Military, H-N, 1861-1989, Undated

INSIDE WAS

reaffirmations of the belief in due subordination to proper authority. It's
useful to employ the mytho-psychological language of oedipal rebellion ts
analyzing this process: displacement and destruction of the father’s author
ity—replacement with the knightly, true young brotherhood—brutil sus
pression by the fathers—submission once more to the rule of the fathers
The grand romanticism of the spontaneous guerrilla uprising con(aines
enormous emotional and intellectual liberation which these boys expresses
in their manifestoes, and the humiliation of their capture and resubmission
must have been profound for many of them, despite the obvious attraction
of postwar survival. After the war, many of them would justify themselves
once again as former members of Robin Hood’s band, in part to escape
the ramifications of such nakedly dishonorable surrender.

Few guerrillas lived on to fit themselves back into conventional society
Most died in their rebellion, some as a result of reckless behavior that
approached suicide. At Icast, responding to violence by violence, they
anticipated death by violence. One cannot know what was on their minds
at the moment of death. I have found only one speech at the execution ot
a guerrilla; he remained unrepentantly defiant to the end. Facing a firing
squad at Warrensburg on May 20, 1864, twenty-two-year-old ouernlls
band leader Willard Francis Hadly proclaimed, “I went into the war to
be a terror to the Feds. No man in this country has done more than I have
I went in to rob and steal without regard to law. I thought the South hac
her rights trampled upon. I am now sentenced to be shot. But I ‘cel that
I have been fully revenged.”?! When in power, Hadly had declared that
true law licensed the destruction of an illegitimate authority that was o»
pressing the noble southern people of Missouri. In service to the higher
law he had taken his measure of enemy blood and was willing to fortes

his own.

Union Troops’ Conceptions of Self and Others

In the Spring of 1862, S. S. Marrett was marching through Missouri with
the Third Illinois Cavalry Regiment. As they passed through what the
considered secessionist territory, Marrett joined his fellow soldiers in living
off the civilian population. At first he was shocked by such foraging, group
behavior so vastly different from peacetime relations. One day “the boys
killed a hog which would weigh about 60 pounds and it ate very well
When we first came into Missouri I thought it looked pretty hard to shoot
down peoples hogs but I have seen so much of it done that it does net
look near so bad as it used to.” Such activities “certainly would astonist
the folks” back home in Clayton, Illinois, who were still living in peace,
but “such is the fate of a country through which an army passes.” Marret
did not in fact tie the devastation of Missouri just to fate. His regiment

GUERI

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pa

SECRETS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC ISLANDS

Strong Hale, but when Nathan confronted the other, he ex
claimed: “Your name is not John Strong | :
first cousin, Samuel Hale.” :

“That’s right, Nathan, I am.
aboard this brig? When | |
with Washington's army.
Army any longer?”

The game was up. Nathan Hale finally had to admit that
he was a Yankee officer, spying for General Washington
Captain Talbot immediately called a detail of mew abt

order :
ed Hale taken to the brig and carefully searched. His
coat, breeches, shirt, the lining of his

Hale. You are my

But what are you doing
ast heard from you, you were
Aren't you in the Continental

< hat and even his hose
vere searched in vain. But when a sailor ran his knife be-

“ a the soles of Hale's shoes, a thin paper fluttered onto
the deck. On that paper were Hale's notes, written in Latin.

Two days later, Nathan Hale was ushe
ence of Lord Howe himself. Lieutenant Quarme was with
him and explained in detail the various charges against the
American. When the lieutenant had finished a recital
Howe threw up his hands in disgust and asked Hale, “WI |
did you do all this?” 7

“To serve my country, sir!” Nathan Hale answered.

How would you like to serve my country?” asked the
general. .

“That can never be.”

. Howe crashed his fist against the table. “Then, by God
sir, you may die for yours!” )

Three days later, just before Nathan Hale was due to be
executed, he sat in a small tent near what is now the corner
of First Avenue and Forty-Sixth Street, New York, compos-
ing a farewell letter to his superior officer, Colonel Knowl-
ton. He did not know that the colonel had been killed a
week before in battle, but the letter would ne
reached its destination anyway. As Hale finished
318

red into the pres-

ver have
writing,

sii ash Sa ae a teaaam

meee

ili ila.

EYLAND MANATUS OR MANHATTAN ISLAND

the provost marshal entered the tent. snatched the sheet of
paper, read it and tore it to shreds, saying: “That letter will
never be delivered. We cannot let the rebels know that they
had a man in their army who faced death with such firm-
ness.”

A tree was to serve as a gallows for Hale and an open grave
beneath it awaited him. The British arranged themselves
in a circle around the tree as Hale mounted his coffin. Then
the hangman threw a rope over a branch and tightened the
noose around the condemned man’s neck. ‘Well, young fel-
low,” the provost said, “what have you to say for yourself?”

Nathan Hale’s answer was low, but it was heard distinctly

by every person present:
“I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my

country.”
“Swing him off!” came the cry, and Nathan Hale stepped
from the coffin into eternity.

When the old houses at the corner of Forty-Sixth Street
and First Avenue were torn down to make way for the
United Nations, the plaque which commemorated Nathan
Hale’s execution near that site was removed. But as I stood
on the busy corner, I thought how fitting it was that the
buildings for this world organization should be erected
where the peace-loving schoolteacher from Connecticut made
the greatest sacrifice of the American Revolution,

The End

319

LF pi ty ge ’ Ww ba] r : aaa jim
HADLEY Py Wi kere Del Fr i nei Dy whi

“9 kn y shot

Warrensburg, MO (Mil) 5/20/1864

INSIDE WAR

The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri
During the American Civil War

MICHAEL FELLMAN

New York Oxford

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
1989


to pages 136-145

such as Captain
: 75-77.
Morgan, Jackson

o Garth, Liberty

er 20, 1863, OR,

» his Mother, Ft.
[erritory, July 9,
th 25, 1860, Wil-
ty of Kansas, re-
irs (1910; reprint,

ittle (New York:

), 1864, James A.
ty of Mark Twain
-d to Joshua Fell-

roceedings of the
General Clin-
.ecord Group
1a, December 19,
‘ph, September 7,

-r 28, 1863, Case
B. Fizer, Gratiot
File 367, Record
mes Christerman,

stigation .. . at
itesman, October
cember 21, 1864,
August 23, 1864,
uis, September 8,
sh Estes was also
: that he had not
id paid $1.00 to

‘stigation . . . at
Marshal Charges

', Case LL 2674;
1864, Case NN

awn aduantora VATA nan

Notes to pages 145-155 291

1

18.

1,

20.

ram

oes

23.

24.

yl

26.

zi.

28.

22,

30.

31.

32.
33.

2125; Court-Martial of Charles Tatum, Springfield, July 26, 1864, Case LL
2616, Record Group 153, NA.

Court-Martial of William McDaniels, St. Joseph, May 19, 1863, Case MM
671, Record Group 153, NA. Mistake corrected in the original.
Court-Martial of Charles Wells, New Madrid, December 17, 1863, Case
NN 1237, Record Group 153, NA.

W. H. Callaway to General Odon Guitar, Boone City, October 17, 1862,
Odon Guitar Papers, JC. There is no record of a reply from Guitar.
Court-Martial of Charles White, St. Louis, December 21, 1864, Case NN
3245, Record Group 153, NA; Testimony of Lafayette Powell, John
Brison, E. D. Roberts, John East, “Investigation of the Proceedings . . . at
Macon”; Court-Martial of Warren Lee, St. Louis, July 4, 1864, Case LL
2213, Record Group 153, NA.

Statement of Willard Francis Hadly, Warrensburg, as reported in the Mis-
souri Statesman, May 20, 1864.

Letters of S. S. Marrett to his “Companion,” Lebanon, February 2, 1862;
Keytesville, March 27 and March 29, 1862, S. S. Marrett Papers, Duke.
“Doubling,” a term which is more precise than the more commonly used
term “character splitting” is employed effectively in Robert Jay Lifton, The
Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (New
York: Basic Books, 1987).

Entries for February 2, 1862, St. Louis; April 19, 1862, Cassville, Henry
Dysert Diary, Iowa SHS.

Uriah Eberhart to Lovicy, Ozark, November 11, 1862, Uriah Eberhart
Letters, Wis.SHS. On revivalism among Civil War soldiers see Drew Gilpin
Faust, “Christian Soldiers: The Meaning of Revivalism in the Southern
Army,” Journal of Southern History, LI (February 1987): 63-90;
James H. Moorhead, American Apocalypse: Yankee Protestants and the
Civil War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978); William W. Bennett,
A Narrative of the Great Revivals Which Prevailed in the Southern Armies
(Philadelphia: Claxton, Demsen & Haffelfinger, 1877).

Charles W. Falker to his Wife, Ft. Scott, Kansas, May 2, 1865, Charles W.
Falker Letters, Wis.SHS.

John J. Ingalls to his Brother, Atchison, Kansas, January 2, 1862, John J.
Ingalls Collection, KSHS.

Entries for April 25, June 6, August 31, 1861, Henry M. Moore Diary,
Beinecke.

Entries for June 27, 29, September 13, 18, 1861; February 1, July 19,
September 1, 1862, Dr. Joseph H. Trego Diary, KSHS.

Letters of L. R. Webber to the John Stillman Brown Family, Lexington,
January 11, 1862; Kansas City, February 1, 1862; Collierville, Tennessee,
January 8, 1863; Memphis, January 16, 1863; Lake Providence, Louisiana,
May 29, 1863, John Stillman Brown Family Papers, KSHS.

Dan Holmes to his family, Cass County, December 21, 30, 1861, Daniel B.
Holmes Correspondence, CHS.

Entry for August 10, 1861, William W. Branson Diary, JC.

Entry for January 11, April 25, 1865, Daniel Burdette Leroy Diary, JC.

oe eB he

1

-4

24 INSIDE WAR

disorganized battlefield; it was thousands of brutal moments when smal]
groups of men destroyed homes, food supplies, stray soldiers, and civilian
lives and morale.

In a typical incident on February 7, 1863, in Shannon County in south-
eastern Missouri, Thomas J. Thorp, Aleck Chilton, and John Smith rode
up to the house of Obidiah and Nancy Leavitt. They had often bought
groceries from Leavitt’s store. This time, Smith shot into the front door.
Leavitt grabbed his own gun, and as he rushed to the front door, Thorp
and Chilton kicked in the rear door and shot Leavitt in the back. Nancy
Leavitt later related that she put her wounded but still living husband down
on their bed and “took up the shot gun and kept them out for about an
hour.” They told her if she would just give up the arms in the house “they
would not bother me or my husband any more—and that they would not
take my critters.” Finally she gave in to their promises, and they re-entered
the house. About five minutes later, John Smith “snapped his pistol at my
husband’s head,” but the pistol misfired. All three men then went outside
and caught the Leavitts’ horses. They then returned to the house and
Aleck Chilton “caught hold of me and held me in the middle of the room.”
Nancy Leavitt asked Thorp what they had against her husband. He re-
plied, “he had enough against him to kill him . . . that he reported them
to the Federals.” Smith then went up to the bed and, with a pistol shot
through the head, killed Obidiah Leavitt. Thorp took Obidiah’s hat, his
Shoes, and his saddle, and the three guerrillas rode off on the Leavitts’
horses.1

Such incidents occurred over and over again all over Missouri during
the Civil War. Leavitt indeed may have reported these three men to Fed-
eral authorities or, more generally, he may have been known to guerrillas
to be a Union man. Such “causes” of his being targeted may have been
pretexts, believed or not by these three acquaintances of Leavitt, who may
have disliked or resented him for other reasons or were simply intent on
armed robbery. In a sense, analysis of the precise reasoning of the guerrillas
is just academic: they had the power and, given the circumstance of a
general war, reasons they deemed sufficient for shooting Leavitt. In addi-
tion, they did not have the slightest interest in a fair fight.

Guerrillas used a variety of methods to terrorize civilians. For example,
threats made before the victim’s wife by men known to be brutal often
increased the fearsomeness of the moment, sending the couple into panic.
James Hamilton, a well-known murdering guerrilla of southeastern Mis-
sourl, one night stole into Francis Tabor’s house and said to Tabor’s wife
that it was “easy to draw a knife across [her husband’s] throat . . . they
intimidated her in that way,” Francis Tabor testified at Hamilton’s court-
martial. Later they had threatened to hang Edmund Shaw, who subse-
quently testified, “my wife was threatened very badly” by the proposal.
Frequently guerrillas would string up a man to scare him into telling where

CIVILIANS |

he had hidc
pre-bank er:
prior knowl:
when added
results. Ther
of other for:
if many of t
terrifying po
In larger
scale. In the
under Willi:
of August 2
Kansas and
fenses. Atta
Small group
There they «
Stairs to the
children.” T
and set it or
or anything |
men and bc
raced back
order to lig!
to avoid the
Even in s
Scattered. L
guerrillas ac
Overall sche
sponse, if ai
the raid on
turn on the
could see an
and white, :
fast as they
their watche
came to the
demanded tc
door, the guc
he answered
I would have
them, and ft!
the house, fc
came and as
burned. . .

VY. MEX. |

ve transport steame
en to Monroe, La,
ue down the W
will be anticipated I.
i this city that Smnit

ylor. There is alwa
» the middle of

ernment, obtained by
» $5,000,000. Not leay
btained if we ocey
nu. Indefinite quanti.
ail Government pur.
y we occupy. T haye
and the Grand River
., ‘Wo years. This will
en an Immediate and
ween the Mississippj
Black Rivers to the
that this communica.
lo for any one to Con.
nication to the pur.
irpriscd to find, upon
in this department
ny attention to thig
‘aat there are here at
can easily be adapted
‘he country gives al}
6..." of vesselg,
ariny, whose em.
up-buillding, Une
10 & purpose of this
of Congress for the
'y that I can within
'S, at comparatively
on of which will] be-
; to say to you that
d that these vessels
vossibly make. Had
in this department
vements would have
(he existence of the
vernents until up to
' Government to thig
funds in my posses-
Py the Government,
inportant attention,
vill be made to you

Sedient servant,
| . P. BANKS,
eral, Commanding,

(Omar, XXVqp
iver, at the h
@::. is 50 mileal

+ aa a:

Ushitg 7

ye
June,
Vho was at New Iberig

and supplies for the

guar. XXVIT) CORRESPONDENCE, ETC.—UNION. 1119

[Inclosure. }

Sup HARTFORD,
Above Port Iludson, April 24, 1863.
General BANKS:

[ am glad to hear of your successes. I can hear nothing from Grant
gntil the five gunboats from Vicksburg arrive; till then I have none
that ean pass Fort De Russy, at Gordow’s Landing. Port Hudson is
on halfrations ; troopsdiscontented. The enemy has sent to Arkansas
for troops for Taylor. There is nothing to impede communication with
me in the Atchafalaya. .

D. G. FARRAGUT,
Rear-Admiral.

SPECIAL ORDERS, Hpgrs. DEPT. OF THE GULF, 19TH A. C.,,
No. 106. Opelousas, La., May 2, 1863.

e * * * # 2 *

IV. The action of Brig. Gen. William Dwight, commanding First
prigade, Fourth Division, in causing Private Henry Hamill, Company
Dp, One hundred and thirty-first New York Volunteers, to be shot to
death in front of the brigade, at sunset on the 25th of April, for quitting
his colors to plunder and pillage, while the brigade was on detached
service inan exposed position and in presence of the enemy, is fully
approved by the general commanding this army. |

The last warning against straggling and pillage has been exhausted.
It has become necessary, to prevent demoralization, that the fate of this
wretched man should be measured out to all who follow his example.
The safety of this army is more important than the life of any man in
it. from the humblest private to the commanding general.

* * * Sa * * *

-command of Major-General Banks:
Bye [RICIPD B. IRWIN]
Assistant Adjutant-General.

sCIAL ORDERS, | Hipqrs. DEPT. OF THE GULF, 19TH A. C.,,
ae No. 108. Opelousas, La., May 4, 1863.

* *% * * * * *

XI. Brigadier-General Dwight will CAUSE all white males, to the
number of 100, in the vicinity of the scene of the murder to-day to be
immediately arrested, and sent under strong guard to New Orleans,
where they will be kept in close confinement till further orders, as hos-
tages for the delivery of the murderers into the hands of the military
authorities of the United States.

s * * * * *

-command of Major-General Banks:
By com [RICH’D B. IRWIN]
Assistant Adjutant-General.

ih é,
at:
ey )
i 7
i
i Pik
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ty
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ae
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i


Notes to pages 25-31

Hamilton, Macon, January 30, 1865, Case OO 303, Record Group 153,
NA. Hamilton was hanged on March 3. Pulling off toenails concerned an
incident in Cooper County in central Missouri, related by Assistant Adju-
tant General O. D. Greene, St. Louis, to General Alfred Pleasonton, Sep-
tember 3, 1864, OR, XLI (3): 47; see also the Missouri Statesman for
May 6, 1864, discussing incidents in Newton County in southwest Missouri,
where bullet molds were the torture implements.

3. Mary Savage to her Mother and Sister, Lawrence, October 10, 1863, Mary
Savage Papers, KSHS. The most careful of the many accounts of the
Lawrence raid is in Richard J. Brownlee. Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy,
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1958), 110-127.

4. Sophia L. Bissell to Henry Asbury, Lawrence, September 8, 1863, Henry
Asbury Collection, CHS.

3; Testimony of Ellen Brookshire, Rolla, February 24, 1864, Citizen File
2636, Record Group 393, NA.

6. Deposition of Pauline Ellison, Rushville, October 16, 1863, Provost Mar-
shal Charges of Disloyalty File 2792, Record Group 393, NA.

7. This note, written June 14, 1864, was passed on to First Lieutenant W. T.
Clarke of St. Joseph, who sent on a copy to his commander, Brigadier
General Clinton B. Fisk. In response, Clark put out the word that ten rebels
would be killed for each Union man. OR, XXXIV (4): 420-21.

8. Court-Martial of John W. Carty, Pilot Knob, October 28, 1863, Case LL
1238; Court-Martial of Lafayette Carty, Pilot Knob, October 28, 1863,
Case LL 1301, Record Group 153, NA.

9. Court-Martial of Aaron S. Alderman, St. Joseph, November 3, 1864, Case
NN 3356, Record Group 153, NA. Of course, Jacob Chuck might have
been using his power as a courtroom witness to take revenge on these boys

who were perhaps not the trigger men in his father’s killing but who clearly
were ineffective in whatever protests they may have made at the moment
of the shooting.

10. P. A. Hardeman to her husband, Columbia, October 17, 1862, Dr. Glen O.
Hardeman Collection, JC.

11. S. P. Harlan to her mother and father, Haynesville, November. 1, 1864,
Bond-Fentriss Family Papers, UNC.

12. Frances Bryan to William Bryan, St. Louis, October 16, 1863, William
Shepard Bryan Papers, UNC; G. M. Barker to A. H. Garland, Drew
County Arkansas, January 26, 1864, OR, XXXIV (2): 990.

13. Deposition of Elizabeth Hawkins, Washington County, November 26,
1864, Letters Received File 2593, Record Group 393, NA.

14. Deposition of Mrs. Elizabeth Vernon, Lebanon, November 26, 1863, Pro-
vost Marshal Statements of Property Stolen File 2798, Record Group 393,
NA.

15. Deposition of Mary E. Austin, Livingston County, October 20, 1863, Let-
ters Received File 2593, Record Group 393, NA.

16. Daniel Smith to his family, Boonville, September 17, 1861, Daniel R. Smith
Papers, Ill.SHL.

17. Statement of James L. Chandler, 37th Enrolled Missouri Militia, United

States vs. William H. Banks, Troy, October 26, 1864, Two or More Name

'
'
j
i

Notes to page

File 2635.
of war, 1:
know whi
18. J. L. Mo:
Morgan |
June 8, 1é
19. Daniel G
28, 1864,
collection
20. Report o:
1864, Th
Ewing, t)
who was
less, on ¢
charged °
the even!
losses in
by Ewin
reassigne
21. Assistant
ding, Fu
Governo
Receivec
22. Margare
ber 24,
analysis
War Ca\
Universi
23. Entry f
James V
denhall’:
(July 19
1863. E.
24. Daniel ]
25. Daniel }
dorff an
Historic
6-30, 1!
26. Analyse
Americ:
tier Co
Illinois
Huntin;
can Co)
27. Deposit
More h
28. Testim<
Rolla, !


SECRETS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC ISLANDS

up in the harbor and placed in a row of twenty-nine dead
at the Alexander Avenue Station. Three hours later a
woman who was searching for her missing relatives came to
Clara Hartman’s body and saw that she was alive. She
shouted to the doctors nearby who ran to the girl and found
that she was still breathing faintly.

Clara Hartman ‘was rushed to the Lincoln Hospital where
she eventually recovered. Some time later one of the doctors
noticed a tag tied to her clothing and cut it off with his
knife. “She doesn’t need this any more,” he said, and threw
it into the waste-basket. It was the identification number
the morgue attendants had attached to her apparently life-
less body. .

Blame for the Slocum’s catastrophe was later placed on
Captain Van Schaick, Captain Pease of the Knickerbocker
Steamship Company and the steamboat inspection service.
It is said that very little actual punishment was ever en-
forced, though at the time of the disaster the aroused citizens
of New York were assured that the guilty would suffer in
proportion to their negligence. Many such disasters are for-
gotten in a few years and the public is easily lulled into a
feeling of security with a minimum of effort.

To obtain my last story I went to a busy corner on New
York’s east side. Here one of America’s great heroes, Nathan
Hale, was executed during the Revolution. The words he
spoke just before he was hanged have been repeated thou-
sands of times, but there are few who know where those
words were spoken.

Born in South Coventry, Connecticut, in 1752, Nathan
Hale was interested at an early age in becoming a teacher,
but his father, a deacon, sent him to Yale to study for the
ministry. Young Hale’s interest in the ministry did not in-
crease at college, but he did show great prowess both as a
student and as an athlete. At his commencement in 1773 he

314

EYLAND MANATUS OR MANHATTAN ISLAND

debated in Latin on the advantages of female education and
won for his side, the affirmative.

Young Hale and his step-sister, Alice Adams, fell madly in
love about this time, but stern Deacon Hale forbad the
courtship and finally forced his step-daughter into a marriage
with one Elijah Ripley. There was no other girl for Nathan
Hale, however, and when Ripley died a year after his mar-
riage, Alice revealed that she still loved him, too. But they
never met again.

After his graduation Nathan Hale still wanted to teach
school. His first position was at Haddam, Connecticut, and
within a year he had received an offer of a better post at the
Union Grammar School in New London. His plans for a
quiet and useful life were disrupted, however, when news of
the battle of Lexington and Concord reached New Haven.
A mass meeting was held in Miner's tavern the night the
news arrived and Nathan Hale was the last person to speak.
He warmly advocated the formation of a Connecticut regi-
ment and ended by saying, “Let us not lay down our arms
until we have gained independence!”

The next day Nathan Hale returned to the school and de-
bated his next step. He wrote a letter to his classmate, Ben-
jamin Talmadge, asking for advice. Talmadge suggested
that Hale give up teaching and fight for the independence
of his country.

