly, a Lieutenant Henderson had his arm
broke, two privates supposed to be mortally, anda third
slightly, in a skirmish we had with them on their retreat.
The enemy acknowledge the loss of seven men, but. we
think it much more considerable.”

Extract of a letter from camp near Connecticut Farms,
dated June 18, 1780.

The enemy continue at Elizabethtown without much ap-
pearance of a movement, and are busily employed in mak-
ing fortifications at the different avenues that lead to that
place. It is said that their object in coming out at this
time was to subjugate the state of New-Jersey, having had
intelligence from their friends that the majority of the in-
habitants were so distressed that they would not take up
arms again to oppose them, and that the army was so
pinched for want of provisions that the soldiers were much
disposed to desert. Others say that it is in consequence of
an express order from Sir Henry Clinton, to facilitate
some future operations. If they came on the report of
their friends, they have found the circumstances very dif-
ferent, for no militia ever turned out with more chearful-
ness and behaved with more intrepidity, and no troops
could make a more gallant resistance: If upon the order

G ~ \9- \¥SO

20 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Jone

Brigade send a Waggon or two with a fatigue Party to Mr.
Timothy Whitehead in the rear of General Stark brigade, who
will point out Timber which will afford bark and without
Injury to the Owners.

To BRIGADIER GENERAL EDWARD HAND

Head Quarters, Springfield, June 17, 1780.

D Sir: I inclose you a Letter which I have received from
Lt. Andrew Lee™ of Colo. Hazen’s Regiment, by which he
complains that he has been superseded in his rank, by irregular
promotions of Other Officers in the Regiment. | request that
you will by an Order, appoint a Board of three Field Officers
belonging to your Brigade, to hear the complaint of Mr. Lee
and to examine his pretensions; who will report the same, and
their opinion of the rank he may be entitled to and from what
time. You will transmit me their proceedings in the case. It
will be best that the Board should be composed of other Field
Officers than those of the Regiment to which he Mr. Lee
belongs. I am &c.*°

*To FRANCIS VAN DYKE

Camp near Spring-field, June 17, 1780.
Sir: Pursuant to the plan agreed on between us, you are to
use yr. utmost endeavours to communicate with in the
City of New York for the purpose of obtaining the quickest
and best intelligence of the movements and designs of the en-
emy and other occurrences which is to be conveyed to me with
the greatest expedition and certainty.”

47 jeut. Andrew Lee, of the Second Canadian Regiment.

* The draft is in the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.

Van Dyke was introduced to Washington and vouched for by Col. Marinus
Willett.

Gee goat 2S
1780] RANK INSIGNIA 21

The mode of conveying this intelligence to head Qrs. will be
left to yourself, economy in conducting the business, generally,
is indispensably necessary; keep an acct. of the expences attend-
ing it, and the money shall be paid on demand by Sir yr. etc.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Short Hills, Sunday, June 18, 1780.
Parole Vandalia. Countersigns Worms, Van.
Watchword Watch.
Colonel Johnston
Of the Day Tomorrow Lieutenant Colonel Sill

Brigade Major Church

As it is at all times of great importance both for the sake of

appearance and for the regularity of service that the different
military ranks should be distinguished from each other and
more especially at present.

The Commander in Chief has thought proper to establish
the following distinctions and strongly recommends it to all the
Officers to endeavor to Conform to them as speedily as possible.

The Major Generals to wear a blue coat with Buff facings
and lining, yellow buttons, white or buff under cloaths two
Epaulets, with two stars upon each and a black and White
Feather in the Hat.

The Brigadier Generals the same uniform as the Major Gen-
erals with the difference of one Star instead of two and a White
feather.

The Colonels, Lieutenant Colonels and Majors the uni-
forms of their regiments and two Epaulettes.

The Captains; the uniforms of their regiments and an Epau-
lette on the right shoulder.

The Subalterns, the uniform of their regiment and an Epau-
lette on the Left Shoulder.

BL 617780 Another unidentified soldier shot for desertion.

According to the General Orders for June 16, 1780, this soldier
is Thomas Brown from the 2nd New Jersey Regiment. Interestingly,
Brown was one of the men reprieved from hanging at the execution
of James Coleman on May 26, 1780.

On March 30, 1780, Brown pled guilty to the charge of desertion.
The court stated that Brown was an "old offender, guilty of
repeated desertion", and they sentenced him to be hanged. He was
later pardoned at his execution on May 26. As you. have already
seen, Washington often pardoned men just prior to their
execution. He hoped that by bringing them to the brink of death
and then reprieving them, might cause the criminals to change
their ways.

In Brown's case, it did not work. On June 15, 1780, Brown was
found guilty of "“Desertion and persuading another soldier to
desert". This time there was no reprieve and at 9 a.m. on June
17, he was executed somewhere near Short Hills, New Jersey. The
court said he was to "suffer death". You mention that he was
shot and in previous orders it seems that when they state "suffer
death'’ the condemned were shot. However, in this case, according
to Dr. Thatcher, Brown was hanged.

442 NEW JERSEY IN THE REVOLUTION. [1780

so effectually, that after suffering much from the well-

directed fire of our people, the enemy took the opportunity
of a heavy rain in the night, to retire to Elizabeth-Town
Point, where, on Saturday (the 13th) when our last ad-
vices came away they lay encamped in our old entrench-
ments, and it is said had been joined by 2000 troops, and
200 light horse from New-York. It is also said, the Gen-
erals and some other officers, had sent for their carriages

and ladies, as if they intended to make some considerable
~ stay. The loss on either side was unknown. We had up-
- wards of 40 prisoners, and a number of deserters, among

whom were 6 Hessian light horse, well mounted and com-
pletely equiped. The British General Stirling’ is said to

“be badly, if not mortally wounded.—The New-York Jour-
“nal, and the General Advertiser, No. 1882, June 19, 1780.

Bordentown, June 15, 1780. |

SIX HUNDRED DOLLARS REWARD.

STOLEN out of the stable of the subscriber, near Bor-
dentown, Burlington county, on the night of the 13th in-
stant, a bay STALLION COLT, 3 years old next month,
low in flesh, about fourteen hands one inch and a half high,
trots well, his near hind foot white, a star in his forehead,
when taken had a lock on his foot. Whoever takes up said
horse and thief, so that the owner may get his horse, and
the thief brought to justice, shall receive the above reward,
or Four Hundred Dollars for the horse only, paid by

JOHN THORN.

—The Pennsylvania Packet, June 20, 1780.

1Col. Thomas Stirling.

oii pe —

‘
My

NEWSPAPER EXTRACTS. 443

CHATHAM, June 21.

On Saturday last was executed for desertion at camp, a
soldier belonging to the Jersey brigade; and on Monday
three spies shared the same fate.1

Last Monday eleven sailors and a midshipman belong-
ing to the Vulture, were brought to Morris Town and
lodged in the provost. They were taken at Closter by a
party of the militia. . .

On Sunday last two deserters came out of . Elizabeth
Town, who report that a fleet had arrived from the South-
ward, with part of that army, and that the enemy were
fortifying at the point. | |

On Thursday night last a lieutenant and five men were

taken, near Elizabeth Town, robbing of a hen roost; one
was killed. |

AN-AWAY from the subscriber, a very black slim
Negro man, named Prince, about twenty-four or five
years old, can talk low Dutch, and formerly belonged

to one Van Riper, ,at Second River; if he gets a little
liquor is very talkative; has on a thick hemespun blueish

.coloured short coat, an old felt hat, a pair of linen breeches,

and one pair of tow trowsers, and one spare shirt; is about
five feet seven or eight inches high. Any person taking up
and securing said Negro, so that his master may get him

again, shall receive Twenty Hard Dollars, and all reason-

able charges paid, by JOHN BLANCHARD.
Hanover, Morris County, June 20, 1780.

ae on Saturday night last from Veal Town, a.

black mare six years old, fourteen hands high, low
carriage, a small star in her forehead, a small lump
or scar on each side of her back, hurt by the hind part of

4See Thacher’s Military Journal, ed. 1828, p. 239.

f? “st
meet | seri

472 NEW JERSEY IN THE REVOLUTION. [1780

so well prepared to repel it to their cost. We already
._ learn, that the recent display of loyalty here, with the great
acquisition of force it produced, has had its effect upon
ae _ the friends of government without the lines, as well as
ee upon the enemy, who have been apprehensive of an attack
act being intended upon their main force at Morristown. It
ree has probably too contributed to the great desertion, which
has lately prevailed amongst their troops in the J. ersies,
_ upwards of 160 having come over within these few weeks,
and inlisted here with the recruiting parties of our pro-
Vincial corps.

NEW-YORK, July 3.

All the British Prisoners that were in Morris-Town
Gaol, in New-Jersey, were lately sent from thence for

_ Philadelphia, under a strong Guard.

‘The three Men lately executed at Washington’s Camp
were, John Clawson, formerly of Woodbridge, a young
Man of the Name of Hutchinson, from Morris-Town, and
a Ludovie Lacy, of Sussex.

__» There was a fourth Person in Company with the above

~ three were taken in Mr. Veal’s Barn, but he was shot after
he had delivered himself up to the Party that came to take
him. Mr. Veal, in whose Barn they were found, was car-
ried to the Place of Execution, and would also have been

executed, but the poor Men exculpated him before they
were sent out of the World.

Nathaniel Fitz Randolph, a noted Partizan in the Rebel
Service, died a few Days ago of the Wounds he received at
Springfield some Days since in a Skirmish with the British
Troops.

The Schooner Restoration of this Port, mounting two 3
Pounders, and her prize, loaded with Bar-iron and
Cannon, was taken last Friday off Sandy-Hook by the
Sloop Commerce, mounting 8 Guns, after an Engagement
of 3 Hours.—The New-York Gazette: and the W eekly
Mercury, No. 1498, July 3, 1780.

iaabeienseeietenaasciomanendeamnstmcammaerene ee’
oneciarnnanrtinns *

1780] NEWSPAPER EXTRACTS.. 473

To be SOLD, at private SALE,

A Valuable Plantation, situated within one quarter of a
mile of Princeton, Middlesex county, East New-Jersey,
42 miles from Philadelphia, adjoining the great road
leading to Trenton, containing above 300 acres of excellent
good Land, 100 acres whereof is in good woodland, 20
acres of meadow, and as much more may be made, with
very little trouble, a never failing stream of water runs
through the center of the place.

On the Plantation is a well finished large stone dwelling-

-house, fit for any family; likewise, a large barn, and an

exceeding good stable, that will hold 20 horses, with other
out-houses; also a large garden. For further particulars
and terms, apply to James Fisher, in Second-street, be-
tween Market and Chestnut-streets, Philadelphia, or to the
subscriber on ‘the premises. ALExANDER McDonatp.

State of New-Jersey, July 1, 1780.
To be SOLD, by PUBLIC VEN DUE,

On Tuesday, the eighteenth day of this instant, at the
house of Col. Richard Wescott, at the Forks of Little Egg
Harbour.

The SCHOONER BETSEY, burthen about thirty
tons, with her cargo of turpentine, consisting of fifty bar-
rels: Also the SLOOP REVENGE mounting two car-
riage guns, and four swivels; agreeable to inventories, to
be seen at the place of sale. They are both very fast
sailers.

By Order of the Court of Admiralty.

ZACCHARIAH ROSSELL, Marshal.

At the time and place of the above mentioned Vendue,
will be Sold, the Private SOHOON ER, Little Molly, for-

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#o, Drawn Up psy WasHINGTON

THE WRITINGS OF

George
Washington

# from the
Original Manuscript Sources
1745-1799

Prepared under the direction of the Un1TED StaTEs
GrEorGE WASHINGTON BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION
and published by authority of ConcREss

Joun C. Firzpatrick, Editor

Volume 19
June 12, 1780 - September 5, 1780

United States
Government Printing Office

Washington

rit is the
tv voice
or TRE de-

ui sl€Xxt
the Ten-
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Hickory
1e Senate.
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in Wash-
the coun-
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mounted,
a political

him were
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Jut as the
deepened,
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William Smith, S. C |

Richard Rush,

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Some Account of some of the Bloody Peeds @
GENERAL JACKSON.

Tecoh W chy Barit Mocraw Jehan Harris : Menvs Lewia Barid Hunt Rdward Lindsey

would not wish to die ie this way” — | minuics he snid-—E give his very words: | from strong feclingy of sympathy, of
here bis ceiee faltered, and he. pases | “Colowel’—the Colomel wax elose to | mixtaken humanity failed to shoot him
the lack of his right hand over his ryvs| bim—Colonel, Faw net killed, but E| —bat fone featls hisad entered his bady.
epeint dneewents in rotation tathe Sax | parting with hic cami and the fear of e i didnot expect ity Bini, T am now | am sadly eat and mangled.” His “An Eye Witness” appeals to Cal.
Mitiria Mes, arecased, tries, nash pet | guickly 4 ini 4 ‘} a6 ipoeag F hare hee in battle, aad] was new examined and it was tount that! Russell, whe he thinks naw fives in A-
to deaths, under the urdersof fieneral | quite avereome hie, and he sunkin ane “you shall wee that P will die as be-| but four balls had eanusded him. €o- taharsa, for the perfect (ruth of this
Andrew Jackson, this may nat be an} manly xrief. No feelin: of military |" comes a solder, you koow Fam a louel,” said be, did Phehave well.''| sketch. He does not fear hut the Colo
mpraper time ta give ta the publesome | pride could brace kim up, Sty ‘brave man.” + Ves, Lewis, said the! Yes, Lewis'nsmial the Colonel in the! nel will keenly revelteet and faithfolty
of the particulars af their execution; Cal. flussel, thaybiless, felt as aman, | Colonel, you have always belaved like! kindest tone of voiwe— Fike « nan. ’t depict the horrors of the day an which
as we have them from'sy Erna Wr r+ | but he felt abo fur the prite of the ar-|4 heave man.” Other senteaces’ were} Well vir,” suitt he, ‘have E not uton-| six Amerionns were shot to death on-
stss,” whe appeals ta Col. Rusclt, for! my, and desired to annente the men Uitered, other declarations were made, | ed for this offence? Shull E nxt lire?! dee hiv commandline got by hia or-
tie teuth of every ward herelates, with forsitude. © Yao ave abent tadie, | and wards of wmfart spoken, tint they | The Colonel was much agitated, sud} ders.
_ suid he, by the sentence of @ Court! were last on moe imy attention, sys an) gave ocders that the Surgeon should,| ‘The arider bears date the very day
Harris vasa Bapilst prenehor, iith | Martial—die like men ; like soldiers, Bye Witness, being chiefly di A taf iT possible, his fife. They did! afior General Inckson retucwed in tre
a large family, He had hives ann vale) You have heen brave io the Held Lewis, all that skill ant humanity coutt do— uinph to New Orleans, and the day be-
Mitte for theee menths, "Thicwasthel “ yan have fought well—se no disered-| Six vofitas ware ranged as direct it was alt of ne avail. Poor Lewis ex-| fire he joyfalty went, vader triumphal
ease with most uf them. ‘They were! “it ra your couatry, or dishoaour te the} and oa each of hem Lnett one of our) pressed a great desire to live “not,” arches, to tlie Temple of the living Cod;
ignorant men, int obstinate in what “army, or yourselves, by any ty hs American Militia Men — | said he at owe time, thet { fearseath, | where, ways the historian, “ther crimen+
they bebieved right, and what thes had |‘ fears, Meet your fate with cautage.”"| Sach « sight wae never seen before! 1] +* bot T would repent me of some sins, |ed their adored tteneral with laurels,’*
heea tald by thelv affivers was right} Haris Attempted t¢ meke some ape (trust to Coed it meee will be tern wpain! | and Y desire to live yet n tide long-) The order for the exceution af there
‘They were all sure they could ant be | logy fur his vomfuct, but white be spoke. Six suldiers were detailed and drawn! ‘cr inthe werld.” He suftred inewa- sx unhappy men hears date Jenuary
kept beyond three moathe, and they | ke wept bitterly. The fear of death,! up to fire at cach man, What an aw-| ceivable azony, from his wounds, and] 22, 16t5. | His crown of laurela had
save up their musenets, aed had pro-| the bea that he should mreer again be-| fut dety! “Pbele white cope were drawal died wn the fone, day. bot yet withered, whem blood, the life's
visians dealt aut to them, from the puh-| hold his wife and tithe ones, amd bisiover the faces of the unbappy men.—| Many « soldier has wept over his! lod of his countrymen, of his fellow
He stoves, hefere they teft the samp.— | san weeping sear him, had taken sock | Harris evidently trembled, and Teould| grave. He was a breve man wag mash suldiers, flowed plenfulty ly his unter,
This conflemed their evavictions tot! entire Povwescton of hia mind Uimt it} almoot persuade myself that the heart) belowed, He anffered twenty death | May that order and its consequenees,

F brief account of Oe Koteution af the only one whe betrayed feminine
Vie Six Militia Men, [weaknens. The aw fuloess of the vecn
AS We 16aAk sade expout (6 have Hho) dan; his ils atid nine vhihlgen < the

hing

they were right and desing what was | was impossible he should rally, of Lewis was ralarged, and that bis|—I have veen the big drops chase caels | sink deep into the hearts of the Anie-
lawful, “Lewis, ihe gallant Lewis, said in aj bosom tase with manly courage to meet} other down his forehead with pain ant | rican people and steel them against bien
Cot, Ruse! commanded at the exe-| clear and manly,tune, "Colonel, Lhavejdeath. The fal word was sivem andi speuish. Phere was much semiddlity | who bad ne flesh in bin ohdurate heart ¥

eating. The Militix men were broncht|** served my country well. TL love it! they all fell, * and syinpathy throughout the camp.—
to the place ins furge'wagen. The |* dearly, amt would, if ? could. serve: As we appeomehed the seene of blood! F would not have, anjertly amt wane | of Joy und Revetey, alaost in the more
military dispositions being made. Col, | it longer and hetter. F have fought and carnage, Lewis gave signs of life :| cexarify, sigard this deak warrant for | immediate presence of hia Crentar, whe
Russell rode up ta: the wagon and ar-| ¢ hravety—von know t have, and unae| the rest wereall dead-he erawted ap-jall the weulth of all the indies. ‘The lissued the carat arder to put his fellew
dered the men se deweol. Harric was! ‘+E have a right to my so mvserr. Plen his coffin, After tbe lapse of « few] soldiers detailed toshoot Lewis had, lereaiures ta death, and io make their

* “fwives & childreg, widows and orphans.

Who dit not feet fhe Man ; in the malat

Enema Khe enh he de? Oise ofiners deckaned iat we Cnt nase twat oF Toso shinee cleat tens xeder’d Hurti> ont 1a te, Tew Lment ed ant pray'd and the't of sony,
MEVONFOL TRAGEDY ; Pav passives from Rix chet “that batches months tu sary, SSO: saan fern tbs vonny bivomn ; Ase fixe dethaws meee f AeA af ite Gear ch 8.
fr, Six Tenth of Leeds Webb, Dowd Moronw,| Hut ta his curcest prover far fife We versedt those thee months eithially SO. thes dneuthel thing to die, Froveng. galtant mer, ss grime af Hey: the: deadly thsksae wre tere 2 hermes
soba Bares, Vesey Lewis, David Huet, &] scenes, shan! eum deaf ts Une tekent days F heh mouidet as the tame ! Ts. Welint- iss kowis. ose

The wen my sud affrighte?

Rilward Lissero-ta: wile mee, whibiimsee mete mid Meat Re wreay,)*N\a one muenects inttanbet wog 5. Rie maney Sanchle gem. < Atetterks 2 dear che nesiied deum, Sure he wilt stare * Nurs Jarmaow yor
wee crmlemned 1) die, Te Semonce AE! “sy ees wae swans haw ~ Ris polement aby ered One nsery Chiettsin's Boxe y Aischsex the eases move Wal Hf peprive hat one
prsendt by Maine Canert Jacksas, and Debopret fae mee cists Cause it Beat, ie ich @ cay O robbe Chik, Skee sysratinis Gon a fiatemm P— Es bate they commh— foow weak Reale louis HG hark / Uhowe shrieke! that ory of deste!
bie onder ie whet stats “Kad neat, rea Chunk, Sar von. | ee monvey's vena be heard. PO examine neem? Farewell to hie and howe! The dresdfal deed is done

BE DEY you teose chat qh “MWe thought tur Gime of vervigg ont Ph AChome wm ypad mother waite Teves al} im sain, Tobe Vorrs' pary’s, Baw sik black cothivs yang’ alonge. AS se soiftiaomen were chat»
Borne ss he watheoe mmeze 7 bors. Par sight to goes “Tg Champs ber andy som y "Cia teak tee set le eetin tb Six genes belere’ them wade And Git rea te me

Sew poe Jams Han wts exmnee, prey PW tess to Gols sy fawy OR ote, geod Bite Baihive mm there, Ward ox the Rint was dackéon’s feat; [Wek fualony, Bases, Lawn Bunt, A domssifal sien a trleody set
For mer, on his Enes * “Rar wist'd ce shun the fue. 1 Aloe depend upon: He wisnid sok seat roles Ane Maree keeled aid served

DF nemibews ermelty

i upon ebics be wae

A that Line blues 1Se exetican uf tha militiamen, woven cegulsr vibes were saat ixar Nadhrittc, by x munel of rempalat scares williciens to puand the priscaten— at Fe 2 alone. yea saa gp
Thay were cuabisad i 2 tose, ane LER Ost sod nxecuted ane af 9 tite, here ding scarcely eworgh monte the putpose oF xecatirg wal guandag at the save coment, Be Ee eee tome ae ke oceloes me
Art sijtls suldies ‘4a Or inave een exsentnd at Kin meme time, HE Wee 4 yong man, who het tested sre month eben hinime had expoed: Cuanral Jerkios Lexa & Lasoo ite: Poet wa ale
ct him ts die with Mee aabers, He wag saved hy 2 wes of babaes corpue from Judge M'Nairy, wie, el! uo ler Iaskean's apeamire foe satthing thie ane Vict Teor los e cd Conte weal ee teen
blvocatainnd human 1 Jackson's wear had been at hawt, ng Asube MNaicy would have shaved te face of Jodge Ball and dabge Primentin, Cagiial pueisaannts wan ‘ jai cheeun jolie wo
BreRY, Be Gemyned for Chamole ax well se for Besnity ¢ bus a This case 16 wes a trasiereon uf hase 1 th . gsr sper om

J aitieaty: oo amy wre theen in witness he blew ip tragpete

FEF 6 HONE RM, aM is wing
an over ines a taan of “ebook anil kataxem.* eS Se ee a an ts olny

mags the body OF any ORE wis Seay Preaume M6 stand ix Ris wor, co x Ht

Eresobens,

Gn thon SP day of Maret, TAL, Leanerdfay ts LEAT ROY ssuy of then tobi Bacon Lagu wal Kuloil’duseun wlinis hast Seon
Sscievon trad found ax ai fadten 9 age, at Uneforaded thesamises under (he tronke af the tier koncented m smd Vie san. wl acta ariel
bend 6 the Pallapoatiy aivsxt 1995 bredons, ot he TREE
week these szomee antl Aiken, tssiising: 2 b Be Ws WE Ga toh
dont wtiany their how” The, fillowing 1
AN WOOK OF (se menguiney tameecrs wink: Weak you to paste and redant that
. teude place mit & Ges. Jarkson's oma, andiashove ttxjc naration al co's! bleebed inc
oo a kige! he ser. BER ehore that: be nereived sx calfieinnt evifmercilees cruehs. x taken fom as offeiad ee
vel. wba bad <ahutoneon 2 BE Serna agains Kasei He ays "PETE Rcomnmsmcstinn made by General Aadewl gio ~
vice uC bie winery, Hts was an gihend SISUNG TO EST RAMEN them, 1 dedtackesun, id hicarariend soncaerlpeeniaad einincete
ne Hag. 9k Fier Stratnermniie wick tee with the muninend mend ‘The Genera}, afer slooming faith wail Wat A”S time to have dene wih the
od Shoe sensed wk permnitiont fis nx go fdas Fivdian favor, eorfemeaparics, we cast say} Maw the mehrprolesiant © >jece. We will averse in
abort ste ahh seatzh Lasty: bees the marae reiay, © vides theknsning tte trepety wh speak wh, awaken inpabiision t0 the details shen given, that
Fats whilst Crcswiig of tie stanty Bhs - ¥ de apertting fey thie Caroma of Bik wcllage waadarnt, and several worsen
poral, seated un tie great benicles Hy ‘eed ta saetouand the Semel as ngehis Giaaner wel ve Sian 4 ash sevante® thiow coxatives, boul children Killed. Ta conchoisn, we
saith Ae ART Lele: nitions Whe Bilitas nae uf shewhstemibd tacape BE atiompena eave, by wayot worthy wterithce ne Lak wa follow xitigeny whether Genk
Sp Rae Wrete etal ot tse, 4 06- B p og cetas the sce." | The seat be Ueaecn hers tee drag ped ftom vaca conecch ae Kee thous in tas coendbated Iatge~
fof Kim pick in wre caers alt Komen Be ace, sh umibwwed ead Aig wemen seorcsomatn, wish vast tn death ia sald dined, Welly ta the mmiiaty tepotacion of pur anun
Deca tat ley eesereresl sith Wk VOC e TEA at ans a Patiala doula gemed macnlerbintons boweok tare thin eotonan ensiek te, fas sat date eoougn ta iaeual
~-Wiswes retusa, and Use: Gh aran nge Ss Sad bg th See twee SCO EY, Lae oy MUM Vacte Coa e Wiigse mets an bbed, tn she ryan wf Wie resale wa wittsgre
atormrtet fe coonaad 1: Gig (9 eran 162 Fixe , £8 UN WEUNEES Exact, WER fnake cores hitle Waid wee. Whats they. ey Bee: Che oii ber aes ok
Me cpatRNy vite Reatd RE eens think s64 secgeni, We euyeivc.pte te generals worka these . “tai rmse hiker hams.” ss
shes Cotton wat if beg. vent, weet
werkt seoweint mee Using OF The me
fovch Tae te, venealdily ciheratat—= Shack the tama'd raerel 'a haat the Amn owacar Fae this offienae, the unfartenate, chs gallant Woods way trier
send shot, Bedvre Gacral, ten: Iakaes wm ths Gaguare 16 cha mest martial, BY the Tamed Gnd 6 if yaw Baad hose Po
bat nrosmige. toon gh ne bok offers jamin provedens be would eniiat in the mepalae sexy iee-—T hus seeshed ax anble ills a. 9%

seek the bite of en

Paar JOIN WOODS he wax a pone

* ’ rtesompenk om Board. FIs i
hethoat indiffiereoxe witty wtuct Gen tackswon shignts, hangs or valve
with ov without trish, arel the mies thon callous, ave, conn omultiag 2:
whiah Re derail hin fnsssrid asad blondy sherds) Te lnehiany, mecca :¢ 6. the eustanse
af heat sintinan, put 8 beach & prnwwint, all the Fewleigge vf osx sabe ree imc o
fou vgaiost thes, With wont feahage thea stoalkd ee comenspisin thos
"eons sprain il ysvniinee seg env gone am, ‘eu the Beet ok thy: time aad en,

eensshn ssned
Folk ant corse him Ned bee wees
Ress, oe as. cebing an ndPeace so cst

FMANKEIS, Tonn, September 1%, 1Ytt
A otvonnee work fia hewn for eons monte Ure wing ieiwnen then. Keck snk ix setf, probeied on Sulurlasy he ath inst,
by ae Hawa of god siin, Bie. Rent wettaqvoran svey eone weisicmed ¥ i ih Pe: the Pirin my
Faerie sid felae sian, 1 teams wyeell va dhe walenrat of x Siw leading facts, sive trusts ot which Pate ready vo extatsliah
ak gs, f ‘i
: Pat mya iF souk my Drathen, Jever Renton, srriving in Nashwille ne the morning of the alias, and Krowing wa
ns Heat, wert aot took ladders in a diicrem Shee ores at whith be amd, ot puree to wessid ome
What the Genes ak sonnet of bis tents eae the: hone «Lene We biel pub af, suk comm mad Hae aluch by teveliitig Wo” 9.) hat thie cteock #26 Sesmle RDO Me in the Wane where the Jade of
O4 se, @hew Dik ke wraoem lpawty and mbvMr ing NGO BIE RE & SHIEK Taam, without giving ene time taalraw one, .~ Wie eid aathurity vet ike negmzasce at thin loresrbhe m0 “
Whaat weeny rit, my brather fated upun thermral Jackson, whit tix hak gs enh eight br teatest of mes - Ss ms
Viet Rote utter paicle ware fire! in quik mancenion «one bre Gans Jacksoss a rms, Corn fey fen ak the Bonenal . amb
kon ly Ut. Pollow st me. th the eqpree sf Chis HAR, Ceowral jack oMs wae armpit Ld the gemund. tat received oo let, i
Fiat dager weuk thee draw Col sstier ant Me, Alaintee Ganabbsom made
es siesscd and Ue einer od ay berotienn, ete sig Ail woah be
, ak Rat miei Fac3 cea Some divas 7 vd hil
Me Haye altossegy PE Nearer, ath S$ Oomazosk hem ox hatte

SANs onked hawt Peon die stuatinn ey neteus Pretod Rize oF Maseetie, Mo. Nemmmee, pecker: Ketere tee cauey
Dati ereniad, may Srother ctsipel a pote! ie the brew af Me Harty ty thew bin Sfercocsgt, Beak i. prevamed Sox.
& Sty. wesasl toy brutder's pixtelscartest twin bale eel: Re k waa mir intention, if driven te ems, to fave ut clibils pier.
vali Thee pivioks fired ak mewente oo wax itsat vie tbe oF Gun maeeix ot one of tows beirer the vigeva of By emml, sso) the ster mon
a sce tosad at ¢ tittle mee: thass acme length from a :
neat 2. Pypk. Carssth war te hawe talon part un the «ifise, bur wre Shoeat hy
by the Gesmrslagnnilicsts, a neeidicue whol setbiets Hens vox whether by

meine i NeemeTS ecb rty He ine as premed,
Sabine froonsin 0 ee Keema rsh xa wank the Ssptmie

is Mteirict, Be, Sesrer, Siwt fie bsticogs

Das tne

oforahl she
rerosen hee tes
honoring + Wolly. + Pinan why: lesgaw: nie, Race fill we'd»
sam mt Ratenatiieg it punt, thea | wawhLive the (epatation of 8h

26 AB IN GORGE AE HaBsssN ns, Me bi s
RiaKs, Keck Ported est shatters athnmnyie tes Kase 56
we, Swe Me linn sichtvoimds F WO 4 mma Cesk Beate far tke core cas EF Cs
Sb Rie ES. Rs ttiath and udassuss Lat ever appeased nyo

Sag. Vw come ob - TRG

Shc Hae: of ele earth
MEAS TEARE GEN TUN, Baont Cat, cork fp Sinton,

THE COFFIN HANDBILL was the best-known administration broadside against Jackson, recalling the
eath of six militiamen in the War of 1812, who were executed for desertion with Jackson’s consent.

“a

105

dod IN aN r

Ohio,

When om his second-historic tour over Ohio... a tes

change wh

coke ch car eee . o 74

eh ged

SESS.

.. When on his first. historic tour over Ohio:

tae NOOB

eS es

FENRIS SUE SS RE N eh A eo a east SO

++] Cyl Ki lohn. and GAalLlTAaaure
eh, DAVIN, WOON, 2nd GeaileaGian,

SATORU IT (AOR A
(Military ),

1792.

HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

» Shot Fort Hamilton,

OF 2 ol

IN TWO VOLUMES

AN ENCYCLOPEDIA QF THE STATE:

HISTORY BOTH GENERAL AND LOCAL, GEOGRAPHY WITH DESCRIPTIONS
OF I'S COUNTIES, CITIES AND VILLAGES, ITS AGRICULTURAL, MANU-
FACTURING, MINING AND BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT, SKETCHES
O¥ EMINENT AND INTERESTING CHARACTERS, EITC,

WITH NOTES OF A TOUR OVER IT IN 1886.

ILLUSTRATED BY ABOUT Five Hunprep Encravincs.

CONTRASTING THE OHIG oF 1846 Wirt 1886-88,

from drawings by the author in 1546 and photographs taken in 1856, 7887
and 1888 of cities and chief towns, public buildings, historic localities,
monuments, curtositics, antiguitics, portraits, maps, ete.

“THE OHIO CENTENNIAL EDITION.

By HENRY HOWE
AUTHOR §* HISTORICAL COLLECTIDNS OF VIRGINIA”
AND OTHER WORKS.

Vol. I

ern ene oes I oecwtrecncee Macca ss

COLUMBUS:
HENRY HOWE & SON,
KING BUILDING.

[Sold by Canvassers Exclufively. |

Corvricnt, 1888, py Hanry Hower.

1889,

REPS ENN WT

THREE SOLDIERS

August 26, XXBB 1792

- THREE SOLDIERS, ## ..}.}.}}}}}©=©=}

shot for desertion in Pennsylvania on

9/14/1792

Per; FEDERAL GAZEITE & PHILADELPHI A DAI LY

HaA DVERTI SER, 9/14/1792 (3/3)

"By a General Court Martial lately held in this town,
27 soldiers of the United States Army were tried and
convicted of desertion and other misdemeanors. FIVE of
them were sentenced to be shot and the rest to various
punishments according to the apparent aggravations of
their offences. Those who had received the sentence of
death were executed last Friday evening in the presence
of the soldiery and a considerable assemblage of people
who had been disposed to attend as witness of the tragic
spectacle."

THE WEEKLY RECORDER, Chillicothe Ohio, 7-12-1814

"Another soldier having been sentenced to death for
desertion was executed on Wednesday last."

THE WEEKLY RECORDER, Chillicothe Ohio, 7-19-1814

FIVE sOLDIE R3, executed Chillicothe, Ohio duly ,

THE WEEKLY RECORDER, Chillicothe Ohio, 7-12-1814

fitst Indian casualty.

As Chapuli fell of gunshot wounds,
the remaining Indians began a
retreat across the little valley
formed by the banks of Coyote Creek

and up the sides of the mountains.
The soldiers were in hot ‘pursuit,

‘when suddenly an Indian woman
‘with a child in her arms stepped
from among the retreating warriors,

The woman walked fearlessly _

through the retreating Indians, down

_ Mish at Wiliya,

the slope — around the boulders, oco-
tillo and cactus — and up to the line
of startled soldiers. Heintzelman or-
dered his men to ground their weap-
ons. oe

She told Heintzelman that she —

would command the Indians to sur-
render if Heintzelman would order a
cease-fire and parley. In that dra-
matic moment, the Battle of Coyote
Canyon came to an end. Chapuli and
one other Indian were dead. The sol-
diers suffered no casualties.

The Madonna of the Mountains,
Heintzelman wrote in his official re-.

“port, was the widow of Bill Marshall,

the storekeeper at Warner’s store at
the hot springs — a sailor who had
jumped ship in San Diego and mar-
ried the Cupefio woman. The baby

_ She carried was their son.

Marshall had been tried by San
Diego court-martial on charges of

' high treason, murder and robbery in

the killing of four soldiers at the hot
springs, and the raid on Warner’s
Ranch, He was convicted and execut-

ed by hanging in San Diego on Dec. —

13, 1851, only 10 days before the skir-

The court-martial testimony had

-been confused and indecisive and

many soldiers believed that the real
reason for Marshall’s conviction was
that he had committed the then-un-
pardonable crime of living among
the Indians with an Indian wife.
Even while Heintzelman was par-
leying with the Madonna of the
Mountains, some of Chief Chapuli’s

warriors threw down their arms and

surrendered to the soldiers. The ac-
tion hardly qualified as a battle.
When Maj. Magruder arrived with
his forces, Heintzelman ordered both
units to bivouac at the Indian village.
He sent out Indian runners to advise
the remaining Indians to surrender
to him. The did so. The victorious
infantry officer, acting on his own
authority (because of “the peculiar

State of the country & the absence of —

all Civil Authority”) ordered the con-
vening of “a Council of War”. to try
three Indians on charges as assisting
in the murder of the four soldiers at
the hot springs, and one Indian on
charges of the “destruction and
despoiling of Warner's Ranch.”
Heintzelman named Magruder
president of the council of war, and

- eight other officers of his command

completed the makeup of the council.
Lt. J. Hamilton, secretary, reported
the findings of the council in neat,
easy-to-read Spencerian handwrit-
ing.
Present as government witness to
the fairness of the proceedings was
Dr. Oliver M. Wozencraft, U.S. com-
missioner and Indian agent. John
Warner, the rancher, was official
translator for the council, which
probably placed the Indian prisoners
in double jeopardy because it was his

ranch they had raided. .