Hale resigned from his teaching position within a short
time and on September 1, 1775, was commissioned a captain
‘n Colonel Knowlton’s Connecticut regiment. That regi-
ment was quartered in New York City when the Declaration
of Independence was read there on July 9, 1776, and Hale
watched with delight as the citizens of Manhattan overturned
the statue of the king at Bowling Green.

A month later Hale mounted the redoubts during the
battle which took place on Long Island after the British fleet
landed on the Brooklyn shore. Gradually, the Yankees were
forced to withdraw on their right flank, with the enemy

375

SECRETS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC ISLANDS, by Edward Rowe Snow; New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1950.

Supéds toy ystqqtd eyz Aq peqnoexe SueyyeN ‘IVH

t

SRELI ataceraed eickas eh a tila soak gea pos

feta bom $i 47 Pet Cbeteeteat eat
ait “e Seapt kee thatais

WILT ene ae


eT ee ee

SECRETS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC ISLANDS

pressing them hard. Then, by a great stroke of
a severe rainstorm sent the British
when the rain ended, one of the best-timed fogs in history
set in to shelter the Americans from the sight of the enemy.
In that fog, the Yankees under George Washington fled to
the north end of Manhattan.

Washington’s army was still in danger, however, and he
desperately needed information as to the Britishers’ next

move. He appealed to Colonel Knowlton to find him
officer who would

ish activities.

good fortune,
back to their tents. and

an
go behind enemy lines and report on Brit-

When the colonel called volunteers, Nathan
Hale, recently discharged from the hospital after being
wounded on Long Island, was the only man who offered him-
self for this dangerous mission,

A fellow officer and classmate at Y

aside. “Don’t be a fool, Nathan,” he said. “Let someone else
volunteer. There are plenty of others.”
“Who?” Hale asked pointedly,
There was no reply to this question.

Hale accepted the
assignment and was sent at once to George Washington for
instructions,

ale drew Nathan Hale

“Captain Hale,” the great general began, “your task is to
spy. You are to rid yourself of your uniform and land
secretly on the Long Island shore. You will gather detailed
information as to what the British are doing, and when you
have a complete report, you will return to me here. Report

to no one else!”’

Three nights later, Nathan Hale was landed at Hunting-
ton Bay, Long Island. For the following week he w
unmolested over Long Island. By the end of j
complete record of all British activities

how many troops were on Long Island, how many more were
coming and when and where they would go next. Finally,
he shipped aboard an oyster schooner and
Manhattan, where he learned that Lord Howe,

316

andered
t, he had a
and plans. He knew

landed in
the British

EYLAND MANATUS OR MANHATTAN ISLAND

supreme commander, had just set himself up in new head-
UNG his mission had been accomplished and he could
simply walk along the East River and hail a passing boatman
to take him across to the area on the mainland under the con-
trol of the Continental forces. The river was patrolled by
guards, but they were known to be lax; in fact, at Harlem
Creek, where American and British sentries were in sight of
each other, the enemies often exchanged tobacco and other
commodities across the so-called lines.

Hale noticed the British brig Niger anchored offshore near
Montressor’s Island. He hailed it and asked for a ama boat
to row him across. When he was taken out to the Niger, he
introduced himself as Nathan Hale, a Yankee schoolteacher
who was tired of war and wished to go back to his old pro-
fession. The captain of the Niger, Talbot by name, agreed
to have him taken across.

Then an amazing coincidence took place, one so strange
that no author would dare include it in a work of fiction.
Just as Hale was about to step into the skiff, a Lieutenant
Quarme came aboard the Niger and was introduced to Hale
and told his story. “That is very strange,” Quarme said.
“Did you say Hale? It sounds impossible, Bpe we have just
taken aboard our ship, the Halifax, another Yankee named
Hale.”” Quarme went on to explain that the man aboard a
ship had been discovered in a tavern, and, although opposec
to the rebels, refused to join the British Army. He was
brought aboard the Halifax, where it was thought he might

ful in a civilian capacity.
pee curious coincidence mystified Captain Talbot, as it
has mystified every historian who learned of it later. ps
were two men named Hale so close together behind the
British lines and under identical conditions? —That question

n answered.

sere ls were brought together. Quarme had told
Talbot that the man aboard the Halifax called himself John

317

me

PTA Ea TO er rar

5 .
22 Craighead's Mobile
THE 1820's
vestigation, it was found
vas d that th i
legal and in accord with the he
Sympathy was, and will a
norant and misinformed men
battle and who up to :

al and result were
articles of war,

lways be felt for those ig-

who had Served bravely j
then had been loyal t hades

Mcbile was a very little place in tne 1820's, yet it
at “ begun early torerulate the movements of hogs, geats,
a hich ther eye who were victims of Los a3 GFE Se oo kab icoety ee " =
they had not fully understoeg. ane Manage workings paper, but not seat for Mobi le “did not have an =
Ina few d fectively enforced pound law until late in the eighties,
came as is seen from reading complaints in the newspaper of
Not horses being allowed to run at will; the newspaper, how-
red that, as far a hith ever, did not go so far as to suggest pound law enforce-
later attention, . pie escaped ment, but only that owners should keep their animals un-
of an invalid who ired in the mind der fence, lest pedestrians should suffer injury. If
cagoula for bet- there was a pound law, its existence seems to have been
forgotten.
Another municipal step taken in the twentics was
the publication of an advertisement fior bids
cians to attend the sick in the City Hospital; and the
question discussed was whether it was the duty of the
council to accept the lowest bid. Some thcught, ves;
aign deserving, others said the welfare of the paticnts should be con-
should h sidered, and not the lowest but the best bid should be
hes of he "Well," the in accepted. What was done about it was not disclosed in
wiser, e war being ov adver: any subsequent publication.
contending forces : i i. Charlotte, an immense brick structure, stood
tended, and Genera see in ruins on the river front, and the buildings within,
ter th British af- rotting and falling to picces, were regarded as a nui-
by his accompanied sance. The newspaper spoke of it at Christmas time, 1822,
was in com- and asked if it would not be a benefit to the community
There were to remove it, suggesting that the owners donate the brick
soldiers of and other useful material for the improvement of the
city streets. Moreover, said the newspaper, if the old
ak structure between Church and Monroe streets were removed
we Americans i : there wculd be afforded an uninterrupted view in that
vo At : direction. The value cf the fort as a relic was passed
ays before over. The advice seems to have been taken, for shortly
e friends" the material was used as the foundation for Water and
Commerce streets through the swamp which fronted the city
on the eastern or river side. The hopeful editor wrote
saying: "We shall soon be able to navigate Water street

o the cause
the machine

ack, Maj. Lawrence's conduct, in

so the writer said, that

23


SN i ea id nas 30) hah bea T

2 5 382A
“4 THE |
mill, Henry, shot, » Lae, 1/23/1863 7

WAR OF THE REBELLION:

OFFICIAL RECORDS

OF THE

UNION AND CONFEDERATE ARMIES.

PREPARED, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR,
BY
Lieut, Col. ROBERT N. SCOTT, Third U. 8, Artillery,
AND

PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO ACT OF CONGRESS APPROVED JUNE 16, 1880.

_ i, “<= a

/
i\ a
L) 772.7
i | Hi? 3 a

SERIES I—VOLUME XV.

ae

oe

Reem i
wre
a

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOK,
1856.


HARE, Henry, white, hanged Tryon Co., NY June , 1770 (Military)

:

Ree NHOE XO) DONTNOVT 6 ADNTN TO OTOL NUL
: NHOL "XOO HONATYNVT “AONTMLS SATYVAD “NVA THT Nwa Saar canrnss

07-19-1779

POUGHKEEPSIE NY June 28th; We hear from Tryon County that a
certain HENRY HARE, (formerly an inhabitant
of that place and who had joined the, enemy under Butler, was found
lurking in a private manner about the army under the command of
General. James Clinton in order to gain intelligence of their strength
and situation), was apprehended and hanged for a spy agreeable to
the sentence of a court-martial. He confessed to this having been
the third time to have been in that neighborhood in a private manner
since joining the enemy and alleged he was a lieutenant under Butler.
He left the Seneca country with 63 Indians but soon after parted
with them to prosecute the base business for which he was executed
and we are informed that the party he came out with proceeded to
the Scotch settlement 30 miles west of Schoharie from whence they
took off 21 of the inhabitants who were cheifly Tories and several
head of cattle.

ent away—
hall the pasenge be
ondlees day.

aa dying boar

tim Liles,

and in a heavonly world
hashed im this.

ap ef mournful frien,
red and loat,
wen will greet an there,

» valued most.
> e.-
Wemen Say.

‘om the North

,N.C., June 1, 1862.
Chere are few of us who
Longstreet's inimitable
}o you remember among
e Turning Oat,” where-
school rebellion? ‘The
Saster holiday, as usual
sual, in daty bound, re-
olve to tura him out af
ures. The eventful day
ys have soores of eggs
'g-pecking, They have
| acbool-Louse and are
sticks and poles, await
ival. The girls of the
actively ‘n the stroggle,

under tha’ and en-
wane ReaarKE ae

aster out—bat if I did,
veup.” The boys are
thing out threateninga
he master comes up. He |
iment at their temerity, |
1 to surrender,ebut is au-
defiance. In the course
r, the master makes a
ous hats full of eggs hid
og, or in hollow stumps
school-hoase. He pos.
se contrabands of war,
‘ke a general smash of
ops. The small boys arc
»usternation, and in the
Zeph Pettibone ts beard
reasy, he’s got my egys!

sh to inquire if‘you know
168 among us id our na-
urning out.” I think I
y—“ Lod o'messy, he’s
, let's giveup.” In fact,
are good many of
up their. voices in our
bing! “ My eggs.” Lis-
can’t help ourselves— |
we must be whipped—
began it—tbe enemy
1 the ‘money—all the,
ling—the land will be |
nd all fur no use—we
er at Jast—we shall be
‘terminated—Lod o'mes

ay, Mr. Standard, that f
f each talk, and I am

‘aay, “ Yo, it may be?” oria Zeph Pettibone

tempt through all laods ?
Carolinian look this calmly in the face, and

Does any North

dovmed to te instwotly overwhelmed with a
torreat of righteous abhorrence and scorn,
while we vindicate to the world our right
to govern ourselves and our slaves as we

please 7
Meaowhbile, I seem still to hear him—" Lod
sy, be’s found my eggs! boys, let's give
MRS. SMITH."

e @-§ -

A Military Execation.
Personne,” Corinth correepondent of the
Charleston Courier, gives the following graph-
ic description of the military executlon of a
apy: .

A military execution isa terrible thing.
I saw another on Wednesday noon, and &
tore stoical death than was suffered by the
culprit on that occasion T have never in my
somewhat varied experience known equalled.
Ile was a Tonncsseean, named Coon Harris,
about forty years: f age, a resident of Paris
ot Paducah, and had been convicted of being
arpy. Ax herode by my quarters he was
seated on the box which was to serve as his
coffin, in a rude vehicle, guarded by twelve
soldiers, hut not the must careful observer
coukl bave discovered any difference between
him and a curivus bystander. Arriving at

tee Place. he OF Mbexppution, which wap, uly 9
quarter Uf a mile distant, he jumped  fighily |

frorn the wagon, lingered @ mnement to see
bis coffin removed, and then seuntered care
learly duwo to the tree, beneath which he
was w weet hie fate.

An officer followed bitn to uulock his bhud
culls, and the two stood there a imoment in
Oonversation, the prisoner ®pparently as covl
and unconcerued as if he wero a mere spec-
tntor of the scene. Hfis eye wan atill bold
and unwavering, resting now upon the crowd,
and now vacantly in the distance, un if at
times a thought of the future entered his
miud, but neither check blanched nor inue
cle quivered, The wan seewed made of
sloue.- The interview fiuished, the lust words
of which were, “| die an boneat and innocent
man,” the officer pinioned his arms back, the
faded brown coat was bettoned acroea his
ciest, and he sat down upon his coffin, A
handkerchief was then tied over Lis eycs, and
voluntarily he nid bis bead beck against a
tree. Even in this trying moment, the last
that bridged the narrow chasm between time
and eternity, and earth was forever shat out
from view, did he preserve his remarkable
eelf-pdasession. Finding the bark of the tree
somewhat rough, be occupied several secoids
in adjuating bis head, as one would fit him-
self to a pillow befure going to sleep, so that
it would reat easily, then chewing upon a quid
of tobacco, he became stall. The file of eight
men were pow ordered forward antil within
ten paces of the cz!prit, the officer took his
place upon the right, and tn-a low tone gave
the order, “take aim.” The muskets were
leveled—a few seconds of terrible shspense—
4 Fire!”—a simultaneous report—a conrul-

[ bave never yet heard | sive start—a aplash of brains—a little stream
bey'll all die before they | or two of Ulood from wounds around the heart
' ear, prodent lotot-eal- |» falling of the head to one side—e drop-
geatlemen like to sir ping of the lower jaw—one Jong sigh—epd
a and foresight, and tell | ihe soul of the spy had winged its way to
sat we are im ® pretty | the presence of the (jreat Judge. The body

and will have to gtve | was chen removed by acouple of negroes,
beiag onty women, a:¢ | and the crowd of two or three huadred wo |
to know math, aod im | hed witmensed the scene dispersed. Ab! wha!
roach. Zeph Penibone : s rerribte teacher ie war! ow it blemts the
liveetly. with his acts | Seti gs, harSens the heart, ted dries ap the |
and thera are the eggs; feantains of mercy! God grept it may soce |
t to peply te anch Coase ! ss '
rat we would de, Ee tee er ee

<apon, Zeph Yelle e: Tes Qcueuert Wirt ro cee ree Win
om pet ver trast ta Gad, | @tory be tuld sberi congreempea, a
oil hehp wa, wed thet ber of whew peweded w Vorttooe

ch Ieph replen, with 0

oa

mk jcohoeel wus te easbend of thy guard «On:
p—for bin past, be lhe | “© wmihed eahipearal Sa ps —
adem. - {er are ated i a Dah

a Npe wissen Cosmet,
hia present year's swlary tu delin)

ling expennes of indigent sick wid

hs 0 er

soldiers from dixtant pointa te the
Georyia.

Ba An Irishman, by way oof
the horrora of solitary conflocimes!,
that ont of one hundred Perwonn senteucs
ev-jure this punishment for life i:
can pri:on, only fifteen xurvived |
Le Tre Waeratr Crov.-
gencrally conceded that they.
wheat crop was annecessur)
riou® sources we learn that the rus:
blade has not affected the stalk or’: |,
and a great improvement has |,-
in the prospect. A fair averaye ,
expe:tod. —Spartaaburg Express.

LOX A country @litor receives
tance with the request to “ seni! ()..
long as the money lasted,” I+ i:

a bit of a spree the next weet,
aud respectfully announced that {is
tion was amt

D2 A man jn getting out of «
bas, a few days ago, made use of the tao ri
of kneew as banisters tu atendy bin ae
which the Jadies took offence, and one:
enid aloud, “A perfeot aavaye!’ “|
eaid a wag inside, “ he belongs to the
nee tribe.”

bY? SSA hengn.in ebidhood. if yo «

happinesa is not outside but inside.
heart and wu clear conscience briny ix;
and no riches and no circumstance: ¢ yc:

D2 To ascertain whether a wor.
passionate, take a uiuddy dog Into the |

EA The people of Troy, New Vor!
quite crazed with delight beeanse Mre. 2
Lincoln bought her Spring bonnet
city. So says a Northern paper...
— BA Mien Prices ror Neen
Toarn (rays the Matietta Advocasr.)
Sheriffs Sate at this place on Vacs!
the following prices’ were obtained
twenty two years old brouvht $1,165.

twenty-three brought $1,465. A woman terns)”

ty and child three years old 81,555. (1:
woman thirty five vears old #00 and xy
seve ity-five yearscld $100. These were «
prices.

DA Aw Fxcennent Datne iy Cos
Dianenas.—Boil a quarter of «
rice-in three quarts of water, (|!
paste, akimmimg it well. Strain
and sweeten it with sugar or honey.
or lemon peel may be boiled with the +i
lemon peel added.

gar Dublishinz pepers an yirin-
away ina glorious busipesi—if only +
sively fullowed. |

D7 It is oaid that dried fruit po:
with a little sassafras bark, («ay alarce }
fal tow bushel) will save it fir years,
lested by those troublesome insects thu:
often destroy hundreds of bushels
aon. As there will be a heavy fruit oro ‘
year, it would be well for farmers to retern-
ber this. ;

pee“ Pray, madam, why do you nan
your old hen Macdaoff
want ber to ‘lay oa.’”

pay Gen. Beauregard has issusd as erder

the

ruc! WS": ’ Lo’ gupnge the reverse.

iy Peet suthorities of the Coulederate

j here by a steamer, down the

;

‘
“Because, sir, |

reqairing the barning of all extra tents —or. |

cers are allowed only mxteea pounds of |
gage. He declared that the Coniede-s:
my had assomed the offensive, and that
did pot wish ft to be emcambered eth oven.
cessary baggage Or !enis

ge The Northern pres: iadulges in vere:

om balleck for allowimg bess)!
eorepe from Corinth.
Haltech tetegvaphe! the Wer Dep ininen:

reve | (oat the * ewscention of Corinth corsa sen.) d
| the ctghte Gier the crmmmmtion A Mtuhieng % Wednenday an§ was comph ted Ths: -s)

or

Sight i gaunt beste and comence, ../

Lam were pirpbibieel nium, Severe! | Pesmetqmonat of perperty wes pho

‘

(

wed destrowed.” hh ts mamifeety a2 oes: -
or om hit pert “tr oe re the weer |

y'e Cause bas bot omade thet
, intolerant god iusufferable |
heir courage is that of the

t only fed by success, but

We buave long ago discusered
Four righta is wy be extorted |
y bys bard blows well lad on!
bor hem us with the clul and |
‘ferenler. In pugiliat's phrase, |
Legeh blow right between the |
with our whole strength.
y ib the ~ Inquirer’ that we

of nfaing the North angry.
ald pa Jackson's have that ef-
std bp delipbied to give their |
day @ fresh revival, John Ran

aay Phat be was never satiafied

{ 4a

peceh of 1a own unless be aaw the |
i sutiie we nded pigeon. It never |
TE tlat bis shot bad gone

' In like manner Generals

exhibition of rage, |
that they have made the
will Le inore apt to re
Mation of the {wportance |
fasbiny to arms, says the
We will
tu “cin, tonigt mund try to give them an-
Mut ‘egaicle arms spoken of seema
Lot 6 ansnbves of New Yor AY
rgiinenta ta hurry to the defence of ;
J; so that Lincola is reduce! to |
» rafety at the buyonets of tke |
Vhere is nothing wo terryfying to |

my

» the “Inquirer,” and those for
speuka, may aa well write itdown in
boc -Lovlis firet ae lest, that we base ne
Lions on thelr inoderation.
tic sentiment of the Kentuckian, who
vd no favors, and if he did, he did
a. Lut we go further, and say

We might

* lou strong and two spirited to an-
c indulyenes of our implacable and
evetmies, Assaid unvther Ken-

enable

“we buw to nope but Gud.) —Rich-

I cximiner,

Os
S

Eonar 0, See
: Province of the Press,
tins, that we are drifting into a
Such were the words
Greckioridge in the last speech
inthe Senate of the Linoulu gov-
before be was forced to tlee to the
seek an asylum of personal safety.
iarily recall bis language, with

'

ler potisn f"

li presents, when we redect upon
polo infiingement which w daily be-
upon the freedom of the public preas

the evil with morthication and
)\ ebd stall @-eour wice boldly, fear- |
crsisteutly against it, The vile pri -

) establish @ censorship over the
WX era of the country was brought up |
bafore the Congress of the nation Just Jan.
uacy, but was properly regarded as equal ip
infxiny only to the sedition laws of 1799,
1 under the administration of the eller

Moa

Adaros. lt was accordingly scouted by that !
txxly, «od aflerwards umpbesitatingly con-

demoed by the President, in his wise and
patriotic message to Congresa.
‘Se, of course, find no objection whatever
+ establisameot of a mild surveillance
r (he pablication of intetligence which will
> tifa mation to the enemy.
inthe whole Coo‘ateracy, we venture to as-
pct, bee teem ao scrupatbowsly particular as
tre Kat @ bee the ettem shall ve
mete should thet vunfertemere de,
come —to regulate tbe free opinions Uf the
peeet on memsures of pebble pobcy. or sap
tt mete crvlemen apo the offictal arts
of ees ont eet! of gery gmtiorit es we
wil (veenbee with spprreteenstame af 2% pe eo-
letwoe wuhee 8 revotumog” au wil weer

or

No Jorrnn!

tpl

over

a]
i

‘fmte Landing, where they we

Atid witap yen bee ica ie

Tue foe bas pars dit
With file und bugle bor

Chowd thangs are an your kre
Your conteen bas ite f

So sbeulder your gun, w
Aud God keep you frow

The Northern wen, in miyt |
Are trampling dewn our

They fire our etweke an! i:
And allour butter spoil

Pout drive thew back, uw W
Clarge with your bayous

Vt rather lary your cola

Than see yuu odrik wisi

Rewember your bume, ny }
And the loved ope left bei
Remombeg that duy you tov!
Aud froely spake your wi
Come back with laurels on
Woo {n the glorious strif
And then you'll see, my \Vil
Mow eovn Tl be you wite
Spe ms we
Prospective Redemptiu:
‘Pecunennee,
Frow a letler published int
federacy, Gated Chattanooys
Wo Copy the follow Ing:
During the present week oi
iva stats of wholesome excil

has been amare! iag ty and fro

of cavalry, artillery and infarn!

bustle and preparation tbat

Pn teedne. af 0 hb fnoman!
This is no less gratifying to ci
the soldier who has beeu wart
and bis health by the inertin

How «# lithe “Stunewall i<n

j our inilitary lines throughout

tent, would change the axpect
vive us visible evidence of a sy)
tion of our struggle !
Governor Harris is now her
al Kirby Smith.

ty agto what movementa are

I] cannot ry

xion, but itis quite natural t

Pouce Govecnment thinks that.

per, bas occupied Lis seat as |
lic welfare demands. Hence
for the recovery of Middlo ‘T

only a possible, but a very pri

There ore many refugees fri
nessee now here-—among then
drew Ewing, aud othere of uo
was beld by them this mornin
cipient steps taken fur organiz
their own number to co operat:
lar army fur the recovery of t
‘isenthralment of their sectio
The skies are brightening io v
NeHace.