The council found all four Indians
guilty on Dec. 24, 1851, and unani-
‘mously recommended that they “be
executed as the Commanding Officer
_May find expedient.” The convicted

Indians were Coton; Qui-Sil; and

Jacobo of Kupa village at the hot
Spring (Jacobo: was alcalde, or

mayor, of the village); and Francisco
Mocate, captain of the rancheria of
Wilikal — now known as San Ysidro,
southeast of Warner’s Ranch.

In his Order No. 5 of Dec. 24
Heintzelman announced the fate of

the four Indians: “The above named

Indians will therefore be shot to
death at this place to-morrow morn-
ing at ten o’clock under the direction
of the Officer of the Day and in the
presence of the troops and Indians.”
On Christmas Day 1851, the 80 In-
dians of Wiliya rancheria and the sol-
diers of Heintzelman’s command

“eee aes Ue kk OEY UR Wweoan,

ness ventures. He owned half of the

Yuma Ferry across the Colorado

River, was one of the incorporators
of Colorado City (Yuma, Ariz.) and
was active in the Sonora Exploring

and Mining Co. When he left Yuma in —

1854, he had become known as the

army officer who subdued the fierce

Quechan (Yuma) Indians of the Colo-

‘rado River.

_ During the Civil War, Heintzelman

was wounded at the first Battle of

Bull Run. He was promoted to major
general and commander of the Union

TIT Corps at the time of Gen. George

McClellan’s pussy-footing Peninsular
Campaign in Virginia, where

‘Heintzelman’s chief distinction, as

reported by the newspapers, was his
enthusiastic acceptance of an offer
to spy out the Confederate positions
from a hot-air observation balloon. :

__ It was Heintzelran’s good fortune _
to have two of the best division com-
Manders in the Union Army in his

corps. They were Joe Hooker and
Phil Kearny — a nephew of Gen. Ste-
phen Watts Kearny, who commanded
the Dragoons at the Battle of San
Pasqual. But, according to Civil War

historian Bruce Catton, Heintzelman
“somehow just missed being an ef-
fective corps commander.” :

- During McClellan’s short, faint-

hearted and ill-fated advance on the

‘James River Peninsula, Heintzel-

man’s corps was the lead force of the
Federal Army. It ran up against a
Confederate entrenchment stretch-
ing across the peninsula from York
River to James River.

Commanding the Confederate unit —

on the other side of the entrenchment
was Gen. John Bankhead Magruder,

Heintzelman’s fellow campaigner in

the Coyote Canyon action.

Facing Magruder’s 12,000 South- |

erners on the Yankee side of the en-
trenchment was the Union's finest
army, a force of 100,000 that could
have pushed Magruder’s defenders
Straight off the peninsula.

Magruder called upon his play-act-
ing experience to get himself out of
the crisis. He marched two regi-
ments through a clearing in plain
sight of the Union’s advance force,
turned them around in a forest and

marched them back again. And again

and again.

McClellan, who had already been
buffaloed by the sight of Magruder’s
entrenchments, was further intimi-
dated by the intelligence he was re-
ceiving about the number of rebels
on the other side of the ditch. McClel-
lan’s reaction, as usual, was to franti-

~ cally signal President Abraham Lin-

coln in Washington that he could not
move his army without' heavy rein-
forcements. ae

* Heintzelman in the North and Ma-
gruder in the South led their men
throughout the duration of the Civil
War. A continent separated the
James River Peninsula from the In-

dian village in Coyote Canyon. The —

two old warriors from San Diego did

not meet face to face in the Civil

War.

_ Heintzelman, the plodding infantry

general, retired as a major general
and died in Washington in 1880 at age
74. The flag over the Capitol was
flown at half-staff.
Magruder, the bon vivant and am-
ateur actor, refused to acknowledge
the surrender of the Confederacy. He

recruited a company of Confederate -

soldiers and rode off into Mexico to
serve as a general in the imperial
army of Emperor Maximillian until

that Austrian archduke met his fate

before a firing squad of revolution-
ary Mexican soldiers in 1867. |

John Bankhead Magruder died in
1871 at age 60. He was a soldier who
had served under three flags —
American, Confederate and imperial
Mexican — but none flew half-staff

- were assembled before four graves at his death.

Ag s WREST NISBET 1987" Laftas

baigtieti, cari niaaaas WES, Spotgpree

_ San Franciseo’

SHIP

| —From A-1

Dec. 1,. 1842, and heaped from the
main yardarm of the Somers.
Sailors have always been super-
stitious, and the gloomy events of
its maiden cruise gave the Somers a
reputation as a vessel to be avoided.
In December 1846, while pursuing a
blockade runner during the Mexi-

can War, the Somers capsized and

sank, 32 sailors riding her down.

Tuesday, on the ferryboat Eure-
ka at the foot of Hyde Street, Bel-
cher and his colleagues spoke of the
historic implications of ee under-
water studies..

“The wreck is an archaeologist’ s
dream,” Belcher said. “It is a ship of
historic importance, lying - undis-
turbed on the seabed for more than
140 years, her cannons and equip-
ment in disarray but apparently in-
tact. -

-“The superstructure. has crum-
bled, but her form and all of her. .
artifacts are there just as they were

on that fatal Dec. 8, 1846, when she of

sank,” he said. _
News of the find was kept secret:
until now so U.S. and Mexican offi- -

Florida

Mexico

“Mexico ¢:

prise inet Py Bred fi Sot Gini thea eh pee ogee te

xaminer

bound for the west coast of Africa.
The ship’s captain, Commander Al--

exander Slidell Mackenzie, 39, was
the brother-in-law of Commodore
Matthew C. Perry. ;

The “vessel .was overcrowded.
Built to accommodate 90, the So-
mers was carrying 120. Only six
crewmen were over 19 years of age;
45 were under 16; three were but 13
years old. Discipline was harsh,
punishment was frequent. Flog-
gings | were common.

- On Nov. 26 the purser’s steward,
James W. Wales, told the purser
that Spencer had approached him
about joining a conspiracy to take
over the vessel.

: The purser told Gansevoort, who

; told the captain, “who scoffed at the - President Tier s cabinet, the hang.”

idea of mutiny, . then. took a second,.,..ings,might .. well have raise dittle:,

more_stern view, He ordered Spen-*

cer put in irons on deck. .

A list was ‘found in Spencer's’,
locker. , Written -in. Greek, ‘it was

translated and said to be names of

crew members — those who were

expected to collaborate in a take-

‘over ofthe vessel and those who:

would resist.

Young Spencer. had three years”

of college, first at Geneva (now Ho-
bart) in upstate New York, then at
Union College in Schenectady. He
was a founder of Chi Psi fraternity,

- which still honors him.

-Had Spencer’s father not. been

highly placed- and a member of

interest. 7) 2 4s je3 3

But there were ‘ingultiess and
Mackenzie himself’ was court-mar-
’ tialed. He Was acquitted, and there :

' were those who said he had done:

what he had to do. But doubts and:
questions persisted. :
, There was one lasting repercus- ;
sion. The Somers “mutiny” ‘con-
vinced Secretary of \-the* ‘Navy
George Bancroft that there had to
be a better way to train young sea-
men. In 1845, he founded the Naval
Academy at Annapolis, a direct re-
sult of the sad affair on the Somers
Examiner news services con trib
uted to this report. 8

*
y

Ccials could protect the site, he said.
James Delgado of the national
...Park Service said the discovery is
“especially significant. because’ no
other U.S. warship from. the period.
has been discovered.’ . = =
Belcher and a group of partners“
hope to havy a.documentary or fea:

ture film made of Somers and its
brief, accursed history.
But he acknowledged it would
be “very difficult” to improve on
“Billy Budd,” Melville’s novel of life
on the wooden sailing ships.
~The 102-foot-long Somers had

left New Ome on, a Sere. 13, 16% q

~ Examiner graphics

—=a2W/

* ee = TINE tah

————

= tees, 8 —_ *

B-8 @he San Biego inion

Saturday, February 9, 1991

How Heintzelman
won the Battle of |

Coyote Canyon

-FIG TREE VALLEY — Samuel P.
Heintzelman, one of the Union’s
steady if unspectacular corps com-

mmanders in the Civil War, has anoth-

er place in history in Southern Cali-
fornia. :

‘In November 1851 he put down San
Diego County’s last Indian rebellion
at the Indian rancheria of Wiliya in
this beautiful, remote area of Coyote

__Canyon, 20 miles north of Borrego

Springs.

Maj. Heintzelman, commanding
U.S. Army forces in San Diego, pur-
sued a mutinous band of Cupefio Indi-
ans into Coyote Canyon after the In-

‘dians had murdered four white men

at the Cunefio village of Kupa (now
called Warner Springs), and had then
raided John Warner’s nearby ranch
and burned the ranch buildings.

Heintzelman, a West Pointer who
had opened Fort Yuma on the Cali-
fornia side of the Colorado River in
1850, began his campaign against the
Indians by assembling a force of
more than 100 men at Rancho Santa
Ysabel after the troubles at Kupa
and Warner’s Ranch. The force in-
cluded men of the regular U.S. Army
and the 50 men of Maj. E.F. Fitzger-
ald’s San Diego Volunteers, a Califor-
nia militia unit.

Heintzelman divided his troops
into two forces, each of about 50
men, to track down and punish the
Indians. He led one force himself and
designated Maj. (Brevet Lt. Col.)
Jolin Bankhead Magruder, also a
West Pointer, of the Ist U.S. Artillery

~">ad the other force.

Lost Traiis

Hugh Crumpler

Although they had no way of know-
ing so at the time, Heintzelman and
Magruder would oppose each other
in the 1862 Peninsular Campaign in
Virginia, 11 years later. Heintzelman
was a Union general and Magruder a
Confederate general.

In the 1851 San Diego campaign,
Heintzelman’s plan was to envelop
the Indians in a pincers movement.
He marched his force down the old
immigrant trail from Warner’s
Ranch into the desert and up Coyote
Canyon. Magruder’s force followed a
shorter but slower route from Kupa
over old Indian paths through the
mountains and canyons to Fig Tree
Valley.

The Indians who had fled to Wiliya
were the nucleus of a band of rebels
led by Chief Antonio Garra of Kupa.
In 1850 Garra formed the band to
protest the decision of San Diego
Sheriff Augustin Haraszthy to collect
property taxes from “Mission Indi-
ans,” or Christian Indians, as distin-
guished in the terminology of the day
from ail other Indians, known as
“wild Indians.”

Garra, a Mission Indian educated
at Mission San Luis Rey, had
preached revolt over an area extend-
ing from San Diego to the Colorado
River and from Baja California to
Santa Barbara. He gained many
sympathizers but few committed fol-
lowers. It is probable that Garra’s
band never reached the 100 warrior
mark. Nevertheless, the threat he

posed was enough to terrorize all of

Maj. Heintzelman

Southern California. Every adult
male in San Diego, for example, was
provided with firearms.

Principal among Garra’s followers
was Chief Chapuli of Wiliya. Chapuli,
of the Cahuilla tribe, had led the at-
tack at Warner’s Ranch. The Indians
who participated in the murders at
the hot springs and the burning of
Warner’s Ranch joined forces, and
Chapuli led the 40 or so warriors in
the retreat to Wiliya, his village in
Fig Tree Valley.

Heintzelman’s force, marching up
Coyote Canyon from the desert,
reached the Indian village on Dec. 23,
1851. The fight began immediately,
with the Indians zipping arrows and
lances from behind boulders.

Heintzelman spotted Chief Chapuli
at the outset of the fight, and direct-
ed some of his men to concentrate
their fire on him. Chapuli was the

Fig Tree oe
Valle oo
y 0
oo
. Cleveland o
National ~&
Forest © Se %, Anza
‘ee Borrego
Y Desert

=««= Heinizman’s March
=== Magruder’s March

Borrego
Springs

Lake
Henshaw

SAN DIEGO
ZOUNTY

The San Diego Union

the slope — around the boulders, oco-
‘ tillo and cactus — and up to the line
As Chapuli fell of gunshot wounds, 4¢ startied soldiers. Heintzelman or-

the remaining Indians began a ; : é
retreat across the little valley TE eee ae

formed by the banks of Coyote Creek She told Heintzelman that she

and up the sides of the mountains. 4 14g command the Indians to sur-
The soldiers were in hot pursuit, -onder if Heintzelman would order a
when suddenly an indian woman ceasefire and parley. In that dra-
with a child in her pn stepped matic moment, the Battle of Coyote
from among the retreating warriors. Canyon came to an end. Chapuli and
The woman walked fearlessly _ one other Indian were dead. The sol-
through the retreating Indians, down diers suffered no casualties.

The Madonna of the Mountains.
=% Heintzelman wrote in nis official re-
£ @ -port, was the widow of Bill Marshail,
the storekeeper at Warner’s store at
the hot springs — a sailor who had
jumped ship in San Diego and mar-
ried the Cupefio woman. The baby

first Indian casualty. ,

hen the Indian fighter faced the Madonna of the Mountains

dug by the convicted Indians in the
sandy, desert soil of Fig Tree Valley.
At a barked order of “Fire” from the
officer of the day, 20 soldiers of the
firing squad fired their rifles at the
four Indians standing by the open

. graves.

The sound of gunfire and the acrid
smoke of black powder drifted
across the canyon. The four Indian
prisoners lay dead in their graves.
For all reasonable purposes, the last
Indian war in San Diego had ended.

Chief Garra, his son — also called
Antonio Garra — and several other
Indians were later executed after
court-martial trials in San Diego and
elsewhere.

No trace remains in Fig Tree Val-
ley of the village of Wiliya or the

_ graves of Chief Chapuli and his five

warriors. Fig Tree Valley is now
part of Riverside County.

The action at Wiliya in Fig Tree
Valley earned high plaudits for
Heintzelman from the Army and
from Washington. One of his rewards
was promotion to brevet lieutenant
colonel (brevet was an honorary rank
given for valor in combat.) More im-
portantly, the action at Wiliya added
to his reputation as an Indian fighter.

Heintzelman returned to his com-
mand at Fort Yuma. While there he
became interested in several busi-
ness ventures. He owned half of the
Yuma Ferry across the Colorado
River, was one of the incorporators
of Colorado City (Yuma, Ariz.) and
was active in the Sonora Exploring
and Mining Co. When he left Yuma in
1854, he had become known as the
army officer who subdued the fierce
Quechan (Yuma) Indians of the Colo-
rado River.

During the Civil War, Heintzeiman
was wounded at the first Battle of
Bull Run. He was promoted to major
general and commander of the Union
UI Corps at the time of Gen. George
McClellan’s pussy-footing Peninsular
Campaign in Virginia, where
Heintzelman’s chief distinction, as
reported by the newspapers, was his
enthusiastic acceptance of an offer
to snv out the Confederate vositions

eae Us CAP JOULNAL.

valor of our glorious ranks. After every effort of the Greneral
in-chicf to save, by judicious discrimination, as many of these
miserable convicts as possible, filty of them have pad for ther
treachery by an ignomimous death on the willows. <

It seems that when Riley with his San Patricia Battalion
arrived at’ Mexico City, they did some duty in escorting: for-
eigners and non-combatants to places of safety. Same Ol ECS
men, also, got money from the British Counsul, ander pretest
that they had nofoeod, When the f mee iscovcrcd tial tite
were in the service of the Mexican government, these contribu
{ions were discontinued.

Assisting Riley as officers were Patrick Dalton, Company
“Bo Seeond Infantry, and one Batchelder, who does pot appear
to have been captured. Ele was probably killed im action, or
escnped,

Fnasmuelas Riley deserted in April, 1840, prior to the dec
yr uon oF war, General Score wasoumiadic to Conlin tle
centence of death in is case, and, therclore, commited 1 10
lashing and branding. Contemporancous writers state al
Riley did not stand the test very well, As it was he was lashed
by a Mexican mule driver, because General Worth deemed 1
would be too much honor to have hin dashed by an American
soldier. | have manage fo pet a peep at the testimony given im
their defense by some thirty or so of these individuals, includ-
ing Riley, and of course they all plead that they were captured
and forced into the Mexican service, but which was disproved
bv the testimony of some of the other forcigners, not deserters,
which was taken, notably by an Irishman, named O'Connor,
and an Enelishman by the name of Wilton, who knew the
whole story from beginning to end. [find that there was also
another officer, not a deserter, Captain O'Leary, who was badly
wounded asa result of an explosion of ammunition at the tete-de-
pont.

This is about all the information I have up to the present
time, but I am following the matter up during unoccupied
moments, and before | get through with it expect to have
every detail.

Meanwhile, 1 enclose a list of names of those deserters
arranged by organizations, which may )e of interest.

we 284 U.S. CAVALRY JOURNAL

Names. Co. Regiment, | Remarks.
Harrison Kenny ..... EK, 4th Infantry |
Roger Hogan........ I 4th Infantry |
John Sheehan. . oG | 5th Infantry
John A. Myers... G | 5th Infantry
John A.:-Myers.. G 5th Infantry | Major St. Patrick battalion
John Reilly... K Sth Infantry Sontence commuted to lashing and
| brandings
Richard Parker....... K 5th Infantry,
Lemuel Wheaton . A 6th Infantry |
Saml. H. Thomas C 6th Infantry Sentence commuted to lashing and
branding
David McElroy. . Ko 6th Infantry | Sentence remitted
Parian rita... ko 6th Infantry
John Benedick... 6th Infantry
John Rose. 7 Po6th Infantry
Lachlin McLaehlin FF 6th Infantry
Patrick Casey I 6th Infantry
John Brook 6th Infantry Sentence remitted
Roger Duhan ; FE 6th Infantry | Sentence commuted to lashing and
branding
James Speers... D 7th Infantry
Martin Lydon .. I) 7th Infantry
Dennis Conahan.... 1 7th Infantry
Auguste Morsrtaft I 7th Infantry
James Me Dowell K 7th Infantry
Gibson McDowell A Sth Infantry
Hugh MeClellan A Sth Infantry
John MeDonald .. A sth Infantry
John Cavanaugh Ko osth Infantry
‘Thos, Cassidy 1 Sth Infantry
“John Daly Rifles ' Sentence commuted to lashing and

branding

Meow ee

ere NIE. S FRR OYE PLINER:
AA ont ae Nar latin bin bpa@edeene oe :

a ote
gi Yad

3 santo . é 3 i
i prompt obedience to orders prevented :
t Fs, bai *: hd 4
the’ men from dealiag out instant}

‘hee,

‘Vengeance upon the deserters, oe
But a drum-head court-martial | de-

Tan, 9m of tkove sapieg of :
mb” fheto: before the |:

;cided with dno formality, their fate, |
pWhich was to ve hanged, ignominiously, |
din the presence of all the army then at
ithat point assembled. It must be un-
derstood that 2 portion of the forces
; were then engared with the enemy at.
{Chepultevee, that almost inaccessible

fortress and very stronghold of the.
eneiny, holding farther advances upon!
the dity, and that the most desperate!
engagement was then undecided. The
{men were drawn up in due order, each
pwith a rome sound hig neck—thirty de-
jluded victins axont to receive merited
‘punishment for basely deserting the flag
and turning the enemy's guns sgainst
their own comrades. ‘Cha oficer in
jeharge; upon whom devolved tke duty,
;peast Aquick glance in the direction -of
;,Chepultepes. Suddenly a thought

pj 8eemed to impress him, and he said:

Let them stand until they shall see the
{-\merican fing wpon the heights of Che-
pultepec.”. With breatless anxiety they

{ waited. Tt syas a hard fought battle, the
qfinal yesult being doubttnl. Many
{eee 3 a ' pie
¢ . i
and wnany nx man carvied the wounds;
(The pallant Colonel Ranzom, of the!
Beelooeoziment. yielded his life; ;
| Captain Masna oi
Uhre, led, and were among
the first to eater the works, noo
omy eae : y t
rehef to scu02, si least, of these oMxious |
walthers, sud disnay lo the hearts of!
jdduom. The heiclits had been earried.!
ped the aterry banner floated to the!
inpectaria beforo them. ‘Tho deserters i
idocem they could net shun. They bad}
taken the last iook of the Bag they hadi
nojnted and unannealed” to answer to
the ast great roll eal." Bostan Post

j brave nen went down to rise no ‘more, |
ithore received through life to his grave. |
Bee

Sew Bre
id, whom I knew, andi
: orpere SESE WOO |
Suddenly a shout went wp that carried |
ithogeumea osha stood awniting their
jlrreze. All cyas then turned to the ead!
Letgad motionless ag statue’ awaiting the}
avorn to proteci, and were sent “nnan-|

Covki EL

Aathalla SC

Whe acerca arama e-tiaet X
eDEIRS TA Angel Dederters, : \ de
eat ts Roa eae i
mie a Cheralcisay ia thei t/t
AB

discip. |

{were .o$}:

: “Roapers}!
: to tarried, and |r
" thired were found @ mum- ir
‘ber ef Jeseriary, men sho joingd the 2}
‘Mexicans and served - thy gn "g. against 3
jtheir own comrades, and {ayo Sal force |
Of their aid is appar swihon it is}a
Known that thoy were ‘sfriy-Al. trained {
artilerists. On the dSovery Deing |:

[-12- 1885

Page 1 of 5

The Bridge Burners

An account of the bridge burning incident in East Tennessee
November 8, 1861

Special thanks to Richard Nelson Current, Donahue Bible and George Hoemann (See
Bibliography)

The 2nd Tennessee Infantry Regiment was an integral part of a grand scheme that
would backfire and become a major problem for the people of East Tennessee. When
Tennessee voted to secede from the Union on June 8, 1861, voters in the eastern third
of the state rejected the idea by a margin of 2 to 1. The Lincoln administration was
very aware of the union sentiment that bitterly divided East Tennessee from the rest
of the state. Lincoln personally looked at the area with great interest. Not only did
the region offer the fertile prospect of statehood, but there was tremendous potential
for recruiting if they could only get in there to organize. It also held strategic
importance because the railroads that ran through East Tennessee were vital links to
the rest of the Confederacy.

# Nevertheless, for a number of logistical reasons an early

|_ plan to take East Tennessee was rejected. Still, in spite of

| grave danger, thousands of East Tennessee men in small

| groups walked more than one hundred miles through the

| mountains to join Tennessee regiments for the Union that
were being organized in southeastern Kentucky. Naval
Lieutenant Samuel P. Carter from Carter County,
Tennessee was in charge of raising those regiments. James
P. T. Carter, Samuel's brother, was appointed to command
one of the Union regiments, designated as the 2nd Tennessee
Infantry Regiment. James Carter had already been actively
involved in a failed plan with his brother Samuel to get arms
into East Tennessee.

However, another plan to liberate East Tennessee was
quickly proposed, this time by yet another Carter brother.
William Blount Carter, a former Presbyterian minister who
had resigned from the ministry for health reasons, suggested
the plan to General George Thomas at Camp Dick Robinson on September 30, 1861.
General Thomas liked the plan and immediately sent the following telegraph to
General George B. McClellan in Washington:

" | have just had a conversation with Mr. W. B. Carter, of Tennessee, on the subject
of destruction of the Grand Trunk Railroad through that State. He assures me that
he can have it done if the Government will intrust him with a small sum of money to

http://home. fuse.net/damathew/bridge. html 11/10/01

soon E22 11-30-1861
Jacob Madison Hinshaw — —— $$

Rr tf eeat in Lanead ar 0 — 41a fe
Both legally hanged at Greeneville, Tennessee, for
sabotage.

See attached

CONDON,

_I, NO. 7.

John and HAYS,

1,72 * +
William, hanged San Die of:
Bs, CS KR £ det ha LO, UA

True Stories of the Old West

| Newspaper

SAN DIEGO, ALTA CALIFORNIA, APRIL-MAY, 1963,

Creat Southwest

PRICE: 25 CENTS.

nd Ma

‘e.

dae et

Francisco Herald.

'e bees

, Published monthly

yates.
PHOBWORK

mURSCRIPTIONS solicited
Owe be faithiul readers.

pootere is prepaid.

, Second amd High

idle o manner which cannot fail
aA M B

Rai ed
ase serried ranks of spectator
on, Title Insurance Co. The two men to be e

Goonty — Wyre Galiforowe Bryon

) gietORICAL NEWSPAPER
i,” OF THE SOUTHWEST

VWERTISEMENTS inserted at rea-

executed with promptness
tch and on reasonable terms.

MMUNICATIONS gladly received \

t, 1962, by the BUTTERFIELD

EL DU NORD,

Qeerription served every day
MBALS AT ALL HOURS. “@8
swoek, $8 00. Bingle Merie 50 cts.

ille Appeal,

ooh yy % Mr gs
ea ee se

Ake
aS ds

eT? hak oe ape J —_

- me

——.,
_

This from the Mustrated News, Ap

HANGED.

Two Deserters Murdered
Colonel, Were Hanged
in San Diego.

DID NOT STRUGGLE.

from any

S. Army.

(NOTE: In searching for a pic

ste. excellent illustration

and that was a double hanging
to please all Herewith is the story of the sec
ond execution—that of the mur
of the U.S. Army.—Ed.]

In June, 1851, Lt. Thomas WwW

s—soldiers, citizens, and India

recuted are already in thei

re Te
‘ i

—_—
ee. a

pendence, a predecessor of Fort
Yuma, near the mouth of the
Gila River. He was plagued with
desertions, and on June 2 set out
with three men for Vallecito in
search of deserters.

At Sackett’s Well, 2% miles
northwest of present Plaster
City, he met John Russell Bart-
lett’s Boundary Commission, es-
corted by soldiers under com-
mand of Lt, Col, Craig; Sweeny
warned the colonel to be on the

First Peacetime Hanging in [lookout for the deserters, and

went on to Vallecito. The next
evening he started back, and,
half-way to Carrizo Creek, met
the Army’s express rider and

ture to illustrate a story by June ;
Reading on the first hanging in eee that Craig had been
San Diego, we came across the ‘

Craig, Third Infantry, had met

shown :
h ew ver the
"BONROR)........Peeprieter, | above from the Illustrated News the deserters at New River th
qhove hotel to sltaated ta the business
ofthe city, and will benceforth be kept
egoetied by gone In the Btate.
will always be capplied with

PWe BEST OF MEATS

+|morning after he had talked to

which brought home the fact
that six months after the first iene wd ee ah hin
hanging, there was a second— The officer 5 ;

was five miles ahead
‘lof the Boundary Commission
train, with two sergeants, and to

persuade the deserters to come

derers of Lt. Col. Louis S. Craig |i, peacefully, gave his sword

and pistols to Sergeant Beales.
.[At that moment, the colonel’s

1850’s.' Sweeny established Camp Inde-!mule ran away, and the colonel

nchiefs—are drawn as the artist pictured the
ril 2, 1853, from a copy owned by the Serra Museum,
r white grave shrouds—-a rather grewsome preparation,

God Have Mercy On Their Souls

Tae eae
te Ae

sent the other sergeant after it.

The deserters, William Hayes
and John Condon, immediately
attacked. Hayes shot Craig ata
distance of five paces, and the
officer lived about ten minutes.
Condon wounded Beales in the
leg and killed his mule, which
then fell upon Beales. The de-
serters seized the sergeant’s
weapons, rifled the colonel’s
pockets, and fled.

The second sergeant rode up
and was fired at, but escaped
with some buckshot in his mule,
and reported to the commission.

Craig’s body was carried to
the Alamo Mocho for burial, and

Sweeny says, “It will be ex-

m from the deseriplion in the ‘San
photograph from Historical Col-

W. Sweeny,” edited by Arthur
Woodward.—-Ed.]

Sweeny, at night, found a note
'written by Lt. A. W. Whipple,
stuck on a mesquite-tree: “Col-
onel Craig found killed, June 6,
1852.”

But Hayes and Condon did not
go to (or did not stay in) Baja
California, The army post at San
Diego sent word to the chiefs of
all Indian tribes within reach to
take the deserters alive at any
cost, and on June 13 Pablo Apis,
a Luisefio chief at Temecula, in-
tercepted them. Spurred, per-
haps, by the rewards (which to-
taled $170), he bought their mus-
kets and then asked to see their

humed and brought to this place | revolver. When that was in his
[Yuma] when decomposition sets, hands, he arrested them and took

in, [Perhaps he should have said:

them to Colonel Magruder at

“after decomposition.” } Sergeant San Diego.

Beales was found ten miles this |

There they were put in double

side [of New River]. It seems he: irons, and were tried on July 29,
dragged himself thus far, when! found guilty, and sentenced to be
his wound got to be so painful ; hanged by the neck until dead.

he had to stop. The last he saw

[Issues of the San Diego Herald

of Hayes and Condon, they were | are not available for cither the

making their way as fast as pos-

‘date of the trial or for the date

sible toward Lower California.” | of the hanging, and files of the

(Note: For details of the kill-
ing, see “Journal of. Lt. Thomas

Alta California in the State Li-
{Continued on fifth pauc.)

PATA Oe FE mee eee

Sat 1 SA < -

+ Se Ey ROT

se pene

HAUN, Christopher Alexander 12-11-1861

Legally hanged at Knoxville, Tenn. for sabotage.

See attached

The
Andrews

Railroad
Raid

Also known as the Great Locomo-
tive Chase, this episode featured Rebels
vs Yankees, spies and counter-espion-
age, the spirit of the chase, and trains.
Even with the fiction stripped away, it
still makes an exciting story. Here is an
unvarnished account by a man who
spent years digging out the facts.

Written and Illustrated
by

Wilbur G. Karty, Sr.

The Locomotive General at Big Shanty. The train made its
breakfast stop at 6 a.m. While the crew and passengers were in
the dining room of the Lacy Hotel, the locomotive and three
box cars were uncoupled. Andrews and two soldiers, Brown and
Knight, who were engineers, and the fireman, Alf Wilson,
climbed into the cab. The General began its eighty-seven mile
run to a point north of Ringgold. This watercolor by Wilbur G.
Kurtz also shows a portion of Camp McDonald, across the
tracks, where a large number of recruits were in training for
service in the Confederate Army. The sentry posted at the road,
Henry Whitely, Company F, 56th Georgia, saw the raiders climb

aboard the train.

Ate ie te nara sil ane rem R es ub ee + i ee eee eee.

HE ANDREWS Railroad Raid of 1862,.
often called the Great Locomotive Chase;

was an adventure of first magnitude but
the story has been told and retold with so many
embellishments that I doubt whether the par-
ticipants would recognize the episode.
Various versions would have us believe that
a locomotive and tender actually leaped over
a gap where a rail had been removed, or that a
locomotive dashed through the dense flame
and smoke of a burning covered bridge, or
that the pursuers began and ended their pur-
suit with the same locomotive (actually they
used three). One account even had the chase
leading south, deeper into the Confederate
countryside, instead of north, toward Union-
occupied Tennessee.

se 2 a fat i Z

PLE FD

iw.

Jam
the raiders,
corner nort
believe eve
The lack
accounts is
stories. No

Confederat

)

seven of tl}
lanta Sout/
execution }

SOME YE
to investigat
eight of the
their Confec
sonally inter

rene

sail eb in mn rw 8

James G. Andrews, leader of the raiding party. From a photo
obtained in Kentucky and presented by Mrs. Pittenger, widow
of one of the raiders, to the author.

Captain William A. Fuller, father-in-law of the author, who led
the pursuit of Andrews’ raiders. A native of Clayton County,
Georgia, he was just under twenty-six years of age at the time
of the raid. This picture is from an ambrotype taken in 1862.
and is now in the author’s collection.

aashaitte angenibenatant mathe : ‘ + outa eb hed kay wanes Not

the chief pursuers and, by the time the last survivor
had died, J had accumulated considerable evidence.

I could discover little about the background of
James J. Andrews except that he was born in Han-
cock County in western Virginia in 1829. In 1859
he was a house painter and a teacher in a singing
school at Flemingsburg, Kentucky. Soon after the war
began he became a Federal spy under the guise of a
merchant of contraband materials for Southern cus-
tomers. He would run small cargoes of drugs, harness
buckles, and other items into Confederate-held ter-
ritory and, apparently, also pretended to furnish his
Southern patrons with military secrets.

IN THE Fort Donelson Campaign, General Don
Carlos Buell employed Andrews as a spy. Later,
after he had occupied Nashville and was planning
the movement south that would end at Shiloh, Buell
authorized a plan by Andrews to destroy the great
railroad bridge over the Tennessee River at Bridge-
port and other bridges of the Western & Atlantic
Railroad. Andrews reached Atlanta with a small
party but after failing to find the locomotive engineer
they needed as an accomplice, the would-be raiders
nervously returned to the Federal lines at Shelby-
ville, Tennessee. During their absence, Buell had
begun to move the bulk of his force southward to-
ward Shiloh, leaving a division at Murfreesboro under
Brigadier General O. M. Mitchel. Growing restive,
Mitchel moved his men to Shelbyville with an eye
to liberating Chattanooga. So, in Buell’s absence,
Andrews reported the failure of his operation to
Mitchel and proposed a similar but more extensive
enterprise. This time he would take a larger group,
including some experienced railroad men, and destroy
bridges on the Western & Atlantic Railroad between
Atlanta and Chattanooga. This would isolate Hunts-
ville, Alabama, making it easier for Mitchel to
carry out his plan to seize that point as a jumping-
off place to advance on Chattanooga.

On the night of April 6, 1862, even as Andrews and
Mitchel were discussing Andrews’ proposed new plan,
the Battle of Shiloh was raging 110 miles to the west
of them. But they were unaware of it.

THEY DECIDED to ask for volunteers from
Brigadier General Joshua W. Sill’s Ohio brigade.
The group who stepped forward were then advised
of the dangers involved in espionage or operating
behind the enemy lines in civilian clothing. If
caught and convicted, they might be executed. From
those who remained after this warning, twenty-four
were selected.

Soldiers finally participating in the Andrews’ Raid
were William Bensinger, Wilson Brown, Robert
Buffum, Daniel Dorsey, Martin J. Hawkins, William

Knight, 1
Parrott,
liam Hos
Ross, John
Slavens, Jan
and Mark ~
Andrews
civilian wa
Ohio who,
way to She g
volunteered
cepted bec:
pounds).
Shadrach
and so hac
Shadrach |
by his con

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the group

of 1862,

ve Chase,
itude but
1 S80 many
~ the par-

lieve that
ped over
or that a
ise flame
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heir pur-
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ufederate
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;

James J. Andrews, the intrepid leader of
the raiders, was hanged on nearly every street
corner north of Five Points in Atlanta, if you
believe everything printed about the raid.

The lack of official records and contemporary
accounts is partly to blame for the far-fetched
stories. Not a line of the proceedings of the
Confederate court-martial that condemned
seven of the raiders can be found. (The At-
lanta Southern Confederacy disposed of their
execution in exactly forty-one words.)

SOME YEARS AGO I went to considerable trouble
to investigate the story at first hand. At that time
eight of the twenty-odd Federal raiders and three of
their Confederate pursuers were still living. I per-
sonally interviewed six of the raiders and all three of

pe interest in the Andreu Raid and, as
he notes, interviewed every survivor he ‘could
find. Not only did he take copious notes, he
_made sketches of buildings and scenes along the
‘of the chase. Where buildings were no

“los ger ete he made sketches based on de> 4

CRAPT, FERRY, KNIGHT and LYSAUGHT, whites,
(Military) on January 26, 1862.

ae pares AMEE es Craft end bysigust are all to hang at

Te shviiis on Jenuary 26 for the murder of Mr, Heffernan, (Mempis
AVALANCHE, 27 Jan. 1866.)° (N.B. William B. Heffernan, age 6, died
26 Nov, 1865.)" Page 162, OBITUARIES FROM TENNESSEE NEWSPAPERS, com-
piled by Jill L. Garrett; 1980, Easley, SC: Southern Historical Press.

"HOFFMAN, merchant of Nashville, was murdered some time sso by James
Lysaught, William Dean, George Craft and Thomas Perry, who are to

be hanged 26 Jan. 1866, They were Federal soldiers who robbed and
murdered. (Memphis AVALANCHE, "0 Jan. 1866.)(N.B. Refer to Heffernan
entry earlier,)" Same as above, page 170.

The Tarboro, NC, SOUTHERNER, Feb. 10, 1866 (2:3) gives account of
cuse, They murdered " old Mr, Hefferman" during the course of a
highway robbery. The.four executed persons are identified as:
(1) George Crabb, alias Craft, aged 15, of Chilie, NY; (2) James
Lysaught, age "not quite 18", of Augusta, Ga.; (3) Thomas Ferry,

Dean, age 17 of W ashington, DC (he would have turned 18 on BRRY
April 1). They rode to the gallows in two wagons which were each
drewn by four white horses, they were seated on their coffins.
They committed the crime because they needed money for prostitutes.

RAYNE MG “CNR or ICH nem

the north was cut again by Andrews. And so, un- 1 ey Bibiasete sadicin wy
known to the raiders, aroused Confederates placed | The Locomotive Chase
obstructions on the tracks near Chattanooga. Time ~
was running out for Andrews and his men.

Above Dalton, the railroad curves sharply to
the left to Mill Creek Gap in Rocky Face Ridge.

William Knight, one of the raiders’ engineers, being iM *
unfamiliar with the road, hit the curve without re- it
ducing speed. Years later he told me of the terror he Fre,

felt when he realized his mistake and of his relief
at not overturning. This was his keenest récollec-
tion of the chase.

Nine miles above Dalton, the raiders raced through
the tunnel at Tunnel Hill without incident. Ap-
proaching that point, however, Captain Fuller and
the others aboard the “Texas” were apprehensive.
They slowed down on the curving approach to the
arched portal, looking cautiously ahead for obstruc-
tions. There were none and they resumed their speed.

A Gallery

AT THIS POINT in the chase imagination runs
wild in many accounts. Even one of the raiders, Wil-
liam Pittenger, was guilty of exaggeration. In three
different published accounts, he told of leaving a
burning car behind on a bridge as a final desperate
measure. At Andrews’ direction, the men carried *&
blazing faggots from the firebox of the “General”
and set fire to the boxcar, leaving it ablaze on a
covered bridge. According to this same story, the
“Texas” had to slow down and push the burning
boxcar to the next siding.

Captain Fuller told me he hated to spoil a good
story but that no such incident occurred. And his
refutation was corroborated by two of his companions.
It seems that Andrews did discuss the idea with his
men but they found the weather too damp and the
time too short to set a boxcar afire.

Beyond Tunnel Hill, the raiders realized their
desperate situation with water and wood almost gone
and an implacable crew in close, pursuit. Andrews
thus allowed some of the men to drop off one by one
before reaching Ringgold. Apparently Pittenger was
among the first to leave the party and he picked up
the burning boxcar story later.

Two miles above Ringgold, about 1 p.m., the
“General” came to a halt at the top of a grade.
Andrews and the remaining men fled to the woods.
Close behind, Fuller and his crew brought the
“Texas” to a stop. The Great Locomotive Chase was |
over, eighty-seven miles north of its beginning at

Big Shanty.

Portraits

a
Anthony Mu:
was a meml

IT TOOK Confederate authorities less than a
week to round up.all twenty of the fugitives plus
the two men who had been left behind at Marietta.

(Continued on page 38)

William Pittenger, one of Andrews’ raiders. Pittenger, who later
became a clergyman, wrote a book and several articles about the
Andrews’ Raid. (All photos from author's collection)

2 AA A Nt in | Ae 1 meen cctemaren oe 4 “ saidedeedeed

1 sh shob sate eh ea ae ten ER Wn Pee eee aes

foreman in a railroad shop in Atlanta, who Photo made in 1867 of Peter J. Bracken who as engineer of the
was a member of Fuller’s party during the entire pursuit. locomotive Texas helped pursue the raiders.

Jeff Cain, the regular engineer of the General. Captain William A. Fuller (1836-1905), in his later years.

What of the pursued? Andrews had a train sched-
ule and a watch. By adhering to the schedule, he
hoped to allay suspicion until he reached an area
farther north of the Etowah River where there were
numerous bridges to be destroyed. He had no way of
knowing that he was already being pursued. And
so, during their eleven-mile trip from the river to
Kingston, the raiders lifted no rails behind them.

AT KINGSTON the branch road to Rome joined
the State Road. Andrews knew that the morning
passenger train would be in the depot. And the
schedule called for his train to stop. So, with aplomb,
Andrews halted the “General” in the Kingston yards
and approached Agent Uriah Stephens. He was
hauling emergency ammunition for General Beaure-
gard at Corinth. Please, could he have the switch
keys? He got them and moved the stolen train to a
siding above the depot to wait until two or three
southbound freights from the north passed. Un-
known to Andrews, Mitchel’s march on Huntsville
had not been delayed by the rains after all. He had
seized the town on schedule and this probably was
the reason why so many freights were headed south.
So the “General” sat for more than an hour with
sixteen anxious men shut in a boxcar and four more
in the cab.

Although another freight was expected, Andrews
ran out of patience. Taking the agent’s switch keys
with him, he made a fast run of nine miles to Adairs-
ville gambling on getting there first. Much to his re-
lief, the next southbound freight was still on a
siding in Adairsville.

Calhoun lay ten miles north along the level floor
of the Oothealoga Valley. The next southbound
trafic would be a passenger train that had left Chat-
tanooga at 4:20 a.m., making all the stops en route.
Could the raiders get to Calhoun first? (Passenger
schedules allowed for an average speed of sixteen
miles per hour and, strangely, no one ever seems
to have thought of using the telegraph to dispatch
trains.) Andrews’ luck held. The southbound pas-
senger train sat on the Calhoun siding. This would
be their last hurdle. Soon they could start burning
the bridges . . . they thought.

MEANWHILE, on reaching Kingston, Fuller
and his fellow pursuers found the track hopelessly
clogged by freight trains. Abandoning the “Yonah”
they ran to the depot and learned that the “General”
had just left the yards. The “William R. Smith” of
the Rome Road was on the siding with steam up
and baggage coach attached. Hurriedly pressing the
locomotive and its engineer into service, Fuller, Cain,
and Murphy set out in pursuit. Just four miles out
of Kingston they had to halt because of a missing
rail. In the hope of meeting the Adairsville freight,

Fuller and Murphy ran ahead on foot, leaving engi-
neer Cain behind.

They had gone only two or three miles when the
expected freight appeared, pulled by the locomotive
“Texas,” being operated by engineer Peter Bracken
and fireman Henry Haney. At Fuller’s request these
men backed the train to the Adairsville siding, shifted
off the cars and, still running in reverse, took up
the pursuit at full speed. Fuller and Murphy were
now joined by three others. At Calhoun they found
the little station boiling with excitement about the
unscheduled train that had steamed north without
explanation. In the crowd was young Edward Hender-
son, a telegrapher from Dalton, who had been sent
by his superiors to investigate the mysterious sever-
ance of the telegraph circuit. Recognizing Henderson,
Captain Fuller hauled him aboard and continued
north to Dalton. During the twenty-one-mile trip,
he wrote out the following message to Brigadier
General Danville Leadbetter in Chattanooga:

My train was captured this a.m. by Federal soldiers in
disguise. They are making rapidly for Chattanooga, possibly
with the idea of burning the railroad bridges in their rear.
If I do not capture them in the meantime, see that they do
not pass Chattanooga.

The pursuers caught sight of the pursued for the
first time two miles north of Calhoun. At the moment
the raiders had halted to lift a rail, but hearing the
triumphant screech of the whistle on the “Texas,”
they scrambled aboard and got started. Both loco-
motives now turned on full steam. The Andrews
party no longer dared stop to lift rails. Not knowing
that they outnumbered their pursuers four to one,
they dared not stop to fight it out either. (Despite
some fantastic accounts of blazing guns, Fuller and
his men were unarmed and Andrews’ did not fire
their revolvers during the chase.) They uncoupled
two boxcars, one on the Resaca trestle and another
farther north, but Fuller and his men merely slowed
down and shunted these to a siding. Andrews also
dropped crossties, but these delayed the pursuers
only momentarily.

Both locomotives, running at top speed, required
more wood and water than could be easily found.
With two of his three boxcars gone and a large
hole broken in the rear of the remaining car to
facilitate the dropping of crossties, Andrews could
no longer convince tank and wood station attendants
that he was conducting an emergency ammunition
train. Green’s tank and wood yard above Resaca
supplied both engines for the last thirty miles of
the chase.

AT DALTON, Fuller slowed just enough for
Henderson to jump off with his message for Gen-
eral Leadbetter. It was sent just before the wire to

... Andrews Railroad Raid

(Continued from page 16)

They were placed in a small jail in Chattanooga
where they could hear the sound of Mitchel’s guns
outside the city. Mitchel, of course, failed to take
Chattanooga and he died not long after without ever
knowing what happened to Andrews and his band.

Andrews was tried as a spy about April 20 and was
found guilty and condemned to die. Toward the
end of May, twelve of the raiders were sent to
Knoxville where competent officers were available
for court-martial service. Andrews received his death
warrant on May 31. The next night he and John
Wollam escaped through a hole cut in the jail wall.
Andrews swam the Tennessee River and, in a super-
human effort, made his way without boots or
trousers, to Williams Island, only to be recaptured
and brought back to jail. Wollam remained at large
for awhile but eventually was recaptured.

In Knoxville, seven of the twelve men _ taken
there were tried and predictably found guilty. From
what I could learn, each was charged with lurking
as a spy behind the Confederate lines while wearing
civilian clothing, with no mention of the affair of
the locomotives in the specifications. Military exi-
gencies abruptly closed the hearing before the other
five men could be tried in Knoxville.

ON JUNE 7 Andrews and eight of his men were

_ brought to Atlanta. Andrews was hanged that same

day on a scaffold erected at the present intersection
of Third and Juniper Streets. I talked with James
Bell, one of the six men who saw Andrews hanged.
He told me that just before the trap was sprung
Andrews removed his watch and chain and handed
it to the provost marshal in command of the execu-
tion squad.

A few days later the twelve men were brought in
from Knoxville and lodged with the other eight in
the Fulton County jail. On the 18th of June, with
only an hour’s notice, the seven who had been tried
and found guilty at the Knoxville court-martial were
taken out and hanged. Among them was William
Campbell, the civilian, and his friend Shadrach.
These seven were hanged at the southeastern inter-
section of Memorial Drive and South Park Avenue
(near Oakland Cemetery) in Atlanta.

SOME TIME later Wollam rejoined his comrades
in the Atlanta jail. Now fourteen in number and
frantic that their court-martial would come any day,
the group staged a spectaculat breakout on October

16,

Six were recaptured quickly. The other eight di-
vided into pairs and ran in different directions. John

A. Wilson and Mark Wood traveled southwest to
the Chattahoochee River. Stealing boats along the
way, and begging food from sympathetic fieldhands,
they reached the Federal blockading fleet at Ap
palachicola, on the Gulf of Mexico. Wilson Brown
and William Knight fled east to Stone Mountain,
then turned north and, using the North Star as
their guide, made their way to Federal lines in
Tennessee.

Daniel Dorsey and Martin J. Hawkins fled north
to the vicinity of Chattanooga and, after several
close calls involving Confederates of Bragg’s com-
mand, regained Federal lines in Tennessee.

John R. Porter and John Wollam headed north-
west from Atlanta and reached the Tennessee River
below Chattanooga. Finding a canoe some thirty
miles below Bridgeport, they floated down to Muscle
Shoals where the rough water balked them. A forty:
five-mile trek brought them to Florence, Alabama
where they found a skiff on which they floated to the
vicinity of Corinth, Mississippi. There, on November
18—a month and two days after their escape—the pair
encountered a Federal outpost.

THE SIX recaptured men were put in the custody
of Confederate troops housed in a large three-story
building called Concert Hall and kept there, under

close guard until December 3 when they were trans

ferred to Castle Thunder in Richmond. There on

The monument,
by a bronze effig
May 30, 1891. 1
ernor and later
first cousin of G.
of Atlanta in 186:
cousins did not
spelling of their |
In September
suers were guest
St. Louis Railwa
of the Cumberla
represented by hi
Writing in th
Brigadier Genera
of staff, had enc
ing expedition, sa
in destroying eve
it would have
Mitchel’s militar:
that Mitchel’s br
to accomplish ol

End of the chase, A
General was forced
Texas, which had 1
shows up in the b:
some of the raiders {
the forty-eight miles

March 18, 1863, they were exchanged and sent tofme t :

Washington.
These six men reported to Judge Advocate General

Joseph Holt on March 24. The next day they were fet.’

taken to Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, who

é
awarded them the newly created Congressional Medal i

of Honor. The other eight survivors—those who had

reached the Federal lines—got their medals later. fe
Medals were awarded posthumously to those who were fy

hanged, and were presented to their families with

three exceptions: the two civilians—Andrews andi
Campbell—and poor Shadrach, who had signed up

under a false name.

Most of the survivors re-entered the Army, some of

them fighting with Rosecrans at Stone’s River, Chick
amauga, and Missionary Ridge, and in the Atlanta
Campaign under Sherman.

IN AUGUST 1888 the surviving raiders held a regs
union as part of a Grand Army of the Republic En

campment at Columbus, Ohio. On hand was their
nemesis, Captain Fuller, and the “General” itself

Publicity generated by this meeting led to the erec-fimeam
tion of a memorial to the Ohio raiders in the Na :

tional Cemetery at Chattanooga. The bodies of An
drews and his seven unlucky followers had_ been

moved there from their unmarked graves in Atlanta4

Somebody, apparently in all sincerity,
once termed the Civil War, “the last
Great War between gentlemen.” Be that
as it may, and we’re not going to argue
the point here, certainly it was a war of
great personal drama and adventure.
One of the greatest of these was the
adventure of the 20 Union soldiers, brave
and true, who infiltrated the Confederate
lines.and stole a locomotive. We’re sure
you'll enjoy this true story of derring-do
from back in the days when gallantry
and chivalry were more than mere words
in the dictionary.

T STANDS to reason that the first
enlisted men ever to receive the
Congressional Medal of Honor
should have done something out-
standing in the field of valor.

They did.
These men, fourteen in all on whom
President Lincoln later pinned the

coveted medal, were the survivors of
one of the most incredible behind-the-
lines forays of the Civil War, one that
in retrospect seems like nothing but a
macabre comedy of errors.

It started in the spring of 1862, the
brain-wave of a long, lean and lanky
30-year-old mountaineer named James
J. Andrews. Although Andrews was
Kentucky born and bred, all his sym-
pathies were with the North. He did
more than just sympathize. He. had
evolved a neat but tricky role for him-
self as a sort of double-agent spy. As
such, he managed to cross the lines
pretty much at will. As a rule, he
smuggled sorely needed quinine south
to the Confederacy, and on his return
trip carried all the information on
Rebel military plans he had been able
to pick up from first-hand observation
and through casual gossip.

In consequence, he was welcome in
both camps.

Useful as his work was, Andrews
still wasn’t satisfied. He wanted action
—direct and forceful. And eventually.
as the result of his careful analysis of
the military strength and weaknesses
of the Confederate forces, he came up
with a fantastic scheme that could well
have ended the war within months in-
stead of the three years it eventually
took.

On his next trip north he outlined
his plan to Major. General Ormsby
McK. Mitchel, of the Union Army. It
was as simple as it was daring.

Atlanta, as Andrews pointed out, was
then the arsenal of the Confederacy,
supplying arms not only to Chatta-
nooga but to General Beauregard’s
forces in Mississippi. Most of the sup-
plies from Atlanta went out of that
city over the lines of the Georgia State
Railroad.

Andrews’ scheme, in brief, was to’

steal a Georgia State Railroad train, at
some location not too far from Atlanta,
and highball northward with it. burning
bridges along the way.

Meanwhile, according to Andrews’
plan, Major General Mitchel would be
sweeping southeast with his forces in
a pincer movement to cut the same rail
line. Chattanooga, effectively shut off

_ from further immediate aid from At-

lanta, would then fall easy prey to the
Union. And with Chattanooga as a new
base, Union forces could sweep down
to block General Beauregard’s armies
in Mississippi. At the same time the
way would be open for a nearly un-
hampered march through Georgia for
the capture of Atlanta.
' After some debate, Major General
Mitchel decided that. theatrical as the
venture sounded, it might work. At any
rate, the possible gains far outweighed
the risks.

At once the plan was put into opera-

The Civil War’s

most daring mission,
a spine-tingling chase
a la Mack Sennett,
but with this
difference—the
hangman oils his
ropes and waits
impatiently

for the losers.

tion. Andrews stlected 19 of the Union
soldiers who volunteered to accompany

him on his mission. The latter dis- —

carded -their uniforms, dressed in tat-
tered civilian clothes. As soon as they
reached the Rebel. lines they would
pass themselves off as men seeking to
join the Confederate army. 3

They started out on foot to cover the
103-mile distance to Chattanooga. The
route chosen led over mountains and
backroads knee-deep in mud. It took
four days and ‘nights to reach Chat-
tanooga, on April 10th. There Andrews
and. his men boarded a train for Mari-
etta, Georgia, where the train stealing
venture was to start. ’

Previously, Andrews and Mitchel had
set Friday as D-day. Now, however,
Andrews was forced to reconsider the
situation. Rain and mud had slowed
his own men on the ‘trip down to
Chattanooga—it was reasonable to sup-
pose that Mitchel would encounter the
same slow-down in’ moving his forces.
So Andrews decided to delay the start
of his activities ‘a full twenty-four
hours.

At dawn the following morning, he °

and his men innocently: hoarded a
northbound Georgia State Railroad
train named The General. He had

ie! le

ouis-
le &
ower
is to
raid,
ition
ance
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ions,
had

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oint

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Se ak

of Georgia’s observance of the Civil War Centennial.
Here indeed was a spectacle out of the past where history
ceased to be a mere matter of printed pages and came
alive with startling vividness.

After a 23,000-mile tour of the country, including a year
at the New York World’s Fair in 1964, the 110-year-old
relic is back in Louisville. E. Warren Clark, who res-
cued the old engine from the scrap heap at Vinings
Station, Georgia, in 1892, could never have envisaged the
proud heritage conferred thereby upon it. It survived
the Civil War where, for the first time, railroads in-
vaded logistics; it has seen steam locomotion relegated
to museums, and while it never reached Chattanooga
that April day in 1862, it was welcomed there as an
honored guest a century later.

HILAIRE BELLOC’S dictum regarding all history as
being pervaded by a superhuman irony is eminently
illustrated by: the postwar career of the locomotive
“Texas.” It is often pointed out that after all, the
timely appearance of the “Texas” near Adairsville en-

+ Last ahha banal tM ttt abet ai: ne CHAN AD RANI 5 A De BCD) 0 04 bade alu en ion stone a a eed Cotas Ln ANlERegnNtat Nip darnitinns Uisive murray Me

The General in' 1888, on display at a GAR encampment at
Columbus, Ohio. Ten of the eleven surviving raiders are pres-
ent together with their nemesis, Captain Fuller. At the left, on
the tender, is William J. Knight, fireman of the General.

To the right of Knight, as scen by the reader, are Wilson W.
Brown, an engineer, and William J. Knight, an engineer—all
formerly of the 2Ist Ohio Volunteers. The left-hand group,
standing, 1 to r, are Elihu H. Mason, 2Ist Ohio, and William H.
Reddick, 33d Ohio. Seated, 1 to r, John Wollam, 33d Ohio,
Daniel A. Dorsey, 33d Ohio, and William Pittenger, 33d Ohio.
At the far right, in front of the engine, 1 to r, William Ben-
singer, 2lst Ohio, Jacob Parrott, 33d Ohio, and Captain William
A. Fuller, CSA. (Author's collection)

abled the pursuers to continue the chase on something
like equal terms—of which they had been deprived up
to that moment, and for that reason palms and laurels
should have been awarded to the locomotive that pre-
vented the destruction of the State Railroad—not the one
being used for that purpose.

It should be pointed out, however, that the postwar
career of the “Texas” was marked by a singular neglect
that came close to its destruction. Like the “General,”
it participated in the war effort and afterward there
were periods when it, too, was leased to various busi-
ness interests. It is certain that it, too, was at the Vin-
ings Station scrap-heap about the time the “General”
was rescued therefrom and that shortly after 1900 it was
used as a switch engine at Emerson, Bartow County,
Georgia.‘ In 1903, the writer, learning of its presence
there, sent a Cartersville photographer to photograph it
under steam. In 1907 the “Texas” was removed to the
Atlanta yards where it remained four years, much to
the annoyance of the yard-master, who insisted on its
removal. At this juncture, some local interest was
created in finding a place to put it by way of preserva-
tion. It was offered to the state and refused, but the city
accepted it and removed it to the southeastern corner
of Grant Park in 1911, where it stood exposed to the
weather and souvenir hunters until 1927 when it finally
came to rest in the basement of the Cyclorama_ build-
ing where it is at present.

THE “Texas,” a Danforth, Cooke & Company loco-
motive, was placed in service on the State Road in
October 1856.

The “Yonah,” a Rogers, Ketchum & Grosvenor .loco-
motive, was placed in service on the State Road in
April 1849. No photograph of the engine exists, but
shop drawings in various publications indicate what it
was like.

A short time after the outbreak of the Civil War the
“Yonah” was leased to Major Mark Cooper, who operated
the ironworks on the Etowah River a few miles above
the railroad bridge at Etowah Station. This engine,
more or less a counterpart of the “General,” was used
on a spur track between the station and the rolling
mill—with a turn-table at ‘each end. As in the case of
the “Texas,” it saved a situation by its eleven-mile run
to Kingston with Fuller’s pursuing party. The Cooper
Iron Works were destroyed by General Schofield’s XXIII
Corps during the Atlanta Campaign in 1864. The master
mechanic’s report of, 1866 indicates that the “Yonah”
was being used as a stationary engine in the Atlanta
shops, from which it eventually ended up in the scrap
heap.

The “William R. Smith,” of the Rome Railroad, was
a Norris & Sons locomotive. Oliver Wiley Harbin told
the writer in 1907 that the “William R. Smith” was
leased to the Muscogee Railroad later on during the
war and when the Wilson raiders captured Columbus,
Georgia, in 1865, they burned the shops, cars, and
engines—including the “William R. Smith.”

ANDREWS, James, Jez, white, hange

i 9
and CAMPBELL, William H., ROBERTSON, Samuel, ROSS, Marion A., SCOTT,

Anta, Theg

John M,, SHADRACH, Philip G,, SLAVENS, Samuel and WILSON, George

“2

Uuguct L SF

AAniomRasetae Yeo Ahlen a elie tRNA REAR NI No RE CIE

DEATH RIDE
- OF THE
LOCOMOTIVE

eet

picked a place called Big Shanty, just
to the north of Marietta, for the actual
hijacking of the train. There was rea-
son for this; despite the close proxim-
ity of Camp McDonald, the huge train-
ing and recruiting’ center for the Con-
federates swarming with some 10,000
soldiers, there was no telegraph at Big
Shanty. !

The General pulled into Big Shanty
at 7:30 in a pelting rain. The Rebel

sentries on duty paid it only routine at- |

_tention.” The engineer, Jefferson Cain,
and the conductor, William H. Fuller,
disembarked and went into the station
to talk with Anthony Murphy, the rail-
road foreman. The rest of the train
crew and passengers headed for the
Station restaurant. That was when An-
drews swung into action.

At a signal, one of his men opened
the ‘coupling between the passenger
cars and the three hoxcars just hehind
the engine of The Ciel Andiews,
two volunteer engineers and a fireman

. jumped into the engine cab, while the

rest of his men piled into one of the
boxcars.
With throttle-wide open, The General
was on its way to one of the wildest
rides in railroad or military history,
Belatedly, those at Big Shanty real-
ized something had gone wrong. Pas-

sengers and crew streamed out of the

Station. The . sentries emptied their
muskets. Fuller, the conductor, together
with the engineer, Cain, and foreman
Murphy started running down the
track, in a seemingly. futile attempt to
catch the stolen train. Andrews leaned
far out the engine cab window and
waved derisively.

A few miles out of Marietta, Andrews
ordered the train’ braked toa stop.

: Under his orders, his men ripped down

and cut the telegraph wire, managed to
tear up part of the single track behind
them, and then picked up a load. of

Cross-ties, for later use.

Andrews -was fairly certain of the
train schedules from previous. observa-
tion, but he wanted to be certain. He

‘didn’t relish the thought of possibly

meeting a ‘southbound train on the
single track and having his carefully

laid, plans wrecked before they could’

be put into operation. '
-So at Cass Station, where he stopped
The General to take on water and

wood, he fast-talked the elderly water- :
' tender and flagman, already bemused at

the sight of The General, to hand over
his train schedule. “I’m running powder
to General Beauregard on a special

mission,” Andrews explained. “You'll

see the rest of the train when it comes

~ along.”

A moment later they were on their

‘way to Kingston, some 28 miles beyond.

where according to schedule they were

to pass a waiting southbound freight
train.

They reached Kingston exactly on
time, only to learn that the freight had

been delayed. Andrews gave the sta-
_ tion agent the same story about running
powder to Beauregard to explain why
The General was running without pas-
senger cays, and tried to conceal his
nervous impatience. His engineer, Wil-
liam Knight, shunted the train onto a
siding. 5

The freight arrived 25 minutes late,
but with a red flag flying from the ca-
boose. That meant another train was
following along behind.

Andrews swore, irately demanding an
explanation. His curses became more
lurid when he was told that the whole
train schedule had been thrown out of
whack by military orders.

“Union forces under Mitchel have
cut the rail line west.” the freight
engineer told him. “Mitchel is march-
ing on Chattanooga. Orders are to move
all of the rolling stock south out of his
reach.”

With an empty feeling in the pit of
his stomach, Andrews realized that he
had made a bad mistake in judgement.
Because he had been slowed down with
his men in his cross-country march to
Chattanooga. he had figured the same
thing would happen to Mitchel and so
had delayed his plans a full twenty-four
hours.

He had been wrong.

Now’ it was too late to rectify that

error. ‘All that could help mend mat-
ters was speed—and luck. Unless he
carried out his part of the prearranged
' program and burned the bridges, rein-
forcements would soon be rushing north
from Atlanta toward Chattanooga.
Two more freight trains arrived. and
a precious 40 more minutes went by,
before Andrews was able. to imperi-
ously order the switch thrown and

move The General back onto the main
line, despite the station agent’s insist-
ence that he was running contrary to
orders,

Three miles out of Kingston he
slowed down long enough for his men
to cut the telegraph wire and .strew
the track with crossties. Then he or-
dered the throttle open wide for Adairs-
ville, 10 miles away, where there was
a siding. Here he hoped to pass both
a freight and a passenger train due on
schedule.

Only the freight had arrived.
Brusquely Andrews ordered its en-
gineer to. move it into the siding. He
decided not to wait for the soon due
passenger train but intead to hightail
it for Calhoun, whene there was an-
other siding, tunning the risk of a
wreck. \

It was imperative that he reach the

first bridge, the Oostanaula at Resaca.
with sufficient time to get it burning
in the pouring rain.

With full steam ahead. and whistle
chord pulled down. The General rocked
and swaved over the uneven roadbed at
60 miles an hour. They reached Cal-
houn just as the Passenger train was
pulling out of the station. As The
General rolled: to a slow stop. its cow-
catcher brushing that of the giant
Passenger locomotive, The Texas,
Andrews jumped out of his cab and
shouted imperious orders. “Get back
on the siding!” he commanded Peter
Bracken, engineer of The Texas, “This
is a powder train for Beauregard.
Nothing stands in its way!”

Bracken obeyed without question.

Meanwhile, back at Big Shanty,
Fuller, Cain and Murphy had continued
their’ seemingly futile chase down the
railroad tracks. Shortly they had reach-
ed a gang of trackworkers and taken
over their handcar. Rounding a curve,
they had run into the first bit of torn-up
track. For the first time then they
realized they weren’t after a bunch of
potential army deserters, but rather
Yankee saboteurs bent on destroying
the vital railway link to Atlanta.

Laboriously they righted their up-
turned handcar, jockeyed it over the
uprooted rails, and started pumping
again, still giving chase. A few miles
farthur on, at Etowah, they had a
lucky break. There was a locomotive.
The. Yonah, waiting on a. westbound
spur with steam up. At once: Fuller
and his two partners commandeered it.

They steamed into Kingston to find
that rail’ junction clogged with trains,
Fuller, who had. taken charge of the
pursuit, lost no time in trying to clear
the tracks ahead. Instead, he quickly:
commandeered another locomotive, The
Shorter, that stood on the tracks beyond

_ the snarl at Kingston. At the same time

his terse account of what was happen-
ing prompted a small posse of men.

gathered about the Station, to join in
the chase, quickly armed with shotguns,
revolvers, and even pitchforks,

They pulled out of Kingston just
25 minutes behind Andrews in his
stolen train.

But just short of Adairsville they
were brought to a sudden stop by the
torn-up track. Once again Fuller and
his men were forced to take up the
pursuit on foot. ;

Then, just short of Adairsville, Fuller
was able to flag down. an approaching
train, The Texan. Quickly he apprised
Bracken, the engineer, of what was in
the wind, ordered him to back his
passenger cars into the siding.

That done, Fuller and his men, now
augmented by the Calhoun home guard

aye?

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Hancock County, West Virginia, and that he had left
there to seek a new life after a series of personal
tragedies, specifically a fire in an uninsured flour mill
that his father had financed. Andrews vowed that his
family would not hear from him again until he could
repay his father’s investment. His troubles were com-
pounded when his fiancee rejected him after he lost his
business. Yet another blow fell with the death of a sec-
ond love shortly thereafter.

When the War began, Andrews firmly expressed
his support for the Union and was appointed deputy
U.S. Provost Marshal for Fleming and adjacent coun-
ties. But his activities in those first few months of the
War seemed suspicious to observing Unionists.
Despite his strongly expressed Union sentiments he
appeared in Confederate-occupied Nashville,
Tennessee, and obtained entrance to General P.G.T.
Beauregard’s headquarters to present plans for trans-
porting needed medical supplies to the Southern army.
His proposal received strong support and approval
and was rewarded with various military documents
and passes permitting unrestricted movement within
the Confederacy. Andrews was even credited with
assisting a Confederate commander in saving a train
from a Federal artillery bombardment.

But as Andrews was developing his credibility
with the Confederacy, he was in fact operating as a
Union army agent for General Buell who reported,
“Andrews came into my employment in the capacity
of a spy. Having traffic in quinine, etc., as an excuse
for his movements.”

In March of 1862, Andrews had attempted a rail-
road raid with the objective of burning bridges
between Chattanooga and Bridgeport, Tennessee, in
support of Buell’s movement to join Major General
U.S. Grant’s forces on the Tennessee River. The raid
was unsuccessful, but served to convince Andrews
that such an operation could work.

When Andrews had finished his exhortation on
that rainy April night in the black woods, the raiders
cast grave glances at each other and began to move
silently into the night. They were to travel east by foot
over the Cumberland Mountains, cross the Tennessee
River and arrive in Chattanooga, some 103 miles away,
by Thursday afternoon. It was crucial that they be in
Chattanooga by Thursday afternoon to board the
Southbound train and arrive in Marietta that evening.
The action in Marietta was to begin on Friday morn-
ing. The raiders moved through the forest gloom, alert
for Federal pickets and for farms where they might
grab a few hours of sleep in a barn.

As they traveled the next day, Tuesday, the raiders
encountered men they recognized from the Monday
night meeting. They occasionally saw Andrews, and
while words were not spoken, his presence helped dis-
pel the pervasive feelings of apprehension about being
in the heart of enemy country. By Thursday morning,
most of the small squads of raiders were considerably

28 CIVIL WAR ISSUE XXVI

behind schedule and would have great difficulty
reaching Chattanooga by afternoon. However, word
began to filter from squad to squad that Andrews had
postponed the raid for one day. Andrews assumed
that the several days of rainy weather would force
General Mitchel to delay his operation. Andrews’s
decision was to have tragic results.

The raiders eventually began to arrive at the rail-
road station in Chattanooga on Friday afternoon and
prepared to board the southbound train to Marietta.
The train was filled with Confederate soldiers, many of
whom were intoxicated, and the ride into Georgia was
a nerve wracking one for the exhausted raiders. As
they rode, they were able to get a glimpse of some of
the bridges and terrain that they would be crossing the
following day. Around midnight, the conductor
announced their arrival in Marietta. They had accom-
plished the first phase of their daring penetration of
the Confederacy.

The Northerners dispersed and obtained lodging
at three different hotels. Early Saturday morning,
April 12, 1862, the raiders crowded into Andrews’s
room for their final briefing. Of the approximately 30
men who had been assembled at the Monday night
meeting, only 19 were present for the final phase of the
operation. Several men were left sleeping in their hotel
beds in Marietta because they were not awakened by
the desk clerk. Raiders Sam Llewellyn and James
Smith had been stopped and questioned in the vicinity
of Jasper, Tennessee. After using their cover story, they
were immediately enlisted into a Confederate light
artillery battery.

The time was drawing near to leave the hotel and
board the morning train to Chattanooga. Andrews
hurriedly summarized the details of the plan to seize
the train. “When the train stops at Big Shanty for
breakfast,” he said, “keep your places till I tell you to
go. If anybody interferes, shoot him, but don’t fire

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CIVIL WAR ISSUE XXVI_ 31

LL enacted

until it is necessary.” Andrews ended the briefing with
an emotional, personal vow: “Boys, I tried this once
before and failed; now I will succeed or leave my
bones in Dixie.”

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Se

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The raiders left the hotel and boarded the nearby
train. The Western and Atlantic passenger train had
begun its run in Atlanta, 20 miles to the south, with its
destination Chattanooga 118 miles north. The board-
ing of 20 able-bodied men in civilian clothing aroused
the suspicion of the train’s 26-year old conductor,
William A. Fuller. He had been warned to be alert for
possible deserters and draft dodgers attempting to
leave the Confederacy.

The trip from Marietta to Big Shanty, later called
Kennesaw, was but eight miles. As the train began to
slow down for the 20-minute breakfast stop, the
raiders were thunderstruck by what they saw from the
windows: an encampment of several thousand
Confederate soldiers at the depot.

Hungry passengers, conductor Fuller and the engi-
neer and fireman quickly departed the train to enjoy
their morning meal. The raiders anxiously waited for
Andrews’s signal. After several minutes, Andrews
and a raider by the name of Knight, who had been
selected for the mission because he was an engincer,
left the passenger car, walked slowly to the engine,
boarded it and prepared for the run to Chattanooga.

Andrews returned to the passenger car containing
the remaining raider force and quietly gave the order,
“Come on, boys—its time to go now.” The raiders
casually left the train, several of them pausing to non-
chalantly uncouple all of the cars except three boxcars
behind the engine and coal tender. Raiders Brown and
Wilson boarded the engine while the rest of the men
scrambled into the boxcars. Knight threw the throttle
wide open and the train—named The General—lurched

forward amid jets of steam and spinning wheels.
Andrews’s raiders began their dash for Chattanooga.

Andrews and his men had done the unthinkable:
They had stolen a train in full daylight from a busy
Southern depot, their every action in full view of
Confederate regiments and several feet away from a
Confederate sentry. So bold and confident had the
raiders been in their movements that they had attract-
ed little attention and stirred only minor interest
among the Confederate observers.

Andrews ordered a stop a short distance out of the
station to restoke the engine fire and cut telegraph
wires to disrupt communication between stations. He
thought that the nearest engine that the Confederates
might use for pursuit was in Atlanta. His plan was to
speed northward, maintaining a schedule that would
avoid two southbound trains from Chattanooga, stop-
ping along the way to destroy track and cut telegraph
lines. Andrews thought that he and his raiders would
be at their first objective, the Oostanaula, (Resaca)
Bridge, in two or three hours. After setting it afire,
they would continue to race northward, burning
bridges crossing the circuitous Chickamauga River to
join Mitchel sometime that evening.

The raiders made another quick stop, this one out-
side of Allatoona to cut telegraph lines and destroy
track, then headed onward across the Etowah River.
Andrews and the men in the engine spotted a locomo-
tive on a side track as they sped past. It was a private
engine named The Yonah. The men suggested that they

William A. Fuller

stop and destroy the engine, but Andrews refused,
saying, “It won’t make any difference.” A light rain
began to fall.

The General sped through the small town of

CIVIL WAR ISSUE XXVI__29

LS —— ease 4

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30 CIVIL WAR ISSUE XXVI

Carterville, leaving a group of
angry, would-be passengers wait-
ing at the depot. A few miles far-
ther north, Andrews stopped at the
town of Cassville and engaged the
cooperation of a suspicious tender
by saying he was the commander
of a special ammunition train on
the way to resupply General
Beauregard. The General proceeded
to Kingston, which was a junction
for rail traffic coming cast from
Rome as well as a switching station
for trains heading north. Andrews
expected that the passage through
Kingston would be their last major
obstacle.

On arrival, the fugitive train
was, as expected,
switched to a side
track to allow the
Passage of a south-
bound train. An-
drews responded
to questions from
curious Georgians,
who expected to
see Conductor Ful-
ler, by repeating
his Beauregard
ammunition-train
story. Tension be-
gan to build, espe-
cially among the
raiders confined to
the boxcars. Even-
tually, the expected
freight train rum-
bled past, but the
last car flew a red
flag—which signalled, to An-
drews’s dismay, that another train
was not far behind. The increase in
southbound traffic was due to
Mitchel’s operation against Hunt-
sville. He had gone ahead with his
attack after all.