The 2,000 Yankee prisoner
through your city last week w

to the Federal authorities.
The traffic between thix po
ville, via MeMinnsville, is acec
able magnitude. Loaded way
depart daily. Tobacco is the
cle exported, while shues, -

gooda, and articles that will
excensive profits, are brought i
trade, contrary as it isto the «
| of the laws between beligeren
| demoralizing as it i@ upon tho»

| suffered to goon with impuny
, bate military and martial |x)
and brigadiers and provocts
rights of out Confederacy,
7s
by Pura aa)
ey WO vesientiay
had beer
Seah Carolina rotunter:
by [or J Ho Jomea, at the |
patel The bel! bad ia ti a pre
ttee!, cruoke! 6 aa to pridy
Letang wreund aod smerpener 1
oer ee wouli | hemk

deadly emomgs tn reeit with:

» shatlere
eatracted trem

Mt

‘he


A flag similar to this was
used by the Continental

Margaret Moncriette— #25

Her Life and the Nation's Fate Were Stakes
When This 16-Year-Old Daughter of a British
Officer Plotted to Kidnap George Washington

By D. McLean

evening in 1776, tipped the blue

ensign of the British crown that
flew from the mast of the sloop Duch-
ess of Gordon anchored just outside
Staten Island, which was held by the
British forces of King George III
against the dimly outlined earthworks
of Manhattan where General George
Washington, commander of the Revo-
lutionists, had his headquarters.

As capricious as the dark and moan-
ing bay slapping against the sloop, the
winds gusted through her open port-
holes, rustled the highly confidential
parchments on the desk of His Maj-
esty’s erstwhile governor in Manhat-
tan, Governor William Tryon, now
virtually a prisoner on his ship. He
was a prisoner whose every move to
recapture the strategic town of Man-
hattan had resulted in failure, a hu-
miliated man, a desperate man and
one whose rage had conceived a plot
to crush the colonial rebellion, a plot
that came within destiny’s hairline of
swerving world history.

H* REARRANGED the papers on his
desk, glanced sharply at the girl
opposite him and asked:

“You understand everything, then?”

She raised a small, competent hand
to brush away the dark hair, ruffled
by the miniature tempest rushing
through the porthole. As the orderly
hurried to close it, the three other
men in the cabin, the Governor, the
girl’s father, Major Moncrieffe, and
the Governor’s aide-de-camp looked
at her, one hungrily, one calculatingly,
one with open admiration.

Margaret Moncrieffe ignored the
question, frowned intently, practiced
with short, white child’s fingers the
spy handclasp the Governor had taught
her. She raised her face, dark-skinned,
small, perfect with sixteen’s beauty of
face and gesture. In the dim lantern
light her black eyes looked enormous,
liquid.

“You can trust me, sir,” she an-
swered.

“No errors, now, or you don’t get the
reward. AndI...”

“I am a British officer’s daughter,
sir,’ she interrupted haughtily. “I
have a better reason than the reward
for wanting this rebellion put down.”

The Governor arose, bowed stiffly
in a half-apology, turned to his orderly.

Ts raw Atlantic winds, that May

“Sherry, Waterson! We toast the
hanging within the month of—Mister
George Washington!”

Across the black and thundering bay,
frothy with rain’s portent, over bend-
ing trees prescient with storm, over
the hastily thrown-up breastworks of
Manhattan Island, flapping the tattered
flag that hung from the Liberty Pole
on the Broad Way, slapping-the shut-
ters of houses on northernmost Cham-
bers Street, the May night’s wind
gusted, shouted, howled.

In a large house on the Broad Way
and The Battery, Major Aaron Burr
slammed the shutters against the mo-
notonous measure of gust and calm,
turned to his commanding officer,
Major General Israel Putnam, in
charge for the month while Com-

ACTUAL DETECTIVE STORIES OF WOMEN IN CRIME, April, 1939


cided he would make a good father.
Then when he could not get a job,
this idea was dropped after a short
reconciliation and John Schuch be-
came just another broken thread in
her life. To her this thread had so
little meaning and was so insecure
that she did not feel she could even
venture to cling to it when cold and
hungry. Rather than make the at-
tempt, she robbed a bank!

And now let us examine her atti-
tude towards her child. Mother-love
is certainly a primative, yes a primor-
dial emotion, without which human
and animal life would be impossible.
It is our most idealistic mental ex-
pression. It entails constant sacrifice
with willingness to suffer. On leaving
Southern Illinois Mary spent her last
ten dollars to buy expensive prepared
baby food for her child, Cecilia, whom
she was about to leave with her fos-
ter parents. She then donned male
attire and rode into Chicago on a
freight train. This was when she was
28 years old and should have known
better, for the risks of getting killed
while boarding the train were too
great. Her baby, had she met with
accident. then would have been left
alone in the world without a mother.

Back in Chicago, she obtained work
in an orphanage and was able to have
her baby with her. Surely this was.a
practical solution to her problem for
the time being. During this period she
was under a doctor’s care and paid him
all the extra money she made. Cer-
tainly this either was idiotic or, since
Mary is not stupid, highly neurotic.
Chicago abounds in free clinics, and
since she was a poor, needy nurse no
honest and upright doctor would have
thought of taking a penny from her

Margaret Moncrieffe—First Spy in the U.S.A.

resentatives of the thirteen colonies
talked openly of truce, were openly
approached by emissaries of King
George III and were increasingly will-
ing to listen to those emissaries.

To the north in Halifax, Lord Howe
reorganized his forces and received
the messengers from Lord Tryon
aboard the Duchess of Gordon, pre-
par ed to be the northern arm in a
pair of swift scissors that would, after
the hanging of Washington, shear
through and decapitate the rebel forces.

In New York, Reverend Mr. Inglis
prayed loudly for the King’s health
at his Sunday morning services in Old
Trinity. Matthews, the mayor, and
Corbie, the tavern-keeper, with Forbes,
the gunsmith, devised their plots and
received their regular payments from
Governor Tryon. They read with glee
the important plans and specifications
for fortifying New York that little Miss
Moncrieffe, a guest in the Putnam
household, slipped through to them by
Corporal Hickey, the traitor.

Alexander Hamilton, later to be
murdered by the man he sought to
help, watched with growing concern
Aaron Burr’s infatuation for Major
Putnam’s guest, Margaret Moncrieffe,
who had half the officers in the gar-
rison quarreling over her; who ran on
swift, noiseless feet to keep her ren-
dexvous with Aaron Burr under the
Same sea-wall from which, minutes
later, she would pass to the traitorous
Corporal the information she had
filched from Burr’s pockets and from
his incautious lips.

Major General Putnam grew to ex-
pect his young visitor’s evening talks
with him, her childish questions of
fortifications and plans, of munitions
supplies and his Commander, General
Washington, although he sometimes
thought it strange that she, a tory,

should have such a heroic conception.

of the revolution’s leader. But Putnam
quite forgot to listen’ for the rustle of
silken skirts, of stealthy feet in an
under-the-stairs closet separated from
his office by a very thin wall.

Little Miss Moncrieffe. A tiny wisp
of a girl who nightly walked along
the broad sea-wall’s top, a hooded and
forlorn figure who whistled an old
Jacobite song to herself above the sea’s

36

had she explained her situation. She
knew this. Every nurse knows this.
Her neurotic pride overcame her
mother-love.

After her return to Kankakee she
placed her child in a convent at a rate
of $45 a month. She then nursed in a
sanatorium and states she sometimes
worked 20 hours a day. This is most
likely rank nonsense and another neu-
rotic exaggeration. What she means
is she occasionally went on 20-hour
duty. This consists of sleeping in the
same room with the patient on a com-
fortable cot or bed in addition to hav-
ing four hours a day to herself to do
with as she likes. Nurses frequently
prefer 20-hour duty of this type to a
straight eight- or twelve-hour day.
They get more pay, and their room,
board and washing is always included.
I have known many nurses who are
perfectly satisfied to do 20-hour duty
for months and even years. They are
more companions than nurses.

But all this has little to do with her
attitude towards her child, Cecilia,
which after all is our main theme.
The best thing parents can leave their
children as a valued heirloom is a
good name. If Mary was truly, deeply
and constantly interested in her baby
this should and ‘must have been her
first consideration. Beside this factor,
all others dwindle into insignificance.

The unpleasant dilemma that a
friend was being pestered by a Kan-
kakee finance company because he had
endorsed Mary’s note’ for $100 was of
no vital import. The non-payment of
Cecilia’s board-bill was not a major
disaster. No convent will ever turn
a child out into the cold world or even
shirk responsibility by sending it to
an orphanage for non-payment of

loud voice and who begged to be al-
lowed to remain until General Wash-
ington’s return, so great was her ideal-
istic conception of him.

Aaron Burr one evening stepped
arrogantly into his Commander’s
office, saluted and then paused sig-
nificantly.

Putnam excused his ward hurriedly.
She took one long look at Burr’s angry
face and fled to her listening-post be-
neath the stairs.

“_they are becoming too bold,” she
heard her lover say insistently.

“°Sblood, man! Do you want to turn
over half the town to the hangman?”
Putnam roared.

“Either that or swing ourselves!”

“Can you name them?”

“Corbie, the tavern-keeper, for one.
The tories meet there nightly. Captain
Fanning is known to row in from the
Duchess of Gordon and Ray the spies
that are all around us. And there is
talk of a kidnap plot against General
Washington.”

“Do ei — PRET dig

“Let . .’ The listener in
the hall Teioect | thought that her pound-
ing heart would burst. She pressed
herself tightly against the wall. This
was important! They hadn’t men-
tioned Hickey yet, but if they did—

. a small party of men hidden
outside tonight. Private Seth Adams
of Mac Dougal’s regiment can com-
mand them. Let him go inside the
tavern and feign drunkenness. Let
him pretend to fall into a_ stupor.
Then when Captain Fanning arrives
he can give the signal for the raid.”

“We'll net the whole bag of ’em!”
Putnam promised.

HIRTY minutes later the General,

worried by the absence of his ward,
found her far out from the house,
walking along the sea-wall, whistling
to herself.

He pinched her cheek.

“Mrs. Putnam vows it is unladylike
to whistle,” he chuckled. “There is to
be a ball tonight in the residence of
Colonel Shea. Perhaps if you are a
good child and refrain from whistling
and other unladylike habits, I’ll take
you with us.”

board until literally years have elapsed.

Mrs. Schuch, the nurse, knew this.
Again we are dealing with neurotic
pride rather than with a true sacrifice
made for her baby. Certainly the ele-
ment of self-sacrifice is well concealed
or perhaps completely absent if the
entire sequence of events is scrutinized
impartially and coldly. The mother-
love of Mary Schuch is quite as hys-
terically changeable as is the love for
her profession and for her two hus-
bands. It is all mixed up with ideas
of inferiority and consequently does
not rest upon a sound foundation.

There are literally hundreds of
thousands of neurotics in the United
States. These are people who have
transferred their conflicts from their
conscious to their subconscious minds,
thus producing deep-seated and deeply
hidden complexes. These in turn ex-
press themselves in unusual conscious
behavior and feelings, which are rec-
ognized as the product of sick thoughts
by the patient.

Very few neurotics become crimi-
nals. A neurosis usually keeps these
patients from committing crimes be-
cause most such individuals lean in the
opposite direction and, if anything, are
meticulously honest. They have an
exaggerated conscience, or super ego,
as the psychoanalyst terms it.

If dishonesty were the usual attribute
and expression of a neurosis we could
not build prisons large enough to con-
fine the criminals. In fact, the only
practical solution might be to incar-
cerate the honest people. Mary
Schuch’s neurosis explains the type of
silly hysterical robbery she attempted.
However, every robbery is and re-
mains a major crime. Her neurosis
explains her vacillating changeable

“Oh! Thank you, Grandpapa.”

The old man and the young girl
strolled slowly back to the house, he
relieved that in his spy raid he would
have something definite to show Gen-
eral Washington when he returned
from Philadelphia a week hence, and
she. as taut as fine-drawn steel, her
eyes brilliant with fear, her smile too
quick, her right hand clenched too
tightly over something that she man-
aged to slip unseen into her cape
pocket. She struggled for a casual
voice before asking:

“Where is Corporal Hickey?”

“On special detail somewhere, I
suppose. Why?” He gave her a ban-
tering smile.

“I just wondered. I hadn’t seen him
all day.”

Later in Colonel Shea’s residence a
thousand candles gleamed on newly
polished buttons, glinted from sabers,
struck upward from shining spurs, and
softened alike the courtly dress uni-
forms of smart officers and the home-
made hand-me-downs of, outland regi-
mental captains.

Within the consciousness of the
world’s mind was the fear and the
hope and the threat of democracy,
while Margaret Moncrieffe worked yet
more desperately and smiled more
tightly at a morose young Captain who,
in the uniform of the King’s soldiers,
was attending the Revolutionists’ ball
in Colonel Shea’s home that night.

“That man is one of your party,”
Margaret’s dancing partner answered
her. “Captain Blanchard, a prisoner
va Y ae and one of His Majesty’s
oot.”

“Of course! I thought I had...”
She rushed toward the glum, hand-
some prisoner. ‘Captain Blanchard!
You remember me?”

Her short, trained fingers linked his
hand in the secret grip. His eyes,
raising from her hand, met hers and
knew.

“Who could ever forget you, Made-
moiselle.”

She almost -fainted with relief.

“You’re pale. Let me take you
closer to this window . .

Once there, she spoke Lepidly. fear-
fully.

desires and her dissatisfaction with her
lot but it does not explain her willing-
ness to commit crime. For the solu-
tion of this problem we must revert
to the beginning of the article.

Mary Schuch is primarily a psycho-
pathic personality and secondarily a
neurotic. She not only has ambivalent
love attitudes but also has never de-
veloped a deep-seated feeling of duty
or definite ideas of right and wrong.

The setting of the crime, four days
before Christmas, the bottles filled
with imaginary nitroglycerin, the
hair-curler representing the gun, the
note and the use of the blameless
Yellow Cab driver smack of hysterical
reasoning. The idea of committing a
holdup proves a lack of conscience.
Finally, one cannot help feeling, or
rather assuming, that alcohol played
some part in the picture as a whole.
Mary Schuch admits she frequented
and on occasions slept in taverns.

The sentence was wise and may do
much to rehabilitate her. In prison
her neurosis undoubtedly will come
into the foreground and therefore it is
almost certain that she will be studied
and treated by a psychiatrist. Since
she is a nurse she probably will arouse
more than the average amount of in-
terest and thus get a great deal of
attention. Her native ability and in-
telligence also will aid her in working
out her problems. She will have
pleasant duties at Dwight—a model
prison for women. At 36 she still has
much of her life before her, and after
abandoning her infantile emotional
attitude towards the world and realiz-
ing that crime is the worst possible
way of trying to reach toward the stars
of desire she still may develop into
a useful citizen.

(Continued from Page 21)

“T haven’t been able to get to my
helper all day. They’re raiding Cor-
bie’s inn tonight. Don’t bother with
who I am. Wasn’t the sign enough?”

He nodded and then broke into a
light laugh. She looked at him with
admiration.

“You'll help me! Listen, get the
note I am about to give you to Cor-
poral Hickey of the rebel army at
once. Or to Forbes, the gunsmith .. .”

“He’s with us, too?”

“With all he has. Hurry as soon
as you can without exciting suspicion.
They may be on their way there—”

“On the contrary, ma’am,” he broke
in loudly, “I find your rebel society
most amusing.”

S jerked her head up sharply and
almost betrayed them. There was a
warm breath on her bare shoulder.
Small pin-wheels darted before her
eyes. This was no longer a game, this
had become a sort of desperation, an
urgency. If Corbie were caught taking
money ... but she was caught. She
couldn’t escape from carrying out what
she had promised Tryon and her own
father...

She turned coolly to greet the new-
comer.

“General Putnam—grandpapa__ to
me! How kind of you to join us!”

The men acknowledged her intro-
duction. As Margaret Moncrieffe ex-
cused herself, Putnam did not see that
the firm action accompanying her
handshake with Captain Blanchard
had left a note pressed into the pa-
rolee’s cuff.

Less than an hour later Blanchard
strolled into Forbes’ gun shop, said a
few low words, passed a tightly folded
slip of paper, strolled as casually out
again and went back to the officers’
quarters.

It was about nine o’clock when
Seth Adams, rebel private in General
Washington’s army, staggered toward
Corbie’s tavern for his part in the
drama that was inching a_ nation’s
destiny hair-thin close to the toppling
edge.

“Open up! Damn me, open this
cussed door!” Adams roared and
pounded violently on the portal.

It flew open so suddenly that he

AD—12

wentee Aggy,

While spies plotted against his life, George Washington suffered
the hardships of campaigning and quarreled with a reluctant Con-

gress for funds. This old print shows the General at Valley Forge

seeing for the first time Margaret Mon-
crieffe and looking as astonished. as
any other man coming suddenly on
that slight figure, the shining blue-
black hair, the liquid brown eyes, the
soft orangy mouth, the strong little
chin that was beginning to lift and
dimple, the white,  short-fingered
hands that held the great stallion’s
muzzle and, raising his eyes to her
face again, that small mole there be-
side her right eye. Finally:

“I beg your pardon. I am Major
Burr of the Continental army, at your
service, Madam.”

“Madamoiselle.” Her voice was
studiedly insolent.

“Your pardon again, then,” he said,
his old arrogance returned. He waited
for her to speak, but she stood as
quietly and as poised as the huge
stallion beside her.

“T have orders to take you to Gen-
eral Israel Putnam’s home in New
York, by your father’s request.”

“Indeed? I thought I had made it
clear that I wished to return to my
father on Staten Island. By what au-
thority do you make such a proposal
to me—and who did you say you are?”

BURRS hand itched to slap her. In-
stead he handed her his credentials.
She kept him standing stiffly until she
had finished reading them.

She eyed him slowly. In silence and
without gesture she made his raging
pride a thing of no consequence, his
officer’s honor as escort equally un-
important, his rank and his insignia
and his sword things for her to tear
from him and trample if she liked.

Margaret Moncrieffe, sixteen and
luscious and wise, slipped her hand
confidingly into Major Aaron Burr’s
arm and said:

“Will one of your men saddle my
horse?”

If when Margaret Moncrieffe came
out of the house with her small bundle
and prepared to mount her stallion
Corporal Hickey brushed aside his
superior officer to help her, if as she
rose lightly to the saddle there was a
swift, secret pressure of her fingers

answered by the Corporal’s, no one
noticed it—least of all Major Burr.

Nor did he notice, an hour further
along the road, when Corporal Hickey
made an excuse to draw up beside
his lovely prisoner just as Burr
dropped back to tighten a stirrup.

“You are one of us?” Hickey asked
quickly.

“I gave you the sign.”

“What is your pass?”

“Charlie Is My Darling.”

“They want Washington?” -

“Hanging from a yard-arm, and
there’s a thousand pounds in it for
you if we work it right.”

Hickey smiled one-sidedly. Then:

“You should have seen that old fool
Putnam giving orders about your safe-
keeping!”

“We haven’t time to joke.”

“Good. There’s a long beach wall
beneath Major Putnam’s house. Walk

For this flag, men
fought and died
during the Revo.
lutlionary War

Alexander Ham-
ilton: He watched
with growing
concern Major
Aaron Burr’s in-
fatuation for a
British officer’s
young daughter

along it every night after supper.
Signal me if you’ve got anything.
When Washington returns from Phila-
delphia, where he sleeps, how many
men guard him, anything you can
pick up.”

“Can’t I write?”

“No oftener than you can help.
Too dangerous. They suspect Corbie
now. Whistle and I’ll meet you some
place if necessary. I’ll find a way.”

{1] UNDERSTAND. And I should be
able to pick up certain plans and
scales of their defense. I’ll whistle
Charlie Is My Darling on the beach
wall if I have anything for you.”
There was a clatter of hoofs from
behind and Burr joined them. Hickey’s

smile became frigid with fear. He
puckered his face into a laugh.

“No, Miss Moncrieffe. I don’t re-
member that song.”

“But Major Burr will know it,
surely,” she pouted. “Can you sing
Charlie Is My Darling, Major?”

And Aaron Burr, drunk with May
and the promise of May, roared out
the old Jacobite song that was to be
the frequent signal for the betrayal of
his people and his cause.

In Philadelphia for the next few
weeks a harassed and seriously em-
barrassed General Washington argued
with a Congress that was at swords
points with itself. Appropriations to
defend the vital port of New York
were withheld while frightened rep-

(Continued on Page 36)

21


mander-in-Chief Washington was in
Philadelphia, the nation’s capital.
“Chilly, sir,” Burr remarked, stifling
a yawn. “A bad night for a rain.
Might wreck those new earthworks.”
Major General Putnam shifted irri-
tably in his chair. If only the young
fool wouldn’t be so pessimistic in
Washington’s absence. Thank Heaven
the Commander would be back in a
fortnight or so and there would be an
end to this pro-tem commanding of
insolent underlings like Burr.
“They’ll hold, Major,” he said dryly.
“My men put them up.” Then, “Come
in,” to a knock on the closed door.
The orderly saluted.
“A messenger, sir, accompanied by
the officer of the guard.”

Major Aaron Burr: A pretty

face and a clever mind
completely fooled him

Putnam gestured shortly and then
rose in slow astonishment as a soldier
in the scarlet coat of the British army
forces stationed on Staten Island was
ushered in. In his amazement Putnam
forgot to return the salute of the mes-
senger’s guard, who explained:

“He rowed over from the Duchess
of Gordon, sir, with a white flag. He
insisted on seeing you.”

Putnam recovered himself. Burr
strode quickly to his side. The officer
of the guard retired. Bowing deeply,
the messenger handed Putnam an en-
velope sealed in wax with the great
ring of Governor William Tryon, ad-
dressed to “Major General Israel Put-
nam, Commanding in New York.” .

That was indeed a courtesy. On
every possible occasion the British
officers had made it a point to forget
that the “rabble” also had military
titles.

PUTNAM, noting the flattering in-
scription, smiled.

“Dear Sir,” the note began. He
glanced at the signature—from Major
Moncrieffe of His Majesty’s artillery—
“TI beg you, sir, to extend succor and
hospitality to my only daughter, Mar-
garet, a motherless little thing only
sixteen years of age, who is now stay-
ing with strangers in Elizabethport,
New Jersey. It will bring comfort to
a British officer’s heart to know that
she is safe and comfortable under the
roof of a God-fearing, respectable man
like yourself, until she can be safely

20

returned to me. If you, sir, will send
an escort to bring my motherless child
into the city, I shall be your eternal
and respectful debtor.”

The messenger stood motionless
while Putnam scrawled his delighted
reply, arranged for his safe conduct
back to the Duchess of Gordon.

After the door had closed on the
scarlet coat and the orderly:

“Major Burr, prepare to take an
escort to Elizabethport tomorrow at
sun-up. Make inquiries for a Miss
Margaret Moncrieffe, a British subject,
and return her to these quarters im-
mediately.”

The first clamorous rain beat in
against the windows. The rising howl
of the swift storm drowned out Major
Burr’s muttered remarks about his
superior’s order; Major Gerieral Put-
nam’s call for his wife as he hurried
out to tell her of their coming visitor;
the sound of gaming and celebration
on the Duchess of Gordon; the sound
of muffled oarlocks in a boat as Major
Moncrieffe returned from a meeting
of last-minute instructions with his
daughter in Elizabethport.

In the Manhattan Island Headquar-

face—maybe he’d remember that last
dance...

“Is your mother in, Mistress Patsy?”

She could almost hear the snickers
of his men. And Corporal Hickey’s
shoulders were shaking She
straightened abruptly.

“T’ll take you to her, Major Burr.”

His long legs brought him to the
house before her.