Meanwhile, back at Big Shanty,
Conductor Fuller, the engineer of
the stolen train and a railroad offi-
cial named Anthony Murphy, had
shown remarkable pluck and had
begun pursuit of their train on foot.
Two miles down the track, almost
exhausted, they discovered a hand-
car, leaped aboard it, and contin-
ued their chase. Absorbed in mak-
ing speed, they failed to notice the

first section of track torn up by the
raiders and were violently derailed.
Unhurt, they replaced the handcar
on the tracks and began again.
Finally, they came to The Yonah and
a number of Confederate soldiers
waiting for a southbound train.
Fuller quickly explained what had
occurred and enlisted them for the
pursuit.

As Andrews and his raiders
waited at Kingston, preoccupied
with obstacles to the north, Fuller
was rapidly making up lost time in
their rear. Andrews and his men
lost more than an hour—so great
was the delay that as The General
finally moved out of Kingston, The

Yonah was just four minutes
behind.

The light rain of early morning
had now turned into a steady
downpour. A short distance from
Kingston, the raiders stopped and
hurriedly repeated the process of
cutting telegraph lines and destroy-
ing track, but as they remounted
their train, they were forced to reset
their priorities, making their next
goal to clear the station at
Adairsville as quickly as possible.
They could now hear the sound of
the pursuing engine.

At Adairsville, Andrews
received the disturbing news that
they would have to wait for two

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7
,
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SS

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,

os. Moreover,
7

sTY,

to arrange for a hospital
west of the town to take
that were the ease the
ver arrangements Porter
ederates wounded were
Uspeople were naturally
wy might be dealt with
the loeal
aly surgical instruments
w anything about where
rendered is due to Mr.
Clerk and Recorder of
lle. THe was a southern
l. On coming back to
- over he saw the dread-
begged for help. Me-
Lyons called in Dr.

9 men amputated limbs
the wounded who had
ding which stood on the
~~ "~s his grocery store.
w of the building
‘cumulated before they
ding was not sufficient
were taken eare of at

Cumberland Academy
y could be brought in.
on the warning of Por-
to the north and <ev-
om danger climbed up

Had there not been a
zens would have been
‘ Coots, was mortally
e just northwest of the
fein their cellar. Ac-
¢ to one she was killed
» the house, the battle
to another, some Con-
‘while she was still in

She lived only at few

200 | Lament Byam t wtasee dbebet
i ree + wee

oe
+ ey
*

Cie: Wik: 103

The day after the hatte fifteen of the Confederates who had been
enplured in the fight, » ware executed on a spot about two hundred yards
~cuthwest of the present Wabash depot. They were executed on the
ae of having violated (heir paroles, They were: Willixan Bates,

JM. Galbreath, iyi tolling, William Wilson, Columbus Harris?
Hee Thomas or Thompson, Thomas Webb, and Reuben Circe ny
of Monroe County; James Christian,: David Wood, and Bennett’

Hayden of Shelby Counfy; William Ballee and Hamilton Brannon of"

Marion County; and John Kent of Adair County.
On the sevond day after the battle, Col. Frisby H. MeC allaugh
was likewise executed. THis case seems to be somewhat different from

Cou IFrispy IT, MeCutLoucu

Exccuted at Kirkwille hy order of MeNeil, August S, 1862.
io roth a defaced daguerreotype.

that 9

a RA ARE 4

t the other fifteen. Ile had been a very successful recruiting
etheer in North Missouri, and was at the time of his exeeution an officer
in the Missouri State Cards, a military force that had been organ-
ited under Governor Jac ‘kon for the purpose of taking the state out of
‘he Union. MeC ullough h: ad been operating with Porter only a short
Hine before the battle of] Kirksville, having joined him after he left
wt wwark on his way to Nirksville, Almost immediately after the battle

=
ade

‘had become so ill he would Hol keep up with the command. De- !
r ree thecseonk whieh Popter offered him, he started to vo to his home ;
hi’ Marion C ounty, ee he was captured by the State Militia
3 ‘ :
|
:
i :
:
om. |
icra NS IE Tr same maqmepp—e seedy seeeennee — { : |
| t >
ORNATE TTT NEIL ETS ATS TES

BALLEE, William, BATES, William, BRANNON, Hamilton, CHRIS-
TIAN, James, GALBREATH, R. M., GREEN, Reuben, HARRIS, Colum-
bus, HAYDEN, Bennett, KENT, John, ROLLINS, Lewis, THOMAS
(THOMPSON), Reuben, WEBB, Thomas, WILSON, William, and WOOD,
David, whites, executed Kirksville, Mo., August 7, 1862; and
McCULLOUGH, Frisby H., executed Kirksville, 8-8-1862.

(Union Military executions. )

Transcription of Harriett Frazier's notes on title page of
History of Adair County:

"With Porter in North Missouri: A Chapter in the History of

the War Between the States, Joseph A. Mudd, 1909; Washington,

DC, National Publishing Co., p 264, from the official report

of Col. John McNeil: 'Finding that fifteen of the prisoners cap-
tured had been prisoners before, and upon their own admissions,
had been discharged on their solemn oath and parole of honor not
again to take arms against their country under penalty of death, I
enforced the penalty of the bond by ordering them shot.'"

Page 276: ""Sir, Inclosed herewith please find an elaborate account
extracted from the local papers in Missouri and the Northern press
of the execution of Colonel Frisby H. McCullough, of the Second
Division, Missouri State Guard, and sixteen privates near the town
of Kirksville, under the command of Colonel John McNeil...War
Department, Richmond, Oct. 8, 1862.'"

wmetheirowil acts/™"'They had been Ted into evil—so they pleaded —througl

418 HISTORY.OF MISSOURI ~ | ts
ee
up arms in- behalf of the Rebel cause, but in all respects: to°d
themselves as true and loyal citizens of the United States.” And it?
further charged that ‘every man of them had perjured himself as of
as he had subscribed to this oath, and at the same time his hands w
Se with repeated murders.” The names of the condemned men wm
‘rank E. Drake, Doctor A. C. Rowe, Elbert Hamilton, William Se

n. The executioners formed the south line of this square, the bal- _
of the Missouri Twenty-third the east and west lines, and Merrill’s
9the north. The executioners were divided off into firing parties

spaces in the rear. General Merrill and staff were stationed close
in the northeast angle of the square. The firing parties formed a
plete line, but were detached about two paces from each other.
‘prisoner was marched out ten paces in front, and immediately
th of his six executioners.

This order having been completed, the prisoners were severally blinded
-bandages of white cloth, and were then required to kneel for the
ble doom that awaited them. At this time every tongue was silent,
sl nothing was more audible than the heart-throbs of the deeply moved
ympathizing multitude. At a signal from the commanding
Ecer, Rev. Dr. Landis stepped forward to address the Throne of Grace.
Is prayer was the utterance of a pitying heart, brief and impressive.
was an earnest appeal for pardoning mercy for those who were about
sop into"the*presence of “God “and *EtcrnityswmA nd then»followed the
ug scenes of this bloody drama. The prisoners remained kneeling,
e sixty muskets were pointed at their palpitating hearts. The sig-
is given and the fatal volleys discharged, and the ten doomed men
ko 2 swift exit from time to eternity !* The bodies of five of the
ased were claimed by their respective friends; the balance were
rred by military direction.

hatever may be said to excuse, extenuate, or justify this execution,
t can be pleaded to mitigate the horrible butchery at Palmyra a few
ks thereafter? The record of that event is, briefly, that on the
sion, a short time previous, of Porter’s descent upon Palmyra, he
ured, among other persons, an old resident and a Union man by the

and Jas. H. Hall.

The ceremonies attending their execution were excecdingly impre
On the morning of the 25th the condemned were separated from th
comrades and confined in a freight car on the Hannibal and St. Josep
railroad, and were at the same time informed of the doom that awalte
them. The next day Reverend Doctor R. W. Landis, Chaplain of |
cavalry regiment known as ‘ Merrill’s Horse,’ was present to attend
the spiritual interests of the condemned. He called on them on {
evening of the 25th, and found them all deeply penitent and ‘appares
making earnest preparations for death. They confessed they‘
wronged the Government, wronged the State, wronged their neigh!
and themselves, yet they declared they were not. wholly responsible’

the influence of others.

The prisoners spent most of the night in prayer. Next mornlg
urgent appeals were made to General Merrill, who was present in } c¢
to spare their lives ; to have them tried by the civil courts; to impri
them till the end of the war; but he did not modify their seut
One of theso appeals came in tho shape of a letter, written by the you
est of the ten—about twenty or twenty-one years of age—and sim
claimed mercy for the writer. It was reccived early on the moruing’
the execution, and as the General was still in bed, the note was
in the hands of his Adjutant. The following is a verbatim copy:

“* general for god sake spare my life for i am a boy i was perswaded do what{
done and forse i will go in service and figt for you and stay with you douring the
wood been figting for the union if it had bin for others.

i Cavalry, though too old to endure the more active duties of the
gtice. He was therefore detailed as special or extra Provost-Marshal’s
ard ; and being an old resident and widely acquainted with the people
localities of the county, he was frequently called upon to give infor-
tation touching the loyalty of men, and the way to different places ; often
ompanying scouting parties into the surrounding couutry. He there-

“J, A. Wreoxd,'

At 11 o’clock, a. m., the procession was formed, and the silent mu
tude, civil and military, moved at the signal of the muffled drum, tow
the field of execution near the town. , 3

The exccutioners were detailed from the Twenty-third Missouri Iges
fantry, ‘and numbered sixty-six men. ‘They marched six abreast, with

eh:

D §. Washburne was on the same day executed at Huntsville.

me of Andrew Allsman. He had formerly belonged to the Third Mis- — na

| CIVILIANS UNDER
: MILITARY JUSTICE

j
{ The British Practice since 1689
Especially in North America

FREDERICK BERNAYS WIENER

hed

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS
Chicago and London |

' MIDDAGH, and ROok,

, (Mali tary ts (Orange Co.): From Orange County we

hear that as Capt. Rose of Marbletown and Lieut.
Middagh of the same place, were coming to this
city with a company of men for His Majesty's Ser-
vice, they were intercepted on the road by a
party of the HEB rebels. several of the men.
were wounded and the two officers were put into
gaol, tried and executed about a month since.
NEW YORK WEEKLY MERCURY, NYC, June 9, Litre

Date of execution: May » LTT.

ROOSA, Jacobus & MIDDAGH, Tacob
Capt. Roosa & one other May — 1777
pp 25-255, HISTORY OF KINGSTON by Marius
Schoonmaker (NY: Burr Prt. Hse, NY, 1888) names

re Jacobus Roosa & Jacob Middagh

Orfence: Treason :

Location: Kingston NY

Ex Date: May, 1777 (fr

Details: "Week before last, Capt. Roosa and his
Lieut., two noted Tories lately taken

in arms as they were marching toward the enemy, were

hanged at Esopus in this State as a suitable reward

for their treasonable practices. They had deluded a

number of other poor wretches who were taken along

with them, and are now in confinement, to go with them.
to New York, assuring them that when they had shown

Dan: These are undoubtedly the same, so I am deleting two from
total. Watt

ia
FourtH New York REeciMENT, 1778-80 _ 361
Head Quarters Morristown 25th May 1780

Gen! orders
parole C. Signs

officers

Regimental orders 25th May 1780

Agreeable to Yesterdays orders the Retyrfis Requird are to be made out
in the Exactest Manner the officers Comprftanding Companies will be Carefull
that all the arms without Bayonets ar€ Returned unfit, and A Strict Examina-
tion will be Exspected that Arms who have Bayonets are Return? fit
which are out of Repairr Otherways Supposed to be only A Little
Defective. >

For the Future
on the parade L

en the Battalion turns out for Exercise the Eldest off
o Send the Serjt Major to Acquaint the Cole the men and

DivisiOn order 24th Ma ivisi ar whereof Li

Head Quarters Morristown 25% May 1780

Gen! orders

parole Cc. Signs {

officers for Duty To morrow Brig? Gen! Starks Major C. Stewart" B.
Major 2"4 pen! Brigade

The Criminals now under Sentence of Death are to be Executed to
Morrow Morning Eleven OClock Near the Grand parade. F ifty men
properly officered from Each Brigade to Attend, the Camp Collourman from
the pensylvania Connecticut and York Line Under the Direction of a Serj!
Each to Dig the Graves this afternoon.

Brigade orders Adj' Elsworth
for Camp Guard Lieut Bunscoten?

61 Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Frederick Weisenfels, -4th New York Regiment. Heitman,
Historical Register, p. 579.

262 Major Christopher Stuart, 5th Pennsylvania Regiment. Lieutenant Colonel, April 17, 1780.
Ibid., p. 526.

263 Lieutenant Peter Elsworth, 4th New York Regiment. Jbid., p. 216.

264 | ieutenant Peter van Bunchoten, 4th New York Regiment. Jhbid., p. 132.

376 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [APRIL

Voorhees® testimony Lieutenant Snowden had reason to con-
sider himself exempted from duty ’till his claim of rank was
settled and therefore do find him not guilty of the charges
exhibited against him.

The General is sorry he cannot agree with the Court in
opinion: General Maxwell’s reply related by Captain Voorhees
is susceptible of different interpretations and it appears by En-
sign Bishop’s® evidence that Lieutenant Snowden did not
found his refusal to do duty upon General Maxwell’s exemp-
tion, but declared that “He intended to exempt himself”;
Lieutent. Snowden’s conceiving himself agrieved in rank was
no justification for disobeying a regular order and refusing his
tour of duty: He should have represented his case and applied
for redress to the Commander in Chief and in the mean time
continued to perform the duties of his station.

Lieutenant Snowden is released from arrest.

At a Brigade General Court Martial held at Middle Brook
the 7th. of January last, Lieutenant Colonel Adams,” President:
John Williams of Captain Winder’s** Company, William Par-
sons of Captain Ewing’s** Company, John Williams of Lieu-
tenant Piatt’s ** Company, of the 1st. Maryland Regiment,
were tried, the two first for, “Desertion with an intention of
going to the enemy” and the latter for the same Crime and

Capt. Peter Van Voorhees, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He was taken
prisoner and murdered by Tories near New Brunswick in October, 1779.

*' Ensign John Bishop, of the First New Jersey Regiment. He served to the close of
the war.

*? Lieut. Col. Peter Adams, of the Seventh Maryland Regiment.

*° Capt. Levin Winder, of the First Maryland Regiment. He was promoted to major,
to rank from April, 1777; taken prisoner at Camden, S. C., in August, 1780; ex-
changed and transferred to the Fourth Maryland Regiment in January, 1781; was
made lieutenant colonel of the Fifth Maryland Regiment in April, 1781; retired in
January, 1783.

Capt. Nathaniel Ewing, of the First Maryland Regiment. He had, however, re-
signed in March, 1779.

**No lieutenant by the name of Piatt appears on the available muster rolls of the
First Maryland Regiment. There was a Lieut. Jacob Piatt, of the First New Jersey
Regiment, at this time.

commons

cre ane AS

1779] COURT-MARTIAL SENTENCES 377

“Persuading others to go along with him”; found guilty of the
charges exhibited against them and sentenced (two thirds of
the court agreeing) to suffer death.

The Commander in Chief confirms the sentences, but John
William’s of Winder’s and William Parsons of Ewings Com-
pany being recommended by their officers as soldiers of general
good character who were probably seduced into their present
crime are pardoned and to be released from confinement.

At the General Court Martial of the line whereof Lieutts.
Colonel Harmar is President, Joseph Hall, Fifer in the 7th.
Maryland regiment and Adam Stevens of the 3rd. Virginia
Regimt. were tried on the 7th. instant for, “Attempting to de-
sert to the enemy from the Bonamtown guard ”; found guilty
of intending it and sentenced each to receive one hundred
lashes on his bare back. :

The General approves the sentences and orders them to be
put in execution tomorrow at the heads of their respective
regiments.

At the same Court, Lieutenant Dougherty® of the 6th.
Maryland Regiment was tried: 1st. “ For sending Captain Wil-
liam Dent Beal*’ a challenge to fight a Duel”. 2nd. “ Unofficer,
and ungentlemanlike conduct in associating and playing ball
with Serjeants on the 6th. instant”.

The Court having considered the charges against Lieutent.
Dougherty, the evidence and his defence are of opinion that
he is guilty of them; the 1st. charge being a breach of the 2nd.
article, 7th. section, and the 2nd. charge being a breach of the
21st. Article 14th. section of the rules and articles of War and
do sentence him to be cashiered.

The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence and orders
it immediately to take place.

**Licut. Michael Dougherty.
**Capt. William Dent Beall, of the Sixth Maryland Regiment.

THE WRITINGS OF
| George
— Washingto

from the

Original Manuscript Sources
1745-1799

Prepared under the direction of the UniTED STaTEs
GeEorGE WASHINGTON BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION
and published by authority of ConcreEss

Joun C.Firzpatrick, Editor

Volume 14
January 12, 1779- May 5, 1779

r Rave Peace pc8o Prevy ov tHe Portrarr or 1779

: ; United States
(aun mote 335, page 33.)

Government Printing Office

Washington

374 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [ APRIL

complains of and they can make an exchange, there can be
no objection to a thing of that kind.” I am etc.”

To COLONEL PHILIP VAN CORTLANDT

Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 13, 1779.

Dear Sir: In October last, his Excellency Governor Clinton
informed me, that a Colonel Cantine, who I believe lives some-
where in the neighbourhood of Rochester, was remarkably well
acquainted with the Country between the North River and the
Susquehanna, and of the most practicable Routes from the one
to the other. If he is within your reach, be pleased to make
the following enquiries.

What is the nearest distance from the North River to Ana-
quaga and to Tioga upon the Susquehanna; Whether there
are any Roads already made, and of what kinds they are, if
none, Whether the Face of the Country is such, that Roads can
easily be made?

Whether in the nearest Route from the North River to Tioga,
you do not go thro’ or very near Anaquaga, or if that should be
somewhat out of the way, how far?

Whether the face of the Country, upon the shortest Route
from the North River to the above places is the best adapted to
make good Roads. Because a Route, tho’ somewhat more dis-
tant, if the Roads were better, would be preferable tothe nearest
thro’ difficult ways.

In short, I would have you enquire what Route, taking dis-
tances, Roads, Waters and other circumstances into consid-
eration, would be most advisable from the North River to

Washington wrote, this same day (April 13), to von Heer, inclosing this letter to
the Board of War and asking the captain to deliver it. “If your health will not permit
you to return to Camp so soon as you expected, you have agreeable to your request,
my permission to remain ten or twelve days beyond the limitation of your furlough.”

This letter is in the Washington Papers.
The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

See nex * ps 47

1779] HOSPITAL SUPERINTENDENT 375

Susquehanna, so as to strike the latter at a convenient place
to reach Anaquaga and Tioga, particularly the last. If you can

meet with any other persons besides Colo. Cantine, acquainted.

with the Country before mentioned, you may collect their Ac-
counts likewise, as by a comparison I can form a better judg-
ment. Be pleased to transmit me the intelligence by Express
as soon as you have obtained it. I am, etc.””

GENERAL ORDER

Head Quarters, Middle Brook,
Tuesday, April 13, 1779.
Parole Underwald. Countersigns Urgel, Uma.
Lieutenant Colonel Dabney” is appointed to superintend
the hospitals in Jersey.

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Middle Brook,
Wednesday, April 14, 1779.

Parole Venice. Countersigns Vincent, Verden.

At a Brigade General Court Martial held at Elizabeth Town
the roth. instant, Lieutenant Colonel Brearly President.

Lieutenant Snowden” of the Jersey Brigade was tried for
“ Disobedience of orders and neglect of duty on the 4th. in-
stant.”

The Court after mature consideration are of opinion that
from the General’s expressions mentioned in Captn. Van

™ The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

Lieut. Col. Charles Dabney, of the Third Virginia Regiment. He retired in Sep-
tember, 1779, and served as colonel of a Virginia State regiment to 1781.

™ Lieut. Jonathan Snowden, of the Second New Jersey Regiment. He was trans-

ferred to Lee’s Legion in 1780; wounded at Guilford Court House, S. C., in March,
1781; aide to General Hand in May, 1781, to close of the war.

Page 5 of 5

e Most of the information and all of the quotes are generously taken with thanks from:
Lincoln's Loyalists by Richard Nelson Current. Northeastern University Press, 1992,
pages 2-59.

e For a detailed account of the bridge burning with the identities of some of the
participants named, see East Tennessee and the Civil War by Oliver P. Temple,
pages 378-387.

e Some references from: History of Tennessee, pages 481-499.

e Personal information about executions of Henry Fry and the Harmons from: Historic
Greene County Tennessee, pages 110 and 134-135.

e First four photos are from Dr. George H. Hoemann's awesome American Civil War
Home Page.

e Leadbetter photo from Corbis Corporation web site.

e Haun photo and other contributions from Donahue Bible, a resident of Greene
county and a researcher of the bridge burning incident. The Haun photo also appears
as part of a very informative article about these executions titled Shattered Like
Earthen Vessels by Donahue Bible published in the Civil War Times Illustrated,
Lolume XXXVI, Number 6, December 1997 , page 48.

For more about the bridge burning incident. view Greene County During the Civil War
compiled by Bridgett Smith.

For a more in-depth discussion of pro-union sentiment in East Tennessee and attempts by
the Union to gain control of the region, read The Valley of East Tennessee in the Civil
War by Ernest I. Miller. published by the Cincinnati Chapter of the Cruil War Round

Table.

http://home.fuse.net/damathew/bridge. html 11/10/01

wnTC
rT aS

SWITZLER'’S

ANY

ILLUSTRATED

|} HisTORY OF MISSOURI a

WwocT
‘ayy

é rat
iA

‘vou

FROM 1541 TO 1881.

TU!

N))
1M

24
TUT

rer

rr
i

CONTRIBUTORS. °

eT TUT Ty

‘NOI

- A. J. Conant, A. M.
Cou. W. F. SwitZ_er.

ARCILAOLOGY,

HISTORY, - - - - -
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, - G.C.Swatrow, LL. D.

MATERIAL WEALTH, - - R.A. Camvse tt, C. E.

{
‘

TIT TTT
ae!

Cc. R. BARNS, EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,
SAINT LOUIS, CENTRAL MIS. OURI
a STATE Pleas
+ Warrensburg,

— Misvaufl

i Deeg als Nl

Result

tL, NG; 2, G;

1,000 L, to be
drummed through
town with rope
around neck, then
turned out of lines

ro serve on board

MOW

ING

1G, because of

compulsion

000 L, & drummed
out of lines

leath

mos conf then to
be sent on board
MOW

0 L, remitted, to
be turned out of
lines

No. Accusel

29. Carve, PHINEAS

Inhab
Wich No. 224
36. Carrot, Davip
Inhab
With Nos. 85, 104,
137, 169, 213, &
214
31, CarroLi, PHINEAS
NSI
With No. 225
32. Cary, REBECCA
Follower of or
wife of soldier
of Bucks County
Volunteers

33. Carty, SAMUEL
Waggoner
With No. 78

34, CHANDLER,
SoLOMON
Inhab
With Nos. 59 &
185

35. CrarKF, CALEB

NSI

36. CLARKE,
ELIzABETH
F/A
With No. 39
37. Crarke, Lewis
LaTHAM
Clerk of HM’s
Provision stores

at RJ
38. Coates, JAMES
Mariner on Army
victualliag ship
With Nos. 13, 168,
& 172

39. CoLETHRATE,
Mary
F/A
With No. 36

CIVILIANS TRIED BY COURT-MARTIAL, 1775-1783

Trial

NY
GC 17 Oct 83

NY
HC 15 Aug 80
91/154

NY
GC 15 Oct 83

NY 4 Sept 80
92/339

HIC 17 Aug 79
49/416

GC 21 Aug 83

NY 7 Oct 77
44/354

Frechold, NJ

FIC 3 July 78
46/156

7113 Nov78
47/416

Poila
“5118 Feb 78
35/272

yrechold, NJ
$4C 3 July 78
86/156

Charge
Burglary

Robbery

Burglary

Murder

Robbery

Taking property
from a ship

Sheep stealing

Plundering

Embezzling the
King’s stores &
defrauding the
Troops of their
due
Embezzling
part of the

cargo

Plundering

281

Result
NG

Death

100 L

i eo SS ea

Ai ate ogi " i 5 a

SSR AWS TLD ye RE Oy

deat

5
“
i
&

CIVILIANS UNDER MILITARY JUSTICE

278

Hessian general; its site is in the part of the present City of New York thar
is still known as the Fort Washington area.

Charge: Generally summarized.

Result: “G” and “NG” of course mean Guilty and Not Guilty.

Sentences: Generally summarized; “conf,’ confinement; “L,” lashes:
“SGB,” security for good behavior; “MOW,” man of war; “AP,” Act of
Parliament. No attempt has been made to differentiate between Sterling
and New York currency where fines were adjudged or restitution was
ordered.

Cross-references: When several civilians were tried together, cross-
references are given, likewise when the trial of one bore an obvious
relationship to another, as when one person was charged with theft and
another with receiving the same stolen goods. But unless two accused are
listed in sequence, references to date and place of trial and to the official
record are repeated, to spare the reader the frustrating paper-chase that
would otherwise result.

No. Accused Trial Charge Result
1. Asranams, Moses NY 23 Oct 80 Burglary Death
Inhab 92/381
With Nos. 69 &
155

2. ADAMs, JosEPH

Inhab

NY 23 June 77 Embezzlement
83/420

£10 fine & conf until
paid

3. AGNEw, THomas NY Many robberies Death; recommended
NSI HC 12 Mar 79 for mercy; appar-
With Nos. 67, 73, 88/241 ently executed

& 176 ;

4. AIKEN, JAMES NY Piratically G, but not piratically;
Inhab of Newark, GC21Sept83 carrying away Death, but par-

NJ sloop doned on SGB
With No. 9

5. Acer, Isaac NY Robbing dwelling Death

Refugee GC 21 Aug 83 house
With No. 166

6. ArMstTronG Henry NY 1, Forcing safe- 1, G; 2, NG; Death;
Mariner WH 14Apr77 _— guard; Respited WH 22
With No. 196 83/340 2, Murder Apr 77; pardoned

WH 12 Oct 77
7. ARROWLENGTH, — Brooklyn Plundering NG, but G of secret-
Tuomas ing HM’s stores;
Ship’s Carpenter HC 11 Sept 78 100 L & service in
With Nos. 49 & 87/20 HM’s Navy

157

be ox

Be yoo:

init Seis coalagain se Mia NEL eeu alg a Sonate 2

AO awe i a

280 CIVILIANS UNDER MILITARY JUSTICE

No. Accused Trial Charge

17. Brown, Ricnarp SI Cutting down

Inhab on SI HC 17 Aug 79 timber without
With No. 53 89/389 proprietor’s
leave
18. Brown, Rosert Phila 1, Robbery;
Waggoner in WH 11 Jan 78 2, Ill using
QMGD 85/203 2 women
With No. 57
19. BrownppcE, NY Burglary
GILBERT
NSI GC 21 Aug 83
With Nos. 96, 165,
& 202
20. Buck, THomMas Phila Enticing RN

Boatswain ofthe WH16Mar sailor to

ship Rose 78 desert
85/285
21. Burne, GERALD NY2Oct76 Stealing horse
R/A 83/26
22. Busu, GARRET NY 16 Nov 79 Aiding rebels,
Inhab of SI 91/19 acting as guide
23. Butter, Freehold, NJ Stealing horse
CuaDLock 27 June 78
NSI 86/151

24. Butter, JAMEs Cooper’s Robbery
“a Negroe Man” Ferry

16 May 78
86/148
25. Capmus, THomas NY Murder
Negro & F/A GC 23 Aug 82

With Nos. 10,60, 96/126
93, 134, 186,
204, 208, & 218
26. CAMERON, JouN NY Assault and
Officer’s servant HC12Mar79 attemptto

88/258 murder
27. CAMPBELL, Joun NY Stealing horse
Inhab HC 23 Dec 80
92/327
28. Cane, Peter NY Theft
F/A WH 3 Apr 77
83/251

Result
NG

1, NG; 2, Gs,
1,000 L, to be
drummed three
town with rope
around neck, t) <<
turned out of lis s

To serve on board

MOW

NG, because of

compulsion

1,000 L, & drummed
out of lines

Death

3 mos conf then to
be sent on board
MOW

500 L, remitted, to
be turned out of
lines

A
No: Accused

29. Carve, Punt
Inhab

With No. 224

30. Carrot, Dav:
Inhab
With Nos. 8°
137, 169, 2
214
31. Carrot, Pr
NSI
With No. 22
32, Cary, REBE*
Follower of
wife of so
of Bucks ¢

Volunteer

33, Carty, SAM
Waggoner
With No. 7

34. CHANDLER,

SoLoMOo®
Inhab
With Nos.

185

35, Crarke, C
NSI
36. CLARKE,
ELIzaBE
F/A
With No.
37. Crarke, |
LaTHAS
Clerk of
Provisi:
at RI

38. Coates, }
Mariner «
victual
With Ne
& 172
39. CoLeTHi
Mary

F/A
With No

hei.

CIVILIANS TRIED BY COURT-MARTIAL, 1775-1783 279 3
pent City of New York that vo. Accused Trial Charge Result ; :
3. Barron, Roszat NY 16Nov79 Receiving stolen NG '
and Not Guilty. Mariner 91/10 goods
confinement; “L,” lashes: With No. 8+
man of war; “AP,” Act of >. Batpwin, Lur=tr NY Piratically G only of boarding.
erentiate between Sterling H Inhabof News-i,. GC21Sept83 carrying Death, but pardoned
judged or restitution was NJ away sloop on SGB
: With No. 4
ire tried together, cross- : 0. Banter, Barstc2 3=0NY Murder NG, but to be sent
of one bore an obvious Negro & F/A GC 23 Aug 82 to WI
s charged with theft and With Nos. 25.22, 96/126
ut unless two accused are 93, 134, 184.
bf trial and to the official 204, 208, anc 218
erating paper-chase that ‘1. Basrorp, Maat NY . Murder NG :
Negro HC 1 Dec 78 :
With Nos. 97 & 88/50 ;
Result 114 :
Death ‘2. BENNETT, :
THUENESS NY Carrying soldiers NG ‘
Inhab GC 21 Aug 83 to NJ, enticing :
With Nos. 150 & soldiers to desert ‘
207 Po
pom eras 13. Bishop, Epwaz> __— Phila Embezzling NG : '
; Death; recommend Mariner on Amy WH 18 Feb78 part of :
hse sii secon victualling sp 85/272 cargo g
cist: gua With Nos. 34, 143, |
ently executed & 172 , |
_G, but not pi ratically; 14, Bisop, THomas ei Nov 79 Murder NG
Death, but par- of the Navy / |
doned on SGB 15. Brack, Davip NY 1, Attemptingto G; topay £93 5s.,
Trader HC 8 Aug 79 ship goods from amount of pur- i
Ee Death 89/194 NY without chase money; conf F
permit; until paid and ‘
2, Obtaining goods _—_ until SGB
: fraudulent]
1,G; 2, NG; Death; from sccicis :
Respited WH 22 refusing to pay
i 7; pardoned purchase money
NG, ae a a 16. Briccs,Grorae NY Aiding & abetting 6 mos conf, then to :
ing HM’s stores. Inhab GC 3 Mar 83 in entering in be turned out of
100 L & service ie conditions of the lines ‘
HM’s 7 a treasonable :
— nature with e
HM’s enemies i

Sacchi
barge Result
(1) 1, NG; Pa G; 3, G;
(2) to be drummed
is, & out of lines
ig
g 1,000 L
cattle, G only of selling
them cattle & applying
her & proceeds to own
ing use; 300 L, & to
o Com- refund proceeds
of
es as
Death
& NG
ig Out No jurisdiction;
ithout court adhered to
£2; opinion
ig Out
ithout
, Exercis-
awful
ty in
ssel
& NG
& NG; prosecution
g3 groundless and
y of malicious

a en ee ee

7
oe |

113.

114.

i15.

116.

Accused

_ Heypoy, Joserx

Inhab

With No. 111
Hirt, Joun
NSI

211. Horton, NatHAN

Inhab
With No. 109

. Husss, SELAH

NSI
With Nos. 113
& 210
Hvusss, Ur1an
NSI
With Nos. 112
& 210
Jackson,
ELIzaBETH
Negro
With Nos. 11 & 97
JAMES
A Negro
With Nos. 56 & 79
Jerreries, Mary

F/A

117. JEFFERS, JOHN
Inhab
118. JoHNsToN,
BENJAMIN
Mariner
119. Jounston, GeorcE
Inhab
120. JoHNsTONE,
Witt1aM
Mariner
121. Jones, CHARLES
Inhab

CIVILIANS TRIED BY COURT-MARTIAL, 1775-1783 289

Triad Ciur-ce
b's § Counter*te:aing
GC 21 Feb83 Spanish
Dollars
hb 1, Robbex-; 2,
HC12Mar79 = Assau!z with
$$, 295 dangerous
weaper.
NE Counterte:ting
GC21Feb83 = Spanish
Dollars
ak Holding corre-
HC 12 Mar 79 — spondence
$8, 306 with rebels

See No. 112,

just above just above
NY Murder
HC 1 Dec 78
88/50
NY Arson
GC 25 Feb 83
Brooklyn Persuading
2+July 78 soldier to
86/17+ desert
NY Stealing out of
6Nov77 HM’s stores
84/416
NY Stealing chest
GC 17 Oct 83 — from sloop
NY Robbery
GC 16 Aug 83
NY Robbery
4 Mar 77
83/168
NY — 1, Assault;

GC 16 Aug 83 2, Stealing

Same as No. 112,

Result
NG

1, G; 2, NG; 3 mos
conf

6 mos conf, & 600 L,
100 at a time, 1
mo in between

Death; on 30 Aug,
respited to
29 Oct; on 1 Nov,
still in conf

200 L

1, G; 2, NG; to
be sent on board
ship

ee eee tetas Ge ee ee cee at ee er

2»
=

SERGI ETE eis |

bhi some

siren Hee ce

oe) oa

et gaat” SSR oie

RRR a AT RGR te NR a a moc

saith igen et

286 = CIVILIANS UNDER MILITARY JUSTICE

No. Accused Trial Charge
81. Furman, — Flushing Fly, Endeavoring to
WitiiaMm LI assist desertion
Inhab of LI HC 24 Oct 78
87/183
82. Fycis, Mary Phila Perjury
Spinster WH 29 Mar
78
85/442
83. Garretson, Joun NY Robbery
R/A WH 24 Mar
With Nos.87& . 77
209 83/220
84. Gatu, GrorcE NY Receiving
Mariner 16Nov79 _ stolen goods
With No. 8 91/10

85. GELLIN, Joun
Inhab
With Nos. 30,
104, 137, 169,
213, & 214

86. Gispons, Mary
NSI

87. Gipson, THomas
R/A
With Nos. 83
& 209

88. Goopaicn, James
Inhab of SI
With No. 89

89. Goopricn, Joun
Inhab of SI
With No. 88
90. Gorpvon, Rosert
Mariner, RN
With Nos. 48, 92,
141, & 191

NY Robbery
HC 15 Aug 80
91/154
NY Stealing
4 Sept 77
84/243
NY Robbery
WH 24 Mar
77
83/220
NY Assault &
27 Aug 81 _ battery on
94/418 servants in
employ of
Supt of
Hospitals
See No. 88, Sameas No. 88, .
just above just above
NY Murder
GC 22 Mar 83

91. Gormon, THomas Brooklyn Rape
HC 6 Aug 78
86/170

Mariner

Result

Fine of £40 to be
Paid in 4 days,
else 1,000 L

Turned out Of lines,
in case of Peturts,
YWhr in Pillory
& 6mos conf

Death

300 L at 3 different
times, & conf unt;!
2 Gs stolen repaid
1,000 L
Pardoned, WH
22 Apr 77

£5 fine & £500 SGB
for 12 mos

Same as No. 88,

just above

we aE

94. |

95. |

97. §

98.

100.