“Mrs. Adams?” Burr dispensed with
the usual courtesies. “I have been as-
signed to return to New York with a
Margaret Moncrieffe .. .”

ATSY ADAMS shrank into the

doorway beside her mother.

“What do you.. .?”

“She’s here, then?” Burr asked,
ignoring the implication in the girl’s
unfinished question. “Excellent. Show
me to her and we’ll start back at
once.”

“You won’t wait for cold fruit juice
and some of Patsy’s cookies?” Mrs.
Adams offered.

Burr made an impatient gesture.

“The road back to Paulus Hoeck is
a dangerous one, Madam, and it is all
of six hours’ ride.”

boot-toe, “Patsy, take Major Burr to
the barn while I get Margaret’s things
together. With this war going on a
person never knows what will turn up
next. What do they want her for,
Major?” she called after his retreat-
ing back.

“Her father wants us to send her
home,” he half turned to say.

Around the corner of the house and
out of sight of Burr’s lounging men,
Patsy Adams pulled timidly at his
sleeve.

“Well, Miss Patsy?”

“Listen to me and don’t think I’m
crazy, but that girl’s not what she says
she is. O, listen to me!” The Major
pulled his arm free. “I swear it isn’t
because you were short with me.
There’s a boy works on a farm out-
side of town. He saw her being ferried
across a couple of days ago in the
dead of night! And she has water
colors she does herself, only .. .”

“Well, what more of this child’s
talk?”

“Major Burr, they’re too bad to be
water colors. They’re peculiar things,
flowers that we never see around here,
purple grass and,” she hurried along

a a
eo te tee ee oe

G

Under cover of darkness, Margaret Moncrieffe had herself rowed secretly ashore

from a British ship of the type of the American

ters, Burr ordered Corporal Hickey to
have the horses saddled at dawn. .

Patsy Adams looked with hot, intent
eyes at the horsemen galloping up the
dusty Elizabethport street. Leading
them was Aaron Burr, gay, arrogant,
slender Aaron Burr, his buttons glint-
ing the noonday sun back into Patsy’s
eyes, his saber-shield clattering against
his saddle, louder, louder, louder.

He dismounted swiftly. She hardly
dared smile up at him, only looked
once and timidly made her quick old-
world bow. Maybe—lowered eyes shot
another swift glance upward at his

“I see. I think you'll find her in the
stable with her horse.”

“Her horse?” Burr swung back
to the two women in the doorway.
“I thought she came from Staten
Island?” .

“So she did. Bribed'a British reg-
ular to ferry her over, she says, in-
tending to ride around for a few hours
and then meet him to get back. But
she got lost. She’s a strange little
thing,” Mrs. Adams went on, welcom-
ing a chance to gossip. “She looks like
a child, but she handles that horse
like a man.” Then, noticing the irri-
tated tapping of the Major’s polished

“Constitution,” still afloat today

beside him breathlessly, “pink skies.
She’s a spy!”

“Because she can’t paint flowers the
way you like them? There’s more to
spying than that, Miss Patsy.” As they
reached the short walk that led to the
barn, he turned.

“It couldn’t be...
Patsy?”

“Oh!” Patsy Adams fled, hating him.

Burr thrust open the top half of the
stable-door and prepared to call out,
but his voice stuck in his throat. Why
hadn’t someone warned him? He stood
there, mouth agape, hand frozen, no-
longer the suave officer but a man

jealousy, Miss

ha Ee Pe James Iliff and John Mee hanged for being Tory
bandits.

This was the most diverting of all the executions. I spent a
good deal of time researching this one, and I still have not
found all the information I want. Here is a brief run down on
their story.

James Iliff was a lieutenant in the Loyalist Brigade commanded by
General Skinner. He, along with the other loyalist officers,
secretly went into New Jersey to recruit soldiers for Loyalist
units. Iliff headed up recruiting in Hunterdon County.

John Mee had deserted from the British Army in the early 1770s.
He lived in Sussex County, New Jersey for about six years working
as a turner. He married and had children.

It seems that Loyalists recruited in Sussex County (including
Mee) commanded by James Moody joined with Loyalists recruited in
Hunterdon County commanded by Iliff. These Loyalists, numbering
about 100 men, then marched from Hunterdon County towards British
held Staten Island. They fought several skirmishes with Patriot
Militia along the way until the Loyalists dispersed at Perth
Amboy. More than 60 men were captured including Iliff and Mee.
Moody and about 8 others got to British lines. The prisoners
were taken to Morristown.

All the prisoners were tried as traitors and found guilty. All
were sentenced to death, but would be reprieved if they joined
the Continental Army. All but Iliff and Mee agreed to join.
They were hanged on the Morristown Green on December 2, 1777.

It is still a longer story and I do not have all the details yet.
However, I have enclosed my notes to date.


The men often were not highly regarded in terms of itelligence. The
notation for the four Snyder brothers stated:"Brothers very ignorant
as all the Pennsylvanians are except Miles." Thomas Miles age 40 and a
native of Wales seems to be the only Pennsyvannian who was not
considered ignorant. Excluding Miles and the Snyders there were at
least 11 other Pennsylvanians including Benjamin Hull of Bethlehem:"a
poor ignorant fellow" and John Alias:"an ignorant German".

Not all intended to go to join the fighting. John Alias, described as
an "ignorant German", was an out of work Sugar Baker from Philadelphia
who wanted to get a ship back to Germany. While Irishman Thomas Polack
stated that he had no plans to join the enemy but was trying to return
to Ireland when he was captured. Barnet Banghart was convinced by John
Mee to come because in New York there was:"plenty of work if he would
not inlist, and good wages." Dr. Aaron Forman joined the group to go
to New York not as a recruit but as a refugee. At the time Forman had
escaped from a prison in Trenton where he was jailed for refusing to
take loyalty oaths to the Patriot cause. Forman stated:"he had been
waiting a good while for an opportunity to go and should not get a
better." A Mr. Steven’s negro man attempted to go with Forman but
Forman refused stating:"he had never kept company with negroes and
would not then" and that "he would not injure private property."

In consequence of these instructions, they set forwards with about 100
Loyalists (not more than that number, from the change of prospects,
were then to be prevailed upon to leave their own country; or, if it
had been otherwise, the time was too scanty, being not more than 48
hours to collect them together, which, it must be obvious, was to be
done only with great caution and secrecy), on a march of upwards 70
miles, through a well inhabited part of the province. The rebels.
pursued them; and, after several skirmishes, at length came upon them
in such force, near Perth-Amboy, that they were obliged to give way
and disperse. More than sixty of the party were taken prisoners; eight
only, besides Mr. Moody, got within British lines. These prisoners,
after being confined in Morris town jail, were tried for what was
called high treason; and above one half of them were sentenced to die.
Two, whose names were Iliff and Mee, were actually executed; the rest
having been reprieved on condition of their serving in the rebel army.
The love of life prevailed. they enlisted; but so strong was their
love of loyalty at the same time, that, three or four excepted, who
died under the hands of their captors, they all, very soon after, made
their escape to the British army.

On comparing the numbers who had first set out with him, with those
who after being taken, had returned to him, Mr. Moody found, that, on
the alarm, some had escaped; and some also, who had been taken and
released, being still missing, he concluded that they had gone back to
their respective homes. This induced him to return, without delay,
into the country; and he came back with nineteen men..."

HICKEY, Thomas, white, hanged New York June 27, 1776- Mil.

Encyclopedia of

AMERICAN
SCANDAL

George C. Kohn

Y
FactsOn File
43 ‘

New York ¢ Oxford


{ s
ee

Camp McAlester, Texas, duly 11,

HANG SOLDIER FOR
- ATTACKING AGIRL

Camp MacArthur, Tex,

- Fate Was Deserved

eins one

WACO, Tex,’ July MN—Nat. Hoffman, a

‘white soldier, was hanged early today
iat Camp MacArthur. He ‘as convict-
‘ed of. attacking a schoolgirl last ‘April.

The court-martial Pent pre was alirmed
at Washington.” = |

- ‘Hoffman was 2% years old and from

Pennsylvania. The. exact loeation of his

shome ig. in doubt,'as his parents did not
communicate’ with him. | Last April -he
‘met. the Ill-year-old girl in company
“with # boy about her own age, in a

lonely wooded: pot near Camp MacAr-

‘thur.
: The boy wags’ aksaulted and ran away,

after which the girl was attacked. Hoff-
‘man’s only. utterance was’ said — to de |

that ‘he ‘deserved his fate.

Scene of. the Execution,

to Pennsylvania Man: Said His


iti My,

by DON LASSETER

n the crime-plagued world

of today, there is growing

antagonism against the
repugnant act of rape.
Some judges are getting
tougher and it is not un-
common for serial rapists
to be sentenced to more
than one hundred years be-
hind bars. Many outraged
victims think that rapists
should simply be taken to
the gallows and hanged.

During World.War II, that’s exact-
ly what the United States Army did
with soldiers convicted of rape. Mur-
derers were either hanged or execut-
ed by firing squad.

Most of the 300,000 Americans
who died in World War II are prop-

erly revered as heroes who helped
save the world from tyranny. But 95
of the deaths were far from heroic.
Those 95 men were all executed
for rape and/or murder, in Europe,
including England, during the war.

More then 300,000 American soldiers died during
World War Il—They weren't all heroes...

Pvt. J.C. Leatherberry, convicted
of murder and hanged.

They are buried together in a lone-
ly, sequestered cemetery, surround-
ed by quiet countryside seventy miles
northeast of Paris.

Few people know the exact loca-
tion of the infamous sepulchers, and
no visitors are allowed. Dishonored,
the 95 graves are separated by a
road, a wall, and thick shrubbery,
from the rows of headstones for
6,012 gallant American soldiers who
gave their lives in World War I. Un-
til recently, there were 96 graves in
the separate plot. It included the buri-
al place of Private Eddie Slovik, the
only American executed for deser-
tion since the Civil War, but Slovik’s
remains were moved to the United
States in 1988.

Betty Green, 15, raped and strangled by two The body of June Lay, where she fell, the victim
soldiers who later went to the gallows.

of gunshots fired by a soldier.

Pa Ca Sai 3 Re

> é y

aco, Scale + Bie
BMwIG5SS

te

The Dirty Dozen
motion picture, wa:
ry of condemned \
diers who were rec
cial mission, and
the service of thei
real life, 95 savage
rapists were court
demned and executi
or by hanging.

Here are the sto:
them, the “dirtiest
: * 4

Rattling to a sud
stopped just short
lying face down «
road near Marlbor
miles west of Lo
Darkness shrouded
at 8 p.m., Septembe
ing from the right
cle, the driver ran
figure, whose skirt \
her thighs. From t!
light, made by dim
out” headlights, thi
the residents of a
summon help.

When Detective $
Butler of the local
rived a few minute
lance crew had ali
that the woman \
gunshot wounds 11

nama fired

“airy:
secthine ves

In th
Paris
Americi


eee

Site

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4

ve.
ee ay he. 2

+ oie

set ALES
3 than ede

a
ie

pe
- 3 SER ES i

pt ae nce Seer

were +
ere A ae A
$

CORPORAL ROBERT L. PEARSON
PRIVATE CUBIA JONES

While the search was continuing for Sir
Eric on the evening of December 3, Mrs
Joyce Brown, married and in the ninth
month of pregnancy, was about to leave her
home at 12 Bonfire Close in Chard, Somer-
set. Shortly after 8.00 p.m. she became
aware that she was being followed. Turnin
round, she was confronted by two coloure
soldiers who grabbed her wrists and dragged
her along the road to a gate leading to
Bonfire Orchard. There she was raped by
both men at the point of a knife.

During a clothing search the next day
amongst the men of the local American unit,
the 1698th Engineer Combat Battalion based
at Camp Chard, Private Cubia Jones and
ciel er Robert Pearson both had wet and
muddy trousers.

— ——~ ~

rm 4
yd ae 1)
wee ) z fa
vA 4 KX
oh J -
ms
C9 \ J t }
al A o ©
Zz .\
a as arr
t r
pontine! he 4
NFIR nes

PASTURE

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. a

4

a,

we

s

At their General Court-Martial held in
Chard thirteen days later, both men claimed
that intercourse had been with Mrs Broom's
consent but there was overwhelming cvid-
ence of their guilt from her battered and
distressed condition when examined by a
doctor, ‘The court brought la verdlets of
guilty, the sentence of death being carried
out at Shepton on March 17, 1945.

The distance from Mrs Groom’s house to
where she was attacked is not more than
a hundred yards. Now the Mintons Lane
on the scene-of-crime plan has become
Summerfield Road but the manhole in
the centre of the road is unmistakable.
Bonfire Orchard itself has completely
gone, having been replaced by the Min-
tons estate. The gate lay more or less in
the centre of the second block. The rape
at Chard on December 3 was the last
crime which resulted in a capital sent-
ence being carried into effect at Shepton
Mallet during the war.

| aha een Oe | 1 oe
ot
net te ayoo in
‘

— |

—
bey" re
‘


*re was free cooperation
: civilian police and the
nilitary police at a near-
‘quadron base. All men
sses during the night of
were assembled for an
on parade.” The relative
n the two soldiers at the
zed each man, and had
hen he selected Corporal
Clark and Private Au-
suerra.
ors sent clothing taken
two soldiers to the
n Police Laboratory at
‘re Dr. Henry Walls ex-
he fibers and hair taken
scene matched samples
pects’ clothing.
uspects were presented
sic evidence, and both
essed that they had met
est Clark admitted that
1 with her and asked her
‘alk. Then, when she re-
*ked her up and carried
deserted cricket field.
d, he said, and Augus-
cli d his hand over

then thrown her on‘the
e fence and taken turns

1ocent,” they claimed.
<aill her.” They had dis-
ncident when they re-
mp, they said, and had
ier heart was still beat-
‘ugh she “had fainted.”
i that, “I know I am
xe but I know I didn’t

nartial was held in the
ouncil Chamber on
22. Clark was found
: and murder, and Guer-
d guilty of aiding and
crime. Both men were
inuary 8, 1945.

xk kK *

ne soldiers executed for
ler killed civilians. On
44, Private Harry Jenk-
5th Infantry was stand-
ity, marching his post
rracks and a mess hall
selton, near Swindon,
; body was discovered
on lying on the rain
mpany street, perforat-
| “© --‘iber slugs.

ve a difficult mys-
thie were no witness-

4
ernst

es to the actual killing. But a soldier
had heard gunshots at about 4 p.m.
and sprinted out of his barracks in
time to see another soldier holding
a pistol. Clinching his fists, he start-
ed to run toward the armed soldier,
but when a fusillade of bullets
sprayed in his direction, he changed
his mind and ran back into the bar-
racks. He never got close enough to
identify the shooter.

In London, on January 11, at 2:20
p.m., Police Constable James Wat-
son spotted a rumpled looking
American soldier sleeping in a YM-
CA restroom at Euston Station. Wat-
son asked for the soldier’s identifi-
cation, confiscated a .45 caliber
pistol from the man, and arrested
him. Private Harold A. Smith was
turned over to military authorities
and transported back to Camp Chis-
elton.

Military Police had carved four
bullets from the barracks wall and
had recovered the slugs that killed
Private Harry Jenkins. Robert
Churchill, the ballistics expert
whose tests had helped send Private
Lee A. Davis to the gallows, one
month earlier, examined the .45 cal-
ibér projectiles. He concluded that
they had all been fired from the gun
carried by Private Harold Smith.

Smith talked. He admitted that he
had gone AWOL on New Year’s day
and spent a week in London stay-
ing at a fancy hotel and going to the
shows. When he ran out of money,
he returned to the camp, but his unit
had moved on. He hung around the
barracks, and one afternoon “found”
the .45 lying on a bunk. He tucked
it in his belt and headed for the
mess hall. Outside, he saw a guard
coming toward him.

“T didn’t know whether he was go-
ing to hit me or shoot me. We were
about four feet from each other and
the guard motioned towards his hol-
ster.” He beat the guard to the draw,
Smith said, and fired, “I can’t re-
member how many shots.” He did
remember standing and firing into
the victim’s back after Jenkins had
fallen. Smith also recalled seeing
another soldier run from the bar-
racks and admitted firing in his di-
rection.

The court martial board wasted no
time finding Private Harold Smith
guilty of murder. He was hanged on
June 25, 1943.

xk &

Three days before “D” Day, Jun
6, 1944, on which American, Cana
dian, and British troops faced fierce
Nazi resistance during the landings
at Normandy, Private Benjamin Py-
gate was in a bad mood. Stationed
with a quartermaster unit at Drill
Hall Camp near Westbury, England,
Pygate strode into the recreation
hall, where his buddies were drink-
ing beer, just as the bar closed. The
bartender absolutely refused to serve
the latecomer any beer. °

Aggravated and generally upset at
everything, especially at not being
able to get a beer, Pygate did an
about face, cursed, and returned to
his barracks.

A little later, the other drinkers al-
so gathered around the front of hut
number two, where Pygate was, and,

as soldiers will, started arguing ©

among themselves. Private Pygate
went outside and joined the noisy
exchange of harsh words.

One of the boisterous soldiers was
swinging a metal rod, and another
was wielding a bottle. It looked like
a fight was going to break out. Py-
gate yelled at the combatants, “Get
back in that hut before I kill you.”
He stepped past Private First Class
James Alexander, snatched the bot-
tle from the man who was waving
it around, then whirled and booted
Alexander viciously in the groin.

Alexander fell back, recoiled, and .

doubled forward in pain. Pygate in-
explicably pulled a knife from his
pocket, jabbed it forward, and
stabbed Alexander in the neck. It
was a mortal wound.

_ Military justice, during wartime,
is not forgiving. Many years later,
mitigation might have been found.
But not in the crisis stricken world
of 1944. .

Private Benjamin Pygate was court
martialed, found guilty of murder
and sentenced to die. That execu-
tion was carried out by a firing
squad on November 28, 1944.

kkk

Hoping that her baby would be
born by Christmas, at Chard, Som-
erset, on December 3, Mrs. Sandra
James, rotund and awkward in her
ninth month of pregnancy, had
stepped out of her house to walk to
a neighbor’s home at 8 p.m. It was
a miserable, wet night, but the
young wife had only a short dis-
tance to walk, so she decided to
brave the weather.

Within 100 yards of her destina-
tion, she heard something behind
her. She turned around and two
men, dressed in American Army
uniforms, immediately grabbed her
wrists. They savagely pulled her in-
to an orchard, and held a knife to
her throat while they took turns rap-
ing her.

Horrified and frightened of losing
her baby, the young woman hyster-
ically reported the crime to the po-
lice the next morning. She knew the
men were soldiers, so the police im-
mediately contacted authorities at
an Engineer Combat Battalion based
at Camp Chard, a few miles away.

Very few of the men at Camp
Chard had been free to go out the
previous evening. The military po-
lice figured if they moved fast, they
just might be able to collar the
rapists. They simply got an order
from the commanding officer al-
lowing them to inspect all of the
men’s clothing.

Corporal Robert Pearson and Pri-
vate Cubia Jones both had wet,
muddy trousers in their lockers.
Both men claimed that the sexual
intercourse with the pregnant wom-
an had been consensual. But the
woman’s bruises, pregnancy, and
hysterical frame of mind convinced
investigators, and the court martial
officers, that they were lying.

Corporal Pearson and Private
Jones met death on the gallows on
March 17, 1945, only seven weeks
before the Nazis surrendered, and
the war in Europe came to an end.

All of the executed criminals were
buried in temporary graves. After
the war, in 1949, the American Bat-'
tle Monuments commission arranged
for them to be moved to the special
“dishonored” plot in France, shield-
ed from the public.

Over 1,500,000 American soldiers
were funneled through England dur-
ing World War II. Many of them
died nobly, fighting for freedom.
Over 460 Medals of Honor were
awarded for acts of extreme brav-
ery during that war. Their deeds and
the memories of them are not tar-
nished by the acts of a dishonorable
few. *
(Editor’s note: The names Thomas
Turner and Sandra James are fictitious.
Use of the persons’ real names would
serve no public interest.)

61


i

LEATHERBERRY, J.

C., black, hanged Ragland (Military) March 16,

‘After The Battle Magazine ’ /ssue No. 59

AFTER THE
BATTLE

CRIME IN

194.4

1988

* Re es _—
ag

THE US PRISON AT SHEPTON MALLET

On April 14, 1942 the President of the
United States, in a letter to the US Secretary
of War, directed that the Judge Advocate
General establish a branch with the United
States Armed Forces in the United King-
dom. The office was to include a Board of
Review to perform in all cases involving
sentences by General Courts-Martial not
requiring approval or confirmation by the

President, Colonel Liwrence Uh, Hedrick
(promoted to Brigadier General prior to his
urrival in the European Theater) was desip-
nated the Assistant Judge Advocate General
in command, and the Branch Office was
formally opened at Charlton House, Chel-
tenham, on July 18. The total officer person-
nel was ceven,

Vhe first American military torees hid

anived inthe UK in January 1942, coming
ashore at Belfast in Northern Ireland (see
After the Battle No. 34). Vhereatter there was
aw continuous trans-oceanic movement of
personnel and equipment from the United
States, and the United Kingdom became a
semi- permanent base of operations, As if
Wits tedlised: thet American toaps would
Occupy AW uHique position with regard to the

Chariton House, Cheltenham. From July 1942 to October 1944
(when It moved to Paris) this was the headquarters of the
American military justice system in Europe — officially designa-
ted BOTJAG — the Branch Office of The Judge Advocate
General. At its head was an Assistant JAG, Brigadier General
Lawrence H. Hedrick, succeeded on June 20, 1943 by Brigadier
Géneral Edwin ©. McNeil. Left: The General’s office, where the
files of the cases of al! those accused cf capitse!crin inthe UK
were examined and from whet. the f.idings of the JAG baard

PRs 64s,

of Review were dispatched under his elynature to the Comiman-
ding General of the girdles “nai Theator for approval, Is to the

tight of the entrance on the ground floor. Right: Today. this Is
the corporate headquurters of the holding company of the
world-wide energy conservation group, Splrax-Sarco Ltd, Its
chairman occupying the same office as Hedrick and McNeil.
Part of. th: group is American, or-rating from Alle~town
Pennsylvania, hence the US fiag —« ther ap,ropiiate sy. ilu)
in view of wartime use of the buili!:

acai tite Liana

d before a court
> could see from
other eye lost in
t.
ly of murder, but
ist in wartime and
x himself, Waters
of the victim tes-
d heard him com-
ilitary assignment
him to eat R.A.F.
‘e inferior to food
yldiers were fed.
vealed that Waters
home town, Perth
ey.
al for clemency by
i citizens of Hen-
of the case by top
icluding General
hower, no mitiga-
’ crime could be

Waters was hanged
1944.

x *

December 8, 1943,
‘intendent G.H.Tot-
slice, England, re-
yort that a deserted
vas parked on the
aynes Green Lane,
n town of Clacton-
on England’s east
larming thing about
hat a bloodstained
sket had been found

2 garments, which
t in to the local po-
yne of the officers,
that the sleeves of
turned inside out.
jeductive skills of a
lock Holmes, Tot-
that it had been
| from the wearer,
ehind. He examined
he back of the rain-
llar.
et pocket, the detec-
driver’s license and
ID containing the
and address. Henry
e lived in Colchester,
les inland. Totterdall
address, and inter-
n who identified her-
lriver’s landlady. She
e missing man twen-
arlier.
for the detective, and
is to inspect the de-
-y found the windows

. closed, but the headlights and tail

lights were still on. Even though the
car was parked on the wrong side of
the road, there were no indications
of an emergency stop. Totterdall ex-
amined the grass on the shoulder,
and concluded that no struggle had
taken place there.

The interior of the car was a dif-
ferent story though. Deep scratches
marred the leather upholstery and
papers littered the seats and floor.
The detective found the driver’s
empty wallet on the floor. Blood was
spattered on the back seat and the
passenger side window.

Piecing the sparse evidence to-
gether, Totterdall developed a men-
tal scenario: the driver, Hailstone,
had been attacked from behind by
someone he had picked up in Colch-
ester. The assailant had robbed the
driver, forced him out of the taxi,
then driven the cab to Haynes Green
Road and abandoned it. Because of
that foolish American system of
driving on the “wrong” side of the
street, and because the car was
parked on the right hand side, Tot-
terdall wagered that the thief might
be an American, perhaps from one
of the military bases scattered in the
region. The detective just hoped that
the taxi driver had not been mur-
dered.

His hopes were dashed on the fol-
lowing day, Day, December 9. Po-
lice Constable Snowling found the
body of Henry Hailstone a few feet
from the road several miles from the
taxi. The left side of the victim’s
face was battered to a bloody pulp.
His pockets were turned inside out.

Along another roadside, that same
day, a second bloodstained raincoat
was found. It contained the label of
a Canadian manufacturer and, in the
collar band, the name of an army
Captain. Detective Totterdall traced
the name to a Canadian unit and ar-
ranged for the mackintosh owner to
be interviewed. The shocked Cap-
tain told a story of befriending an
American soldier in Colchester and
inviting him to his room for a drink.

While the Captain was out for a
few moments the American had left,
but not before stealing the mackin-
tosh, along with the Captain’s Rolex
watch, money, and his bottle of
whiskey, The Captain’s mess order-
ly also remembered the American,
and produced a gas mask the man
had left behind. (Gas masks were

routinely carried by soldiers and
civilians in wartime Britain.) Inside
the mask was the name of a soldier
from an Engineer Regiment.

The detectives found the mask
owner, who told them that he had
given it to a friend, Private Thomas
Turner. When Turner was located,
he began stammering out a suspi-
cious, unlikely story. He was
searched and found to be in posses-
sion of a pawn ticket for a Rolex
watch. Turner, frightened out of his
wits, claimed that the watch had
been given to him by another sol-
dier, Private J.C. Leatherberry.

Detective Totterdall recovered the
watch and showed it to the Canadi-
an Army Captain, who immediately
identified it. Racing back to Thomas
Turner, the detective began intensive
questioning, and Turner caved in. He
admitted that he and Leatherberry,
returning from a trip to London, had
hired a taxi, and Leatherberry had
decided to rob the driver. It was
Leatherberry, Turner said, who stran-
gled the driver from behind.

Private Leatherberry denied any
involvement, but a search turned up
bloody clothing in his footlocker.
The military police arrested J.C.
Leatherberry and Thomas Turner for
the murder of the taxi driver. The
two suspects were court martialed
on January 19, 1944. Both were
found guilty, but Turner, in return
for his testimony, was sentenced to
life imprisonment. J.C. Leatherber-
ry marched to the gallows where he
faced the hangman on March 16,
1944.

xk *

Twelve days before Private
Leatherberry was hanged, on Sun-
day, March 4, 1944, a young woman
who lived in Bishop’s Cleeve, near
Gloucester, England, was on a date
with her American Army boyfriend.
The cozy couple had just left a
dance in the village, and were walk-
ing in the darkness through a ro-
mantic dusting of snow, arm in arm,
when a pair of soldiers fell in be-
hind them.

Near a picket fence gate, at the end
of Brookside Lane, the couple
stopped to talk. It was close to mid-
night and they didn’t pay much at-
tention to the two followers. With-
out warning, one of the two men
lunged forward and smashed a bottle
into the boyfriend’s face. Stunned,
bleeding, and disoriented, he ran for

help.

The two soldiers immediately
pushed the girl over the fence,
leaped over behind her, picked her
up, and carried her to a hidden area
behind some brush. There, they
stripped her and took turns raping
her as the new snow continued to
drift down in the darkness. The help
sought by her boyfriend never came.

On the following morning, after
the victim had reported the brutal
assault, Constables William Hale and
Bishop Cleeve joined Sergeant
James Hale of the 255th Military Po-
lice at the crime scene. The snow
had not melted, and it proved to be
an important ally of the police.

Starting with the broken glass of
a mineral water bottle near the pick-
et gate, the two investigators simply
followed the prints in the snow. Drag
marks where the rapists had cruelly
pulled the girl along a path were
clearly etched in an icy path. Her
underwear lay near a pattern of scuf-
fle marks.

The officers made casts of clear
footprints and noticed unique pat-
terns in the sole and heel prints. Be-
cause the victims had stated that
their attackers were wearing army
uniforms, the investigators went to
the nearest U.S..Army unit, a Quar-
termaster Service Company. It was
a simple matter to examine the shoes
of each man, and the two perpetra-
tors were quickly identified.

While other soldiers in their unit
joined operation Overlord in the
cross-channel attack on Normandy
in June, Private Eliga Brinson and
Private Willie Smith were tried at a
General Court Martial.

Both men were found guilty of
rape, and hanged on August 11,
1944.

xk

Many rape victims are young, at-
tractive women, but a widow in
Gunnislake, Cornwall, England, was
neither. She was a sweet, generous
woman whose husband had died
twenty years earlier in World War I.
Active in local organizations, the
widow also kept house for her in-
valid brother.

On the warm evening of July 26,
she left a community meeting at
10:40 p.m., alone, to walk home,
perfectly safe in her ancient Cornish
village. An American soldier came
out of the darkness and began walk-
ing alongside her.

59

—

i.
bs

td


etree ht nee slat et a em a le Ne tn iti tthe nh dl nant

Dilber 1 .

PRIVATE ANICETO MARTINEZ

The violent attack on Mrs Reynolds was
followed two weeks later with an even worse
incident when a frail old woman, 75-year-old
Mrs Agnes Cope, was raped in her small
cottage at 15 Sundy Lane, Rugeley, Stafford-
shire. .

At3.15 a.m. on August 6 she awoke when
she heard a noise on her stairs. Suddenly a
man appeared at her doorway, ‘a big man in
khaki clothes and a hat with a black peak’.
‘Whatever do you want?’ she cried. ‘If it is
money you want, | haven’t got it.” The man
replied: ‘I don’t want money. You know
what I want. It be a woman I want.’ His
speech sounded American although Mrs

ope did not see his face.

Mrs Cope arrived at the police station
around 7.30 a.m. where she was examined by
the police surgeon, Dr. L. D. Roberts.
American  - were stationed at the local
prisoner-of-war camp and examination of the
midnight bed check revealed that only one
man had been recorded as absent the pre-
vious night — Private Aniceto Martinez.
When arrested by Inspector Horace Brooks
of the Staffordshire Police, Martinez admit-
ted the crime and said that he ‘had had some
drink. | was not drunk. I was sick near the
house.’ He said that he thought it was a
house of ill repute.

Forensie exnmination of his elathes re:
veiled fibres which tad come tion Mis
Cope's bedroom and a finding of guilty was
sustained by the Board of Review which
examined the records of the General Court-
Martial held at Lichfield on February 21,
1945. He was executed on June 15.

By mid-1944, a month after the invasion of Europe, Shepton
Mallet was holding over 600 offenders and Lieutenant Colonel
James C. Cullens, who had taken over command of the 2912th
DTC on June 14, 1943 from Major DeMuth, reported that his
greatest problem was finding sufficient space to. hquse the
prisoners. Additional accommodation for lesser offenders was
found at pes eek 20 miles away but the hard-core recalcitrants

remained at Shepton. With the opening of the front in France, a
review of the whole system of imprisonment was carried out
and, as a result, commanders exercising court-martial jurisdic-
tion were directed to make full use of suspension of sentences
and were instructed that confinément was not to be resorted to
(except for the most serious crimes) «until all other nethods of
making a disciplined so! Jier had failed. Unit guardhouses were

= aaa
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Wag rank Dd te ne i a ale a
Paw em: — 3 -- .

rae
MagneS Fortes,
owe

.

Private Martinez came from Vallecitos, New Mexico, to Rugeley, Staffordshire, where
he was one of the Headquarters Detachment of the US Prisoner of War Inclosure No.
2, Al hile ouurt-martlal, the rape of Mts Cope was variously desoribed ae ‘heinous’
‘bestlal’ and ‘sub-human’ because of the age of his victim although Brigadier General
McNeil, when he signed the Board of Review recommendation to General
Eisenhower, noted that because of the darkness and his intoxication, it was unlikely
the accused knew this. All the cottages in Sandy Lane have since been demolished. |
am standing on the approximate site of No. 15.

Rae «rE
ERIM
Baal ete
oF F.
y, Ly

re par
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“ms if

‘

to be established for Garrison Prisoners who would no longer
be sent to Disciplinary Training Centers, two more of which
were set up in Le Mans and Paris. Commanders were also
warned to be aware of soldiers seeking imprisonment as a
means of avoiding hazardous duty and shirkers were to have
their sentences remitted or be granted parole where it was in
the best interests of the service. During August 1944 two
prisoners were executed at Shepton: Brimson and Willie Smith
found guilty of the Bishop's Cleeve rape in March. Left: This is
the execution chamber as viewed from outside with the
mortuary on the left. After each hanging the bod would be
taken out from the room below the trapdoor through this outer
door right, and an @...bulance would bac! up to this corner to
take he body away fui burial

Pirritinr es,

MARTINEZ, Aniceto, hanged England (Military) June 15, 1945

Aber The Battle Magazine ” Nuc No. 59

~~

AFTER THE

BATTLE

Ot Veet Saeaa

»
et

US PRISON AT SHEPTON MALLET

On April 14, 1942 the President of the President. Colonel

Liwrence Hediick arrived inthe UK in January 1942, coming

United States, in a letter to the US Sceretary
of War, directed that the Judge Advocate
General establish a branch with the United
States Armed Forces in the United King-

(promoted to Brigadier Hes hie to his
arrival in the European Theater) was desig-
nated the Assistant Judge Advocate General
in command, and the Branch Office was

wshore al Belfast in Northern treland (see
After the Battle No. 34), Vhereatter there was
au continuous trans-oceanic movement. of
personnel and equipment from the United

dom. The office was to include a Board of — formally opened at Charlton House, Chel-
Review to perform in all cases involving — tenham, on July 18. The total officer person-

sentences by General Courts-Martial not nel was ceven.
requiring approval or confirmation by the

Chariton House, Cheltenham. From July 1942 to October 1944
(when It moved to Paris) this was the headquarters of the
American military justice system In Europe — officially designa-
ted BOTJAG — the Branch Office of The Judge Advocate
General. At Its head was an Assistant JAG, Brigadier General
Lawrence H. Hedrick, succeeded on June 20, 1943 by Brigadier
General Edwin ©. McNeil. Left: The General's office, where the
files of the cases of al! those accused cf capite'crir in th. UK
were examined and from where the i..idings of the JAG board

States, und the United Kingdom became a
scmiepermanent base of operations, As it
Was realised: that Amerioun thoaps would

The first Americun military forces hid occupy a unique: position with regard to the

of Review were dispatched under his elynature to the Conunan:
ding Genera! of the serene Theatar for approval, is to the

right of the entrance on the ground floor. Aight: Today. this Is
the corporate headquurters of the holding company of the
world-wide energy conservation group, Splrax-Sarco Ltd, Its
chairman occupying the same office as Hedrick and McNeil.
Part of. th: group is American, orerating from Alle-town
Pennsylvania, hence the US fiag—« .ther ap,»ropiiate sy- :!

in view of wartime use of the build!


=

I want you to do, or you die.’ I
didn’t want to die, so I had no op-
tion but to give in to him.”

After the rape, when the soldier
was gone, she did her best to com-
pose herself, put her clothes back
on, and ran to the police station. It
was after midnight when she told her
story of rape and murder.

American soldiers were stationed
at nearby Iron Gates Camp. Just af-
ter sunrise, on September 29, blue
clad local constables joined Ameri-
can military police in a search of the
area around the barracks. Near hut
28, they found a bloodstained uni-
form partially buried in mud. The
butt of a carbine protruded from un-
der the clothing.

The entire company who occupied
hut 28 crowded into the mess hall,
all carrying the rifles they were is-
sued. All but one. Private Lee A.
Davis had no rifle.

The muddy, bloodstained clothing
recovered outside the hut also point-
ed to Lee Davis. Military uniforms,
at that time, contained laundry marks
consisting of the first letter of the
soldier’s name, along with the last
four digits of his serial number.

Ballistics specialist Robert
Churchill conducted tests which
matched a cartridge found near the
victim’s body to bullets fired from
the carbine Lee Davis had tried to
conceal in the mud. The match was
perfect. Forensic blood tests also put
Davis at the crime scene.

Faced with the overwhelming
physical evidence at his court mar-
tial, Private Lee Davis finally con-
fessed, but claimed he was only try-
ing to fire the rifle into the air. The
trial officers didn’t believe him, and
convicted him of murder and rape.
Rape, by itself, in that time and cir-
cumstance, was a capital crime.

Private Lee A. Davis was hanged
on December 14, 1943.

x kk

Doris Staples worked in a dress-
making shop on Greys Road in Hen-
ley-on-Thames, a village halfway be-
tween Marlborough and London.
There was a shortage of eligible
British men in wartime England, and
the local girls were often attracted
to American soldiers who were sta-
tioned there in preparation for the
planned invasion of the continent.

English men had a standing joke
about the plentiful Americans.
“Overpaid, overfed, oversexed, and

58

over here,” they lamented.

‘The U.S. soldiers, away from
home, bored, and lonesome, cer-
tainly liked the company of the En-
glish girls, and occasionally, the re-
lationships became serious.

When Doris met 38-year-old Pri-
vate John H. Waters, in February
1943, she was attracted to him even
though he was considerably older
than most of the other military men.
He was assigned to a unit that made
models used by invasion planners.
Waters shared guard duty with Roy-
al Air Force men, all of whom car-
ried .38 caliber Smith and Wesson
revolvers and twelve rounds of am-
munition.

Doris and John enjoyed each oth-
er’s company for several months, un-
til he became too possessive. They
began to fight, and Doris wanted out
of the relationship, but Waters
doggedly held on. When he sus-
pected that she was dating other sol-
diers, his jealousy raged out of con-
trol, and he threatened to kill
himself.

The normally peaceful streets of
Henley exploded with the sound of
gunfire at 11 a.m., on July 14. Both
civilian and military police hurried
to Greys Road and saw townspeople
pointing to the dress shop where
Doris worked. “He’s holed up in
there,” some of the excited witness-
es yelled.

The police ruled out a frontal as-
sault on the shop. Instead, they sum-
moned local firemen to try to roust
the gunman out with a well aimed
blast of water from fire hoses. As
they were setting up, two more shots
smashed windows in stores directly
across from the dress shop.

The officer in charge, Superinten-
dent Hudson, ordered the launch of
tear gas bombs into the dress shop.
Equipped with respirators, police
charged into the store, and found the
pitiful body of Doris Staples lying
on the floor. Five .38 caliber bullets
had penetrated her body.

The Military Police didn’t have to
search long for the gunman. Private
John Waters was found sitting in a
toilet, slumped against a wall. He,
too, was bleeding from self inflicted
gunshot wounds.

By November 29, when the jeal-
ous soldier had recovered from a
shattered jaw and palate, and still
carrying a bullet wedged between
the front of his brain and his skull,

John Waters stood before a court

martial board. He could see from
one eye only, the other eye lost in
the suicide attempt.

Accused not only of murder, but
of deserting his post in wartime and
willfully maiming himself, Waters
listened as friends of the victim tes-
tified that they had heard him com-
plain about his military assignment
because it forced him to eat R.A.F.
rations which were inferior to food
other American soldiers were fed.

The trial also revealed that Waters
had a wife in his home town, Perth
Amboy, New Jersey.

Despite an appeal for clemency by
many of the good citizens of Hen-
ley, and a review of the case by top
commanders, including General
Dwight D. Eisenhower, no mitiga-
tion for Waters’ crime could be
found.

Private John H. Waters was hanged
on February 10, 1944.

kk *&

On Wednesday, December 8, 1943,
at 10 p.m., Superintendent G.H.Tot-
terdall, Essex Police, England, re-
sponded to a report that a deserted
Vauxhall taxi was parked on the
wrong side of Haynes Green Lane,
outside the beach town of Clacton-
on-Sea, nestled on England’s east
coast. The only alarming thing about
the report was that a bloodstained
raincoat and a jacket had been found
in the car.

Examining the garments, which
had been brought in to the local po-
lice station by one of the officers,
Totterdall noted that the sleeves of
the jacket were turned inside out.
With the quick deductive skills of a
latter day Sherlock Holmes, Tot-
terdall figured that it had been
forcibly pulled from the wearer,
probably from behind. He examined
bloodstains on the back of the rain-
coat near the collar.

From the jacket pocket, the detec-
tive retrieved a driver’s license and
a taxi driver’s ID containing the
owner’s name and address. Henry
Claude Hailstone lived in Colchester,
about fifteen miles inland. Totterdall
hurried to the address, and inter-
viewed a woman who identified her-

-self as the cab driver’s landlady. She

had last seen the missing man twen-
ty four hours earlier.

The next step for the detective, and
his partner, was to inspect the de-
serted taxi. They found the windows

}

‘
;

a eH een

closed, but the head

lights were still on. E
car was parked on the
the road, there were
of an emergency stop.
amined the grass on
and concluded that n
taken place there.

The interior of the
ferent story though. |
marred the leather u
papers littered the s«
The detective foun
empty wallet on the fl
spattered on the bac)
passenger side windo

Piecing the sparse
gether, Totterdall dev
tal scenario: the driv
had been attacked fr
someone he had picke
ester. The assailant h
driver, forced him o
then driven the cab to
Road and abandoned
that foolish Americ
driving on the “wron
street, and because
parked on the right h
terdall wagered that |
be an American, per!
of the military bases ;
region. The detective
the taxi driver had )
dered.

His hopes were das
lowing day, Day, De
lice Constable Snow
body of Henry Hailst
from the road several ©
taxi. The left side o
face was battered to
His pockets were turi

Along another road:
day, a second bloods:
was found. It contain
a Canadian manufacti
collar band, the nan
Captain. Detective T
the name to a Canadi
ranged for the macki
be interviewed. The
tain told a story of
American soldier in
inviting him to his ro

While the Captair
few moments the Am
but not before stealii
tosh, along with the (
watch, money, and
whiskey, The Captai:
ly also remembered
and produced a gas
had left behind. (G

Secon ae enero

The list includes 94 names including John Mee and James Hiff, which is
probably James Iliff. The records probably aren’t complete but out of.
this list, at least 33 were sentenced to be hung and one sentenced to
9 months in jail. Of these 34 men, 31 agreed to join the Continental
Army to get a pardon. Eleven of these men stayed in the army. One died
while in the army. Of the 31 who joined the army, 19 deserted and 7 of
them joined Loyalist Regiments in New York. Of the remaining 3 men who
did not join; Mee amd Iliff were executed. For the last man, Dr. Aaron
Furman, there is no record of his being pardoned or executed. See
sheets for more details

November 1, 1777

Morris Court of Oyer & Terminer Notes
The State vs. John Mee

Jury - Jacob Doty Esq. Stephen Monson
Joseph Wood Esq. Elijah Pierson
Timothy Mills Gilbert Allen
Thomas Fairloo[?] Moses Crane
Philip Condict Silas Ayers
Benoni Hathaway Daniel Ballen [?]

Witness Testimony Summary

Isaac Ammerman - John Mee was armed, was in Company at the Time of
[firing?] & designed to go to Staten Island &
join the British Regiment from which he defected
some years ago
[Ammerman was also a prisoner up on charges]

Jonn. Robins - Mee was armed, was present at the Time of [firing? same
word as above] and designed to go to Staten Island.
[Robins was also a prisoner up on charges]

Joseph Smith[?] - Mee was armed, was present at the Time of firing[?],
designing to go to Staten Island, the Guns ordered
to be loaded. About 100 in the company of which
about 50 were armed. Thinks there were about 50 guns
discharged.

John Smith[?] - John Mee was one that formed the Men and gave Order to
fire. James Ilif helped to form the Men, and gave
Orders to fire. Mee was armed. When the company lay
near Tunison’s[?] they received Intelligence that the
Militia intended to attack them, whereupon Orders were
given to load, which was done accordingly. The
Prisoner generally walked with [?] at the head of the
company.
[John Smith was also a prisoner up on charges]

Col. Berry - That Mee confessed, he had deserted from the British Army
about 8 years, that he was on his way to Staten Island to
join his Regiment & he’d taken the Oaths to the State.
That this was the 2nd time he attempted to join his
Regiment.

[Militia Colonel who captured the Tories]

ener nee

John Dunn & John Van Nest examined. The firing was at Piscataway in
Middlesex County, about the Middle of Sept. last. Mr.

Dunn says that the party imagined that they had left him
dead on the ground. .

Barnet Banghart - Mee talked to him about going to Staten Island,

& said such as did not choose to be soldiers

might have plenty of work. That Mee was taken

prisoner last winter, and sent to Philadelphia
[Banghart was also a prisoner up on charges. He was
sentenced to be executed on Dec. 2, put was
pardoned when he agreed to return to the
Continental Army. Friends claimed he had served in
the Continetal Armt before. He served until the end
of the war.]

November 12, 1777

Robert Morris, John Carle, David Thompson, Benjamin Hallsey, John
Brookfield at Morristown to Governor William Livingston

We the Justice and Commissioners of a Court of Oyer and terminer and
general Goal delivery held in and for the County of Morris enclose you
a list of the convictions at this Court and also beg leave to
represent to your Excellency and Council the material evidence given
on the trials of three of the convicts of treason, and such
information relative to the remainder, who confessed their
Indictments, as we can collect from the appearance and examination of
the parties, that you may be the better able to judge which of them
are objects of mercy. [first talked about Dr. Aaron Forman]

James Iliff has a Lieutenants commission under General Skinner, listed
men to go to the enemy, was armed and one of the officers commanding
the Comapny and assisted in a council to determine about the time of
going. Gave directions to form and fire if the militia should advance
upon them. By Palmers testimony Iliff had been to the enemys and
returned, he and one Andrew Pickings were the leaders of the business
in Hunterdon. He and Pickings engaged Palmer to assassinate Richard
Stevens and Moore Furman Esgr. and promised him (Palmer) a reward of
one or two hundred pounds from General Skinner for doing it. Palmers
evidence was attempted to be discredited by John Parks one of the
party, Martha Craig wife of William and Hannah Osborn both connected
with insurgents who relate several tales of Palmer while he was
supposed to act in concert. Viz. his assertions of deserting from our
Army, stealing horses, killing an Indian at Fort Pitt, declaring he
would take and kill Richard Stevens, and rob the treasury. The two
later declare Palmer unworthy of credit.