Result

Fine of £40 to be
paid in 4 days,
else 1,000 L

Turned out of lines;
in case of return,
¥% hr in pillory

& 6 mos conf

cath

L at 3 different
times, & conf until
2 Gs stolen repaid

000 L ;
Pardoned, WH
22 Apr 77

fine & £500 SGB
for 12 mos

CIVILIANS TRIED BY COURT-MARTIAL, 1775-1783 287
No. Accused Trial Charge Result
92. GRANT, JOHN NY Murder NG
Midshipman, RN GC 22 Mar 83
With Nos. 48,
90, 141, & 191
93, Grant, Wittiam NY Murder NG, but to be sent
Negro & F/A GC 23 Aug 82 to WI
With Nos. 10,25, 96/126
60, 134, 186,
204, 208, & 218
94. GREEN, Isaac Darby, Pa Plundering 1,000 L
Negro [F/A, in WH 27 Dec
view of refer- re
ence to Art. 23 85/186
of §14]
With No. 173
95. GREEN, THomas NY Stealing Transportation to
Inhab GC 16 Aug 83 some place within
HM’s Dominions
beyond Sea
96. Grecory, Ricuarp NY Burglary NG
NSI GC 21 Aug 83
With Nos. 19, 165,
& 202
97. Groves, Mary NY Murder NG
A Negro HC 1 Dec 78
With Nos. 11& 88/50
114
98. GuFFIE, JAMES NY Murder Death
Conductor in 9 Aug 81 :
QMGD 94/303
99. GusseLt, Cuares Phila 1, Attempt to 1, NG; 2, G; 1,000 L
Mariner WH 11 Nov kill Capt
With Nos. 66 77 Stewart;
& 194 84/432 2, Stealing &
killing cattle
100. HaLFPENNY, NY Forging nameof NG
PatRICK GC 22Jun83 Wm Fowler Esq
Mariner Naval Store-
keeper at NY
to Bills of
Exchange
drawn on Treas-

urer of RN

teen rere 2

ee ee eee

Fe ROS EI OS BET oon PI REND a

aceon mete s Re

bid
=
‘i
é
€
&
&
si
a
i
i
3
A

pS atta HN

Sites acer a ae Sa Me en a
POMS SETE AS ERS SNE OER ERS 2

pete

RU get eRe Ses TIE, Se Re OAR HA ee

Seis aR een See &

CE aL LE Ate ts AI A ie tia Sco Sin Sgth a ans

erent rn

288 CIVILIANS UNDER MILITARY JUSTICE

Result

to be drummed
out of lines

1,000 L

G only of selling
cattle & applying
proceeds to own
use; 300 L, & to
refund proceeds

Death

No jurisdiction;
court adhered to
opinion

NG;; prosecution
groundless and
malicious

No. Accused Trial Charge
101. Hatty, Peter Brooklyn Stealing (1)
A Mulatto HC6Aug78 horse, (2)
86/218 3 lambs, &
(3) apig
102. Hamu, James Derby, Pa Plundering
Inhab of Phila WH 27 Dec
77
85/189
103. Hamitton, James SC Stealing cattle,
Refugee W 12 June 80 selling them
to butcher &
not giving
them to Com-
Missary of
Captives as
directed
104. Harpine, Jesse NY Robbery
Inhab HC 15 Aug 80
With Nos. 30, 85, 91/154
137, 169, 213,
& 214
105. Harrison, NY Burglary &
NATHANIEL GC 17 Oct 83 Robbery
Inhab
With Nos. 171,
178, 188, 189,
& 192
106. Hayes, Jan-Es NY 1, Fitting out
Owner of the True 17 July 81 vessel without
Blue Privateer 94/251 register; 2,
Sending out
vessel without
pass; 3, Exercis-
ing unlawful
authority in
said vessel
107. HeNNEsEY, ANN Boston Breaking &
SrW WH3Jan76 entering
82/235
108. Hetrievp, NY Breaking &
CorneELius 8-27 Sept _ entering;
Inhab of NJ 83. robbery of
4 HMC inmates
Am. MSS ©
376-377

4 a, *, Sg 3 WS.
id: x. = oF TREE N I, OF eT eee
a PT 3 " fa ace

110.

Vil.

112.

113.

114.

115.

116.

117.

118.

119.

120.

121.

Heypo
Inhab
With }
Hirt, |
NSI

Horto
Inhab
With >
Husss
NSI
With >
& 2)
Hvusss
NSI
With >
& 21
Jackso
Exiz
Negro
With >
James
A Neg
With >
JerFeEr
F/A

Jerrer
Inhab

Jouns:
Bex
Marin.

Jouns:

Inhab

Jouns

Wr
Marin
Jones,

Inhab

Result
NG

Death

100 L
&3 mos conf

Death

n Penalty of £20 as
directed by AP

NG because forced

£200 fine, conf until
paid, then to
serve on board
HM’s ships;
penalties remitted
because of
ignorance
£40 fine for
, enticing

1,000 L
NG

CIVILIANS TRIED BY COURT-MARTIAL, 1775-1783 293

No. Accused Trial Charge
154. Myers, Jacos NY Sheep stealing
Inhab 7 Oct 77
84/353
155. Myers, Marcus NY Burglary
Inhab 23 Oct 80
Wich Nos. 1 & 69 92/381
156. NED Darby, Pa Stealing a
A Negro Man, F/A WH 27 Dec horse
77
85/185
157. NETHERSHALL, Brooklyn Plundering
Joun HC 11 Sept 78
Mate of a ship 87/20
With Nos. 7 & 49
158. Nicuots, LEMUEL NY Conspiracy to
NS! GC 26 Aug 83 = make & utter
With Nos. 72, 132, 97 /386, also counterfeit
138, 159,& 175 Wwo7!1/ US notes
155
159. NicHoLs, See No. 158, Sameas No. 158,
WILLIAM just above just above
NSI
With Nos. 72, 132,
138, 158, & 175
160. Nirzer, Mark NY Murder
Inhab HC 1 Dec 78
161. Norman, Isaac NY Murder of sailor
Mate of HMS 2June81 from HMS
Adamant 94/74 Confederate
162. OsriAN, JAMES Phila Concealing
Inhab of Phila WH 15 Mar deserters
78 from HM’s
85/287 ships
163. OsriEN NY Receiving stolen
CaTHERINE 23 Oct80 goods
NSI 92/393
With No. 68; cf.
No. 69
164. O’Hara, Mary Phila Assisting in
NSI WH3Mar78 _ knocking down
With No. 50 85/367 Lt White

Result

1,000 L & 12 mos
conf

NG, but G of secret-
ing HM’s stores;
500 L, then to
serve in HM’S

Navy
NG

Death

500 L, then to be
sent out of lines
or on board MOW
as the C in C may
direct [OB simply
says “Approved’’]

NG; complaint
frivolous

TOVeerEre RR Sei PCA NAPE AGEL LLL LE LO IE ILE

Result

amen NG

Y
aller

1,000 L, & then to
be drummed out of
bery lines with Halter
about Neck

NG
500 L

G of manslaughter.
Burning in hand
& forfeiture;
remitted on condi-
tion of paying
widow £300

Death; respited;
pardoned by King

£5 penalty for each
of 2 soldiers; if no
Payment within
4 days, then 500 L

NG because acting
r
’ under orders

CIVILIANS TRIED BY COURT-MARTIAL, 1775-1783 291

No. Accused Trial Charge Result
132. Lyon, SYLVANUS NY Conspiracy to NG
NSI GC 26 Aug 83. make & utter
With Nos. 72, 138, 97/386, counterfeit
158, 159,& 175 also US notes
WO 71/155
133. MACDONALD, SC Disobeying NG
CHARLES W 12June80 — orders in
“Mr.,” late of enlisting Rebel
the 84th Regt prisoners in
the Legion
134. Marris, DANIEL NY Murder Death
Negro & F/A GC 23 Aug 82
With Nos. 10, 25, 96/126
60, 93, 186,
204, 208, & 218
135. Mavrsie, Davip NY _ Robbery NG, but to be sent
Inhab of Stamford, GC21 Feb 83 out of lines
Conn
136. Martin, SamueL Mt Holly, NJ Plundering NG
A Negro F/A HC 21 June 78
With No. 174 87/207
137. Mason, Joun NY Robbery Death
Inhab HC 15 Aug 80
With Nos. 30,85, 91/154
104, 169, 213, &
214
138. May, WILLIAM NY Conspiracy to Special verdict,
NSI 13Aug 83 make & utter only in WO
With Nos. 72, 132, WO 71/155 counterfeit 71/155, notin
158,159, & 175 US notes GC 26 Aug 83
nor in 97/386;
banished beyond
lines
139. McALPINE, NY Carrying naval G, but no knowledge.
DANIEL 4 Sept deserter to 2 mos conf & £200
Inhab 1780 NJ SGB
92/333
140. McCowan, Boston Stealing and 100 L & 3 mos conf
WINIFRED TG25Sept75__ killing the
R/C 81/393 Town Bull
141. McGee, NY Murder NG, but to be
CATHERINE GC 22 Mar 83 turned out of
Inhab lines

WithNos. 48, 90, 92,
& 191

LR AG OE MG, BOE REY & Seamaprern gett rene ee IE
hb, geek 3 8 pad
EPR NE Tee Ol Oy ae Fs ee
SEEDS 2 «PROT te ae ee TE aed

ie SG See Ee ee ge Ae eee ee
Boos Se Se a eR Sak ig pe ae

Fegqnseee

EERE

BE PREFS

be Ais at

eae

ke ha ith

290 CIVILIANS UNDER MILITARY JUSTICE
No. Accused Trial Charge Result
122. Joyce, MattHew Phila Breaking into NG
Inhab 12Feb78 house of Town
85/277 Adjt
123. KENNET, NY Concealing seamen NG
Crappock HC 12 Mar79 belonging to
Lieut of 88/285 Army victualler
privateer
124. Kenny, JoHn Brooklyn Assault with 1,000 L, & then ti
F/A HC6Aug78 _ intent to be drummed our «
86/180 commit robbery lines with Halt. r
about Neck
125. Kinc, Wittiam_s— Phila Advising NG
F/A HC7June78 — desertion
86/311
i 126. Knapp, Titus NY Assault & 500 L
: Inhab GC 8 July 83 attempted
j robbery
i 127. Knott, Ricuarp NY Murder G of manslaughter.
: Of the City of NY HC11 July & Burning in hand
; 15 Sept 79 & forfeiture;
: 89/2 remitted on con.:-
: tion of paying
} widow £300
128(1). Lams, THomas Phila Burglary NG
NSI WH 19 Apr
i 78
86/70
128(2).Same Phila Accessory to Death; respited;
. WH 22 &24 same pardoned by hing
Apr 78 burglary
86/78-83
| 129. Leasey, Herman NY Carrying NG
Inhab GC 21 Aug 83 — Hessian
po soldier to NJ
130. Lee, James (alias NY Enticing £5 penalty for cach
Martin) HC21Apr79 soldiers to of 2 soldiers; ite
Mariner 88/414 desert payment within
4 days, then 500 L
{ 131. Lippincott, NY May-June Murder of NG because acting
| RicHArD 82 Joshua Huddy, under orders
Captain, Asso- Not in GC Prisoner of
| elated Loyalists — 95/321-408 War

fgg Sie ete a AE A RNID A OBS SRE CIR aac tes

292 CIVILIANS UNDER MILITARY JUSTICE

No. Accused Trial Charge
142. McGinnes, Putte Brooklyn Robbery
F/A HC 6 Aug 78
86/212
143, McIntire, Joun NY Stealing
Inhab of NY HC 1 Dec 78
88/7
144. McLaucutiin, NY Stealing
Rosert GC 16 Aug 83
Inhab
With No. 197
145. McManan, Boston Receiving
IsABELLA WH 3 Jan 76 stolen goods
SrW 82/207
146. McNeat, Mary NY Burglary
Inhab GC 8 July 83
147. McTaceart, Jamaica, LI, Enticing seaman
Joun 16Jan79 from HMS
Late Master of 88/131 Perseus
Privateer
With No. 153
148. Merrit, Joun SI Being a guide
Inhab of SI 2Feb78 &conductor
85/241 to the Rebels
149. Mesnarp, THomas NY Secreting
Supercargo HC8 & 15 letters
Aug 79
89/293
150. Mitter, Georce NY Carrying
Inhab GC 21 Aug 83 soldiers to NJ,
With Nos. 12 & enticing soldiers
207 to desert
151. Monk, Joun Brooklyn Stealing
Waggoner in HC 11 Sept 78
QMGD 87/10
152. Morean, Joun Brooklyn Plundering
Ship’s Surgeon HC 11 Sept 78
87/16
153. Murray, Rosert Jamaica, LI, Enticing & con-
Inhab 16Jan79 — cealing RN
| With No. 147 88/131 sailor to serve

on privateer

Result
NG

Death

100 L
&3 mos conf

Death

Penalty of £20 a:
directed by AP

NG because force :

£200 fine, cont. -
paid, then to
serve on beard

HM’s ships,

penalties restt+ 2

because of

ignorance
£40 fine for

enticing

1,000 L

Reference

Summary s

e riscoucra convicted of robbery, at Albany, I.¥.,
June &, 1778
"Minutes of the Albany County Conmissioners for Detecting

and Defextine Gonspiracies" 3 vola. published by State of
iow York from original manuscript, 1909

"Minutes of the Gormnon Council of the City of Albany "

as published in vol. 1, "Collettions of the History of the
City of Albany", Joel lunsell, editor and publisher,
Albany, 1265

After the surrender of Burgoyne 9t Saratoga, his captured
troops were encamped on the east side of the Hudson River
opposite Albany, on lend belonging to the VanRensecleer
family, nesr Fort Crailo (1642), one of the Vankensselaer
Vanor houses (still standing, 1992). Deserters from this
encampment in th: winter of 1777-1778, rosed the country side
comitbing numerous robberies. The Comnisejoners for

Detecting and Deferting Conspiracies (the defacto governnent
of Albany County until April 1778), authorized Capt. John
Ryley ané his company of Rangers to search for and apprehend
these robbers, which they procecded to Jo. 3y early Max, 1778 they
had arrested several men and three local women who wore
confined in the Albany city jail. These suspects were duly
trier and ten of them were convicted and sentenced to death.

low the Albany City Council becomes involved ss shown by two
letters written by themto General Horstio Gates, Commander
of the “Northern Department of the Continertal Army with
headquarters at Fishkill, “ew York.

Tay 20, 1778, the Council asks Gates to re-cind hic order

to the Continental troops in gsrrison at Albany ‘to proeecd
to Fishkill, because, says the Gouncil, the city would be
wide “open to raids by Tories an? Indians and beceuse the
local jail "now harbors ten criminals under sentence of
desth" whose escape micht take place if bhe troops ore
withdrawn,

June 1,.1773 The Council, havin had no reply to its letter
of lay 20th, wrote. agein to Gatcs pleadin. for the retention
of the troops because "the prisoners under centence of denth
are to be executed on Friday uext (June 5, 1776)" The Council,
it seys, is afraid e Tory raid might seize the jeil and release
the prisoners before their scheduled execution .

Gates finally relented and allowed? the Continental troope

to remain and the robbers (seven of them ) were duly

execute’. T can only assume, in the absence of records,

that the local women were nardoned or had their sentences
comiuted,

St S2t
a

Sut

u04

Ww
¥

T iN SkueaqTy Saniusa

£
»
€..~3

—

i
;
i

Neeed COPY Of A map of Albany (HY) daterh iy Y ond orlplnally made for Sir Jeffery
Amherst when he was Uritish Comanders Ne Asy L75R-1 763, Alhany in the Revolubion
had changed very little from W759, a6 this map is stil) accurate for the period of
the hangings. The original man is in our Libyary," Ltr. Did. 12-28-1882 from Mr,
Kenneth H, MacFarland, Librarian Emeritus, Albany Institute of History and Art,
125 “ashington Avenue, Albany, NY 12219

177th ANNUAL REPORT 1968

Bie ea pee y
pte that ce

igh Steeee

nse my nee Be Gas ‘ a8) b a:
: ORE weil TAN, Sf thas sane ane Waa RY! Bede a : SEay ere
re aay b 4 o
; is ay : ;
ore) ob ALBANY eae ney
“- oe So ROR BCE o> yes Ta ca f :
rt, inch hoy fs The Kis tiki, ee | :
B eriy itqed nde, GO. the Ti Hobe.
: BS The BHR ¢taree, K. Dew Bastien reMay phi i
fs : : e Hai Oe Bs Tbe Datrh icine "sale Liowider Magerecmt,
ci Rs : A Rs Sfiagwsriy ‘
é ; ; ey, MiB oo) Scale reo Moet tounIach.ar
REPT CTE GT ys (Pahs 75 eM ike st A ee ee beeen Shean

et Institute of Flistory and Art

ge ¢ dé
AL pee pr che Tap

themselves there they would be suffered to return immed-
iately to their farms; that in a fortnight General Howe
and his army would be in Ulster County and reward their
EDGER by giving them possession of their Whig a
bors' farms.'
|

Source: ‘The Virginia Gazette 6-20-1777 specifying a
dateline of Fishkill NY, 5-29-1777.

Note: The Virginia newspaper here cited is picking
up from a Fishkill NY paper of 5-29-1777
which is now lost. Note also that 'Esopus' is the ar-
chaic cognomen of Kingston NY. There has always been
a local tradition there that some Tories were executed
there during the Revolution. But this is the first
definitive documentation thereof. There might have been
more.

Ja
ORDERLY BOOKS.
| OF —
THE FOURTH NEW YORK REGIMENT, 1778-1780
THE SECOND NEW YORK REGIMENT, 1780-1783

SAMUEL TALLMADGE AND OTHERS

WITH

DIARIES
OF

SAMUEL TALLMADGE, 1780-1782
AND

JOHN BARR, 1779-1782

Prepared for publication by
ALMON W. LAUBER PH.D.
OF —
The Division of Archives and History

ALBANY
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK |
1932

426 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [APRIL

Colonel Adams, President: Thomas Hall, of the 7th. Maryland

Regiment, and James Tarrel™ of the 4th. were tried on the 15th.
instant, “On suspicion of intended desertion” found guilty
and sentenced to suffer Death. At the same Court, Henry Mc-

Manus of the 6th. Maryland regiment was tried for, “Deserting
——o

to the enemy and attempting to carry off several soldiers with
him.” He claimed the benefit of the Commander in Chiefs
Proclamation. The Court are unanimously of opinion that he
is guilty of a breach of the 1st. Article 6th. section of the Arti-
cles of war and do sentence him to suffer Death.

His Excellency the Commander in Chief confirms the sen-
tences of death. Hall and Tarrel to the atrocious crime of at-
tempted desertion added that of mutiny and McManus not only
deserted himself but became a Pilot and Leader to others in the
same crime, and was on a design of robbery when taken, there-
fore not intitled to the benefit of the Commander in Chiefs late
proclamation: These men are to be hanged tomorrow morn-
ing 11 o'clock in the field near the new Provost at which time
and place John Williams of the 1st. Maryland Regiment and
Richard Hollowell of the oth. Pennsylvania Regiment now

under sentence of death are to be executed,
Grayson’s, Gist’s and Thruston’s additional regiments are to
be incorporated and for the present to be under the command

of Colonel Gist.

To GOVERNOR WILLIAM LIVINGSTON

Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 22, 1779.
Dr. Sir: The inclosed is a letter to you in your official
character; this you will be pleased to receive as private and

" The muster roll of Capt. Samuel Goodman’s company (Fourth Maryland Regi-
ment) gives this name as James Ferrel.

See Washington's letter to Gov. William Livingston, Apr. 23, 1779, post.

1779] MUTINY AND DESERTION 427

confidential, to explain, for your own satisfaction the reasons
which will oblige me to draw off Maxwells brigade from its
present position and will prevent my replacing them by other
troops.”

I have for a long time past been preparing for a decisive ex-
pedition against the six nations, which is now approaching fast
to the period fixed for its execution. The short term of service
for which the militia can be drawn out by the laws of the dif-
ferent states concurring with other obvious reasons has deter-
mined me to employ on this service, almost wholly Continental
troops. The force of the savages, with the aid they may de-
rive from the British garrisons on the lakes, makes it necessary
to give a sufficient probability of success to the undertaking, to
detach so considerable a force from this quarter as will leave
the main army rather in a delicate situation. To provide for
its security as far as possible, I shall be under a necessity of keep-
ing it in a collected state; and this will of course oblige me to
afford less cover to the country, than has been done for some
time past, till our numbers can be rendered more respectable,
by the accession of the levies, which I hope will be raised in the
different states towards completing their batalions. It is very
disagreeable to me to throw any burthen upon the militia at
this season of the year, but you will readily perceive my dear
Sir, that it is not in my power to avoid it.

You will also perceive that I mean to withdraw the Mon-
mouth detachment. An additional motive for it is that the en-
emy appear to have a number of active emissaries in that part
of the country who have been very successful in corrupting our
men. An alarming spirit of mutiny and desertion has shown
itself upon several occasions, and there is no saying how exten-
sively the infection might spread.

Sensible as you will be of the importance of keeping our
true situation a profound secret to the enemy, I am persuaded

424 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [| Aprit

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Middle Brook,
Thursday, April 22, 1779.

Parole Granicus. Countersigns Gray, Gor.

At the General Court Martial whereof Lieutt. Colo. Harmar
is President, David Essex of the 6th. Virginia Regiment was on
the r4th. instant tried for, “Letting four prisoners escape out
of the Guard House” and acquitted. The General approves
the sentence of Acquittal and orders said Essex reliev’d from
confinement.

At the same Court, Daniel Daily of the 4th. Regimt. of Light
Dragoons was tried for, “Desertion,” found guilty and sen-
tenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back, but on
account of circumstances the Court are induced to unanimously
recommend him to His Excellency, the Commander in Chief’s
clemency. The General approves the sentence but in compli-
ance with the above recommendation is pleased to pardon said
Daily and order him released from confinement.

William Zimmerman, Serjeant; Linch Gray, Private;
Thomas Barney, Private; Joseph Garthon, Private; Richard
Fisher, Farrier; Philip Lankford, Private; and John Garner,
Private, all belonging to the 4th. Regiment of Light Dragoons,
were tried at the same Court for “Commiting sundry robberies
on the good people of the United States.” The court having
considered the whole matter are of opinion that Serjeant Zim-
merman is guilty of robbing a house in the State of New Jersey,
of money, in company with others and sentence him to be re-
duced to the ranks and to receive one hundred lashes on his
bare back. They find Linch Gray guilty of a like crime and
sentence him to receive the same punishment. They are of
opinion that Joseph Garthon is guilty of robbing two hauses

Ser pese Y2C

1779] COURT-MARTIAL SENTENCES 425

one in the State of New York and the other in the State of
Pennsylvania in company with others of money, and sentence
him to receive two hundred lashes on his bare back, one hun-
dred for each crime. They find Richard Fisher guilty of rob-
bing a house in the State of New Jersey, of money, in company
with other persons and sentence him to receive one hundred
lashes on his bare back.

The Court are of opinion that Philip Lankford is guilty of
robbing two houses in the State of New Jersey, of money and
other articles, in company with others and sentence him to
receive two hundred lashes on his bare back; one hundred for
each crime. They also find John Garner guilty of the like crime
and sentence him to receive the same punishment as Lankford ;
the aforesaid crimes being breaches of the 21st. Article 13th.
section of the Articles of War.

The Commander in Chief confirms the forementioned sen-
tences as far as one hundred lashes and orders them put in
execution tomorrow morning 11 oClock.

At the same court Commissary Lewes was tried for “embez-
zling and selling public stores (without a proper order”).

The Court are of opinion that the charge against Commis-
sary Lewes is not supported and they do acquit him of it.

The General joins in opinion with the court, that the charge
of embezzling and selling public stores without a proper order,
is unsupported, but it appears clearly both from the testimony,
and Mr. Lewes’s own acknowledgment that he has purchased
the rations of rum from the Artificers and sold them again for
his own emolument and therefore in order to discourage this
scandalous and pernicious kind of traffic, recommends that Mr.
Lewes may be dismissed from his office.

At a division General Court Martial held in the Maryland
line by order of Major General Baron DeKalb, Lieutenant

Paso ldy We Yeo }74

hove. wove Yuga ywo Wu’CR AVT AC nko -A» es, they Cov

358 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Apri

belongs furnishing such documents of his crimes as may be in
your possession, to enable the law to operate upon. He can
be sent to Easton and there consigned over to the civil Magis-
trate. Care should be taken that he does not escape. I am, etc.””

GENERAL ORDERS

Head Quarters, Middle Brook,
Saturday, April 10, 1779.

Parole Roscommon. Countersigns Roldue, Ree.

The Commissions for the Virginia line having come to hand
the commanding officers of regiments in that line are desired
to apply for them at Head Quarters.

Ata General Court Martial of the line, April 5th. 1779, Lieu-
tenant Philip Malleroy,”° of the 11th Virginia regiment, was
tried for, “ disobedience of General Woodford’s orders in not
joining his regiment with all possible expedition after the pub-
lication thereof,” and acquitted.

The Commander in Chief approves the sentence, Lieutt.
Malleroy is released from his Arrest.

_ Ata Division General Court Martial held in the Pennsyl-
vania line the 6th. instant, Major Boyles,“* President, Richard
Hollowell a soldier in the 9th Pennsylvania Regimt. tried for,
" Deserting with his Arms and Accoutrements, forging a pass,
stealing and attempting to go to the enemy.” The Court are
unanimously of opinion he is guilty of all the charges exhibited
against him and by section 6th., article 1st. and section 14th.,

article 5th. sentence him to suffer death, more than two thirds
of the members concuring therein. .

*® The draft is in the writing of Alexander Hamilton.

“Lieut. Philip Mallory. He was promoted to captain in May, 1779; taken prisoner
at Charleston, S. C., in May, 1780; transferred to the Fourth Virginia Regiment in
February, 1781; served to close of the war.

Maj. Thomas Langhorne Byles, of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment. He was
wounded at Paramus, N. J., Apr. 16, 1780, and died the following day.

Owe CON

eas

( Sec pay~ 26)
Scem bo lo i Ue

v viSbew

1779] EXCHANGE COMMISSIONERS 359

To BRIGADIER GENERAL CHARLES SCOTT

Head Quarters, Middlebrook, April 10, 1779.
Dear Sir: I have recd. your favr. of the 22nd. March, I hope
the difficulty respecting the Cloathing which is to be furnished
to the Recruits before they leave the State will be got over,” as
I understand that a quantity has been sent from Philada. for
that purpose. I make not the least doubt but that you will
exert yourself in having the men collected and marched off
for the Army with as much expedition as possible. I have

nothing more to recommend particularly to you. I am, etc.”

To COLONEL WILLIAM DAVIES AND LIEUTENANT
COLONEL ROBERT HANSON HARRISON

Head Quarters, Middle Brook, April 10, 1779.

Whereas in pursuance of full powers to me given by the
Honorable the Congress of the United States, a proposition
was made by me on the 14th. of March last to His Excellency
Sir Henry Clinton for the settlement of a general Cartel and
for appointing Commissioners to confer thereupon, which was
acceded to by him on the 31st. of the same month and by a
subsequent communication on the 4th. Instant.

In order to carry the said proposition into effect, and to make
the most liberal permanent and extensive provision for the ex-
change, and accomodation of Prisoners of War: You Colonel
William Davies and Lieut. Colonel Robert Hanson Harrison
are hereby appointed, to meet such Commissioners of suitable

“Scott’s letter stated: ‘I cannot but Observe to You That I am fearfull it will not be
in my power to git them to Camp So Soon as Your Excy. Expects, Owing to the inat-
tention respecting the Clothing without which (by an Act of Assembly) they are not
to march out of the State.” Scott's letter is in the Washington Papers.

“The draft is in the writing of Tench Tilghman.

epee

oem Apvr} 23 oi i) oyexs Hail eet > Me Manne

Bohn Wiilians anck ficlua oh HKeWawetl

Arnals of A yzerne County Jew.
AP Aippnectt £0. /Milaskl ,

s *

254 ANNALS OF LUZERNE--COUNTY.

and approved, not only by other states of the Republic,

but by inspectors sent’ hither by European governments,

as being the best in the world. : It has been adopted by

Lancaster, Chester, Dauphin, and other counties, and has
in no case disappointed public expectation. Our old -jail

is now overflowing with idle prisoners, crowded together _

in small and unhealthy apartments, and supported exclu-
sively from the treasury of the county. ~ It: would: be
economy, it would be sound policy, to erect a prison on a
large scale, having in view the rapidly-inéreasing wealth
ond population of the county, and to adopt the improved

system of discipline. Each prisoner would then occupy

a separate and well-ventilated room or cell, and have his

daily labor, whereby he would become a producer instead
of an idle consumer. : RF ape od ES CS

EXECUTIONS... .

The first sentence of death, followed by: execution,
within the limits of what is now Luzerne county, occurred
under military law. Lawrence Miller and Michael Rose-
bury induced men to desert from General Sullivan's
army, then lying at Haston. They weré'tories, and were
arrested ; and the army having in the mean time marched
to Wyoming, they were tried here by court martial, and

condemned to be hanged. :A gallows was erected onthe
river bank at Wilkesbarre, and on the Ist of July, 1779,

the two criminals, placed in a cart with their coffins, were
borne to the place of execution. Rosebury had manifested

no concern whatever during his trial, and subsequently .
had utterly disregarded the instructions and admonitions .
of his spiritual advisers, the chaplains of-the army. \* He

exhibited the same callousness and indifference’ on the
gallows, and died with firmness in the presence 0

whole army. Miller, on the other hand, -had a wife and

Ue, AD
idee 3 AY,
?

fthe =

pric: 3 Gage
: ae wae a,
ef ae | es syns See
(ff C aS st
ie MiSs Pen ee Se 3 et >

THE JUDICIARY. 255

a numerous family of children. He had shown deep co
trition for his offense, and his respectful and oe
air on his trial had propitiated the favor of his iud
who had recommended him to mercy. . His es roi
conduct also spoke loudly in his favor, and he had listened
to and profited by the spiritual advice of the chaplain
Fifteen minutes had elapsed since Rosebury was ee
off, and the executioner was advancing to adjust the ro ;
about the neck of the unhappy Miller, when General Sul
livan announced his pardon. This sudden and unexpected
turn in his fate was too much for Miller’s Seva: H
fainted; but recovering, he took his place in the warty
and ever after proved an obedient and faithful soldier.
At the-August Term of 1829, Judge Scott sentenced
to death Henry Keck, who had shot and killed his father
about a half a mile below Wilkesbarre. Henry’s moth
viewed the killing as a family affair, which cme
nobody but themselves, and expressed surprise when the

officers of the law came to arrest her son. He was, how
C 9 VW=

ever, pardoned by Governor Shultz. This was considered
an act of unbecoming and improper clemency, and excited
great indignation among the people. Keck and the
governor were both hanged and burnt in effigy in the

public square at Wilkesbarre. After conveying the straw-

elias a cart through the streets, with caps ready to
rawn over their faces and with ropes about their necks
. ?

Cuff Hicks, the executioner, proceeded to discharge his

Stee in these words : “Henry Keck and Mr. Gobernor
als 2 a hab Just two and a half minutes to stay on
a = , and.if you hab anything to say, say it now, or
: after hold your peace.” The effigies were suspended
y their necks in the presence of a great multitude of
people. Keck afterwards became insane, and wande d
about the country, from place to place. .

*6LAT/T/L (A209T TEM) Sed ‘%09 FupMohy peSuey fo4tym “Tosyotm *xYNGTSON

THE WRITINGS OF

George
~ Washingtot

| from the

Original Manuscript Sources
1745-1799

Prepared under the direction of the Un1TED StaTeEs
GEoRGE WASHINGTON BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION
and published by authority of Concress

Joun C. Firzpatrick, Editor

Volume 14
January 12, 1779 - May 5, 1779

yr Rave Peace ! 40 Prev ov THE PortRasr ob 1779 United States
(So note 38, page 33.)
Government Printing Office

Washington

THE WRITINGS OF

George
Washington

from the
Original Manuscript Sources
1745-1799

Prepared under the direction of the UNiTED StaTEs
GrEorGE WASHINGTON BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION
and published by authority of ConcrEss

Joun C. Firzpatrick, Editor

Volume 14
January 12, 1779- May 5, 1779

United States

Tur Rank Peans 17 8o Paesy oF rite SOR TRATY t

Government Printing Office

Washington

22 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [ows

The Aides de Camp the uniforms of their ranks and Corps,
or if they belong to no Corps, of their General officers: Those
of the Major Generals and Brigadier Generals to have a green
feather in the Hat; Those of the Commander in Chief a White
and green.

The Inspectors as well Sub as Brigade, the Uniforms of their
ranks and Corps with a blue feather in the Hat.

The Corps of Engineers and that of Sappers and Miners; a
blue coat with buff facings, red lining, buff undercloaths and
the epaulettes of their respective ranks.

Such of the Staff as have military rank to wear the uniform
of their ranks and of the Corps to which they belong in the
line; such, as have no military rank To wear plain Coats with
a Cockade and Sword.

All officers as well Warrant as Commission’d to wear a
Cockade and side arms, either a sword or genteel Bayonet.*’

The General recommends it to the officers as far as practi-
cable to provide themselves with the uniforms prescribed for
their respective Corps by the regulation published in General
Orders the 2nd. of October last.

All officers and others who draw Horses from the Public for
special purposes or for a limited time are requir’d to be punc-
tual in returning them after the service is performed or at the
expiration of the Time prescribed or they will be answerable
for the detention.

The Captains of Artillery hitherto allowed Horses in par-
ticular Cases from the Public, are immediately to give up all
such as are in their Possession to the Quarter master General:
The Exigency of the Service requires it.

The Drummers and Fifers ’till further orders are to practise
between the Hours of Nine and eleven in the morning and of
four and six in the afternoon.

"See General Orders, July 14, 1780, post.

eons

Seni eae ee ee

|
|

1780] HANGING OF SPIES 23

A Field Return of the officers noncommissioned officers and
privates “Fit for Action” to be delivered in at six oClock this
afternoon.

A Return of the Killed wounded and missing since the
6th. Instant to be delivered in tomorrow morning at Guard

mounting. AFTER ORDERS

At a General Court martial of the Line whereof Colonel
Meigs is President held this day: John Clawson, Ludwick
Lasick and William Hutchinson were tried on the following
charge “Coming out from the Enemy with Arms and found
lurking as spies in the Vicinity of the Army of the United
States.” By the Judgement of the Court found Guilty and sev-
erally sentenced (more than two thirds of the Court agreeing)

to suffer Death.

The Commander in Chief confirms the sentence and orders
them to be hanged tomorrow morning at Guard mounting.
No Officer or Private soldier to be absent from his Quarters

this Night.

*To MAJOR GENERAL NATHANAEL GREENE

Head Quarters, June 18, 1780.

Dr. Sir: The inclosed from Genl. Forman is this instant
come to hand. there are by information, from Genl. Schuyler,
1700 Barrls. of flour at Trenton. Use every possible means to
hurry it on to the North River and to get this Army in a
moving condition. The General (and indd. other) Officers
at Morris Town will not fail being in Camp this afternoon.

My Letters to Genl. Howe and Govr. Trumbull are left open
for your perusal after which Seal and forward them with the
utmost expedition by your established expresses (if they are
fixed) or some others if they are not; positive orders should
be given to ride Night and day. I am etc.

6, 6/19/80 John Clawson, Ludovic Lacey and one 'Hutchinson"
by name all hanged for marauding.

On June 18, 1780, a General Court Martial found "John Clawson,
Ludwick Lasiek and William Hutchinson" guilty of "Coming out from
the enemy with Arms and found lurking as spies in the vicinity of
the Army of the United States", They were hanged the next day
somewhere near Short Hills, New Jersey.

From various newspaper accounts, it appears that these three men
were part of a Loyalist raiding party. Clawson was originally
from Woodbridge, NJ. Hutchinson had lived in Morristown, NJ, and
Lasiek was from Sussex County, NJ. When they came out from
Staten Island on June 16, 1780, they were accompanied by two
other men. The newspapers state that they were looking to steal
horses. One newspaper says they went into Monmouth County while
another says they were at Scotch Plains. I guess, and it is only
a guess, that they were at Scotch Plains. Before daybreak on the
16th, they were discovered by a militia party commanded by an
officer named Casterline,. The raiders were hiding in a barn
owned by a Quaker named Mr. Veal. One unnamed raider’ escaped.
Another raider named Inslee was shot by Casterline, the Militia
Officer. Clawson, Lasiek and Hutchinson were captured. Mr.
Veal, the owner of the barn they were hiding in, was also taken
into custody. Veal was suspected of aiding the Loyalists and
threatened with execution. Veal was forced to attend the
Loyalist execution, but prior to their death, they cleared him of
any involvement.

As you will note in the photocopies, the spelling for Clawson and
Lasiek vary greatly from source to source.

This volume was prepared and edited by authority of
ive the State of New Jersey, at the request of the New J ersey

: ing Committee of the Society :
- Wittram NE son,
GARRET D. W. Vroom,

Austin Scort,

Francis B. Les,

Ernest C. R1cHARDSON.

Bees

- Historical Society, and under the direction of the follow-

| or" m hes
ae DOCUMENT$3™ 6 **\
ft

'
{ F
? ; “a
isi j j
RELATING TO THE \ / 4
Dh, a
Seay) Pet %

REVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

OF THE

STATE OF NEW JERSEY.

Morristown National Historical Parg

Morristown, New Jersey
> LIBRARY

VOLUME IV.