.

John Mee deserted seven or eight years ago from a british Regiment a
turner and lived by his trade five or six years in Jersey, is married.
and has children, joined the company going to the enemy, was armed,
marched in front with Captain Indsley, present at the taking four of
the Militia prisoners; and at fireing on the militia. John Smith
testifies that he assisted in forming company when the militia
advanced on them and thinks he gave orders to fire. He persuaded
Barnet Banghart to go to Staten Island, told him there was plenty of
work if he would not inlist, and good wages. Said he was going to join
his Regt. told Colonel Berry on his Examination after he was taken,
that he had taken the oaths to State, and that Hutinson had brought
him word from his Regiment that he must come and join them, or they
would come up later, and punish him, it did not appear that he had
inlisted any men.

[See photocopy: Orginal document lists 34 other men and the footnotes
give more information about them. ]

November 30, 1777, Sunday Evening
From Susannah Livingston in Parsipany to William Livingston

"This Evening a poor distrest woman, wife of John Mee, one of the
unhappy men under sentence of Death came here, with a petition to Mama
to intercede with you for [his] reprieve. we told her it could have no
weight in a case of this nature, that you would certainly be as
sparing of [his?] life as was consistent with Duty, & that there was a
necessity [for?] the Laws to be enforced: But the poor Creature like
[a] drowning Man is willing to catch at a straw, she says her Husband
will comply with any terms & religiously abide by them, if he can
obtain a pardon, if that cannot [be?] granted begs he may be
imprisoned during the war. [She] laments his unpreparedness for Death
& hopes that if his life must be forfeited for his Offenses, a longer
time may be granted him. We deplore her unfortunate Situation & are
sensible if it can be done with Justice & Propriety, you will readily
soften the unhappy fate he has [drawn] upon himself. If the storm had
not prevented, Mrs. Mee would have been here last Evening & then her
petition might have been sent by Express, which would [?] her much
expense. I am your Affectionate Daughter."

December 1, 1777
William Livingston to G. Washington

"Of the Prisoners condemned at Morris for attempting to join the
Enemy, 23 are pardoned on Condition of inlisting during the War - 9
reprieved til the 2nd of January next and two to be executed
tomorrow."

Footnote: James Iliff and John Mee were executed on Dec. 2, 1777.
Probably all of the 33 other persons founf guilty of treason were
finally ppardoned in December 1777 in return for enlisting in
Contiental service. :


January 4, 1778 New York

James Robertson [British General & later Military Governor at NYC]
to William Livingston.

"I am interrupted in my daily attempts to soften the calamities of
prisoners, and reconcile their case with our security, by a general
cry of resntment, arising from an information ----

That officers in the king’s service taken on the 27th of November, and
Mr. John Brown, a deputy commissary, are to be tried in Jersey for
high-treason; and that Mr. Iliff and another prisoner have been
hanged.

Though I am neither authorised to threaten or sooth, my wish to
prevent an increase of horrors, will justify my using the liberty of
an acquaintence [he knew Livingston] to desire your interposition to
put an end to, or prevent measures which, if pursued on one side,
would tend to prevent every act of humanity on the other, and render
every person who exercises this to the king’s enemies, odious to his
friends.

I need not point out to you all the cruel consequences of such a
procedure. I am hopeful you’11 prevent them, and excuse this trouble
from, Sir , your obedient humble servant"

January 7, 1777 Springfield
Gov. Livingston to James Robertson

" ...I git down to answer your inquiries concerning certain
officers...and also respecting one Iliff and another prisoner, (I
suppose you must mean John Mee, he having shared the fate you
mentioned) who have been hanged....

Iliff was executed after a trail by jury, for enlisting our subjects,
himself being one, as recruits in the British army, and he was
apprehended on his way with them on Saten-Island. Had he never been
subject to this state, he would have forfeited his life as a spy. Mee
was one of his company, and also procured our subjects to enlist in
the service of the enemy.

If these transactions, Sir should induce you to countenance greater
severities towards our people, than they have already suffered, you
will pardon me for thinking that you go farther out of your way to
find palliatives for inhumanity, than necessity seems to require; and
if this be the cry of murder to which you allude as having reached
your ears, I sincerely pity your ears for being so frequently
assaulted with cries of murder much more audible, because much less
distant, I mean the cries of your prisoners who are constantly
perishing in the goals of New York (the coolest and most deliberate
kind of murder from the rigorous manner of their treatment...

P.S. You have distinguished me by a title which I have neither
authority nor ambition to assume, I know of no man, Sir who bears sway
in this state. It is our peculiar felicity, that we are not swayed by
men - In New Jersey, Sir, the laws alone bear sway."


Ly com-=-
to one
. soldier
through
ts later.
utenant
Private
smoking

y com-

anyone.
iis fore-
as taken

his cell,
ergency
later he
n Army
iave the
tence of
soil and
Johnson,
ent.
the fatal -
porch to
e, espe-
orosecu-
| feeling
ther en-
argued
Private

Johnson
chamber
and the
required
nted by
lered. A
cquittal;

2 court-
9 die on
is a just

ht, Thompson
took a cab
pve} and met

at a hotel.

Bars EN,
f ra ae Ye) ae

one, it had a disquieting effect on soldiers throughout the
islands. The reason for this is the rarity of death verdicts
in the Army during time of peace.

Private Johnson was removed to Fort McKinley and
placed in the guardhouse there to await execution. He

was a good-looking youngster and many of those on the .

post felt sorry for him. More than one soldier sadly shook
his head as he watched Johnson take his daily exercise
in a wire-fenced yard behind the guardhouse. The officers
couldn’t miss seeing him as the yard was directly behind
their quarters. Even children were affected by the pres-
ence of the doomed man.

One day a little girl walked up to the fence and held
out an apple to Johnson, “I think you are nice,” she said,
“and I think they are mean to want to hang you.”

- Johnson took the apple and thanked her.

The next day the little girl was killed at play. A coal
truck backed over her in the driveway of her family’s
quarters.

This added to the already grim atmosphere of the fort.
Some old soldiers said the establishment was jinxed. It
was as though Candidi’s, dying curse were coming true.
There would be other tragedies, these men said.

There were a few welcome lighter moments to relieve
the oppressive atmosphere. The Army and Navy Club in
Manila put on an amateur night. Audrey attended with
Thompson and they had a wonderful time. Not the least
of his pleasure came from the fact that pretty Audrey was
the hit of the night. Dressed as a hula girl, she did a series
of dances and sang several Hawaiian numbers. Thompson
beamed as he sat at his table, happy as a doting father
and no doubt thanking his lucky stars that she had picked
him to fall in love with. She smiled prettily as she finished
her performance, then ran to the table to join Thompson.

“You were wonderful,” he whispered.

Even at this moment he was turning over the idea of
becoming formally engaged to Audrey. The difficulty was

that he couldn’t see his way clear to marriage in the near

future. His pay wasn’t much, barely $145 a month. And
out of that he had to pay for his own clothes, laundry,
and his arms. In addition there were a host of social
expenses to be taken care of.

But, then again, he feared that if they did not marry
soon, he would lose her, She was young and vital. and
charming. Might she not find someone else to interest

». her in the host of young officers she saw almost every

day?. Up to this time Thompson had exhibited no signs of

q “jealousy. He expected that she would dance with and be

The soldier won “his corporal’s rat. **
ing during, Mexican Borger campaign.
kr

entertained by other officers, and he usually laughed when

friends teased him by cutting in at a dance.

Little by little, however, he became more possessive,
more depressed when away from Audrey. One night,
when he’d had a beer too many, he got into a fight with

several of his friends and, as a result, wound up on the ©

company commander’s carpet—the first blot on his record.
Any hopes of his straightening out went up like smoke
when he got word that Captain Calmes had been re-
assigned again, this time to the states.

Lieutenant Thompson, in a fit of desperation, handed
in his resignation and told his commander that he wanted
to follow Audrey home. The CO managed to talk him
out of it.

The second lieutenant now threw all caution to the
winds and pleaded with Audrey to marry him. She didn’t

accept, but her answer was more “yes” than “no.” Thomp- -

son must have felt optimistic, for he soon bought a wed-
ding ring in a Manila jewelry store. «

The next evening there was another amateur night held :

at the Army and Navy club in Manila. Audrey, the guest
of a group of young officers, repeated her hula number
which had created such a sensation the previous time.
Why Thompson did not attend, is not clear. Perhaps he
preferred to stay away because Audrey had been in-
vited by a group of fellow officers.

At any rate, he made a date to call for her when the
program was over, either picking her up at the club or the
Manila Hotel, where the party planned to go afterwards.

As he was dressing in his quarters—he had decided to .

wear a formal dinner jacket and black trousers—she
phoned him and said she was having a good time at the
hotel and would be there for awhile yet. She told him
not to get impatient or to worry. She would phone again,
perhaps in a half hour, and then he could come and pick
her up.

Half an hour went by but she didn’t phone. It was mid-
night when Thompson took a cab from the fort to the
Manila Hotel. As was the custom of most officers out
late at night, he wore his service .45. (The unsettled con-
ditions of the islands at this time made this a neoneinry
precaution.)

HEN HE ARRIVED at the hotel he had a drink with
a friend and his wife. But he hurriedly excused him-
self when he spotted Audrey on the arm of a young officer
he knew. Audrey smiled as she rushed over to him and

the sullen expression on his face (Continued on page 77)

a SRR
ee

c
or

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Day. ‘Then he

had driver take him to the sta~-
hospital. But there was no chance of
Audrey’s life—she was already

ng on the cot in his
cell—his shoelaces and belt had been taken
from him to prevent @ suicide t: y—when

“Why did you do it?” the friend asked.
Thompson looked at him with dull eyes.

“J don’t know. Something came over me.
r Lights shone in many of the fort’s build-
ings for the rest of that night. Captain
Calmes rushed to the fort from Manila and
was ushered into the hospital. High-rank-
ing officers conferred with General Weigel,
the commandant. The unprecedented crime

, Funeral, services for ‘Audrey were held
Manila, and

Feeling ran
Many officers felt that he had disgraced
West Point and
stands for. They said he

mercy.

And he expected none. Once again
Thompson was the considerate, thoughtful
young officer. He had little to say about
the trouble he was in except that he
wanted to be tried as soon as possible. A
top-flight defense attorney was assigned
to his case, but he refused to have him.
Instead, he chose a classmate, Lieutenant
Frank I. Lazarus, and only accepted him
on the condition that.no defense would be

\ presented.

| The trial was held in the movie theater
where Thompson and Audrey had held

_ hands so many times. Heavily guarded by

MPs .and looking crisp and neat in his

uniform, Lieutenant Thompson entered
{ - the courtroom and saluted the President
‘of the Court. He then took a seat next to
his counsel.

The testimony of the prosecution was
quickly presented. The defense did not
take exception to any of the facts. The
‘only defense witnesses called were those
who testified to the good character of the
accused. When the last of these had been
dismissed, the President of the Court
asked, “Does the accused wish to take the
stand?”

Thompson rose, looking straight at the
President. “I have nothing to say to the
court.”

‘ The President told the Judge Advocate
{ ‘(the prosecutor) to proceed with his sum-
mation. ;

1

Se

a

“you SEE BEFORE: you,” he began,
“the accused in the uniform of an of-
ficer of the Army. That uniform, signifying
> as it does the position held by the accused,
. creates in itself an iron-bound presump-
tion of sanity which much evidence of the
greatest weight would be required to
i break down.
{ “The evidence before you gentlemen is
‘ overwhelming and in the evidence that
} guides your decision there can be no doubt
that the accused is mentally as sound as
any man in this room.

2B

ET oe Pra aa

“As a result of his erline, Audrey Bur-
is dead; her parents have depar
te throes of grief and her friends hold
her memory in the deepest sorrow. But
society, society represented by the loving
parents, by other d friends—society

protection it
" The judge advocate paused
at Thompson. “The hands of the murder-
er,” he went on, “have been soaked in the
blood of the innocent. The pistol, the
bloody seat covers and the photographs
“before you bear mute evidence of the bru-
tal effectiveness of the crime. :
“Can you realize the horrible scene en-
acted in the of that car when Au-
drey’s life was snuffed out? When here
aide

and while she was reeking in blood and
her life slowly ebbing away, he bent over
her and sent a run of steel through her
body that not even the last spark of life
might remain. ; ’

“Humanity dictates, society declares and
justice ‘demands,” he concluded, “that the
supreme penalty alone is commensurate
with his infamous crime and should be
accorded him.”

Lieutenant Lazarus, defense counsel,
started to get up. Thompson restrained
him—he didn’t want to be defended. They
spoke in low voices for a minute, then
Lazarus, ignoring the pleas of his client,
got to his feet. Despite Thompson’s objec-
tions and despite the tension he was work-
ing under, he made a masterful plea.

“According to the law,” he said to the
court, “there now lies in your hands the
task of sifting the evidence and selecting
the material facts, of taking these facts
and piecing them into some semblance of
what really happened.

“You are called upon to determine
whether or not there was malice in the
mind of the accused when he shot the de-
ceased. If there was no malice the offense
was not murder.

“There is only one human being who
will ever know with what feeling the ac-
cused committed this act. He has stated

there was no malice in his heart at the

time. Who will presume to refute his state-
ment? Will the prosecution contend that
they know better? Will the court doubt
the word of a man who surrendered him-
self voluntarily to the law? If the accused
had desired to escape his just deserts
he would not have given himself up—he

would not have confessed his act—he™

would have-let us plead insanity.
“The defense regrets that, due to the

accused’s desire to protect his family and ‘

friends, we are unable to present their
depositions, for they would show that the
accused was very prone to lose control of
himself and do things that the average
man would never think of doing.

“But regrets have never won battles, so
we will proceed to outline simply what has
been produced in evidence. We will not
presume and urge that evidence upon the
court but'we will present our arguments

an to what that evidence spe oh ag

made

Audrey

Burleigh, yet anyone
of reason can see
and reasons far removed from
micide.
+ ae a girl will not remedy the pay
act of 1922, nor will it relieve the respon-
sibility of getting along without her unless
the accused intended to accompany her to
other side.”
pe Pr paused a moment before intro-"
ducing his next remark—mention of the.
fact that Thompson had bought a wedding
ring the day before the crime. 5
“A man does not select a wedding ring
for a girl he plans to kill,” he observed.
“It is a fact, perhaps unfortunately, that
though second lieutenants are young an
inexperienced they have- emotions
longings much the same as other men.
“They are human. Water wets them.
Pins prick them. The sun warms them.
They desire a home and the woman they
love just as do older men, and they are
prone to be blind to the reasons they can-
not have those things and to think that
they are oppressed and discriminated
against. “_,, :
“This was the nature of the accused’s
grievance—he considered the laws and
conventions of society unjust because they
prevented him from openly marrying this
girl he loved for some years to come...”
The defense attorney described Thomp-
son’s disturbed state of mind on the night
of the crime, his torment while waiting
for her call, his final decision to go to
Manila when he didn't hear from her.
“When he saw Audrey .. . she consent-
ed to go for a short drive with him so they
could talk things over. On getting into the
car Audrey told him she had tried to get
away from the party she was with but had
failed. . . ; Immediately the accused stiff-
ened, Convention again—having to stay
with one’s host. Of course she couldn’t go
but that had been the sort of thing keep-
_ ing him from her all these days—tortur-
ing him with longing for her, driving him
slowly out of his senses. He kept insisting
over and over that she go with: him. .
- “He knew she couldn’t go. But this was .
the turning point. This was. the sort of
thing he could not stand. The sort of thing
that prevented open marriage. Once and
for. all he: had to win the fight against
heartless convention or kill himself. He
could not go on like this. :
“Love and pain. That was it. Love and
pain, Pain, pain, pain. Days and nights and
weeks of it—that mind-tearing strain be-
tween ecstasy and anguish. That body-
wrecking shock when turbulent blood was
checked by the sluggishness of despair.
“Now let us consider’ motive. Why
should a man kill a-woman? Cold-blooded : e
homicides may be committed for hate; but — re
the accused loved the deceased, as is evi- , a cc
denced by his letters (to Thompson’s-~ - ;
mother and sister) before and after the ‘ ; h:
act, y.
“Jealousy is a motive which popular
opinion has assigned to the accused but
the prosecution has shown neither evi-
dence of jealousy nor persons of whom he

that leading


might be jealous, and his letters mention
no such persons.”

HERE WAS NOT a sound in the cham-

ber when Lazarus sat down. It was
plain that his moving plea had found will-
ing listeners. The question now was
whether or not the court would lend
weight to the arguments and show mercy
in its verdict.

The movie house was cleared. Five min-
utes later court was reconvened.

“The prisoner will stand,” the President
ordered.

Lieutenant Thompson got to his feet.

“Lieutenant Thompson,” the chief offi-
cer of the group went on gravely, “the
court upon secret written ballot, all of the
members concurring in both the findings
and the sentence, finds you guilty of the
murder of Audrey Burleigh and sentences
you, at such time and place as the review-
ing authorities may direct, to be hanged
by the neck until dead.. May God have
mercy on your soul.”

Now the fort had two men awaiting exe-
cution. Private Johnson’s case had been
reviewed by President Calvin Coolidge,
who had refused executive clemency. A
scaffold was erected on the machine gun
range, some miles from the fort, and on
the morning of October 7, 1925, Private
Johnson was hanged. Just before the trap
had been sprung, he once again protested
his innocence.

Thompson’s case likewise was sent to

YOU'RE INVITED TO A NECKTIE PARTY

Washington for review. At the same time,
the man’s minister-father started a fight
in the States to save his son, appealing to
Senators and Congressmen to use their
power. to secure a commutation. The fight
failed, and once again President Coolidge
failed to grant executive clemency. A
month later, in March of 1926, another gal-
lows was built at Fort McKinley.

On the morning of March 18 a small
group of officers, including a chaplain, met
at a warehouse near the fort’s main gate.
All of these officers had been chosen se-
cretly for the grim work at hand, and to
this day their identities remain unknown.

Thompson arrived in a truck, wearing a
khaki uniform but no. insignia. MPs
guarded all entrances to the building. The
chaplain spoke briefly with the condemned
man before he mounted the scaffold. There
was a hushed silence as the officer desig-
nated as executioner adjusted the noose.
The trap was sprung.

Minutes later Thompson was sbiauaait
dead. When the body was cut down, the
officers saw there was something hanging
around Thompson’s neck—a gold wedding
ring on a piece of string.

The body was quietly removed to the
hospital as dawn was breaking and the
fort beginning to stir. The execution had
been carried out with such secrecy that it
was not until late in the day that word got
around that Thompson no longer was in
the guardhouse. Enlisted man and officer
alike knew what that meant.

#

(Continued from page 21)

“You’ ve come a long way, I see Make
yourself comfortable.”

“I have come a long way indeed,” the
man smiled. “My name is William John-
son and I am from New York.”

Booth hastened to bring him a relax-
ing drink and take his order for food.
Johnson proved to be a most agreeable
man despite his fine manners. He ordered
drinks for the house, and soon the local
men were clustered about him to get the
news from far-off New York and’ Pitts-
burgh. He disclosed that he was a lawyer
and was heading for Cincinnati, where he
aimed to open an office. ©

Johnson attacked a joint of beef with
evident relish. He had finished his repast
when the door opened and a smooth-
skinned youth entered. ©.

He was greeted with cheers, for he was
William Cartmell, the post boy, bringing
the mail from Cadiz. The mail was a big
event in this isolated settlement, and the
men gathered around Cartmell asking for
letters. The post boy had only a half-
dozen letters to distribute, and the lucky
recipients tore them open to read the
contents.

“Well, I’m off,” young Cartmell said. “I
have to make Coshocton tonight.”

Johnson, the New Yorker, arose. “I’m
on the way to Coshocton too,” he said.
“Mind if I ride with you?”

“Glad to have your company,” the post

: boy said, and the two departed together.
Hee

USK HAD ARRIVED a half-hour later
when the sound of pounding hooves
aroused the men in Booth’s tavern. A
rider was coming back along the Cosh-

octon trail at furious speed. He dis-~°

mounted and rushed into the inn. It was
Johnson, now pale and wild-eyed.

“Come with me,” he shouted. “The post
boy—he’s been robbed and shot!”

The loungers dashed outside in a body.
One of them mounted his horse and gal-
loped off to New Philadelphia to fetch the
sheriff. The others joined Johnson and
followed him along the trail at top: speed.

Some two miles out, they found the
post boy lying on the trail. He was dead.
Nearby his horse was tied to a tree. The
saddlebags, which had been fat with mail
when he left Booth’s tavern, had been
slit open with a knife and were empty.

One of the men knelt over Cartmell for

a moment. “Shot in the back,” he said
angrily, “with a rifle.”
. “I can’t understand it,” Johnson said
nervously. “The post boy and I were
riding along together. Back there beyond
the bend I saw a spring, and I told him
I'd get a drink. He said he’d ride on and
I could catch up to him. So he trotted on
while I knelt at the spring. The water
comes slow, and it took me a while to
get as much as I wanted. I was just get-
ting up when I heard a shot.

“I didn’t think anything of that—figured
it might be someone after game. I

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came apparent that when it came to guilt,
she was right along with Mascioli; She
admitted that when the young stonemason
came into her life, he brought a new kind
of love such as she had not known with
her stodgy husband in years. For weeks
the two had made love virtually under
Frank's nose. When Mascioli arrived for
the weekend, he informed her privately
that the time had come to get rid of Frank.
The children had been sent out to play.
When Frank got back with his clams, he
went to a bedroom to take off his bathing
suit and get dressed. Mascioli rushed in
with the axe, Lena behind him. He bludg-
eoned the contractor to death then _and
there. He then made a hasty effort to dis-
member the body, but found it too difficult.
The dead man was locked in the bedroom
_. until after the children had gone to bed.
Then Mascioli lugged the blanket-wrapped
corpse out of the house. He put it in a
boat, rowed about a mile out.into the bay,
and dropped the body into the water after
weighting it heavily with stones. It might
have remained on the bottom indefinitely
but for the storm. 2 a F
When Mascioli was brought in in his
_ turn and confronted with the brunettes
story, he merely shrugged. 4 :
“I suppose that is the way it happened,”
he said. “I was crazy about Lena—had to
have her, regardless of the cost.”

eS
RIED SEPARATELY two months later,

both of the sinning lovers were |

found guilty and condemned to die in the
electric chair, Attorneys for each of them
appealed, however, and the cases dragged
on for many months. There: was heavy
public pressure against the execution of
Mrs, Cusumano, for until then no woman
had ever been electrocuted in Massachu-
setts. :

While the legal battle went on, the two

doomed lovers occupied cells not far from
each other in the Charlestown Prison.
Hardened guards at the prison were as-
tonished at the apparent casual attitude
of the prisoners. Enrico: Mascioli often
lived up to his nickname of “Caruso” and
burst into song in a fine tenor voice
that pealed through the cellblock. Lena,
hearing him, would frequently join in with
him, and the rest of the prisoners were
treated to many a melodious duet.