EXTRACTS FROM AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS RELATING
TO NEW JERSEY,

NOV. 1, 1779—SEPT. 30, 1780.

EDITED BY

“WILLIAM NELSON.

TRENTON, N. J.
STATE GAZETTE PUBLISHING Co., PRINTERS.

1914.

ERIE CES De sent eer Rial ater et Pe mtn a0 aE ee

ME Rie Si a aa

SE age
fy
oo is “This volume was prepared and edited by authority of
is ‘ the State of New Jersey, at the request of the New Jersey
=a Historical Society, and under the direction of the follow- ~
d ing Committee of the Society :

: ~ oe pe : - Witi1am NEtson,

ee GARRET D. W. Vroom,
Austin Scort, .
Francis B. Les,

Ernest C. RicHARDSON.

Hots

iss Sa iacipaceln

silt

» aed

ee ag Tp
= ROS | Nar.
Mie ton”

Oy
Ww

DOCUMENTS
; LIBRARY
RELATING TO THE \
. if 2 ‘gTical Pats Bed

REVOLUTION ARY HISTORY

OF THE

STATE. OF NEW JERSEY.

Morristown National Historical Par,
mo TERAB New Jersey

VOLUME Iv.

EXTRACTS FROM AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS RELATING
TO NEW JERSEY,

NOV. 1, 1779—SEPT. 30, 1780.

EDITED BY

“WILLIAM NELSON.

TRENTON, N. J.
STATE GAZETTE PUBLISHING Co., PRINTERS.

1914.

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342 BUTLER COUNTY.

for provisions and to form the first link inthe communication between Fort Wash-

ington and the object of the campaign. It was a stockade of fifty yards square,
avith four good bastions, and platforms for cannon in two of them, with barracks.
[In the summer succeed ng an addition was made to the fort by order of Ceneral olen
Wilkinson, which consisted. iy enclosing with pickets an area of ground on the v

north part, se that it extended up the river to about the north line of the present
Stable strect. The southern point of the work extended to the site of the Asso- i
ciate Reformed chu rch. {
The plan given of the fort is from the survey of Mr, James McBride, of Hamil- j
ton, made by. him several years after. }
The following items upon the early ,are from the MSS. of
:

history of Hamilto1
James McBride : “ :

without a murmur, Seth Blinn was the son HN
of a respectable widow residing in the State

Major Rudolph at Fort Hamilton.—late
of New York. The rope being awkwardly a

in the fall of 1792, an advance corps of troops,
under the comma of Major Rudolph. ar-

rived at Mort Hamilton, where they wintered. fastened aroind his neck he st mggled greatly.
They consisted of three companies of light ‘Three times he raised his feet until they came '
dragoons, one of rifle, and one of infantry. 0 contact with the upper part of the gallows, .
Rudolph was a major of dragoons from lower avhen the exertion broke his neck. | a
Virginia, Ilis reputation Was that of an Tinmediately after the sentence had been
arbitrary and tyrannical officer. Some time in pronounced on these men, friend hastened
the spring seven soldiers deserted to the Ohio to Fort Washington, where he obtained a
river, where, procuring & canoe, they started pardon from Gen. Wilkinson. But he was
for New Orleans. Ten or fifteen miles helow — too late. ‘The execution had been hastenes

the falls of the (Vhio they were met by Lieut. by Major Rudolph, and he arrived at Hamil-
(since. Gen ton fifteen minutes after the spirits of these

.) Clark, anc sent back to Fort

IIamilton, where a court-martial sentenced unfortunate mien had taken their flight to
three of them to be hung, two to run the another word. ‘Their hodies were imme i-
gauntlet, and the remaining two ty lic in’ ately committed to the grave under the gal-
irons in the guard-house for a stipulated dark and narrow house,

lows. ‘There, in the
veriud. John Brown, Scth Blinn, anl——_— =m silence, lies the only son of a widowed
Gallaher were the three-séntenced to be hung. mother, the last of his family.

A vegetable .
ry °
The execution took place the next day, on a garden is now

cultivated over the spot by
jot nor know not of the once

gallows crectet helow the fort. just south of — those who think 1
the site of the present Associate Reformed = warm heart that lies cold below.
ehureh, and near the residence of James B. Rinning the Garmilet.—The two other
Thomas. deserters were sentenced to run the gauntlet
ive hundred sol- sixteen times between two ranks of soldicrs,
into execution,

diers were drawn up in arms around the fatal which, was earried forthwith

spot to witness the exit of their unfortunate The lines were formed in the rising groUnc
comrades. ‘The appearnce of the sufferers — cast of the fort, where now lies Front street,
at the gallows is said to have been most pre- aul extended from Smithman’s corner to the
i One of them,

possessing. hey were all: young men 0 intersection of Ludlow street.
nuned Roberts, having passed eight times.

spirit and handsome appearance, I the open- r
through the ranks fell, and was unable to pro-

ing bloom of life, with their Jong hair floating ; Lx
John Brown was said eced. ‘The attendant physician stated that he
his life had already

Execution of Deserters. —F

over their shoulders.
to have been ayoung man of very respectable could stand it no longer, a8
connections, who lived near Albany, N.Y. — been endangered.
Barly in life he had (urmed an attachment for Mate of Peudolph,.—Some time after Gen.

a young woman in his neighborhood of unm — Wayne arrived at the post, and, although

jeachable character, but whose social standing. frequently represented as an arbitrary wi,

did not comport with tho pride of his parents. he was so much displeased with the eruclty

ile was forbidden te aggociate with her, and of Major Rudolph, that he gave him his

required to. pay his addresses to another, — choice--to resign or be eashiercd. Tle chose

Broken-hearted and degponding, he loft his the former, returned to Virgiia, and subse-

home, enlisted in a company of dragoons, qnently, i eouepmny with another gentlenin,

eame to. the West. This commanding offiecr purghased aship. and went one trading voy

treated him so wijustly_ that le was. led to ave to urope. They were captured (it ix

desert. When under the gallows, the ser- etated) by an Algerine cruiser, and: Rudolph

goant, acting as executioner, inquired why was hung at the yardarm of his own vessel,

the sentence of the law should not be enforced 1 have heard some of those who were under

upon him, he replied with emphasis. pointing his command in Wayne's army express. sate
to Major Rudolph, °° hat he had rather die ixfaction at the fate.of this unfortunate man. di
nine hundred deaths than be subject to the Tn the summer of 1742 tayo wagoners were yy
command of such a man,’ and was swung off — watehing some oxen, which had been turned

hy it
«<4

ts et

rie yt a ig dia? ti
; i i

ECUTED AT FaTbusH, Lone ISLAND. 1782

| History of He Cty

Two BRITISH SonDiers &x

828 HISTORY OF BROOKLYN.

shot poorly. The writer was looking on, when one of the officers,
after loading his gun, asked me whether I would try a shot. I
replied in the affirmative, and, presenting the piece at arms’ length,

_ fired. The servant signalled the ball as having struck the bull’s-eye.
The party looked at me with surprise and indignation, and ex-
claimed : ‘’Tis no wonder the d—d rebels kill our men as they do—
here is a boy who beats us!’ I told them I could do it again, and
left them to cogitate on the subject.”

Horse Racine.—A jockey or racing club was formed in the year
1780, within the British lines. Bryant Connor, of New York, was
Chief Jockey. Flatland Plain, then called « Ascot Heath,” was the
Tace-course ; it was then a beautiful open plain, well adapted for
racing or parades. Public races were held here until October, 1783.
The British officers, with the refugees and Tories, ruled the course.
The American officers, then prisoners in Kings County, attended
these races, and were frequently insulted by the loyalists, which gave
rise to frequent fracases. Wherever a fine horse was known to be
owned by any American farmer in the county, the refugee horse-
thieves would soon put him into the hands of the jockeys, and the

Jersey farmer claim a horse on Ascot Heath, in October, 1783, which
had been purchased by Mr. John Cornell, of Brooklyn, from a
refugee, and entered for the race. The owner permitted the horse
to run the race; after which, Mr. Cornell surrendered the animal to
the owner in a gentlemanly manner. Whether he ever found the
thief afterwards is uncertain,

A Murrary Execurion 4T Brooxtyy.—In the summer of 1782,
three men, named Porter, Tench, and Parrot, members of the 54th
Regiment, then encamped on the farm of Martin Schenck, at the.
Wallabout, were arrested and tried for their complicity in a foul
murder committed on Bennet’s Point, in Newtown, three years be-
fore. They were sentenced to be hung, but Parrot was pardoned

New Utrecht, and on the Union Course.

of Brooklyn NY by Henry Rh. Shles. Typ

Vals. Ablisheof by Subscription . Brovklyn NY l i 67

HISTORY OF BROOKLYN. 829

dressed in white jackets and pantaloons, and firmly pinioned, were
brought into the Square, and halters, about eight feet long, were fas-
tened to the limb about four feet apart. Tench ascended the ladder
first, followed by Cunningham’s yellow hangman, who adjusted the
halter, drew a cap over the culprit’s face, and then descending, turned
him off the ladder. The like was done to Porter, who ascended the

were inside the square, and after the execution Cunningham reported
to the commanding officer (said to be General Gray), who also ap-
peared to treat him with contempt. The troops then left the ground,
and the bodies were buried under the tree.”

Muutary PuniseMents.—The British soldiers were punished by
whipping or flogging with the « cat-o’-nine-tails,” executed by the
drummers. The regimental Surgeons were obliged to attend the
punishments, which were usually very Severe—sometimes as many
as five hundred lashes being given. Citizens were allowed to be pres-
ent at these floggings, except at punishments of the 42d Highland
Regiment; when only the other regiments were allowed to be Wit-
nesses. Punishments in this regiment were, however, infrequent,
The dragoons were punished by picketing; the Germans by being
made to run the gauntlet. On these occasions the regiment formed
in two parallel lines, facing inwards; the culprit passed down be-
tween these lines, having an officer before and behind him, and was
struck by each soldier with rods. An officer also passed down on
the outside of each line, administering a heavy blow to any soldier
who did not give the culprit a fair and good stroke. Hessians were

_ also punished by the gauntlet, while the band played a tune set to

the following words:

WUOX MAN *XLNNOO SDONTY

feuding to "The War of 181A’ by Demld R. thekty. University Of [Lb INOls YESS
71939. Pages AlF-AVF Sx ren Wii bamen , a SGt, tnd Ave Privates) were
—) bxected by sg Squad at Mobile, Alabama tr A-Ay- We tor rhditing £00 of Weir

"Fellow naihanin Te desert sn Seat. "4. Lichey’s Source * ‘froceedihys of a Ceneraf
‘Court Maral held at Mobile, 12/5/14. Keel Mo. bF of the Jackson Papers, bibriry

of Congress. Piso “Andrew Ttchson’ by Parton. Vol. 2 ‘Pes RMB 277-300.

aes coe Ts Shputye fiw Sachison’s Lourt Michiel records Fasc tea Way Wh Mis perineal (eevrds
\ ss of thie the War Dept. archives 0s the [aw required. _

— “STK
i lin burenribtin. Splnens Ar Luigi nite Onio yi Shy, /P/ yp a
_Attordiny to Covet Martel Case Files, Record Gra 153, Box 1, File No. ¥-/8 at the —

Nahinal vehi tes ty dre hbw ldtotified as:

| 'p tt Chocks Jonette of te st frhifery Disha tad My Misi. be hed pe b
Executed 7/8/14 the British at hors Bline Mila near Macpac, (Upper Mb, gan), —
| on SYIS/12 before the wor broke out. Thea 0m Ypofp3 he was tebe
In ars ‘Against the Mited Stats Mhrnty the atthe of Lake Erie where
He. was fitand serevhy asa Crewman Abcard the Lihsh brip Hunter’.

r Vi Pans Bar, ‘he pt te / Th pet jy oe frm iio 7 Sayrraeys LY
Executed 7/8 11% grdbout bf/af/4 white on Seay at hi, dnd tip eg piss
| _ 10 bstige out of the flied howse There.

Ae Curt Bow of Coot: Mammy’ Co 19th /otintry. Ce ay 7 bli
Executed 7g lie at. a Cues Mate] whose record tt Lest and Condemned on bf 3019 -
whith Was the Seitlencih hy OE Charge hot specified.

Y v4 Thoous Leeder Of the 274 bnfurtry. Trved on bfis [14 dnd gah
Executed 7/8/1¢ 6/30/14. Oharye no peti ea

At James Kearns of the (7th lobantry. Tred on U['e]/F dad tenilamned om
Caine 7/8/1 a Wl/4- ge Miiye nit seciBed.

Mt Lankin Jost tf he 17th Mafntry Sir We ser g ton » gh ebty' Co.
\ | Brecuted 3 [VE at lamp Stith on oritbaut 7/9/14. “Age dour 18 fe Wes

Sat Several clays after the coppers.

4 Paps sicten! tate:

and John Woods' mother, who died of grief) and one woman are portrayed

‘as heroic innocents, . victims of tyrannical rulings by Jackson. Here

present without any form of titlepage or imprint, other than at the base
of each memorial, appear the words: "an qutraged country, erects this
Monument , July 4, 1828." 3 $375.

JACKSON ACCUSED OF MURDERING HIS SOLDIERS

. 647. [Jackson, Andrew]: AN ACCOUNT OF SOME OF THE BLOODY DEEDS OF GENERAL

“JACKSON... [Np. 1828]. Large printed broadsheet, 62 by 41 cm. Three tears
‘with paper loss as follows: upper left margin, affecting a word of text,

> lower: left margin, affecting about four lines of text, and lower right

_ margin, affecting several words. None of the losses are significant, while

the large broadsheet, with thousands of words of text, is. otherwise fine.

An anti-Jackson campaign broadside, issued in the violent and libelous
‘proceedings of the 1828 race. This broadside is decorated (twice) with

woodcuts of six coffins, to illustrated the six Tennessee militia men who

were executed for mutiny during the New Orleans campaign. The text gives

a long and pitiful account of their.death, while-the backside of the broad-

‘sheet records the charges against them. Smaller items recount the duel

between Jackson and the Benton brothers, his execution of Indians, and.
other nastiness. Versions of this broadsheet seem to spring from one issued
in Nashville in 1819; the executed soldiers story dogged Jackson throughout
his political career. In fact, the soldiers were ringleaders in a danger-
ous mutiny, which any other military commander of the time would have sup-
pressed in the same fashion. — $1250.

- 648. Jackson, Andrew: EXTRA -- PRESIDENT'S. MESSAGE.... [New York. Dec.

7; 1835]. Folio ibang text on recto and verso. Creased where folded,
else very nice.

The text of Jackson's address to the House of Representatives, printed
as an Extra to the New York Sun. Much on Foxes gn relations, thé boundary
with Mexico, Indian removal, etc. J $250.

649. [Jackson, Andréw}: FAREWELL ADDRESS OF ANDREW JACKSON “t0 THE PEOPLE
OF THE UNITED STATES.... [Washington? 1836]. 56 by 47 omy Broadside, printed
on silk. Slight wear along folds, affecting a few words,/otherwise very

good. /

An extremely rare example of this broadside, printed, fon silk, as seems

~. to have been a practice for some Presidential addresses in the early.

. foxing, otherwise a nice set. /

Republic. Jackson urges, above all, the preservation of the Union. $750.

"650. Jefferson, Thomas: A MANUAL OF PARLIAMENTARY PRACTICE. FOR THE USE
OF THE SENATE OF THE UNITED ‘STATES. Washington. 1801. °[199]pp. New half

calf and boards. The Henry Cabot Lodge copy, with his- Senne BEL ENE.
foxing, else very nice. /

“One of Jefferson's scarcer works, published shortly after he took office

as President. The Virginia polymath sets/forth rules of order and pro-

‘cedure - probably more dictating to the Aegislature than would be tolerated
‘these days. / $750.

*-651. Jefferson, Thomas: MEMOIR, onnkeibinicicace: AND MISCELLANIES FROM

THE PAPERS OF THOMAS .JEFFERSON.... Boston. 1830. Four volumes. Portrait,

-after Gilbert Stuart. Original cloth, paper labels. Some chipping and

The second pacttan “Saseea by Thomas J. Randolph. The memoir was written

»_ by Jefferson at the age of 77, And is accompanied by a journal kept during
. his tenure as Secretary of State. The remainder of the content is com-

CATALOGUE .THIRTY-EIGHT

AMERICANA VARIA

A Selection of Diverse and Unusual Books,
Manuscripts and. Works of Art from Our Stock.

WILLIAM REESE. COMPANY
409 TEMPLE STREET
NEW HAVEN, CT 06511

(203) . 789-8081

640. Cleveland, Grover: THE GOVERNMENT IN THE CHICAGO STRIKE OF 1894.
Princeton. 1913. 49pp. Cloth. Fine.

The President's Stafford Little address, wherein he explains. away many
things to his own satisfaction. $30.

-641.. [Garfield, James]: THE PRESDIENT IS DEAD! LONG LIVE THE NATION!
ee [Washington. 1881]. Broadside, printed on very poor paper, loss’ of paper
i ‘at top, somewhat chipped, matted.

Signed by the National Minute Men of America, announcing the- death of Gar-

/
y

fe
PRESIDENTIAL ‘SCANDALS pas

642. [Harding, Warren G.J: Britton, Nan: ° THE PRESIDENT’ S DAUGHTER. New
York. 1927. 439pp. Illus. Cloth, worn. -A sound £opy.

The authoress here gives her long account of/her affair with Warren G.
Harding, the "handsomest of Presidents," as A.J. Liebling styled him.

In intimate and elaborate detail she des¢ribes the beginning of their
affair in 1917, the many meetings, the/child born of their union, the at-
tempts of Mrs. Harding to get.rid of Mer, in short, the whole sordid mess.
In 1927, with Harding dead, Miss Brdtton set out to tell the world. Ac-
cording to a statement in the front of this book, the world's revelation
was delayed by a governmental -go6n squad bursting into the printing company
and attempting to seize the shgets. Utterly titillating reading, and a
must for aficionados of the Seamy in American politics. . $40.

AND THE REPLY

643. [Harding, Warren G/J}: Jenks, Anton Shrewsbury: A DEAD PRESIDENT
MAKES ANSWER TO THE. P IDENT'S DAUGHTER. New York. 1928. 94pp.: Cloth
and decorated boards, /fgood in tattered dust jacket.

‘until Arthur can be ‘installed. — f $150.

en ae

Ridicules Miss Brityon, above. A padded out and unconvincing defense by
a shill for the Republican party. No matter which is right, Miss Britton
is more entertaining. $30.

3 644. Hoover, Werbert: THE MEMOIRS OF HERBERT HOOVER. THE GREAT DEPRES-
' SION 1929-194Y¥. New York. 1952. 503pp. Portrait. Cloth. Nicely inscribed

jacket.

? Sgias.
645. oover, Herbert]: Corey, Herbert: THE TRUTH ABOUT HOOVER. -Bos-
ton. 32. 318pp. Frontis, Illus,. Original cloth. Very good. 5a

A pré-Hoover biography, with emphasis on his" ‘role in keeping the Depres-
si from worsening, due to maintenance .of the gold standard in 1932.$20.

ANTI-JACKSONIAN MEMORIALS

646. [Jackson, A.]: -SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF JOHN HARRIS. .vfetc].. [Np].
July 4, 1828. [8] leaves, printed on rectos only. Dbd. Light scattered
foxing, hanged trimmed at outer iartiadl not affecting text, but very
4 good. -
| A very unusual item, consisting of a set of eight printed memorials to
| seven men who _were court-martialed and executed at the order of Jackson
een while serving » in the Creek War, each leaf devoted to one memorial, printed
Beak | within elaborate tombstone-type borders. The seven men (John Harris, David
| unt. Edward Linsey, Jacob Webb, Henry Lewis, David Morrow, John Woods -

field, and calling for a "Holy Alliance of Vigilantes" to” “guard the country

and signed Hoover on the front endsheet. Very good in rather weary dust -

. m “THE PAPERS OF THOMAS. JEFFERSON... -

“and John Woods' mother, who died of g&
: “as heroic innocents,. victims of tyra
present without any form of titlepage==
‘of each memorial, appear the words:
‘Monument , “July 4, 1828."

es JACKSON ACCUSED OF =

* 647, * [Jackson, Andrew]: AN ACCOUNT:
JACKSON.... [Np. 1828]. Large print=
with paper loss as follows: upper le
= lower left margin, affecting about BoP a
. p Rares: affecting several words. Now:
‘the large broadsheet, with. thousands.

’ An anti-Jackson campaign broadside, =
=> proceedings of the 1828 race. This =
- yoodcuts of six coffins, to illustra
were executed for mutiny during the =
a long and pitiful account of their =
- sheet records the charges against time
between Jackson and the Benton brotim=
~ other nastiness. / Versions of this me
4n Nashville in 1819; the executed sm
his political career. In fact, the. -
ous mutiny, which any other militar

_pressed in thé same fashion.

648. Jackson; Andrew: EXTRA -- PRES
i 1835]. Folio broadside, text on “=>
else very mice.

The .text bf Jackson's address to thes
as an — to the New York Sun. Pho ss ol

ae, with: Mexico, Indian removal, etc.

649. Jackson, Andrew]: FAREWELL —
OF THE UNITED STATES.... [Washing=—
on silk. Slight wear along folds, ==>

An xtremely rare example of this =m
es ave been a practice for some ons)
= Republic. Jackson urges, above ai
0.: Jefferson ; “Thomas: A MANUAL. 7!
THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES...

: ¢alf and boards.: The Henry Cabot cole
foxing, else very nice.

e One of Jefferson's scarcer works, at
"as President. The Virginia polymar >
-cedure .— probably more. dictating cm

these days. --

651. Jefferson, ai: MEMOIR, <2

“after Gilbert Stuart. Original cloz:
_-foxing,- otherwise .a nice set,

The second edition; edited by Thoms:
“by Jefferson at the age of 77, anc *
his tenure as Secretary. of State.

SMALL, Klijah, and SPENCER, PHilip, sailors,
hanged for mutiny on board the USS. SOMERS,

CROMWELL, Samuel,
Whites,

* _ NATHANIEL CURRIER LITHOGRAPH OF BRIG-OF-WAR SOMERS

ic- Remains of U.S. Navy vessel were found off Veracruz, Mexico
P PSOREOES Gly CY ae og Vhs ; s¢ ar

2 ‘Billy Budd’ brig-of-war found
; at.bottom of Gulf of Mexico.

a fete een a the ‘18-year-old son of’ President
(| By Harry Jupiter /, '/- //- G Vf John Tyler's secretary of War, were
ERR oo Sree Teh fe Of ‘executed after a court-martial con- ;
“1 Discovery of the sunken US:Na.. .victed them of planning a mutiny. |
7. vy brig-of-war Somers in the Gulf of The incident Inspir ed Herman
-. Mexico has ‘revived bitter memo- Melville's “Billy Budd.” The. au-
bg ries of the three sailors who were | thor’s cousin, Lt. Guert Gansevoort,
if “hanged aboard the ship on its maid- Was second in command aboard the
"+ gM voyage 145 years ago, 2!" SOmens.Al uel) Reuyntvbiae she"
| | Anexpedition led by George Bel- The incident, which took place
_-)¢her, a San Francisco art dealer, during a training cr uise, also led
4 discovered ‘the’ sunken vessel. in indirectly to the founding of the
41 June 1986 off Veracruz, Mexico!* U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis.
+4) Using old maps and sophisticat- Melville's Inspiration for. the cen-
€ ,ed electronics gear, Belcher, with’ tral incident in the novel was the
9 ithe help of his brother, Joel, and hanging of Philip Spencer, an
7 magnetometer expert, Daniel Koski American 18-year-old midshipman.
deere or Wei ab, ti pa,
: wor Mexicg Gesu ne Morea ht ns Gent gohn Then i
baa | «rt eas alah :

Thea” ehh: SESH Aha ceed “<8 Young ~ Spencer,::boatswain’s
. The ship played. a ‘significant 8 Spencer, :

~ role in, American lit ature and na- Mate Samuel Cromwell and seaman if
' val history"? Way O35) ~’ Elijah H. Small were convicted on «3
opal story.” *) ia aa ares fy
: — See SHIP, A-8.

ras

sf * Rint, 2 Oe ee ae aes Fat ae RG P
» «\ In. 1842, three sailors’ including .
use Son Fare is ee Pn

cv]

“nessa CKettyrg vd

%
a NY » iia

' wig dhe eek yee nid recheatd without be ihe'p | 4% 4 ATA BA LHAUKUINARY MU- x
‘ enseof those of all other nations. baie sounds: were f iit wit ita Betis wi i i SICAL ENTERTA IN MEN Tov. sf dow
37000 : ‘Mr. Huskisson has been .spoken ‘of |S°O8efss that: the amatenrs of misiczat | boty MR. HELENE, oats) the

as. the'author of what is-termed: ‘a i. |!ength accomplished her liberation.) ° = 80 Tiglian Trobadgury* ><") | dea

¢ ie i ute: ial policy." in |.) A’ miser was latel found dead in | Has'the honour to-inform the inhabitants ae
| *) “ee in seer la ead its ory: tnt Parijs, ona filthy bed, still gtasping'the | of New’ Orleans and its vicinity, that on kes |

1,000 literal or ‘virtual prohibitions.;. Now it | key ‘of his* coffers; he had boarded a-| Monday “evening, Jan: 27,1829, he will} tion

a ciel | Recestare thi Wlistingiiish? between bout 600,000 francs, 100,000'of- which |pive, at-the Ball. Rotm, cornice Asi nt pg

*: ee be dapat cued BAL is te ite! -| & Boprdon.aireets, an Extraordinary Con-| Cs!

those acts of Mr.“ Huskisson which re- | Were concealed in different kitc jen us rae aaitgets, five d feren ry; tea. | 2"4

s0o|lax the-navigitiofy ws, or‘ affect the (tensile. Oe. eats toe went te themaime time Vihatis'lotere | tely

| Vv: _ colonies, and. those, whjch‘profess_only "Turkeys. —We have been informed" Lst?A NEW-VIOLONswith K ily . at
“y .,. {to faéititate the ‘Antroduction of forcign that a young gentleman, of Petersburgh F od. TheITALIAN-FLUTE.0eo ‘mak |
\, [reduce or: rhaniufactures t0-the hone fin this countys has conected, aad isow| 54, ‘The*FURKISH-CYMBATS: — [ithe
ws market of Gtéae. Brieaiti: The papers [on his way to Pittstitgie wiht adpove| qi. Tie OMNESHUMBRELLA, | .[°°R |
(Cy Of beforeus: concern themsclyés’ almost | consieting of one tholisand turkeys, °° | 5th, ‘The BASS RUM ees say 7 [ater
\ — glexclusively,: as. we shall dog with the]: e. = (Columbian Ohio Amer.) The-wholesform Ngan: accompaniment h Frei

potttra | latte btanch of English liberality, and * vores A'grist mill belonging t4 §fr- wich, by its pripitio sinduces the belief F with
a’s| au-| they can leave no shadow. of doubt up- Jone Crit, is Sabhioheht totsRip. that there are manasdore instru neg. OED
1 ud on the-minds-of those who'were not al- Mercer, Co. Pa, was! Surned™ down: ‘on Pir Pinsbest cA Sonal my esisity hag1
U Jette | téady aware fa fact quite obvious and Tuesday evening Mst;’ Some three“or 7 ale Fah? Cor :

dat grain ne shins aay Be eee ton Two, Inst. ments**'2, *Conenhapeny Peo!
) sf utquestionable,’ that Mr- -Hoskisson, four hundred bushels"6f grain‘ tere in XV alte, of Thiee do.''3. Away With Mee eu
‘ arse whether by. removing a prohibition, or’ the'mill and consumed With it > 9. lancholy, én’ Two dd 4. tw Coes glass
Qe [reduting an impost,~ gave ‘mo indyl- , female Politi ‘ians.—The question's Dance, on Three do. Fg: hy *. Lelotl
\s tess [gence to the foreign mannfactnrer, of | fiscussed in some of. the Western pae| PART THIRD.—t) Hail C:tumbia.J timb
SD 25, (pebichashatumanufacturers uld-ta.ar y| pers.syhether. £etalee: “should meddlej on Five Instruments;: 22> Mexican. Byove |”
telerer {instance take any practical advan ‘age. witvpoltesgtedieohe ons Waltz on-Five do. :< $-New-> Marchyon he

7 | Wheres fice competition has beet 6Ter-
deslefs

; ae S other’ sex “Otizht, doubt-| Five do. 4. A New: Walte’ by: Mozayt
+. Jed. by, Mr, Huiski3sah'to foreten sopicty of the ‘other sex ought, ,doubt- ~ OT ae) the

: : : Eck plese to have some acquaintance with the|°" Five anne Ba tin goa pand
fetore hal Serive Ren eee a [tOPIed hich, mse Therese the-tarter| “py eqit RI FOLLOACHESTI A: | aS
ain, en facture had eortvedt At a nitch of excel- and form. the; public business’ of the of the enchanting melod of ceveril Binps,] of /
ves defence, which sét_all real ri valry atdefi- times, But every friend would “dis- among: which that of the Sing: Sing, zor] and
ode witness eae it ever Such rivalry, was: suade them from ever becoming *poli-| Moking Bird Of Mexico,—Mrs-Helene ain MT
oP reut [Sore “wh then-therewasnore: tical. ‘partizans,. or_vehemently. profer-| favor-any gentleman or ta dy with (he pet,

° os le oe + °° ® “ 5 d
ise la | @valigns We dd ‘not say;this as anvil pin, rANY--political opinions. s+ tion of any ofthe’ tunes performed,’ o¢
épouse [sort of reproach. fo -Mr- Huskissong|-’ 0B NPY PauCa opintonsy, Seg tet, ys Dee nets. OFF eqn

¥ IK New: TheticdeD ‘ few. in| 2RY other which maybe: -€alled -for, with} 18%
labine, further than for having applied -to-his{ > New: Tacticds ta late review, in| 4 S cradie ni ot

° ° * whi h he is c 13 oe HAS en) Ph bs T:

re, (OM Acts a teem which hetter fitted hk pepogoty: x laughable mistakes is-said N Prbed of Methlicone oy s Dollar; ladies for s

la rive (Professions. He -professed..to be gti. |'O Rave taken’ place. in.the mancuvres and childréa* half pricege ech: 4] Upw
ma mve Pp p j i ee en

Tieues |beral” while he was merelysohservanty of PC COMPANY: of cavalry. The com} Performance will’ begin-“at half past 4 nic
¢ fate farid’ shréwd. We believe that’ where iondvereoa estan 5 bari Fe aie eee icita nei t Sa 24 Hoon
avrant ee ET eee: “fe eae, Sa inadvertrbtly. bade them peace: the OFRANG tan Ns | ol “
1 nye Huskisson failed to offer a fair and right foot in the stirrup,” and.thedthe} 4; ORLEANS BALL-ROOM. © °°} Yu
itatign substantial reciprocity to other nations, ) : OF a ONDA ¥- next, Janu

they id net Ben TY AGA ABI, *I 5
le €on- fit was when he had no power to actas} a ence was, that. they. all found Fon crit! Bexerit oF a ih
lapro-the desifed.. |

themselves seated withsthein” faces tos} s me Meh bh] 8 REIRPY oe!

partie d Pee | ; | wards the tail of the horses.theywrode!| ‘@a3¥2_ ube papa Bp ef
nant a vrosehatle het Chae bon eee oe And: before ihe flicks: epat ef ek vo ASD ULL DRESS BALL B-

' P a ectio = : bie ve cel hae Nd Rta eT ree to 8K 0% eee, |
. of the home industry, undera professed " Sal ts nee eeae actually PRECEEDED BY-A. CHILDREN'S BALL, | NIC
wece| system of genet] relaxation; neither} V2Ce ed his men, telling.them, they }Tb'commence at’ o'clock and quit at; the Grand from
mcg oe te a age ONE Hele about to escort thereviewing d 3 ‘ately afte
pm |O29, with the least pretence fo justice, |” Meft in front “Sy
taine. {9 foreign people be condemned for fol- |G 2/* caer
s, 100 |lowinge MroHuskisson’s example. Th
red be Right Hon. Genileman did nothing

oo. We Me. BE. RERTUS evcranxious of meriting the Hata
£,itweante | or-of the pudlic,: will tse bis every exertion]...
' nder the evening worthy of the Presence af) tation
yiomaytarhimthe honor of yisiting the | Who!
gatheanes:.

aefos, 4g Sree gre 4h yet
Naval -Ewecution—A Jetter » from

a ee

. : ; : Lima, dated the 18th of September, re-|QallTeom. oo Jun
ation ; fy, lt veel . " ee eee Ce ptember, re-} Ba 20M. ey, ‘ ao _vun
Op pact W irdsa ee 9 eituer forcign cone ace ceived in this city, sratts thar a. Court ORLEANS BA LL ROOM. « vs ms
SS et 130{turers or foreign producers any access had & eats | ah as 5 |
Qa. mat ito thts market, hy which native goods | 024 been recetitly held on bnard the U.} On Stturday next, Jannary 24; 1829 ; |
ste dé: or native produce could ever so minu- Sar necaness rules trial ore . ot FULT. DRESS & ae
; : . ‘ 3 S 4 " IVEA VE yy , : L.
x ceurs, {tC suffers and the United . States, by the pert A eerdiet brill wha ree " rh RADD BAL
. Urs, * 9 : 92. a" os og ‘. oe by s = “ p oe ’ v= ys milla ce ‘ in atime & "ake ry
Oo chisi-| the tariffs of 182-4 and igs have only dered, and therman was. executed from | « "> Ladies Te Pe atts Ye Lot ‘
_pour/gone the «length of such protection to ti : : cf Ape acne) JeSpectiuuy invited:
nt on} thermomanufactures as it was mot requie | Set eee rd OF the Brandywine, on the _Childreny 4 ee OF 50 ots
7S evant | : QUte 1 29tb of Aug. «This, says the writer, is 9 Tig TICE THO aes
+ naux, [Site for the ortored manofartures OF] he ese ik : or. re fe AWD LICE ET '
mires England to protest hy any. new legive| the, Stat ilstance of the kind which’has| " LovERScor wikgzes | “i
s witres Elan We Fenian wf Ath {happened ‘in our service, Some years RE-BERTUS informs the genticinen who} litates
o ront lation enceuse France of illiberas] . fh board of one éf ac; “ngy be at*lelgure 4 afterenaph® that | Lower
# as rds Kifetand « F Wherch sInce'a scaman, on board of One of our . may, Gat Icisure n the after-naph; that} OW"
% nar { ty towards Ksigtand; and w ie national vessels: in the Mediterranean, | 'S Willepen.a clase from 4 to. 6: clock, for| dresse
Ww leuve |7USE she effects by law those. purposes r 9] Waltz ténd, cattery

y atidet reg hed who wish t
: ~ ay ean ee ee ; was sentenced, i he pibeenth

entig. | which England likewis g secured by Jaw ctime bes cect thle ene Me Ee ae cr

enant | no long as the imperfect state of her n4- hmitsing’ suicide: before the time-of ex.

srP-itive skill and capital require, sidh; a4 ee

ection. A," ¥, Gaz. aL tere
Table Ling — The Transits -;

ter and-instructive, tr sonte inagar-| bin . shes
stent ces a based and -document, the |=: re aan Me 3
hie Sproceegings: of Lap nese of wanda ten Steet The eae od ey Pore at hl
ste. * fcceret at Harrisburg, Uniged-States”|spy ree Lhe Suatey mia bays vee wie a3 DRUSS BAL Aarly he
i. ig . * Vet ° o ‘ i ° 8 7 2 t : DCOdaiee - : ae, , “ ’ % iy i p Sef
mn un beeeiglosting description'ot the'mo-}théy-are extremely neat, anid whatieof| Ludlow! wittnotde-admmite dewithion fog
‘ tl n ern ritish pa cy, concludiag : a y" ° M f ° ‘personal “Pelee pyre mor x Si a
“aut (quotation from M: Se. -Crieq, Director ~

oth

ayete }ewariam eae io tana NL
dont}. We find in ar exceedingly:¢cutio

:}
-A
i=}
5
_—
Reet
E
—e
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say Parhicio BATTALION. 283

DESERTERS FROM U.S. ARMY, 13846, WHO JOINED MEXICAN

ARMY AND WHO FORMED THis ST.

PATRICK COMPANY.

ADE FOLLOWING WERE CAPTUREDAT THE TETE- DE-PONT,

NW CHURUBUS CO,

AND 13, 1847.

Names. Co.

Henry Logenhamer..| F
Henry Venator. iI
traneis Rhode | I
‘ohn Klager oo K
redk. Fogal LK
roo. W. Jackson lH
Wim O'Connor... K

!
|
|
i
Qichard Hanly ow... | A
|
{
|
|
|
1

john Appleby... D
Geo, Dalwir ik
Barney Hart...) K

ntios. Millet... “..:. Dp

Hezekiah Akles ....| H
John Bartely OH
Alex. Melee . .H
RW. Garreison...... ‘He
John Bowers Hu
M.T. Brantius k
Henry Mewer D
Henry Octker. i)
Henry Whistler mo
Win. H. Keeck o 00. EF
Edw. Meberron CG
Andrew Nolan 2)
Patrick Dalton 3
John Cuttle B
John Price io
Wim. Outhouse I
Wm A. Wallace B
Blizier S. Luck. C
Herman Sehmidt ... D
Thomas Riley H
James Mulls l]
Lawrence Mackey > Kk
Francis O'Connor... -
Peter Neil 0. B
Kerr Delaney ])
y Patrick fete mo

AUGUST 20,

Regiment.

2d Dragoons
2d Dragoons
2d Dragoons
2d Dragoons
2d Dragoons
| Ist Artillery
i Ist Artillery
2d Artillery
2d Artillery
2d Artillery
2d Artillery
3d Artillery
3d Artillery
3d Artillery
3d Artillery
3d Artillery
ad Artillery
3d Artillery
Ath Artillery
4th Artillery
4th Artillery
dth Artillery
dth Artillery
4th Artillery
2d Infantry
2d Infantry
2d Infantry
2d Infantry
3d Infantry
3d Infantry
3d Infantry
Sd Infantry
3d Infantry
sd Infantry

- 3d Infantry

4th Infantry
4th Infantry
4th Infantry

1847. FIFTY OF THEM WhRE
EXECUTED AT SAN ANGEL AND MIXCOAC,

SEPTEMBER 10

Remarks.

Commuted to lashing
Commuted to lashing
Commuted to lashing

' Commuted to lashing

Commuted to lashing

Sentence remitted.

Sentence remitted

. Branded and lashed
Commuted to 50 lashes and branding

Reeruit

and branding
and branding
and branding
and branding

and branding

*&-

VOL XXL. SERTEMBER, t913. No. 98.
an

JOURNAL

Mited States Cavalry

ASSOCIATION,

PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY
BY THE UNITED STATES CAVALRY ASSOCIATION,
FORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS

$2.50 per Annum. 60 Cents a Copy.

Foreign Postage, 60c per year.

Linrurenanr Corone, EZRA B. FULLER, U.S. Arsy, Reriagp,

Epitor.

ALL RIGHTS RESREKVED,

Entered as second-class matter, January 21, 1011. at the Post Office at Vort
Leavenworth, Kansas, under the Act of March 9, 1879.

‘L Sour Selabers at bub epo WY 0 b-4-14/F ,
/ bt Mahlon Chreshe of the And Arblfery tor deserting Lith post Wlufe in fue. q
| Hhity tn 5/19/14.
yf George Orcott of Capt Treats Co, dst Infinity tor Westrbin 09 5f20fIF
Pb Isaac Keak of Used Traats Co. 116 lahantry fer deserter 07 3/20 [74 -
‘at John Black of He Dad hehlery Pr deserkinv cor SSP

The (out arte] Wis tld WY 52 3 14. Ly Hy lh iy the Wis Son ate Fe! Jas Ds,

The otter three wipe Staftnced fo Stypage f pay, rash tahio of Cbs pad hard

aber wit ball dnd chats fir the réwraadter of Her oobstortots— bo S244

General Wihfrld Seolt atsaperved the Sentinces fr Oreott, Ktwt and Black as
btdy too lenient and ordered the Court Marvel fo reconverre and recensider them -

Si in b]2]14 they were resenfenced fy death. The Cemeral Order fer them? Cttifiior
Wits givin on 6/3/14 aond they Were Stat to oleath by puishety 1 bf. fb very
youry for rrarned Wiltiau Jor freld tf Cyel lompirt$ Co. [1th fatantry
‘Was pared at the place of Ctetithinr by the placement of blanks » fhe guns h,
Phe ti Sued. ;

Per CourtMatiel Case Jules, Record bra 153, Box 51 Jie ¥-17. Natt frchives

Kap The Mitty ean Daily fd verter (Pihidephre PA) 6/17/14 3° 1

Lee

Unidentified Soldier of Llattsburyh NY on 9-16-1813

(See Court Martial Case Files , Record Group 153, Box, File No. A-25
at the National Archives. H's name was either Ephraim Howard pr Abrahant
Hutchias*- impossible 7o delermiae which. Two Stldiers by these names, bith
Prts.in + hefton' 3rd Artillery, were ordered for execution fogether
but one of them got off the hook at the fast minute. There us noting To
thdreate Which Of them was the Unlucky one

Six soldiers at Plattsburgh NY om {0/28/14

The record of this Court Martial has not survived. But i# was a big one in

Wake of the Battle of Plattsburgh on 9/1/14 and racked up 25 death Sentences

tor desertion, cowardice and assorted derelictions of duty, Six were Shot on 10/2s//4

but thes names are unknown. The Boston Duly Advertiser 1113/14 2:4 however

Identifies one of them as Pvt. Walter Boyd, @ former navy midshipman who had fallen on

hard times tnd made a Career of bounty~ jumping. He had deserted From the atimy tive Anes. q

TE SAN PATRICIO BATTALION LN PH
ME NICAN WAR

By G. T. Hopkins.

W HL General Taylors arniy was lying across tle river
from AMatamoras, a ereat inany descrtions took place.
You will find a note on this point in General Cadmus I. Wileox’s
Mistory Olthe Mexican ar alton he lalate oive the yea.
sons. Just what was the impulse which led these deserters 10
abandon our forces docs not seem to have been recorded in any
listorical work or document, but here and there | have learned
from sourees both Amercanand Mexican, that General Ampudia
employed means calculated to undermine the allegiance of
forcien-born enlisted men: for instance, i was insinuated to
them that the athtude of the United States lowauedke Nickie,
wasemereln a masonic plot to destroy the Catholic religion in
that country, and that af they bore arms against Mexico they
would be waging war against their rcheion. At the same time
offers of land and money were held out to these men, with the
i v , a

result that many of them entered Ampudia’s Hines.

~ These notes have been furnished us by Captiin Frank MeCoy, General
Staff, U.S. Army, as being of great historicalinterest. ‘The only reference to
this matter that we have been able to tind is the following from Wileoex'’s His-
tory of the Mexican War, pp. 391 5:

“In the battle of Churubuseo among the many prisoners captured was the
San Patricio battalion. They were tried by a general court-martial and sen-
tenced to death, all but sixteen being executed; some were pardoned on
account of youth when they deserted, two were pardoned because their song
or brothers had remained true to the flag of their country, and O'Riley have

ing deserted before declaration of war, was not condemned to death, but was
branded with the letter ‘DD’ on his cheek.’ *— Edilor,

“*'Phe companies of Dominquez, deserters fram the Mexscan Army and regularly
enlisted in the Unlted States service, and af San Pateiclo, deserters from the American
army on the Rio Grande, mostly of European nativity, and enrotlod in the Mexican
service with O' Riley as captain, first met in battle inthe Convent ot Churubusco, and the
scorn With which they regarded and the ferocity with which they attacked each ether,
was a forcible illustration. of the odium attacked to troachery, even among traitors.
Both compantes fought bravely and neither Sevking nor asking Quarter, many wera
killed.” :

280 Bm Set A Ol hel

Among these was John Riley, or Reilly, ot Company b
Fifth U.S. Infantry, who, under pretext of going to mass to
be held by a priest. on the Texas side of the river, secured a pas
for that purpose and immediately eros: ed the river. This wa
early in April, 1816, before war had been declared, and Riles
was immediately givena commission in the Novia AT ase
lieutenant, lle was speedily joined by others, and they organ
iwedethoe Sam Patricio Battalion. 1 was alee know a3 =|
Foreign Legion’ and “The Red Comvany.

This latter name was applied to it, so TP andersftand, Be
cause the men had ruddy complexions one some ol iicm, 1
hai

They first appeared in action al Monterey, and a erin st
Saltillo, where they were emploved with the Mestean artiie
forces, Nothing seems to have been heard from them ther
after until the battle of Churubusco. Tt scents that, meanwhi
they were brought to Meosico City and were recruited up by th
enlistinent of some other forcieners (not deserters) and ¢ leg |
the appearance of more American deserters from Ceneral
Se@tieeugmoet lon -oceupwiny: Pucblass bose latter desert
1

WCC ot the ee tripe ales tho: CW ho had pres \ Me ahandened

their colors, all foreigners, with the exception Gf one or two who
were Jegitimately captured whue drank and forced Into the
battalion. These men were afterwards, when captured, pia
doned Dy Cicneral scott.

On Aupust 20th when the Amertean. were storming the
Convent of San Pablo, at Churubusco, they encountered the
San Patricio Battalion in the tete-de-pont close by which de- =
fended the stone bridge crossing the river, This work was ky
speedily taken, and the San Patricio Battalion captured, rs

Of course, a yreat many escaped, and some of the captured ae
were legitimate prisoners of war. The number of deserters ig
captured was sixty-four, Within a few days thereafter Generah 4 3
Scott, by General Order No. 203, convened aigeneral: court+', 7
martial for the trial of twenty-nine of these men, all of whom :
were convicted and sentenced to be hung. The reviewing
authority, on September &th, following, by General Orders No.
281, confirmed the sentence in respect to twenty, and commuted
the sentence of seven to fifty lashes with a raw hide, well Jaid

SAN PATRICIO BATTALION. 281

> *£o the bare back, and branding with a red hot iron with the
: letter “DD” on the cheek of each. Two were pardoned outright
both having been legitimately captured by the Mexicans, and,
although forced intothe battalion, hadrefused to fight. Sixteen
of the twenty were hung at San Angel on September LOth on
the limbs of a large tree which still remains, and by which stands
across painted on which are a skull and cross: bones, dice and a
rooster. [| can only figure out that this signities to the Mexican
mind that they took a chance, fought gamely, and got bumped
off for their pains. The retnaining four were hung on another
tree the next day while passing under guard, at Mixcoac. The
remaining lot, thirty-six in number, were tried by general court-
martial, pursuant to General Orders No. 259, at Tacubiya
Ail of them. were convicted and sentenced to he hanged.” The
doptenoe was temitted in tle casc of Mvo, and epic to
brandii@and lashing as todive. The reniainder were ie at
Niixcoac, insight of Chapultepec Castle, and were allowed, by
Colonel Harney, Second Dragoons, to live long enol. te sec
the American flav hoisted over the Castle.

Meanwhile, the Archbtshop of Mexico and the clergy, and,
indeed. many other persous of some prominence residing mn
Nroxted Cita, plead with Gongral Scott to save the lives of these
men, but without anv result whatsoever, — Tidceedethe Geucral,
soen after occupying the Plaza of the Capital, issued General
Order No. 2961n which he refers to @ plot on the part of certain
Mfesiequs to make trouble,
ot 1 ie Conspuiter javed(so (he s¢rviceso! ceveral
false priests who dishonor the veltgion which they only profess

rie

Phear plan iste ¥ : t *

for the special oceasion entice
our Roman Catbolie soidiers, who have done hander to ofr
colors, (6 déserl, under the promise of lands in Califamia,
whichourarmes havealready acquired and which qreand forever
mill renidin a qarlol ihe Vaated staves. bev all mir soldicrs
professing the Cathohe relaion remember the fate of the de
serters taken at Churnbusco, These deluded wretches were
also promised money and land, but the Mexican povernment,
by every sort of tl usacc, drove them io take up Anis apaimet
the country and flag which they had. voluntarily sworn to
support, and next placed them in tront of the battle in positions
from) which they could not posstbly escape the conquering

Page 4 of 5

some cases were greatly alarmed, throwing themselves on the ground and wailing
like savages." Many prominent men were among those already arrested. They
included Andrew Johnson's son-in-law Judge David T. Patterson, Congressman
Thomas A. R. Nelson, Senator Samuel Pickens and editor William G. Brownlow . Levi
Trewhitt, father of Daniel C. Trewhitt who was Lieutenant Colonel of the 2nd
Tennessee Infantry Regiment, was one of those arrested. The elder Trewhitt later
died while still in captivity at Tuscaloosa on January 31, 1862.

Also in accordance with Benjamin's instructions, five men, all
potters from the Pottertown area of Greene County, Tennessee
were hung within the next several weeks. Henry Fry and Jacob
Madison Hinshaw were executed near the railroad station at
Greeneville on November 30 for the role they played in the

s burning of the Lick Creek Bridge. Fry's 17 vear eld sen was
forced to watch the execution. It was passed down in Fry's
family that Fry was told at the hanging he would be spared if
he would pledge allegiance to the Confederacy. His last words
are said to have been, "When there ceases to be fleas in a hog
pen and rebels in hell is when I will pledge allegiance to the
Confederacy". Colonel Leadbetter had originally ordered their
bodies to hang for four days, but they were cut down after
Christopher A. Haun thirty-six hours because of the stench.

ee eee Christopher Alexander Haun was hung at Knoxville on
December 11. The following day, Jacob Harmon Jr. and his son, Henry Harmon
suffered the same fate. Harrison Self of Greene County had also been sentenced to
hang with the Harmons, but he was pardoned after an emotional plea submitted by
his daughter, Elizabeth Self. The Harmons were convicted on testimony of guards
who were at the burning of the Lick Creek Bridge. The guards heard one of the
bridge burners say, "Who has Henry Harmon's gun?" All five men were
posthumously enrolled in Company F of the 2nd Tennessee by a special act of
Congress passed in 1862. However, soon after the end of the war, Captain David Fry
stated in affidavits that he had actually enrolled all five bridge burners into the
Second Tennessee just before the bridge burning incident.

The bridge burning incident had a profound effect on the men of the 2nd Tennessee
and all citizens of the area. The liberation of East Tennessee from the Confederacy,
which would not be realized for another two long years, became their battle cry. On
Christmas Eve later that year, even Colonel Leadbetter understood that the
apparent calm was only superficial. He wrote, "Notwithstanding the favorable
aspects of things generally in East Tennessee, the country is held by a slight tenure,
and the approach of an enemy would lead to prompt insurrection of an aggravated
character."

Bibliography

http://home.fuse.net/damathew/bridge. html 11/10/01

Page 3 of 5

called back to camp. The union hierarchy decided at the last minute the campaign
into East Tennessee had to be put on hold. They felt West Tennessee was more
important. The people of East Tennessee were left holding the bag and now in grave
danger. After the bridge burning, Samuel Carter wrote from the camp in Kentucky,
"Recruits are arriving almost every day from East Tennessee. The Union men
coming to us represent the people in East Tennessee as waiting with the utmost
anxiety [for] the arrival of the Federal forces...if the loyal people who love and cling
to the Government are not soon relieved they will be lost."

Confederate response was swift. Colonel Danville Leadbetter was immediately
ordered to East Tennessee with engineers to repair and protect the railroad. The
following excerpts from an exchange of telegrams between Colonel W. B. Wood,
commanding the post at Knoxville and Judah P. Benjamin, Secretary of War for the
Confederacy, best describes what was ahead for the East Tennesseans:

Col. Wood to J. P. Benjamin on November 20, 1861: " ... The
rebellion in East Tennessee has been put down in some of
the counties, and will be effectually suppressed in less than
two weeks in all the counties...We have now in custody some
of their leaders, Judge Patterson, the son-in-law of Andrew
Johnson, Col. Pickens, the senator from Sevier, and others
of influence and some distinction in their counties.... They
really deserve the gallows, and , if consistent with the laws,
ought speedily to receive their deserts..."

he chilling response from Benjamin
as sent 5 days later: " Sir: Your
report of the 20th instant is received,
and I now proceed to give you the desired instruction in
relation to the prisoners of war taken by you among the
traitors of East Tennessee. First. All such as can be identified
in having been engaged in bridge-burning are to be tried
summarily by drum-head court martial, and, if found guilty,
executed on the spot by hanging in the vicinity of the burned
bridges. Second. All such as have not been so engaged are to be
treated as prisoners of war, and sent with an armed guard to

selected by the Government for prisoners of war..."

There immediately followed a complete sweep of the area and hundreds of arrests.
Colonel Leadbetter had this to say, "At the farm houses along the more open valleys
no men were to be seen, and it is believed that nearly the whole male population of
the country were lurking in the hills on account of disaffection or fear. The women in

http://home.fuse.net/damathew/bridge. html 11/10/01

Page 2 of 5

give confidence to the persons to be employed to do it. It would be one of the most
important services that could be done for the country, and I most earnestly hope you
will use your influence with the authorities in furtherance of his plans, which he will
submit to you, together with the reasons for doing the work."

Accordingly, William Carter went to Washington and was
able to secure $2,500 to finance the campaign. He returned
to Camp Dick Robinson in Kentucky to begin discussion and
implementation of the plan with General Thomas. William
Carter and Thomas enlisted the services of Captain David
Fry of Company F of the 2nd Tennessee Infantry Regiment.
The trio decided that Carter, Fry and Captain William
Cross from another regiment would scout East Tennessee
and ceme up with a plan te set on fire each of the main
bridges on the railroad between the Virginia border and the
Georgia border, a distance of more than 150 miles. They
would use couriers to stay in touch with General Thomas
who remained at Camp Dick Robinson.

= William Carter and Captain Fry
left camp around mid October, and over the next couple of
weeks went from county to county setting their plan in
place. They decided to burn 9 bridges. Each of the strikes
would be carried out by a neighborhood leader with 5 or 6
trusted assistants, all loyal to the union cause. Under cover
of darkness on the night of November 8, each of the selected
bridges would be set on fire. Word was spread that the fires
would be the signal for all local union loyalists to rise up in
arms against the Confederacy. With no way out and in a
state of confusion, the confederates would be trapped. This

would be immediately followed by an invasion of General
Thomas' Unien troens who would secure the area and

liberate East Tennessee. The bridge burning part of the plan
went off as scheduled. 5 of the 9 bridges were destroyed, and

most of the others sustained varying degrees of damage.

Unfortunately for the people of East Tennessee, things did not go forward back at
Camp Dick Robinson. Camp Dick Robinson was now under jurisdiction of the
Department of the Ohio, commanded by General Don Carlos Buell. By this time
General Thomas was a division commander under Buell. In spite of urging on the
part of McClellan, Buell was not eager to make a move on East Tennessee. General
Thomas was now even less inclined to make a move than Buell. He felt he needed
more men. After the bridge burners made good on their end of the plan to liberate
East Tennessee, the Union Generals failed to come through. Thomas had actually
begun the march into East Tennessee and was at London, Kentucky when he was

http://home. fuse. net/damathew/bridge. html 11/10/01

Jacob Harmon Jr. 12~12--1861

Henry Harmon

Father & son. Legally hanged at Knoxville, Tenn. for

Sy CR aes
Saoo tage °

See attached

was at
iderson,
Fuller.
motive
one of
gloomy

arietta,.

saddle- .

status
1920’s
t frock
1 only
horse
a cars
vas in
a cap
chase,
‘ebox.
bh An-
. Just

&
h

story
lition
sippi.
' but

The locomotive Yonah at Etowah, April 12, 1864. Andrews’
Party, on the General, ignored the obvious threat posed by the
steamed-up Yonah at Etowah station. This was a fatal error.

passengers went for breakfast, stood the tents of
Camp McDonald, a training installation for Con-
federate recruits. These fledgling soldiers slept
soundly while Andrews, wearing a frock coat and
high silk hat, got out to examine the train.

Finding no one in the engine cab, he ordered his
men to uncouple the train between the third boxcar
and the baggage coach. Then while a sentry looked
on in bewilderment, sixteen of the raiders climbed
into the last boxcar while Andrews and three others
got into the cab, let off the brake and yanked out
the throttle. The train spun its wheels and jerked into
motion. The Andrews Railroad Raid was on.

Hearing the train rattling off, Captain Fuller,
Cain, and Murphy left their untasted breakfast and
tushed to the station. They got to the tracks just in
time to see the locomotive and boxcars disappearing
around a curve. Their first thought was that some
conscripts from Camp McDonald, wishing to desert,
had seized the engine and would abandon it a few
miles away. Captain Fuller and Cain began to run

after the train, to the merriment of spectators. Mur-
phy, after sending a messenger on horseback back to
Marietta to report the incident, ran to catch up with
Fuller. (Big Shanty had no telegraph station; this
was why Andrews had chosen it as his starting point.)

AT MOON’S Station the three pursuers obtained
a section foreman’s platform car and, with the help
of some laborers, got it started down the long grade
toward the Etowah River. They found their path
strewn with crossties which, of course, had to be lifted
from the tracks. Rails also had been removed so
that the men had to lift the handcar over the gaps.
They noticed that the telegraph line beside the
tracks also had been cut.

Finally the pursuers rounded McGuire's Curve
and came in sight of the Etowah River bridge. Be-
yond the bridge they spotted a small locomotive, the
“Yonah,” which was leased to the Etowah Iron
Works. (Later it was learned that some of the raiders
had wanted to stop and disable the “Yonah” but that
Andrews had vetoed the idea because it would tip
his hand too soon.) Finding that the locomotive had
steam up, Fuller boarded it and his crew renewed
their pursuit on more nearly equal terms. The Great
Locomotive Chase was now on in earnest.

urvivor
vidence.
und of
n Han-
n 1859
singing
the war
ise of a
‘mm. cus-
harness
ald ter-
iish his

al Don
Later,
anning
, Buell
2 great
Bridge-
itlantic
smal]
Aneer
ers
shelby-
ll had
ard to-

Knight, Samuel Llewellyn, Elihu H. Mason, Jacob
Parrott, William Pittenger, John R. Porter, Wil-
liam H. Reddick, Samuel Robertson, Marion A.
Ross, John M. Scott, Philip G. Shadrach, Samuel
Slavens, James Smith, John A. Wilson, John Wollam,
and Mark Wood.

Andrews was, of course, a civilian. The only other
civilian was William H. Campbell of Salineville,
Ohio who, fleeing a scrape with the law, made his
way to Shelbyville to visit his friend Shadrach. He
volunteered to go along with Shadrach and was ac-
cepted because of his hulking size (well over 200
pounds).

Shadrach, incidentally, did not like his first name
and so had enlisted under the name of Charles P.
Shadrach but was called, for some reason, “Perry”
by his comrades.

ON THE NIGHT of April 7, Andrews called
the group together at a farm just east of Shelbyville.

Each man was given civilian clothing and a small
caliber “cap and ball” revolver to be concealed in a
holster in the rear of his belt, under his coat.

Andrews himself dressed carefully for the part
he was to play, in general selecting clothing that
would mark him as a man of affairs going about his
business. He wore a top hat, derisively known as a
stovepipe hat to the great unwashed, as did most
men of that period who considered themselves a cut
above the “butcher, the baker, and the candlestick
maker.” This hat was a status symbol, implying that
Andrews was one of the Southern upper crust and
accustomed to a degree of authority. It also en-
hanced his commanding appearance, he being over
six feet tall even without the hat. His long dark
whiskers also increased his dignified appearance.

The General in the old car shed in Atlanta—the one built in
1854 and destroyed by Sherman in 1864. Watercolor by author.

» under Wu; ee, a
restive,
an eye
bsence,
ion to
tensive
group,
lestroy
etween
Hunts-
hel to

nping-

bed aa

ws and
v plan,
ie west

from
rigade.
idvised
rating
ng. If

From
ty-four

" Raid
ert
am

As if a silk hat were not cnough, Andrews wore
a Prince Albert coat, and probably a fancy vest,
either with a floral pattern or a less conspicuous one
of black satin. Across it was a heavy gold watch
chain. His shirt was white, with a high stiff collar
held in place by a stock and a silk scarf tied in a
bow knot under his chin. He wore long pantaloons,
probably with a strap under each instep, for his
footgear consisted of high boots worn under the
trouser legs. We know about his boots because he
lost them later in one of his attempts to escape.

ANDREWS instructed the men to make their way
in small groups by passenger train to Marietta,
Georgia, twenty miles north of Atlanta. If questioned,
they were to identify themselves as residents of
Fleming County, Kentucky on their way to join the
Confederate army. They were to be in Marietta by
midnight of the 10th and begin operations on the
llth in expectation of Mitchel’s appearing before
Huntsville that same day.

A ten-day rain began to fall as the men started to
break into smaller groups and leave. Reasoning that
Mitchel’s advance on Huntsville would be impeded
by the weather, Andrews at the last minute gave his
raiders an extra day to reach Marietta. Even so, only
twenty-one of them were at the rendezvous in the
Georgia town on the afternoon of April 11. Most of
them, with Andrews, spent that night in a local
hotel.

It was a short night for the raiders. At 4 a.m., April
12, 1862, the regular mixed passenger and freight
train, pulled by the locomotive “General,” steamed

out of the old car shed at Atlanta, Jeff Cain was at
the throttle. The fireman was Andrew J. Anderson,
and the conductor, Captain William A. Fuller.
Anthony Murphy, foreman of machine and motive
power in the Atlanta State Road shops, was one of
the many passengers aboard on that raw and gloomy
morning.

Sometime after 5 a.m. the train halted at Marietta.
Here Andrews got aboard carrying a pair of saddle-
bags over his left forearm. This was another status
symbol in the 1860's, like a briefcase in the 1920's
and an executive case today. A gentleman in a frock
coat and top hat who carried saddlebags could only
be a Southern planter who had discarded his horse
and was continuing his journey on the steam cars
without other luggage. It is not known what was in
Andrews’ saddlebags except that he brought a cap
which he wore during the last moments of the chase,
after burning his top hat in the locomotive firebox.

Nineteen of his men boarded the train with An-
drews, two others having failed to get aboard. Just
behind the engine were three empty box-cars being
hauled to Chattanooga. Andrews was pleased with
this. He planned to bluff his way north with the story
that he was rushing “an emergency ammunition
train” to Beauregard’s troops at Corinth, Mississippi.
The boxcars would not only support this story but
would also conceal his men.

AT BIG SHANTY (now Kennesaw Station), seven
miles north of Marietta, the train made a twenty-
minute breakfast stop. Everyone alighted except the
raiders, who stayed aboard for instructions from An-
drews. Across from the Lacy Hotel, where the other

Wash drawing of the Lacy Hotel at Big Shanty, Georgia, as it appeared at the time of the raid.

The locomo:

party, on the

“=——@

passengers
Camp Mc
federate 3
soundly w
high silk h

Finding
men to un
and the b:
on in bew
into the la
got into tl
the throttl«
motion, T!

Hearing
Cain, and
rushed to
time to see
around a
conscripts
had seized
miles away

Fuller drops Henderson -(i4f
message gets through.

is) siders drop 1St bax-car

(isyRaiders stop to cut wire & track-Texag Comes in
ICALHOUN Sight — raiders hurry orrward}
10)Fuller in close pursuit slows down to pick up
d.Henderson- Dalton telegraph operator

Texas drops freight-cars—takes up pursuit in
ADAIRSVILLE elon

Fuller & Murphy stop the down freight- pulled by
the Texas locomotive ---Pete Bracken, engineer.

({) Broken trach-Nome engine halted- pursuers aggin
HINGSTON 2foct--engineer Cain dropped out.
R Sey arrive by S.bound freights; Fuller's Pp

CASS STA: drrives shortly after they ief & continue

Pie, tanmuuiing on the Rome R.R. locomotive —

ETOWAH f
’ 5) ALLATOONA
Fullers party continue pursuit on Yonah

from Etowah Station to Kingston (1 miles). Lacwortn

Fulles's party ets push-car from section- hands ), RIG SHAN y

William R.Smith.

o°per Iron Works

Train stopped 20 minutes for breakfast ; raiders

seized locomotive Senerat & three box-cars cae w72 Kennesaw Mountain

Fuller, Murphy & Cain(enfgineer)pursued afoot. Be ARNIETTA

Fuller's train stopped at Marietta about 5.15: Andrews ‘

&19men boarded train::- 2 of the party were left behind { Chattahoochee
River

fv ININGS STATION

Capt.W.A.Fuller, Conductor of a northbound.(4) oie >

mixed passenger & freight train, lef Atlanta os
at 4a.m., Saturday, April 12,1862.

Map by Wilbur G. Kurtz, showing the route of the General and pursuers.

“Aa! Khe mccain ipaee ih ie la ob 8 . 1 a ree Alien sae fbr 444 termi siabenlllty

What of th:
ule and a we
hoped to alla
farther north
numerous bri
knowing that
so, during th
Kingston, the

AT KINGS
the State Ro
passenger tra
schedule calle
Andrews halte
and_ approac!
hauling emer;
gard at Cori
keys? He got
siding above
southbound :
known to Ar
had not been
seized the tor
the reason wt
So the “Gene
sixteen anxioi
in the cab.

Although a
ran out of pz
with him, he:
ville gambling
lief, the nex
siding in Ad:

Calhoun la
of the Ooth:
trafic would |
tanooga at 4::
Could the ra
schedules allc
miles per ho
to have thou;
trains.) Andr
senger train s
be their last
the bridges .

MEANWH
and his fello\
clogged by fr
they ran to th
had just left
the Rome Rc
and baggage
locomotive an
and Murphy
of Kingston t
rail. In the h

es F ast oe iden

What was the fate of the various locomotives
involved in the Andrews Railroad Raid? Wil-
bur G. Kurtz, the author of the main article,
answers this question in the following “sidebar”
article:

THE “General” was but slightly damaged during its
eighty-seven mile run in possession of the raiders and
it was soon back in regular service on the State Rail-
road, particularly during the Atlanta Campaign where
it, with other locomotives, kept supply trains moving
in support of General Joseph E. Johnston’s forces from
Dalton southward to Atlanta.

When the Federal occupation of Atlanta became im-
minent the “General” and one other locomotive, the
“Etowah,” which also happened to remain in the city,
endeavored to escape via the Macon & Western Rail-
road with cars loaded with ordnance and other supplies
but were blocked by Federal forces that had meanwhile
seized the railroad at Rough and Ready. Both trains
were backed up to the city where they were placed in
the Georgia Railroad yards east of town near Oakland
Cemetery. Here, on the night of September 1, 1864,
the trains were burned and both locomotives and

‘What Happened-to the Locomotives

— vs pry

another, the “Missouri” were badly damaged by the
exploding ammunition cars—a noise that was heard by
the Federals at Jonesboro some twenty miles southward.

SHORTLY afterward, during the Federal occupation
of Atlanta, the photographers of the Engineer Corps
(who photographed only significant subjects) recorded
the likeness of the “General” on two negatives, im-
pelled thereto by its fame as the hero of the, Andrews
raid, a designation that became confused with its real
name. Regardless of its maimed and blighted image, it
was thereby rescued from the undeserved oblivion that,
with the exception of the “Texas,” overtook all the rest
of the State Railroad locomotives of that period.

Both of the locomotives were back in service after the
close of the war. Both survived the vicissitudes of
alterations from wood to coal burning and the change
of track from five feet to the present standard gauge.
Both closed their careers as mere servitors under lease
to logging and mercantile industry; both survived the
crowning humiliation of having substitutions of dia-
mond stacks for the Radley and Hunter balloon type,
once their prime distinction in the most romantic era
of steam locomotives.

The Texas in Grant Park, Atlanta, in 1911.
(Author’s collection)

‘ a

te aed

a5 |

ae ee 2

. ’ 4 ,

daa

The Generc
the bouleva
the locomot
that the w

hwest to
long the
sldhands,
at ‘Ap-
ao Brown
fountain,
Star as
lines in

ed north
r several
sg’ com-
e.
2d north-
see River
ae thirty
o Muscle
A forty-
Alabama
ed to the
November
—the pair

e custody
hree-story
2re under
ere trans-
There on
d sent to

e General
they were
ton, who
1al Medal
who had
lals later.
who were
ilies with
rews and
signed up

y, some of
‘er, Chick-
ie Atlanta

held a re-
public En-
was their
cal” itself,
» the erec-
n the Na-
ies of An-
had been
n Atlanta.

mene

i
{ i

The monument, a large block of granite surmounted
by a bronze effigy of the “General,” was dedicated
May 30, 1891. The chief speaker was ex-Ohio Gov-
enor and later U. S. Senator Joseph B. Foraker, a
first cousin of G. J. Foracre, who as provost marshal
of Atlanta in 1862 had hanged the seven raiders. (The
cousins did not agree, among other things, on the
spelling of their family name.)

In September 1906 the surviving raiders and pur-
suers were guests of the Nashville, Chattanooga &
St. Louis Railway during the reunion of the Army
of the Cumberland. Captain Fuller, now dead, was
represented by his son, William A. Fuller, Jr.

Writing in the 1880’s for “Century” magazine,
Brigadier General James B. Fry who, as Buell’s chief
of staff, had encouraged Andrews’ first bridge-burn-
ing expedition, said that “if the raiders had succeeded
in destroying every bridge on their proposed route
it would have produced no important effect on
Mitchel’s military operations . . . It is my opinion
that Mitchel’s bridge-burners took desperate chances
to accomplish objects of no substantial advantage.”

End of the chase, April 12, 1862. Lacking fuel, the locomotive
General was forced to stop two miles north of Ringgold. The
Texas, which had maintained a close and persistent pursuit,
shows up in the background, while in front of the General
some of the raiders flee to the woods. The Texas ran in reverse
the forty-eight miles of its part of the pursuit.

The following is'an excerpt from an article by Wil-
liam Pittenger, one of the Andrews party, first pub-
lished in “Century, Magazine” and later included in
“Battles & Leaders.” Author Wilbur G. Kurtz, who in-
terviewed most of the survivors of the raid, says the in-
cident did not occur. Apparently Andrews’ men made a
half-hearted try, to, set the last boxcar afire but did not
uncouple it. Mr. Kurtz thinks Pittenger may have
been ‘one of the first raiders to take to the woods and
that he picked up the story second hand from one of
his companions who stayed aboard longer.

WE MADE NO ATTEMPT to damage the long
tunnel north of Dalton, as our enemies had greatly
dreaded. The last hope of the raid was now staked
upon an effort of a different kind. A few more obstruc-
tions were dropped on the track and our speed was
increased so that we soon forged a considerable dis-
tance ahead. The side and end boards of the last car
were torn into shreds, all available fuel was piled upon
it, and blazing brands were brought back from the
engine. By the time we approached a long covered
bridge the fire in the car was fairly started. We un-
coupled it in the middle of the bridge, and with painful
suspense awaited’ the issue. Oh, for a few minutes till
the work of the conflagration was fairly begun! There
was still steam pressure enough in our boiler to carry
us to the next wood-yard, where we could have re-
plenished our fuel, by force if necessary, so as to run as
near to Chattanooga as was deemed prudent. We did
not know of the telegraph message which the pursuers
had sent ahead. But, alas! the minutes were not given.
Before the bridge was extensively fired the enemy was
upon us. They pushed right into the smoke and drove
the burning car before them to the next side-track.

With the advent of the 1890's, both engines came to

' rest on a siding at Vinings Station in Cobb County,

eleven miles north of Atlanta. Implicit in this relega-

tion to the scrap heap, was final oblivion in the melt-
ing pot. But it was not to be.

THE ERECTION of the Ohio Monument at Chat-
tanooga with its little bronze effigy of the “General”
atop it, directed attention to the locomotive itself. It
occurred to a photographer and _stereoptican lecturer,
E. Warren Clark, that it was high time to rescue the
“General” by way of preserving it as a venerated relic
of the greatest of railroad stories, and to this end he
planned to have it removed to the forthcoming World’s
Columbian Exposition at Chicago. The Nashville, Chat-
tanooga & St. Louis Railway officials, when approached
by Clark, not only agreed to let him conduct the old
engine to Chicago, but suggested that certain altera-
tions be made to give it a semblance of its wartime
character—the alterations to be made at the Nashville
Shops. This was in 1892,

After its 1893 sojourn in Chicago, it was . returned

on a net rasan si : Ce 19 6 sacar ata

ies isa es

oe il
—_

yest teal Seats wae

eke 3 oe

to the N. C. & St. L. depot at Chattanooga, where, for
seventy-cight years under the huge, vaulted roof of the
old ;car shed, it charmed the attention of all who
passed that way. At intervals it was taken on tour to
various places: the Nashville Exposition in 1897, the
Century of Progress Exposition at Chicago in 1933, the
New York Fair in 1939, and the Chicago Railroad Fair
in 1948.

IN 1961 it was removed from Chattanooga to Louis-
ville where it was reconditioned in the Louisville &
Nashville Railroad shops to run under its own power
and to conform to all safety regulations. This was to
prepare it for the Centenary of the Andrews raid,
which was observed in April 1962. Kennesaw Station
became Big Shanty again, and after its local observance’
on the 12th, the “General” made its run therefrom on
the 14th, with ceremonial stops at some of the stations,
including Ringgold—thence to Chattanooga where it had
spent seventy-eight years of its existence.