Mascioli, who had taken comfort in re-
ligion, seemed to have little interest in
what his fate would be. ‘

“The next. world is more important than
this one,” he said. “What happens to me
here is of no consequence.”

Finally, on June 6, 1912, Lena was in-
formed by her keeper that Governor Eu-

gene Foss had commuted her sentence to |.

life imprisonment only five hours before
she was scheduled to die.

“Well,” she commented, “so I am to be
spared. How about my darling Enrico?”

“He must die. The governor ‘has re-
fused to intercede for him.”

“A pity,” she sighed. “But of course we
must all go sooner of later. When does he
go?”

“At five minutes past midnight.”

“Do please tell me when it’s five after
midnight,” she begged. “I want to say a
prayer to speed his soul.”

At 12:05, a woman attendant went to her
cell, found her fast asleep and did not
arouse her. When she awoke in the morn-
ing, she sang a sentimental Italian ballad,
but there was no Enrico to make a duet
with her. The lovely Lena, who had

‘ changed her story and denied any com-

plicity in her husband’s murder, spent 18
years in prison. Then she walked out on
parole, leaving memories of the strangest
woman prisoner ever known at Charles-
town.

THE LIEUTENANT CRACKED UP

“(Continued from page 47)

vanished. He asked her if she would go for
a short ride with him. She said yes, anx-
ious not to hurt his feelings in any way.
Thompson got a cab and told the driver
to head toward an old Spanish fort in the
>» - vicinity. The young officer appeared more
. tense now than he had in the hotel. When
. they arrived at the ruins, he leaned for-
ward. and said, “Now drive out to Fort
McKinley.” : (a
’ Surprised, Audrey said, “No, driver, no.
It’s much too late. Take me back to the
Manila Hotel.” : a
Thompson pulled her into his arms and

kissed her passionately. The driver saw .
this in his rear view mirror, But he -

did not see what happened next. He heard
a shot, then two more in rapid succession.
He slammed on the brakes and jumped
from the car. : - :
Thompson hopped out after him. “Damn
you!” the officer shouted, leveling his .45.
“Get back in your cab and drive’ like hell
to Fort McKinley.” Nas
“2 The ‘terrorized driver obeyed, On the
-) way he saw the Army man time and time

again put the gun to his head and pull the
trigger. The weapon, empty, only clicked.
Even though he realized the officer could
not shoot him, he was too frightened to
stop the car again.

The sergeant at McKinley’s Guardhouse
No. 2 was a pot-bellied, leather-faced vet-
eran of many years, clearly a man who

enjoyed his: comfort. Having posted his -

guard at midnight, he was sitting outside
and enjoying a cigar when the cab pulled
up. The cigar almost fell from his mouth
when he saw Thompson. The lieutenant
jumped from the cab and shouted, “I’ve
just shot a girl. She’s in the car. Here’s the
gun!”

Thompson held the pistol in his out-
stretched hand, but the sergeant seemed
too dazed to take it. A tall, husky private
named Zigmund, recently: busted’ from
sergeant, took in the situation at a glance
and did what was necessary.

He took the gun from Thompson,
grasped him by the arm and led him in-
side the guardhouse. After locking Thomp-
son in a cell, Zigmund ordered another

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27-year-old Irish irmigrant laborer, was a pri-
vate in Co, 31, 2nd Ark, Cavalry, when convic-
fed of murderine a civilian in southwest
Maryland.(?) On BK Aur. 5, 185), murdered

2 clvilian nesr Jefferson City, MO: Court-
martialed and shot to death at Yoringfield,

MO, on 7 Qcte 186.

CIV. WAR JUSTICE by Rovert Alotta; Shinpens-
Surg, PAs White Mane Publishine Company, Z%HYK
Inc., 19891 pp 133-13) % 206

~ AMERICAN JEWRY AND THE CIVIL WAR

This was probably the first case in American history of an all-denomina-
tional funeral.”

After the war, monuments in honor of the Jewish war dead were
erected in Jewish cemeteries both North and South.” The most ambitious
project of this nature was that of the Hebrew Ladies’ Memorial Associa-
tion of Richmond, organized in 1866 to care for the Jewish Confederate
graves in the Hollywood cemetery on Shockoe Hill. The work of turn-
ing the sod was performed by Jewish veterans. A Richmond reporter
who went out to the cemetery one day said that “it was a gratifying sight
to behold young men of this city, some of them frail of limb, with coats
off, wheeling gravel and turf, as the last sad tribute they could pay to
departed worth.”?? Because the Richmond Jewish community, impov-
erished by the war, was unable to defray all the expenses of the plot, a
general appeal for financial support was issued by the Association “To the
Israelites of the South:”

While the world yet rings with the narrative of a brave people’s struggle for
independence, and while the story of the hardships so nobly endured for
Liberty’s sake is yet a theme but half exhausted, the countless graves of the
myriads of heroes who spilled their noble blood in defense of that glorious
cause, lie neglected, not alone unmarked by tablet or sculptured urn, but
literally vanishing before the relentless finger of Time...

In our own cemetery repose, alas! the sacred remains of many a loved
brother, son and husband, to whose relatives, in the far sunny South, it would
be a solace to know that the pious duty of preserving from decay the last
resting place of their lost ones, although denied to them to perform, is yet
sacredly fulfilled by the members of the “Hebrew Ladies’ Memorial Associa-

tion.”

It is our intention to mound and turf each grave, and to place at the head of
each a simple stone, inscribed with the name, State, and time and place of
death; subsequently, to rear a monument commemorative of their brave

deeds.

In order, however, to successfully accomplish our object, we need some
pecuniary assistance. Our scant and somewhat needy community, already so
heavily taxed, has done well; but we find “this work is too great for us;”
therefore, with a full confidence in the-sympathy and co-operation of our
people elsewhere, we make this appeal for aid well knowing that as Israelites
and true patriots, they will not refuse to assist in rearing a monument which
shall serve not only to commemorate the bravery of our dead, but the grati-
tude and admiration of the living, for those who so nobly perished in what
we deemed a just and righteous cause; and while as Israelites we mourn the
untimely loss of our loved ones, it will be a grateful reflection that they suf-
fered not their country to call in vain.

110

= AMERICAN JEWRY AND THE CIVIL WAR [107-112]

57. Occ., XIX, No. 9, pp. 415-6, Dec. 1861.
58. Occ., XV, No. 9, pp. 412-3, Dec. 1862.
59. Isr., IX, No. 16, p. 123, Oct. 24, 1862; No. 17, p. 134, Oct. 31.
60. Occ., XIX, No. 9, pp. 422-3, Dec. 1861.

61. Mess., IX, No. 25, p. 196, June 28, 1861. The Jews of Washington found
difficulty in raising funds to purchase a building to be used as a synagogue. On
Feb. 17, 1863, they wrote other congregations, asking for help. This appeal
was endorsed by Richard Wallach, Mayor of Washington, a member of the
congregation. (Copy of appeal in Mikveh Israel Archives, Philadelphia.) Very
few answers were received. Occ., XXI, No. 7, pp. 273-285, Sept. 1863.

62. Mess., XII, No. 25, p. 211, June 26, 1863.

63. Mess., XVII, No. 8, p. 59, Feb. 24, 1865.

64. Anne Marcovitch, “A History of Temple Beth El,” pp. 3, 10.

65. Savannah Daily Morning News, Apr. 25, 1862.

66. Barnett R. Brickner, The Jews of Cincinnati, p. 165.

67. Occ., XXIII, No. 5, pp. 234-5, Aug. 1865.

68. Isr., XI, No. 20, p. 157, Nov. 11, 1864; XVI, No. 1, p. 6, July 9, 1869.

69. Baltimore Sunday Herald, May 24, 1896; JR,'Vl, No. 23, p. 2, Aug. 28, 1863.
In The Autograph Collectors’ Journal, 1, No. 2 (Jan. 1949), pp. 14-15, Alden
S. Condict and Rhea Barzilay print the text of a letter Lincoln wrote to Gen-
eral Meade about the five condemned men: “. . . I understand these are very
flagrant cases, and that you deem their punishment as being indispensable to
the service. If I am not mistaken in this, please let me know at once that their
appeal is denied.”

70. Mess*- XIV, No. 9, p. 69, Sept. 4, 1863; Ro iL No. 24, p. 2, Sept. 4, 1863.
Another eye-witness records additional details, although he is probably i in error
in referring to two Jewish men:

The band of the regiment played the “dead march” while the procession was
moving to the scene; and each prisoner, with his hands manacled behind him,
walked in the rear of his coffin, which was carried by four soldiers, and
placed in front of the grave. Two were Jews, and two were Roman Catholics;
and the rabbi and priest who accompanied them had a dispute about prece-
dence, and urged their respective claims upon theological tenets; but the
commander of the provost-guard viewed the subject in a military light, and
decided the novel question by allowing the rabbi to walk first, because his
faith was the oldest and outranked the other. The last solemn rites were cele-
brated; each culprit sat Upon his coffin; their eyes were bandaged; within a
second the bullets from oe muskets pierced them, and soon five mounds of
earth covered their bodies....H.N. Blake, Three Years in the Army of the
Potomac, pp. 238-40.

71. See Isr., XV, No. 22, p. 4, Dec. 4, 1868 for the Cincinnati monument; and
Isr., XIV, No. 21, p. 6, Nov. 29, 1867 for one in Chattanooga, Tenn.

72. Clipping from unidentified Richmond paper, George Jacobs Scrapbook.

73. Copy of circular in George Jacobs Scrapbook.
74. Rebekah Kohut, My Portion, p. 26.

268


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Executed at Fort McHenry, Baltimore, on aa tna i 104 ta aad Ghasad Hut chroeah

March Jth $862 . nis breast, ‘The offerder was immediate

Reported in The Baltimore Sun issue of 3-8-62 bis execution. About haif-paat ten o'clock in
page 4 column 4 ound of m-rial music and tbe Neav gs
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MANN, John B. and MATTHEWS, EE Ge
"Houston, Texas, april J, 1918-Jonn B, Mann and
Walter Matthews, Negroes, privates of Company I,
37th Infantry, were hanged at Camp Logan here today
for the killing of Private Rajph M, Foley of Company
Cy, 130th Infantry, The men were hanged from a sca-
ffold erected in an arroyo just within the limits

of the cam, It was the first military execution
Since the cam was established,"

BIRMINGHAM AGE HERALD, Birmingham, Ala,, l-6-1918,p2
"Houston, l-5-1918=In a little arroyo within the limits
-of Camp Logan a score of persons this morning saw’ the

first military execution held here since the camp was

established, John B, Mann and Walter Matthews, negroes,

EE MR as
the slaying of Privateha . ’
ae Se nee tne coeisuied men went to ae oe
calmly and the entire procedure lasted ode a eee: si é
Placed in the stockade office building after aps ae
night, the condemned men were awakened early t ae bat an
allowed to eat their breakfast and at 6:5 ey p .
army truck under guard and tak@m to the execution es ee
A score of paces from the road and the two ae ae
fold, the final prayer’ wassaid and the traps ss cats
each to his death. Six officers of thshespits cone.
eeehaned the bodies and declared death practica y mee
taneous, Aside from thephysicians eae, pss
nessing the execution were Lt, Col. fe) eg cane! ae
anding the military police, his aide, a rep

MANN & MATTHEWS, Military - Continued

Maj. Gen, Geo, Bell, Jr., commanding the 33rd Div., Father
Je J. O'Hearn, cahpkain of the 108th trains and necessary
guards. The crime for which the death penalty was inflic-
ted wa by court martial was approved by President Wilson
was the murder of Private Foley, who was guarding the two

negroes while thy were engaged in cleaning up rubbish

about the cam.
hours later,

Foley was stabbed in the ear and died two
The negroes fled but were quickly recaptured

and their trial begun the following morning, lasting three

days." TIMES HERALD, DALLAS, TEX., Spiril hy 1918 (1/h)

Vy 9 evee fF

The soldier meekly obeyed. Quickly
frisking him, the detectives found him un-
armed,

“Is this the man who left your cafe
last night with Gladys Hosking?” Duncan
asked the manager, who had come out of
the rear room.

“Yes,” the cafe man replied em-
phatically. “He’s the one! There’s no
doubt of that.”

“What’s your name?” demanded the
commissioner.

His black eyes glazed with terror, the
soldier replied weakly, “Private Edward
J. Leonski.” ;

“Where’s your home?”

“New York City.”

“Do you know why we want you?”
Duncan asked, and the young man shook
his head. “For the murders,” continued
the commissioner, “of Ivy McLeod,
Pauline Thompson and Gladys Hosking!”

The prisoner winced as Duncan enun-
ciated each syllable of the victims’ names.

Arriving with the suspect at Melbourne
headquarters, Duncan immediately notified
American Army authorities of the arrest.
High Army officers hurried over at once
to join in the questioning.

For three hours Leonski stolidly refused
to admit that he had known any of the
victims, much less had slain them. Finally,
however, Duncan brought in the three
women -witnesses who had seen Pauline
Thompson with a soldier shortly before
her murder; her landlady, and the woman
who had seen a man fleeing the scene of
Ivy McLeod’s killing. All unhesitatingly
identified him. ,

A search of his effects in camp mean-
while had revealed an extra service re-
volver, to which’ Leonski was not entitled,
hidden in.his foot locker. This weapon
was rushed to police headquarters, where
microscopic examination in the laboratory
revealed tiny particles of blood on the gun
butt.

In addition, bits of yellow clay found
clinging to Leonski’s uniform were exam-
ined by Police Analyst Charles A. Taylor
and determined to be of the same composi-
tion as the mud of the trench in which
Miss Hosking’s body was discovered. This
mud was different, Taylor declared, from

that in the vicinity of the barracks when °

broken down under the spectroscope.
Confronted with this _ overwhelming

‘mass of evidence, Leonski finally broke

down and confessed. :

“I don’t know’ why I killed ‘those
women,” he babbled, “unless it was be-
cause I was so lonesome.

“I couldn’t stand the crude women camp
followers. I wanted my own kind of
women—just to be with for company. I
didn’t want to hurt them when all this
began, but I guess the loneliness kind of
got on my mind.

“After I'd been here a while, I’d get
spells every night when the blackout be-

gan. It seemed to be a signal to me to

go hunting—for a woman. | didn’t even
realize why I was taking that gun along.

“] picked up the McLeod, Thompson
and Hosking women—all of them— in bars
and cafes. They seemed: to like me. But
when I got out alone with them in the
dark, something snapped inside me. I
couldn't help myself, and the first thing
| knew [ had thrown myself upon them.

I didn’t shoot them, because I knew the
shots might attract help.

“I guess that I’m a sort of Dr. Jekyll-
Mister “Hyde!”

“Tell me,” asked Commissioner Dun-
can, “were there other victims, whom you
did not kill?”

“Yes,” said Leonski quietly. “Many
others.”

With this the prisoner covered his face
with his hands and wept.

On tHe following day, May 23rd, a con-
ference between Melbourne officials and
Army authorities resulted in a decision to
place Leonski before a general court-
martial. Commissioner Duncan turned
him over to the Army for prosecution,
knowing that military justice would be
equally as swift and adequate as Australia’s
own.

News of Leonski’s arrest, cabled to the
United States, caused a sensation. His
name, however, was not made public at
first and it was not until June 5th, when
his identity was announced, that New
York police interviewed his family.

At his home in a building in the York-
ville section, local detectives learned his
relatives had not heard from him in five
months. Stoutly defending him as kind and

decent, his older sister could not believe -

he was guilty. The news was kept from
his mother.

One of six children, with an- older
brother also in the Army, Leonski had
liked the service soon after he was in-
ducted, the family said. But later on, he
had written: that he was homesick and
finally his letters ceased altogether.

-On June 6th, General Julius F. Barnes,
quartermaster commander under General
Douglas MacAfthur, named the five mem-
bers of the military court to try Leonski.
Meanwhile a commission of physicians had
examined the youth and pronounced him
legally sane. 7

When the military court opened, Leon-
ski repudiated his confession and pleaded
not guilty. But the evidence against him

' was overwhelming. He was identified by

several witnesses. There was the evidence
of the bloodstained gun. Soldier witnesses
told of seeing Leonski stagger in, covered
with mud and apparently drunk, on the
night of the Hosking murder.

An officer who had questioned Leonski
after the youth had been turned over to
the Army, testified that Leonski had con-
fessed the three crimes to him in macabre
detail. —

The soldier had said that he’ was
“fascinated by the soft voices of women.”

“One of them was singing,” he said. “I
wanted her to go on singing forever, so I
put my hands around her throat and
choked her. How could she sing when I
did that?”

On Friday, July 17th, presentation of

.the evidence was concluded.

It took the tribunal only fifteen minutes
to reach a verdict: guilty on all three
charges. Private Edward Leonski, a hand-

“some, decent looking youth whom no one

would suspect was a killer, was sentenced
to be hanged.

On November 9, 1942, Leonski was led
to the gallows and put to death.

EDITOR’S NOTE: The name Charles
Spencer ts fictitious,

the
boy
who
grew
Ep

in a
house
full

of
Iimamniles

women
The Strange |
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and his sister Elisabeth

SUPPRESSED
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MY SISTER
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MY SISTER AND I was written in
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Ecce Homo which did not appear til]
ten years after his death.

MY SISTER AND I had to wait
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Like I told you, it was either him or me.”

Waiving extradition, Moore was taken
back to Virginia and placed in a cell.
Meanwhile, a group of officers headed by
Deputy DekKralft and County Officer Alton
H. Perdue began a search for the burial
place of the victim. Prison officials per-
mitted the temporary release of Gus
Bailey, and although he readily found a
“split stump,” hard digging in the area
where he recalled having made his cere-
monious -burial failed to turn up any of
the remains. “It was a dark night, then,”
said Bailey. “I guess I got confused just
where it was.”” The search was eventually
given up.

Now it was up to Commonwealth’s At-
torney Southall to surmount another
obstacle-—-proving a murdeg case without
tangible proof of a body.

‘He began his attempt on the morning
of January 9, 1947, before a huge throng
that packed every inch of the granite-
columned brick courthouse at Amelia, Vir-
ginia. Since the officials had failed to find
Kathy Schultheis, spectators, having heard
of the pretty sweetheart of the victim and
the manner in which he had employed her
physical assets, paid more attention to
every blonde woman in the courtroom
than to the glum prisoner at the bar, hop-
ing that some of the rumours she would
appear had a kernel of: truth.

Southall, in a brilliant exposition before
the court, established that no direct
evidence is needed to prove a corpus
delecti, and that circumstantial evidence
has the power to prove its existence. “We
will present sufficient evidence to sustain

the moral certainty that Roy Taylor
Greenwood was murdered and his bullet-
shattered corpse buried in the darkness of
a Chesterfield County forest,” the prosecu
tor declared.

This he proceeded to do with skal and
dispatch. Witness after witness was
paraded to the witness stand to weave the
chains of guilt around the balding, thin-
lipped accused.

After first indicating he would not take
the stand in his behalf,.Moore finally went
before the jury and pleaded that he killed
Greenwood in self-defense. “} just had to
do it,” he insisted, “otherwise 1 would
have got it first.”

Late in the ‘evening of the third day the
jury, after several hours deliberation, re-
turned with the verdict: guilty of murder
in the second degree. Moore’s punishment
was set at ten years imprisonment. He is
now serving that term in the Virginia State
Penitentiary.

Haskett’s work in the unusual case drew
wide editorial praise throughout the state.
Southall was also unstinting in his praise
and admiration. ‘Persistence, unfaltering
determination, and innate ability com-
bined to enable a young state investigator
to smash one of the state’s most amazing
murder cases,” declared the prosecutor,
“His performance should serve as an ex-
ample to lift the spirits of discouraged and
harried police officials who might weaken
in the, face of what seems to be an in-
soluble crime.”

Some of the names in this story are
fictitious—-Editor.

3 WOMEN FOR JEKYLL-HYDE

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 6

capture the monster who did this or no
woman in Melbourne will dare to go out
on the streets at night.”

Dr. Crawford H. Mollison, thé police
physician, had arrived meanwhile and ex-
amined the body. The woman, he found,
had been viciously beaten and raped. Her
skull had been fractured repeatedly by
blows with some heavy instrument, and
this apparently was the cause of death.

“It looks as if the weapon was a re-
volver butt,” said Dr. Mollison. “Further,
marks on her neck show an attempt was
made to strangle her. I'd say death oc-
curred about four hours ago.”

The detectives searched the scene care-
fully for a weapon, but found none.
Neither were there any signs of a struggle.
Beneath a sidewalk grating nearby, how-
ever, they discovered a small beaded hand-
bag.

Eagerly opening the bag, the officers
found it contained three letters and a
small amount of money, indicating that
the victim had not been robbed. From the
letters, all harmless missives written by
women friends, she was identified as Ivy
Violet McLeod.

Ivy—-Ivy! The name struck a responsive
chord in Commissioner Duncan’s mind.

maid who became the victim of the vicious
Mr. Hyde in Robert Louis Stevenson’s
famous novel about the unfortunate Dr.
Jekyll. She, too, was bludgeoned and
strangled to death. Had this poor woman
also been slain by some split personality
who by day was a respectable gentleman,
and by night a ravaging beast?

Duncan led his men into the hotel to
question the employes. From the hotel,
the officers visited the homes of all resi-
dents of the vicinity, seeking a possible
witness to the crime. But none of. the
hotel staff nor the others knew the victim
or had seen anyone suspicious at the scene.

Near the end of their canvass, however,
the detectives located one woman who told
of seeing a hatless man running from the
scene at about two-thirty a.m. She thought
he was short, dark and slight, but could
not be sure.

Commissioner Duncan and his men now
drove to the South Melbourne address
where the letters in the handbag indicated
the victim had lived. The address proved
to be a three-story brick rooming house.
From the landlady, who was shocked at
the news of the tragedy, they learned that
Mrs. McLeod, thirty-five, had been a cafe
hostess.


fully for a weapon, but found none, Neither were there any
signs of a struggle. Beneath a sidewalk grating nearby, how-
ever, they discovered a-small beaded I:andhbag.

Eagerly opening the bag, the slcuths found it contained
three letters and a small amount of money, indicating the
victim: had not been robbed. From the letters. all harmless
missives written by women friends, she was identified as Ivy
Violet Meleod.,

Ivy—Ivy! The name struck a responsive chord in. the
commissioner’s mind. Ivy was the name of the voluptuous
barmaid who became the vietim of the vicious Mr, Hyde in
Robert Louis Stevenson’s famous novel about the unfortunate
Dr. Jekyll. She, too, was bludgeoned and strangled to death.
Had this poor woman also been slain by some split personality
who by day was a respectable gentleman, and by night a
ravaging beast ?

Dunoan led his men into the hotel to question the employes,
Krom the hotel, the officers visited the homes of all residents
of the vicinity, seeking a possible witness to the crime. But
none of the hotel staff nor the others knew the victim or had
seen anyone suspicious at the scene.

Near the end of their canvass, however, the sleuths located
one woman who told of seeing a hatless man running from the
scene at about 2:30 a. mM. She thought he was short, dark and
slight, but could not be sure.