That 108 miles of pageantry, with countless spectators
at trackside, will long be remembered as the high point

a mang vo = eee

¢
*

4 GI Pe

of Georgia's
Here indeed
ceased to bc
alive with s

After a 23
at the New
relic is bac}
cued the ol
Station, Geo
proud herit:
the Civil \W
vaded logist
to museums
that April «
honored gue

HILAIRE
being perva:
illustrated |
“Texas.” It
timely appez

AM Be

bras Sadie

the boulevard underpass in Atlanta. The author believes that
the locomotive in this view is headed west toward Atlanta and
that the white picket fence in the background enclosed the

chy Rn See A pedis NATE EA OC AMAO SONG! SDE ARID SARE AIT SOLAN BROOM ON A an A APNE AS > NG ARON AE RREGOP ONE NEAR aA INN AH IOBRLY ciageh Om BOSH 150

. " SMM se eee ey
front yard of the James Ethelred Williams house, which stood |
at what is now the north center of Oakland Cemetery. The |

photo probably was made in September 1864 by George Bar-
nard, a photographer who followed Sherman. (NA) {\\

The Bold

and Bloodless Raid

James Andrews and his raiders needed coolness, impossible luck, and
near-perfect timing to accomplish their mission—and only the tenac-
ity of one man kept them from pulling it off.

By John Mancini

26 CIVIL WAR ISSUE XXVI

-2

n the night of April 7, 1862, a mile east of

Shelbyville, Tennessee, a group of men wait-

ed anxiously for a rendezvous with an
unknown leader to hear what their role would be in a
still-secret mission. The men, wearing civilian clothes,
were Federal soldiers from Ohio regiments deployed
throughout eastern and middle Tennessee. Earlier that
day, regimental commanders had received orders to
select men for a secret and hazardous operation.

They arrived at the rendezvous point either indi-
vidually or in small groups and waited in restless
silence. The thunder and lightning of an approaching
storm intensified their uncertainty and apprehension.
A man on horseback appeared from the wooded dark-
ness where he apparently had been watching the gath-
ering group for some time. One of the Ohioans saw
him as a “large, well-proportioned gentleman with a
long silken beard and black hair, Roman features and
an almost effeminate voice.” The mysterious rider
introduced himself as James J. Andrews.

In a soft voice and with little prologue, he began to
reveal the details of the daring mission they were to
begin that night. They were to leave the meeting in
groups of two, three or four men and proceed into
enemy territory. The deep penetration of the Confed-
eracy was to culminate in Marietta, Georgia, three
nights later. This required a journey of some 200 miles
from their present location through enemy occupied
country. On Friday morning, April, 11, 1862, they
would board the north-bound train at Marietta on the
Western and Atlantic Railroad, seize the locomotive,
and race northward burning bridges between Atlanta,
Georgia, and Chattanooga, Tennessee. Andrews’s
informal briefing to the Ohio soldiers was inspiring,
but the chilling implications of being captured in civil-
ian clothes behind enemy lines were recognized by all.

The operation that Andrews was leading had been
formulated and authorized by Brigadier General
Ormsby M. Mitchel, commander of a division of Major
General Don Carlos Buell’s Army of the Ohio. The
Andrews raid was to be conducted in concert with a
planned Federal assault on Huntsville, Alabama, and
subsequently Chattanooga. The objective of the
Andrews raid was to destroy the railroad links
between Chattanooga and Atlanta so that Confederate
forces opposing Mitchel in Tennessee could not be re-
inforced or supplied from the south.

After several hours of answering questions about
the plan, Andrews issued generous quantities of
Confederate money. In addition, he provided a plausi-
ble cover-story to be used in response to the inevitable
questions are directed to strangers traveling through a
country at war. Andrews instructed the men to say

"The Great Railroad Raid" was the brainchild of James
Andrews, a mild-mannered civilian from Kentucky. The
mission--penetrate Confederate Georgia and steal a train

m under the noses of unsuspecting guards (right)--made
The General (left) perhaps the most famous locomotive in
American history.

LL A te aa oteeetetlaetiiaaeeieeaall

that they were “Kentuckians escaping from the rule of
the Yankees,” and that they desired to join the
Southern army. If further detail into their background
was required, the raiders were instructed to report that
they were from Fleming County, Kentucky.

Before the raiders began drifting into the now-
rainy night, Andrews gave them a stirring oratorial
image. “Boys, we are entering on a very hazardous
expedition, but it will be glorious in its results and will
give the enemy the most deadly blow he has yet
received. What a grand thing it will be to run through
the South leaving the bridges burning and the foe in
helpless rage behind!”

This soft spoken, charismatic leader was in fact a
man of mystery. He was not a military officer, yet he
commanded Federal troops and traveled at will
throughout both Federal and Confederate territory.
What is known of Andrews’s background begins with
his appearance in the spring of 1859 in Flemingsburg,
Kentucky, looking for work as a school teacher.
Flemingsburg was a small town in northeastern
Kentucky, near the Ohio border. The townspeople
though he had “an air of reserve and mystery about
him, like a man who had a story.” He was liked and
respected as a gentleman of refinement and education.
He eventually revealed that he was a native of

CIVIL WAR ISSUE XXVI_ 27

CAMPBELL, ROBERTSON, ROSS, 3COTT, SHADRACH, SLAVENS AND

ANDREWS, James J., hanged Atlanta, GA, 6-7-1862 and
; WIL3ON, hanged Atlanta, 6-18-1862, (Gonfdderate Military.)

-
oY nae ESE Lh eee ae — cp re =a ge eRe meetin nm nang engine

JUST IN TIME FOR HOLIDAY GIVING - THE CIVIL WAR SHOPPER - P. 43

Issue XXVI $3.95 ¢ass in Cane

ah ee

| BEHIND
THE
: LINES:

Scouts,
Spies and
Raiders in
Harm's Way

aX
4

09128°484

which had been drilling near the sta-
tion, swarmed over the giant loco-
motive.

There was not turntable at Adairs-
ville, so The Texan now took up the
chase speeding hackwards. The next 10
miles were madé in 12 minutes. in-
cluding time out to clear the track of
crossties dumped by Andrews.

Then, rounding a curve, a yell went
up as they sighted The General just
ahead. .

From this point on,-there ensued one
of the most fantastic duels of all times.
Andrews quickly realized that his pur-
suers had a stronger, more powerful
engine. True, he could slow its rate
down by strewing the tracks behind
him with crossties, but on the other
hand The Texan was: able to cling on
his tail closely enough to prevent his
stopping for needed fuel.

He ordered his men to start ripping
up the sides of the boxcars for fuel.
Then, as they crested a long, steep hill,
he had another idea. He ordered the
last of the boxcars uncoupled, sent it
coasting with increasing speed down
the hill towards the oncoming train

of pursuers. Just in time The. Texan :
was able to brake to a stop, then speed .

backwards in reverse.

Out of harm’s way, Fuller watched
the boxcar coast to a stop at last. Then
he ordered it pushed ahead to the
nearest siding. The attempt at wreck-
age had failed, but had cost valu-
able time.

More time was lost, five miles {apther
on, when Andrews ordered another
boxcar released in a similar attempt.
Once again The Texan reversed in time

to escape damage, but once again valu-
able minutes were lost. -

But not enough time. Andrews reach-
ed the Oostanaula and sped across
without daring to stop long: enough
to make an attempt at burning the
bridge. A. mile further ‘on, he stopped
long enough to cut. the telegraph wires
and tear up a thin sliver of rail that
Andrews hoped would gut the oncom-
ing locomotive.

Then he sped on toward the Chicka-

mauga bridge, his second most impor- -

tant objective for sabotage. At Dalton,
where the railroad branched with one
line running to the Confederate capitol
of Richmond, Andrews ordered the
switch to that city closed. Then with
throttle down he headed for the Chick-
amauga. ;

Behind him, Fuller stopped The
Texan long enough in Dalton to find
the place buzzing with wild rumors.
Hearsay had multiplied Andrews’ raid-
ing party by several hundred. Mitchel’s
Yankee forces were supposed to have
already encircled Chattanooga. Fuller
was warned he was heading in to a
trap if he continued to chase The
General. He kept going.

- Andrews, meantime, had reached the
coveréd bridge over the Chickamauga.
A driving, pelting rain was coming
down, soaking the wooden structure.
Nevertheless. Andrews made a_ last
desperate effort to earry out his plans.
He had the last of the boxcars un-
coupled. soaked the crossties it carried
with oil and. leaving it in the middle
of the bridge, set tire to it. Fires were
also started inside thé bridge.

On the opposite side of the river,

Andrews and his men watched from the
stationary ‘engine. Dense smoke _ bil-
lowed out from both ends of the
covered bridge and seeped out between
the planks, but there were no flames.
The wood was too damp to do more
than smolder.

While Andrews ‘and his vaidele still
watched hopefully, The fexan steamed
into view on the opposite side of the
river. The thick, billowing smoke failed
to stop Fuller, He ordered Bracken to
keep the giant locomotive moving, and
slowly it inched through the covered
bridge, pushing the smoldering boxcar
in front of it.

Andrews knew then that his bold
venture had’ failed. Now all that re-
mained was an attempt to save the

men who had risked their lives follow-

ing him. He jumped aboard The. Gen-

erql, pulled the throttle wide, took »

stock of the situation.
“We've got about enough fuel and

‘steam to take us to within some. 18

miles .of Chattanooga,” he told his
men. “But. that will be a good place
to keep away from. When we finally

have to slow down, you men jump off -
in smail groups. Head northwest for

the. Tennessee River. Over on the other
side you’ll find | Union sympathizers who

_ may. help you.’

Then, trying to.put as much distance
as possible between his outfit and the
pursuing locomotive, he held the throt-
tle down. The General, literally creak-
ing and threatening to blow apart at
any moment, rocketed through Ring-
gold in what was almost its last burst
of. speed.

A few miles beyond ‘it began to -give
its final death wheezes. Andrews gave
the signal to his men as it slowed down,
and in small groups they jumped off
into the rain, :

He was the last one to remain.on
board. He brought The General to a
stop, reversed the throttle, and sent it
back down the track to a final. effort
to crash The Texan, a scant half mile
to the rear. An effort that failed. Then
he: jumped.

Within a week, Andrews, along with
the other men who. had taken part in
the abortive raid,’ were captured. As
none were in uniform, all were charged
with being spies, and. sentenced to
death by court martial. James J. An-
drews was hanged on June 7th. Seven
others of his group were hanged on

_ June 18th. The remainder, 14 in all,

were held in Atlanta. In October all of

_them escaped, eight of them eluding re-

capture. The other six, recaptured, were
exchanged as prisoners of war the fol-
lowing year.

Received by President Riesslk: they
became the first enlisted men ever to
receive the Congressional Medal of
Honor. THE END

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foe 3 4
Lbs LS

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SLAVENS AN

ivil War Times

TLLUSTRATED

8/1862,

Volume 5, Number 1
IN THIS ISSUE
jens

April 1966

Lee Blamed Ewell and Longstreet for Wilderness

seee...Page 5
The Andrews Railroad Raid
By Wilbur G. Kurtz, Sr....... -Page 8
What Happened to the Locomotives After the Raid
: ++.+... Page 40
Lawton Goes Home—a First-Person Account
By Lt. Col. William W. Teall...... -Page 22

George H. Thomas—a Personality Profile

By Glenn Tucker.......
The CSS Stonewall
+. By Michael Orth.......

» REGULAR FEATURES
Weapons’ & Equipment

Ste TURIN St Gall cies ore Chee esse aes eso fae se Page 18
ee Oe Ply ee Page 25
Book Reviews ................ Rist Oo eee aisle sie oes wessids «ete hu ye es go © Page 49

OUR FRONT COVER is a watercolor painting by Wilbur G.
Kurtz, Sr., of Atlanta, the author of the article in this issue on the
Andrews Locomotive Raid. Titled “The Texas at the Tunnel,” it
shows the locomotive of that name running backwards in hot pursuit
of the “General” which had been seized by a group of Federal soldiers

in civilian dress. Mr. Kurtz was born in Indiana and Studied art in
Chicago.

OUR BACK COVER, courtesy of West Point Museum, shows the

colors of the Second Corps of the Confederate Army and of the Ist
Bn, 11th U.S. Infantry.

_ OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS, if not otherwise noted, are from
Kean Archives, 37th & Filbert Streets, Philadelphia,

Second class Postage paid at Gettysburg, Pa. CIVIL WAR TIMES Illustrated is
ublished each except September and March by Historical Times, Inc., 302

Pa. It is printed by Telegraph Press,

permit magazines
ie plan to move, please
your old and new ad-

Subscription Office Manager

HOBERT—

southbound trains to pass. Again the increased rail
traffic was hindering the operation. Andrews made the
dangerous decision to move on and attempt to outrace
the southbound train to the Calhoun Station, nine miles
up the road. The nine-mile dash to Calhoun was a des-
perate, suicidal risk. Two trains racing toward each
other would not have the time to stop or reverse to
avoid collision. But just as the southbound train was
pulling out of Calhoun, The General sped into view.
The engineer was able to reverse his train and allow
Andrews to move on to a siding. Andrews quickly
presented his story of the mission to supply
Beauregard to the angry stationmaster. His manner
was convincing and even inspiring to the Southerners.
One stationmaster later described him as appearing to
be the “ideal Southern officer,” and another reported,
“I would as soon have sus-
pected Mr. Jefferson Davis.”

Meanwhile, Fuller’s pur-
suing party faced another
stretch of torn-up track a few
miles north of Kingston. The
tenacious Fuller again resort-
ed to pursuit on foot. A few
miles south of the Adairsville
Station they met a south-
bound train pulled by the
engine Texas. Fuller flagged
down the train, boarded it,
along with his followers, and
reversed to Adairsville, where
he uncoupled all the cars but
the coal tender and, still in
reverse, continued his pursuit
of The General.

Andrews, meanwhile, talked his way out of
Calhoun, and he and his train were fast approaching
the first sabotage objective, the Oostanaula Bridge. But
Fuller was only 12 miles behind. At the bridge,
Andrews’s attempts to set the bridge afire proved
futile. The rain that had been falling throughout the
morning had soaked timbers, and the bridge would not
burn. Frustrated, Andrews released two boxcars,
which began to roll downgrade toward Fuller’s
approaching engine. Andrews then ordered full speed
ahead to the next objective.

Fuller then demonstrated his skill as a railroadman.
Seeing the approaching boxcars, he managed to stop
his engine—which was still traveling in reverse—and
Start it moving in the opposite direction so that he
could effect a gentle coupling with the runaway Cars.
He proceeded with them a short distance to Resaca,
where he uncoupled the cars and resumed the pursuit.

The raiders now had no thought of completing
their mission—their only hope was to escape. As the
chase continued, with Fuller so close there was no time
to stop and tear up track, Andrews’s men wished to
stop and ambush Fuller’s party, capture his engine and
send it careening south down the track as a lethal

32 CIVIL WAR ISSUE XXVI

obstacle to any other pursuers. But Andrews wished to
avoid bloodshed. He preferred the traditional tools of
the secret agent, cunning and deception. So the desper-
ate chase continued with the whistle sound and engine
smoke of Fuller’s train dogging the raiders every mile.

When Fuller approached Tunnel Hill, a few miles
north of Dalton, he stopped his engine for the first time
in the pursuit to assess the danger of an ambush. After
reflection, he again opened the throttle and drove The
Texas into the dark tunnel. A short distance ahead was
the first of the Chickamauga bridges. There, Andrews,
ina last effort to accomplish at least one objective of the
raid, had the last remaining boxcar on his train set
afire. His hope was that the blazing boxcar, sheltered
from the rain within the covered bridge, would burn
long enough and hot enough to ignite the bridge.
When Fuller arrived a few
minutes later, he found a
smoldering, smoking, rain-
soaked boxcar that he quickly
pushed off the bridge and on
to a siding.

Andrews’s train now con-
sisted of only the locomotive
and the coal car. Again, the
men pleaded with Andrews to
stop and fight, and again he
refused. The General was then
a few miles north of Ringgold
and 19 miles south of Chat-
tanooga. The wood supply
was gone, and the train was
losing speed. Andrews, see-
ing the hopelessness of their
situation, issued his final command: “Jump off, one by
One, scatter into the woods and each man strive to
work his own way back to the Union army.”

A flight of eight hours covering 87 miles, the Great
Railroad Raid was over. The stirring image that
Andrews had presented on Monday night, of, “grandly
running through the South, leaving burning bridges
and helpless foe behind,” had become a pipe dream.

Remarkably, there had been no deaths or serious
injuries during the chase, primarily because of
Andrews’s reliance on subterfuge rather than violence.
But as the discouraged raiders fled through the wet
woods, they knew they were in great danger.

The last raiders to depart the train were the engi-
neers, Knight and Brown, who reversed the engine
before jumping. But its speed was greatly reduced, and
Fuller was again able to reverse course and couple The
General to his train. He returned southward with his
engine, spreading news of the Federals loose in north-
ern Georgia. Men, boys, militia and Confederate Army
units flooded into the area, searching for the desperate-
ly fleeing train thieves.

The aggressive hunt was successful. All the raiders
were captured within a week. The Confederates
ignored the cover story. The prisoners were obviously

iin lind cn aaa ARN concn

Union soldiers disguised as civil-
ians, and as such were spies,
according to their captors. Seven of
the raiders, including Andrews,
were sentenced to hang.

Ironically, the tenacious pur-
suer, William Fuller, frequently vis-
ited Andrews and the imprisoned
raiders. Their relentless enemy had
now become their only friend. On
June 18, 1862, Fuller accompanied
the condemned men to their place
of execution in Atlanta.

The remaining raiders escaped

from their prison in Atlanta. Some
reached Union lines and freedom,
but six were recaptured and even-
tually released in March of 1863 as
part of a special prisoner exchange.
The survivors were invited to the
White House to meet with Pres-
ident Abraham Lincoln, who pre-
sented to them the first Medals of
Honor ever awarded.

William A. Fuller continued
with the Western and Atlantic
Railroad for 13 years, and when the
Union army marched into Atlanta

30 YEAR INDEX!
CIVIL WAR TIMES and
CIVIL WAR TIMES, ILLUSTRATED

(April 1959 - February 1989)

Finally! An INDEX designed to help you locate all of the Articles,
Major Editorials and Book Reviews published in CIVIL WAR TIMES
and CIVIL WAR TIMES, ILLUSTRATED through February 1989.
Material is listed by Author, Title and Subject
Over 6,000 listings, cross-referenced.

Order From:

228 pages, soft cover, $29.95 plus $2.50 postage & handling.
Lee W. Merideth-CWTI INDEX
HCO 1, Box 2083J, Twentynine Palms, CA 92277

in the summer of 1864 , he was a
prime objective for many vengeful
Federals. He successfully evaded
Union retaliation and eventually
retired to Atlanta as a merchant.

In 1888, the state of Ohio con-
sidered a memorial for the executed
raiders and pensions for the sur-
vivors. One man spoke long and
eloquently at the state capitol in
urging the legislature to appropri-
ate funds: “I say to the people of
Ohio that though you have an
abundance of wealth, you cannot
do too much for the surviving
members of this expedition, nor can
you do too much in memory of the
dead.”

The speaker was William A.
Fuller.

John Mancini writes regularly on
the Civil War. For further reading on
Andrews's Raid, he recommends
William A. Pittenger’s first-hand
account In Pursuit of the General: A
History of the Civil War Railroad
Raid, from which all of the drawings
illustrating this article were taken.

34 CIVIL WAR ISSUE XXVI

Fredericksburg Historical Prints
829 Caroline Street
Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401

a fo December 11th, 1862

Joe Umble

20th Massachusetts
Fredericksburg

{<4

: eo 705) 373-1861

oo,

Execution of te s Misvousiais, '

The Missourians wha’ have violated: their

oath of allegiance to the United States were

executed at Iadsos, on the 28th ult, A cor-

respondent of nebiiadelatic Prees gives
the following account ¢f: the scene!

The executiun ; gr was. about. balf a

mile from the town,.and | wheo I reached |'

‘there I found the trope d-awn up on three
‘sides of s equare, whilethe fuarth was occu--
pied by the cundemngd and firing . coc
iter some time. occupied j n the iis liminary
ere rations, each | ove wae blind- fulded
knelt in front of his Own execution party.
rs venerable loking, : krey*beaded ' chaplain,
vow stepped out from among the staff; and.
in a short, fervent; payer, commended. the

| souls of these poor, wretches to the mercy. of
poorgiss

God, before whom ould | shortly appear.
Everything. was tet ‘death; “The pk.
foct bush; ICT may:bay:160,-wad" painfally dis:
tinct, and J could gee .#xen‘ander-the graye,
stern face of General Merrill, a softening look,
as if hé was atill sctugeling b between aaty and
mercy. 4

For a moment, the ace Waa awful; then:
came the clear tone’o
cer of the day. 4 Rea alm, fire ;” 4 rattling
discharge $a pas. gen 04. @ gruan, and all
was over, teg bad id the, peuvalty “of
their broken ax he. “Foe 6 ‘moment, all was
hushed ‘as before; ee ha you Could almost
‘hear the lung drawa@ breath of: relief, “The
bright san shoneas, ‘talwly’.: :and cleqrly as be-
fure, but sbone on ten: suf and stark,
where the moment before were ton men. tn
the full flash of Le: rales * @trength. A aur

’ aie! 74 he pened,
th %.
ely ban eo ‘roa

not the slighest ee
sternness, the seme:

thought i a Se Speecce

ed. at peek ef <TH ei”

ma have way end aat

é pall" aby oe .

—®

‘dom tiand of the offi- |

's4
=

orn

“il-May, 1963.

Tre Burrerrietp Express

Page 5.

SOSA om

=
URDERERS HANGED!

(Continucd from fiest page.)

are also broken—but Ar-
Woodward apparently has
the Alta for the date of the
However, the Illustrated
carried, on April 2, 1853,
eport of the hanging, quot-
rom the official report by
el Magruder and from the
francisco Herald:]

e cases were reviewed by
rd Fillmore, the President,
affirmed the decision; Gen.
ycock, commanding the Pa-
Division of the U.S. Army,
d orders to the commandant
ae Mission of San Diego” to
jte the prisoners within one
. We quote from the News:

js day [January 29, 1853}, at
clock a. m., they underwent
penalty of their crimes by
ring death on an ignomin-
scaffold, in the presence of
old companions and a mul-
e of citizens and Indian
tains, who had assembled
itness their death, The resi-
Catholic priest, Father
, was occupied with them
greater part of yesterday,
accompanied them to the
of the scaffold, The ceremo-
‘incident to the melancholy
r were as follows:
ye battalion of troops were
ed in line-of-battle, facing
llows, which was a large
structure, painted black.
itizens were in a line per-
feular to the troops, and op-
te to them the chiefs and
men of the principal tribes
sdians belonging to the coun-
At 10 minutes before 10
ek the prioners were
ight out of their cells, habit-
ip their grave clothes, and
@ on their black coffins, in
gt drawn by a white horse.
guard formed in the rear.
the procession reached the
ie the prisoners knelt at
"oot of the ladder and
ied. The padre here took
we of them with a blessing,
the post adjutant advanced
sread to them the warrant of
sident for their execu-
e prisoners were then di-
to mount the scaffold,
the platform of which they
ively addressed the multi-

yes spoke first, as follows:
low-soldiers—it is the will
thatI should suffer deoth;
re, for the love of God, I
'e all my enemies, and ask
forgiveness in return. I
God will forgive my having
jn the court, that I was a
3p, J am, and was duly en-
such, but drew no pay.
rently he had not been in
‘army any length of time.]
Colonel! Craig. I should
i done it—I should have
sed his orders. Let no man
after me. Obey your or-
f; and let my melancholy ex-
be a warning to you all. I
wn thanks for all the kind-
g shown me, and thank God
having had so much time to
ance in, and being permit-
ioe consolations of a Catholic
_[ hope we will all meet
God. My love to all. Boys,

”

n then said:
fetemen and soldiers all—
wave never wronged anybody
‘ay life, and never injured
pthing, till I accidentally shot
nt Blaes. I never offered
word of insolence to Colonel
, my superior officer. 1
fh you all, boys, good-bye!” :
E: The difference in atti-
fg notable, Condon appar-
overlooked the fact that he
an active member of the
; party engaged in a fel-
© that killed Craig. Under

ject to the full penalty.-—Ed.]
The sergeant of the guard di-
rected them to take their places
upon the trap. Hayes assumed a
position on the left of Condon,
{but} the latter insisted upon his
taking the right hand; probably
feeling that as it was by his ad-
vice he had acted « part in the
murder, he must of necessity
continue his prominence through-
out, [NOTE: There is some ambi-
guity here, but apparently Con-
don maintained that he had tak-
en part at Hayes’ advice, and
was concerned over maintaining
his innocence.—Ed.]

The ropes were then adjusted
about their necks, and white
caps were drawn over their eyes.
Hayes then drew from his bosom
a prayer-book, and letting it fall
upon the scaffold, remarked:
“Give that to the priest, and tell
him to give it to Kelley.” The
officer of the day then gave the
signal for their execution by
dropping a white handkerchief.
In an instant the axe of the exe-
cutioner descended, severing the
rope that sustained the trap, and
both prisoners passed from time
to eternity, with scarcely a strug-
gle. After hanging a half hour,
the bodies were cut down and in-
terred under the direction of
their father confessor.

The officers under whose di-
rection and order all things
were conducted, are entitled to
great praise for the order and
solemn decorum that character-
ized the entire proceeding, The
absence of all noise, confusion,
and sometimes error of some of
the details of the execution, as
witnessed by the writer in vari-
ous parts of the country, was re-
marked by many who were pres-
ent. [We do not, of course, know
the name of this reporter.] A
proper solemnity of feeling was
observable on the part of all
whose duty it was to be present
and assist in the execution of a
most just and righteous sentence
—inflicted as a melancholy ex-
ample, and in vindication of the
rules and articles of war.

Colonel J. B. Magruder made
the official report of the execu-
tion:

Mission of San Diego
(Cal.),
February 1, 1853.

{Among the Indians of the
surrounding country, I sum-
moned the alcaldes and captains
to be present, as an example to
themselves of the efficacy of our
laws.]... Almost every tribe was
represented-—there being pres-
ent nearly one hundred chiefs,
captains, and principal men. This
involved the necessity of supply-
ing them with beef and bread,
which I ordered the A. C. S. [act-
ing commissary of subsistence]
of this post to issue to them. I
also notified the civil authorities
of the county, and invited their
attendance.

The gallows being erected on
the parade ground [the Plaza in
old Town?], the troops were
formed in line, flanked on either
side ‘xy a section of light artil-
lery in battery, facing the place
of execution. On the left of this
line, and perpendicular to it,
were arranged the Indian chiefs

Thna Oresta

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werkmanship typifies the Coulter Quality home.
4442 UNIVERSITY « SAN DIEGO, CALIF. . 583-7222

EL CAJON

LTER ic.
Builders of

and captains. On the right, {in
like manner, the civil officers
and citizens of San Diego.

The forms of dress parade hav-
ing been gone through, the pro-
ceedings of the court martial and
orders in these cases, were read.
After which a cart, in which
were the prisoners, scated on
their coffins, and clad in white
shrouds, approached, with the
priest and a guard of twelve men
in the rear, under the immediate
command of the officer of the
day.

Having reached the place of
execution, with the guard in line
opposite the gallows, and facing
the battalion, they dismounted,
and received, on their knees, the
last exhortations of the priest.
The proceedings of the court by
which they were tried, the order
of the President of the United
States confirming the same, the
letter of instructions from the
headquarters of the Pacific divi-
sion, and my own order of the
day, were then read to them by
the adjutant.

Having ascended the scaffold,
and been informed that the time
had arrived when they might
address those present, if they
thought proper, they made short
addresses, confessing their crimes
with penitence, warning all
against their example, and tak-

comrades. [One wonders if the
colonel ever read the report in
the Herald.]

The ropes were then adjusted,
and the caps placed over their
eyes by the corporal of the
guard, when, upon a signal from
the officer of the day, the rope
which supported the trap was
severed at a blow, by the ser-
geant of the guard, and they
were launched into eternity
without a struggle—dying with
a spirit worthy of a better cause,
Their bodies were subsequently
interred in consecrated ground,
by the police—the funeral serv-
ices having been.performed by a
Roman Catholic clergyman,
rhe command exhibited on

ing a touching farewell of their |-

this occasion, as indeed it has
done throughout the whole of
this transaction, the utmost
steadiness, and a high state of
discipline.

I have been thus particular in
my description, as this is, I be-
lieve, the first case of a military
execution, by hanging, in time of
peace, which has occurred in the
army, and I desired to fulfill, to
the letter, my instructions—that
the sentences should be carried
into effect ‘with all due solem-
nity.”

Later in the afternoon, I
caused some shot and shell to be
thrown at a target, prepared for

Indians the effect of artillery.
The shelling was very accurate,
and they seemed much surprised
and impressed with the result.
Today the remains of the late
Bvt. Lt. Col. Craig arrived from
the desert, and will be buried to-
morrow, with the honors of war,
(Continued on eighth page.)

Enjoy:

COCKTAILS * LUNCH * DINNER

LAFAYETTE
HOTEL
Under the Management of

Madeline Green

The Red Fox was an old inn in Surrey,
England, and dates from about 1560. The
three, small, original rooms, slightly differ-
ent in design, have been combined to form
a spacious “tap room."' The bar, back-bar
and the trim around the doors with the in-
teresting, small carved figures, all come from
Charles of London, and date 1560. The
paneling in Tudor, The fireplace panel, with
its finely carved over mantel, bears the date
1642. The three arched panels tell the story
of Rebecca and Isaac as found in Genesis,
Chapters 24 and 27.

INWAMIMARAS
2D

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The room was dismantled in 1926 and
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was at the height of her career popularity.
Beach homes were a must for the movie
colony of those halcyon days. So, when Miss
Davies decided that the song of the surf
was the requirement for quiet nights of re-
laxation from studio demands, these rooms
were dismantled and shipped across the At-
lantic Ocean in sections, and thence across
America to be completely rebuilt at the
“Ocean House.” Approximately ten years
ago, this property was sold and Mise Davies’
“Ocean House’ was converted into a hotel.

Some time later, this property was dis-
mantleg and the Red Fox Room was placed
in storage. It is from this source that the
Red Fox has finally found its resting place
in the Lafayette Hotel in San Diego, to
once again be admired as such a beautiful
toom should be.

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San Diego 4, Calif, CY 7-1913

oe On

= i }

*RQs tS
h

os "i i |
iw] El

do business?

LA JOLLA

acts dincta dia cho ta ato ta dio ta tn Sock dy

GQHAARAR

sca dl ht dd ce

Why is La Jolla Federal

ealled “the friendly place to

people. Especially Customers.

Savings and Loan Association
SIB SELLEW PRESIDENT

1100 Wall Street

PEEP PPPS P ST PP PPS SS PPP PSs

Aedndedodiocte today

SPP PPS PP PPP PP PS ES SS PS PP SP SSP PS EY

Ea |
re
lg Bye! i

°* We just like

FEDERAL

454-0744

the purpose, in order to show the | :

‘ An excellent example of ad-
vertising of the very popular mu-
seum type of entertainment in
1850. This one, somewhat dam-
aged, shows the basic appeals
to be God, abnormalities, slav-
ery, violence, strange beasts, the
ancient, and violence, Sex was
still hidden in 1853: otherwise,
1853 and 1963 seem very much
alike.

BOSTON MUSEUM

SI .... Bostor

enndded the present yeur, beatles the cons
1 on of articles, One Haif uf the celebrated

“YEALE'S PHILADELPHIA MUSEUM,
evetling the already Immense collection ft upwards of
HALF A MILLION ARTICLES,

the geentent anount of objecte of interest to he found togetty
at eny Oue plac America; and an entirely

NEW WALL OF WAX STATUARY,

Ove, Hevonen Fret in length, 6lled to ta wimost¢
WAX FIGURES gpthe size of life, sinzly ant
. ner 0° » RED

the ta
iw ur ws
en
ripek it
end lead te. inact Sper
aly Lire aud brevthe. he
"he eolebrated Tables Pe
1
ey OW: :
£4 a) i Ve
Cera 4S,
nd Y

ees

weoneternation and
Hen te told theen|

ot reprreentatio
eathorities,

Yin conten ting fur 8

TWINS,

of tha possen;ere of amerchyatman Ia tba Indin Sons, afer
description by one of the eury.vore,

Ui 5 DiSe 5
NORBONS OF SLAVERY,

Qe exemplified by seven figures, belng actual Mhenessee of ¢

Glave-owner, a elave-driver, and their victime.
MURDER OF MISS McCREA,
Mee eT GReRSIME eee
INTEMPERANCE,
and Me cortain evile, Hiustrated in three groupe, the last sem
font picture of @

Wife Murdered by her Husband.
Lif

Also, groupe of @ School a M
Bhop,—a Harber's Snop,—a BI

8 Shoemaker!
Hop, ke., ae well ®
domen, ke, with or

of single Agurea uf 4

Geende ot

One Hundred of Cabinet Size,
rendering Hthe farzest collection of Wax Fieuree in Amerie
The entire of tho above, and the immense cullecttun of

BIRDS, BEAS'S, FISH, INSECTS & REPTILES

obtained from al porte of the world, torether with innumor
ble varieties of Netural and Artificial Curiosities:

OIL PORTRAITS
of the GREAT and GOOD of all putions,—Navel and Millte
ta, State

lerves, Patriu! ach ent Divines;~Rare Coina an

wdale,;—Sheile, Cor SS Fosele;
EGYPTIAN MUMMIES,
and anctont Streupitet, 20-0 Yenre ord, und an entire
Family of Peruvinn Wummies:
the DUCK-BILLED PLATY PUS, tie connecting link betwee
V BEAST, Ceng evadently half each ;~the curior

EAST,

orhich was exhibited In most of the principal cities of Americy

1810, '4l, and '42, 10 the worder aod astonishment
0f thou Of neturaists aod o:ier ec.entifie persona, whove
Prev.oue deus of tho exiatence of euch an astonishing creation
wore entirely removed ;

Elephants and Qurang-Ontangs ;

ANIMALS ent _BURDS cf every notions Sharka, Beale,
end a varie:y of FINES, Inc.uding the curious

BAW AND SWORD FISH,
ail 10 lifelike preservation j the whole forming a Schoo! of In
struct: A with Aniuseny that for exicnt and interest
ke world ;—ihe hole to bo seca for he

Uwe

ou
TWENTY-FIVE CENTS.

In Addlz-un ta LAic, and
WITHOUT EXTRA CHARGE,

Mivltore are admitted to the rorreous Flibition Hall, whi
bee been newly decorated at an expense of nva'ly Ove thou
dullare, whaie they can witness the magoificeut

THEATRICAL ENTERTAINMENTS,

ven EVERY EVENING, and WEDNESDAY and BATUR
BAY Arvi.RsG0 f Conedians and ee

Tt.
Urrheatra of Mus et
befure cul ected int

Stnge and Scenic Arrangements,

the most grand andl superh ever sen in exther Europe or Amor
Vest thus wri Ae Ah unceeraal adm.éeton that tbe Brstoe

Cheapest Place of Amusement

IN THE WORLD! A ping’e visit will prove the truth of thie
assertion, as the adruiasion ie unly

tc? 25 Cents to the Whole!!!

Metadata

Containers:: Box 45 (2-Documentation of Executions), Folder 8
Resource Type:: Document
Description:: Thomas Cadmus executed on 1782 in New York (NY) David Carrol executed on 1780 in New York (NY) Solomon Chandler executed on 1783 in New York (NY) Richard Collins executed on 1778 in Pennslyvania (PA) Cornelius Donnaly executed on 1783 in New York (NY) John Farren executed on 1779 in New York (NY) John Ferne executed on 1780 in New York (NY) Moses Abrahams executed on 1780 in New York (NY) George Fogwell executed on 1779 in New York (NY) Thomas Agnew executed on 1779 in New York (NY) Isaac Alger executed on 1783 in New York (NY) John Garretson executed on 1777 in New York (NY) John Gellin executed on 1780 in New York (NY) James Guffie executed on 1781 in New York (NY) John Mason executed on 1780 in New York (NY) John McIntire executed on 1778 in New York (NY) Mary McNeal executed on 1783 in New York (NY) Jesse Harding executed on 1780 in New York (NY) Isaac Norman executed on 1781 in New York (NY) Nathaniel Parker executed on 1783 in New York (NY) George Johnston executed on 1783 in New York (NY) Thomas Randen executed on 1777 in New York (NY) James Roach executed on 1779 in New York (NY) Daniel Maffis executed on 1782 in New York (NY) Caesar Totten executed on 1783 in New York (NY)
Rights:: In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted
Date Uploaded:: July 8, 2019

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