Commissioner Duncan and his men now drove to the South
Melbourne address where the letters in the handbag indicated
the victim had lived. They found a three-story brick rooming
house at that address and entered. From the landlady, who
was obviously shocked at news of the tragedy, they learned
that Mrs. McLeod, 35, had been a cafe hostess.

Ivy, the fictional barmaid, and Ivy, the real-life cafe hostess !
Duncan was astounded at the strange parallel.

Mrs. McLeod, the landlady continued, was separated from
her husband and lived alone in a furnished room. She usually
came home between 2 and 3 o'clock in the morning, and
slept until afternoon, when she went to work. Since the
blackout, however. Mrs. McLeod had been returning home
earlier because the bars and cafes now closed at 11 p. M.

“She was a good girl,” related the landlady. “And I'm sure
it was through no fault of her own that she met harm. In
spite of her occupation, she drank very little and kept good
company. She was an ideal roomer.”

The landlady readily gave the detectives the address of the
cafe where Mrs. McLeod had been employed, more than a
mile from the scene of the crime.

At the cafe, the officers found only a watchman on duty until
it reopened later in the morning. From him, they learned the
name and address of the manager.

Roused from sleep “at his flat, the manager, too, was shocked
and grieved to learn of Mrs. McLeod’s sad fate.

Confirming the landlady’s statement that the victim’s char-
acter had been above reproach, he said that Ivy always
behaved herself in a ladylike fashion with his customers.

“When did she leave last night and with whom?” asked
Commissioner Duncan.

“Shortly after closing time, at 11,
middle-aged man.”

“What’s his name?” snapped Duncan.

“Herbert Johnston,” replied the manager. ‘“He works in a
brokerage office downtown. He’s a bachelor and has a flat
down Richmond way. Ivy knew him well.”

Hastily consulting the Melbourne directory, the detectives
found that Johnston’s flat was located only six blocks from
the spot where the victim’s body had been discovered !

with a respectable,

URRYING OUT to their cars, the commissioner and his
men raced to the middle-aged bachelor’s flat. There they
roused Johnston from a deep and alcoholic sleep.

When word of the tragic death of Ivy McLeod sank into
his. consciousness, Johnson wept and ,buried his face in ‘his
hands.

“Poor girl!” he sobbed. “I never should have let her leave
this flat alone !” .

“So she was here last night ?” snapped Duncan.

Johnston nodded. “We came up to my place from the cafe
and had some drinks together. Along about 2 o’clock she
decided to leave. ] didn't feel well, and she wouldn’t let me
walk to the trolley line with her as I usually did.”

“Can you prove that?” demanded the commissioner,

The bachelor pondered a moment. “Why, no. IT can’t.” he

sid." But you have mw word for il

“That's not enough!" said Dunean. “You were the last
person to sce Mrs. Mcleod alive. We must take you intu
custody until you can show your innocence.”

“But surely,” protested Johnston, “you don't think [ had
anything to do with this—this ghastly affair?"

“We'll see about that.” promised the commisstoner. ‘Now
you get dressed and come along with us to headquarters, 1
have some questions to ask you.” ;

While Johuston was dressing, the detectives scoured his
rooms for a possible weapon or other damaging evidence. But
they found nothing.

All the rest of the day and far into the night, Johnston was
grilled relentlessly at headquarters by Duncan and other
police officials. Time after time they sought to trap him into
an incriminating admission, but he stuck steadfastly to the
story that Ivy McLeod had left his flat alone. Finally they
became convinced that he was telling the truth, iy

With no tangible evidence against him, Johnston was al-

MELBOURNE, metropolis of a million people... . It lay under a pall
of fear because of one fiendish strangler who did his work under cover
of blackouts. Three women met death at his hands in three weeks.


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real-life cafe hostess! Duncan
astounded at the strange parallel.

Was

RS. McLEOD was separated from her

husband, the landlady said, and lived
alone in a furnished room. She usually
came home some time between two and
three A.M. and slept until afternoon, when
she went to work. Since the blackout,
however, Ivy McLeod had been returning
home earlier because the bars and cafes
now closed at eleven P.M.

“She was a good girl,” the landlady de-'

clared. “I’m sure it was through no fault
of her own.that she met harm. In spite
of her occupation, she drank very little
and kept good company. She was an ideal
roomer.”

The landlady readily gave the detectives
the address of the cafe where Mrs. Mc-
Leod had been employed, more than a
mile from the scene of the crime.

At the cafe, the officers found only a
watchman on duty until it reopened later
in the morning. From him, they learned
the name and address of the manager.

Roused from sleep at his flat, the man-
ager, too, was shocked and grieved to
Jearn of Mrs. McLeod’s sad fate. Con-
firming the landlady’s statement that the
victim’s character had been above re-
proach, he said that Ivy always behaved
herself in a ladylike fashion with his cus-
tomers.

‘“When did she leave last night, and with
whom?” asked Commissioner Duncan.

“Shortly after. closing time, at eleven,
with a respectable; middle- aged man,” the
manager replied.

“What's his name?” Duncan demanded.

“Charles Spencer. He works in a
brokerage office downtown. He’s a bache-
lor and has a flat down Richmond way.
Ivy knew him well.”

Spencer’s address, the manager said, was
in the telephone directory. Hastily con-
sulting it, the detectives found that
Spencer’s flat was located only six blocks
from the spot where the victim’s body had
been discovered. |

Hurrying out to their cars, the Com-
missioner and his men raced to the middle-
aged bachelor’s flat. There they roused
Spencer from a deep and alcoholic sleep.

When word of the tragic death of Ivy
McLeod: sank into his consciousness,
Spencer wept and buried his face in his
hands. “Poor girl!” he sobbed. “I never
should have let her leave this flat alone!”

“So she was here last night?” snapped
Duncan.

* Spencers nodded. “We came up to my
place from the cafe and had some drinks
together. Along about two o’clock, she
decided to leave. I didn’t feel well, and

she wouldn’t let me walk to the trolley line |

with her as I usually, did.”

“Can you prove that?” demanded the
commissioner.

The bachelor pondered a moment.
“Why, no, I can’t,” he said. “But you have
my word for it.”

“That’s not enough!” Duncan declared.
“You were the last person known to have
seen Mrs. McLeod alive. We must take
you into custody until you can show your
innocence.”

“But surely,” protested Spencer, “you
don’t think | had anything to do with
(his this ghastly affair?”

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“We'll see about that,” promised the

commissioner. “Now, get dressed and
come along with ous to headquarters, |

| have some more questions to ask you.”

While Spencer was dressing, the detcc-

tives scoured his rooms for a_ possible
weapon or other damaging evidence. But
they found nothing.

All the rest of the day and far into the

night, Spencer was grilled relentlessly at

headquarters by Duncan and other police
officials. Time after time they sought to
trap him into an incriminating admission,
but he stuck steadfastly to his story that
Ivy McLeod had left his flat by herself.
Finally they became convinced that he
was telling the truth.

With no tangible evidence against him,
Spencer was allowed to return home, but
only with the stern warning that he would
be kept under strict surveillance until the
case was closed.

Meanwhile, news of the cafe hostess’
slaying. was emblazoned across the front
pages of all Melbourne newspapers. Cables
to the United States and England hummed
with the story of the shocking crime dur-
ing Melbourne’s blackout. And __ the
women of the city and its suburbs, were
terrified by the thought that they, too,
might fall victim to the prowling monster
of the streets.

For ‘the next few days, Commissioner
Duncan and his detectives worked long
hours in a desperate effort to turn up a
fresh lead on Ivy McLeod's slayer. But
every promising possibility led up a blind
alley.

Then on the following Saturday, May
9th, the fiend struck again!

Shortly before midnight, when the black-
out was at its height, the landlady of an-
other South Melbourne boarding house
heard faint moans outside her front door.

Hurrying downstairs, she opened the
door and “gasped in horror. Lying on the

doorstep was the body of one of her,

roomers: Mrs. Pauline Buchanan Thomp-
son, an attractive, thirty-one-year-old
brunette.

The landlady’s heart pounded as her
eyes took in every one of the ghastly de-
tails she had read in the papers. Blood
streamed down her face from ugly wounds
in her skull. Her dress and lingerie had
been ripped from her shoulders and
bunched around her hips with her skirt.
She was breathing her last.

The landlady ran back. into the house
and telephoned for police and: an
ambulance. :

But is was too late to save the
bludgeoned brunette. The ambulance sur-
geon already had pronounced her dead
when Commissioner Duncan and two of
his detectives reached the scene. Duncan
shook his head sadly as he surveyed this
newest atrocity of the “beast of the black-
outs.”

“We must redouble our efforts to cap-
ture this monster,” he declared. “But we
know one thing now—Charles Spencer is
innocent. Our men reported that he was
at home all evening.”

Dr. Mollison arrived and made a brief
examination. “I only needed one look
to know that this was the work of the
same man who killed Ivy McLeod,” he
said. ‘This woman’s skull has been frac-

tured in the same way and she has been

strangled. Tfs a pity she couldn't have
been found ai few minutes sooner, but
even then tl omapht have been too hate,
She’s been dead only a short time.”

Searching the scene as the body was
removed in the ambulance to the city
morgue, the detectives again found no
weapon. Carrying out the identical pat-
tern of Ivy Mel.eod’s murder, a handbag
was found nearby.

In the bag, which the landlady identified
as Mrs. Thompson's, they found a_ fair-
sized sum of money and a small address
book. Eagerly scanning the book, the de-
tectives came across the names of several
American soldiers and officers!

“See here,” Duncan snapped at the land-
lady. “Did Mrs. Thompson often go out
with any of the American soldiers?”

“Now and then,” the landlady nodded.
“Poor thing, she was lonesome. Her hus-
band is a police constable up in Bendigo,
about a hundred miles from here, and
she was a stenographer with the Interna-
tional Harvester Company here. She could
only see him once a month, when he came
here by train. I didn’t blame her for going
out now'and then with some of those nice
American soldier boys.”

“Do you know any of these Americans?”

“Only by sight. One of them was here
tonight, asking for her, about 9 o’clock.
But I told him her husband was tn town
and she was out-——so he went away.”

“Did he leave his name?”

The landlady shook her head. “No, but
I'd know him again if I saw him.”

“When did Mrs. Thompson go out?”
asked Duncan. .

“About four o'clock this afternoon. She
met her husband at the office and he came
home with her shortly: after one. Then
they went out together at four and that
was the last time I saw her until I found
her on my doorstep.”

“When was her husband. going to re-
turn to Bendigo?” asked the commissioner.

“He usually took the eleven o'clock
train back the same night, and Mrs,

Thompson went down to the station with

him to see him off.”

Armed with the victim’s address book,
the commissioner and his men returned to
headquarters to debate their next move.

“I’m beginning to see a little light now,”
Duncan said. “If the slayer of Ivy Mc-
Leod and Pauline Thompson is an Ameri-
can soldier, it explains a lot. That would
be the reason this city never has had such
a wave of crimes before—because this is
the first time the Americans have been
here. Obviously the victims must have
trusted their killer or they would. have
had time to scream. If this fiend carried
out his murderous attacks on the premise
of—let us say—-a harmless kiss, that
would solve the mystery of why no. one
heard their cries.”

“You're probably right, Commissioner,”
agreed Detective Sergeant Sydney Mc-
Guffie. “Our girls and women are doing
their best to make the Americans happy.”

“It may well be that the killer is a
Jekyll-Hyde’,” Duncan continued. “That
seems to fit in with the American soldier
theory. Most of them are clean-cut, well-
mannered and attractive. The killer may
appear the same way, but in actuality we
know that he is a sadist—a pervert who
derives inhuman pleasure from inflicting

f\
P


pain and injury on another human being.”

Now that the commissioner and his men
Suspected the slayer was an American
soldier with a schizophrenic, or divided,
personality, they were confronted by a
delicate situation.

If they made any attempt to question
the twenty soldiers and officers listed in
Mrs. Thompson’s little book, they would
risk tipping off the guilty man—unless
they were lucky enough to pick him first.
It could only be done, they decided, by
taking the American Army authorities into
.full confidence and swearing each soldier
to secrecy after they had questioned him
alone.

By the time the detectives reached this
decision, it was after four A.M. They re-
turned to their homes for some badly-
needed sleep before continuing the investi-
gation.

The Melbourne Sunday morning news-
papers hit the stands with stories of the
second fiendish blackout slaying, together
with a” picture of Mrs. Thompson which
reporters had obtained from the landlady.

Late in the morning, when Commis-.

sioner Duncan and his men met again at
headquarters, they learned of an unex-
pected and welcome break.

Three newspaper readers, all women,
had reported seeing the slain Mrs. Thomp-
son in a cafe with an American soldier
shortly after eleven o’clock Saturday night
——less than an hour before she was found
dying!

“I'm going. to change our plans,” Dun-
can told the detectives. “We’re going to
visit these witnesses and persuade them
to come with us to the American encamp-
ment in Royal Park to see if they can pick
out the man they saw with Mrs. Thomp-
son. We can arrange for them to be
present as we question each of the twenty
men on the victim’s’ list.”

Early that afternoon, with the three
women witnesses accompanying them, the
detectives arrived at American general
headquarters. The American officers in
charge were only too glad to cooperate,
and one by one the men listed in the ad-
dress book were led in to be questioned.

Privates, corporals, sergeants and lieu-
tenants, each denied knowing either Mrs.
Thompson or Mrs. McLeod. And none

was the soldier whom the witnesses had —

seen the night before. Reluctantly Com-
missioner Duncan concluded the question-
ing. '
Now there was but one course left: for
the witnesses to visit the camp infrequently
and unobtrusively, in an attempt to pick
the suspect out of the thousands of soldiers
and officers in the American forces. It
would be impossible to have the witnesses
view them singly. At best, this would be a
long drawn-out process and doubtful of
success,

For the next week, however, the detec-
tives ‘brought the witnesses to Royal Park
each day. Without attracting too much
attention, they spent hours casually look-
ing at the faces of the men in uniform. |

Ten days went by without result—and
then the monster struck for the third time!

Early on the morning of May 19th, an-
other woman's body was discovered by
milit&ry police lying in a muddy trench
twenty yards inside the fenced-in) Royal
Park itself.

j

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‘ou ever had or money back. So if you want to really
njoy your shaving—send $1.00 today.

sHAVE-EASE SYSTEM Dept, B-10
1605 Hollywood Blvd. Hollywood, Calif.

‘.

B
G

Clothes stripped down from the shoul-
ders and skirt yanked up, bunched about
the hips, the body was that of a buxom
blgnde in her middle thirties. Like the
other victims, her head had been badly
beaten, and she had been strangled and’
ravished.

Commissioner Duncan and his detectives
reached the scene with the medical ex-
aminer and once more found the crime
following the identical pattern.

Again the weapon was missing, and
again the victim’s purse was found, en-
abling identification. Similarly the purse
contained money—this time $15—ruling
out the possibility of robbery.

The victim’s hat, gloves and umbrella
also were found nearby, and marks in the
muddy turf indicated she had put up a
terrific struggle for her honor and life.

From papers in her purse, the victim
was identified as Gladys Lillian Hosking,
secretary and librarian of the chemistry
department of Melbourne University.

Noting Miss Hosking’s home address,
Commissioner Duncan and his men sped
there at once. They found it to be one
of the better. apartment houses in a good
section of the city. Another woman’s
name was listed with Miss Hosking’s on
the door of her apartment.

The buzzer was answered by a stunning
brunette, who identified herself as Miss
Hosking’s roommate. Anxiety written in
her face, she told them she had been wor-
ried because Miss Hosking had not re-
turned home the night before. What, she
inquired, was the matter?

As gently as possible, Commissioner
Duncan informed her of the librarian’s
tragic death, and she broke into a fit of
hysterical weeping. .

When the roommate finally had regained
her composure, she readily answered the
officers’ questions.

Gladys Hosking, she said, had gone out
early in the evening with several other
young women, all highly respectable, to
attend a movie. This was a regular weekly
outing for the group and afterward they
usually dropped in at a cafe and had a
few highballs to wind up the evening. The
roommate usually went along, she said,

| but not feeling well, she had begged off

this time.

cafe?” asked .Duncan.

“No,” replied the brunette. “There are
several they visited. They might have gone
to anyone of them last night.”

Obtaining a list of the cafes patronized
by Gladys Hosking and her friends, the
detectives departed to canvass them.

At the first three they visited, the man-

the group of young women had not been
there the night before. But at the fourth
cafe, the officers obtained the lead. they
sought. ;

Miss Hosking,: this manager said, had
come to his place with her friends at about
ten o’clock. He had heard them discussing
the American movie they had seen.

. “At another table,” continued the cafe
man, “three American soldiers were sitting,
drinking beer. The girls were in high
spirits and the boys seemed to be lone-
some.
and forth and finally they asked to have

their tables shoved together. There were

“Did the group always stop at the same

-agers and other employes reported that’

They passed some remarks back.

five women’ and three men. Two of the
men had a lady on each arm, while the
third soldier escorted only one Miss
Hosking.”

“Can you describe him?” cagerly asked
Duncan.’

The manager nodded. “He was dark,
fairly short and slightly built. He wore a
private’s uniform.”

“Have you ever scen him before?”

“Yes.. Every now and then he drops in
here for a beer or two—sometimes alone,
sometimes with other soldiers.”

“Do you know his name?” Duncan
snapped.

“No, I don’t,” the manager replied.
“But he usually comes in here about eight
in the evening. I fecl sure he'll be in
again—perhaps tonight.”

Conferring with his men, the commis-
sioner concluded that this development
seemed almost too good to be true. Should
they bide their time and conceal them-
selves in the cafe that night, waiting for
the soldier's possible return? Would he,
if he were the murderer, dare show him-
self so soon again in a place where he

“had been seen with his latest victim?

“Of course,” Duncan said, “we could
take the cafe manager over to Royal Park
and let him see if he'can spot the soldier
—but that’s like looking for a needle in a
haystack. And if the soldier we’re seeking
should see the manager in the camp _ be-
fore the manager sees him, he’s likely to
desert and flee.”

After debating the problem for some
time, the officers finally decided to keep
watch at the cafe that night on the chance
that the soldier would return.

“It seems likely that he wouldn’t dare
come back here,” Duncan observed, “yet
he may be careless. Or by pursuing his
usual habits, he may think to throw off
suspicion.”

That night, the commissioner and three
of his best detectives, including Sergeant
McGuffie, took up hiding places in remote
darkened booths and in the rear room of
the cafe. They waited, tense but patient,
all evening. Their vigil was, however, in
vain. ‘

The next night they returned to the
cafe and concealed themselves again. But
still, the soldier did not appear:

On the third night, shortly after eight
o’clock in the evening of May 22nd, their
patience finally was rewarded. . Before
their eager eyes, a short, slight, dark
soldier in an American private’s uniform
sauntered in alone and walked over to
the bar. Putting down a half-dollar, he
asked for a beer.

‘As he turned his head and looked
around, they saw his face. It was the
clean-cut, handsome countenance of a
typical. young American in his early
twenties.

Could this harmless-looking young man
be. the blackout monster who had raped
and slain three innocént women and
ravished and beaten many others? It
seemed incredible. But this was surely
the man who was last seen with Gladys
Hosking.

Guns drawn, the commissioner and his
men stepped up to the soldier from three
directions. The youth whirled, hig face
pale beneath his tan.

“Up with your hands!” barked Duncan.

hid.
was
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\

imes awarded
d of his equip-
camp with a
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“s March. He
whole camp.
to the entire
and banished.

und in camp

followed this
Lone in deal-
had expired
forse had ac-
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as

st Smith, Arkansas where Pvt. McDermott received the pathetic
cer from his wife. (Benson Lossing’s ‘‘Civil War in America’’)

INQUIRING about town, Gano’s men discovered
where McDermott had moved his family. Toward nightfall
they surrounded his house and ordered him to surrender.
He was taken out amid the “‘begging and pleading”’ of his
wife and children, and escorted into McKinney. Mean-
while, the rest of General R. M. Gano’s brigade had
arrived, and Gano decided to convene a court-martial at
once. McDermott was held overnight in the “bullpen”
or division stockade located at the fairgrounds just east of
McKinney. He was brought before the military court the
next morning, June 28.

The court-martial consisted of thirteen commissioned
officers, presided over by General Gano himself. When
asked what he pled, McDermott stood silent, which was
accepted as a plea of “not guilty.”” Witnesses were called
forward to recount McDermott’s capture, and extracts
of his service record were read. After a brief consulta-
tion, the officers of the court-martial pronounced Mc-
Dermott guilty by a unanimous vote. General Gano asked
McDermott for any final remarks before passing sentence,
to which McDermott replied with a barrage of rather
debasing reflections on the court. Guards were called
in to silence him while General Gano pronounced sentence.
He was condemned to be shot by a firing squad of twelve
men at 3 on July 1, exactly 72 hours from that moment.
McDermott sank down in his chair with his head between
his hands. In the rear of the room his wife began to cry
hysterically.

The death penalty for desertion was rarely imposed in
the Confederate Army, and it is probable that not one
deserter in 500 paid the extreme penalty. That McDermott
was given the death sentence can probably be attributed
to his refusal to testify in his own behalf, and his insulting
remarks to the court. Most deserters were merely drummed
out of the army or at the most given a long prison term.
In the Union army alone 460,000 desertions occurred dur-
ing the war, of whom possibly 60,000 returned to service;
in addition there were 160,000 who failed to appear when

Suvuac of Texas troops on the Las Moras, Texas in 1861, enjoying
muvisions from captured U. S. Army supply wagons. (From HW )

35


His farm was in desolation. What little crops his wife
had been able to plant had died from the heat. The well
was dry. The house and outbuildings were in a state of
disrepair. McDermott moved his family several miles down
the road to Woodlawn Settlement, where there was water,
repaired the crude cabin standing on the property, and
began to put in a new crop for his family. To the question
of inquisitive neighbors, McDermott replied that he was on
a sixty-day furlough.

THE procedure in the Confederate Army was to allow a
deserter a thirty-day grace period, in hopes of his vol-
untary return, and at the end of the period to send a squad
to arrest him. If he came back in the time allotted, he
would be severely punished. One penalty was to ‘“‘clothe”’
the criminal in a barrel shirt. Both the head and bottom of
the barrel were knocked out and two arm holes drilled in
the side. The prisoner was condemned to walk up and
down wearing the barrel, under guard for as many days
as were prescribed by his sentence. A favorite punishment
in the artillery and cavalry was the burying of dead horses
or cleaning up around the picket rope where the animals

were tied. A harsher sentence was sometimes awartt
habitual deserters. The prisoner was stripped of his equa
ments and uniform, marched through the camp with;
guard on either side and four soldiers following behaa
him with fixed bayonets, while a fife and drum cep f
brought up the rear, droning out the Rogue’s March.
was hooted and jeered at throughout the whole cang
After he had been thoroughly exhibited to the enm
command he was marched outside the lines and banish
He was liable to the death penalty if found in am &
afterwards.

DeMORSE’S REGIMENT generally followed ts
procedure, but usually used a slightly different one in de §
ing with deserters whose ‘grace period’ had expire §
Being the editor of a major newspaper, DeMorse had «-
cess to unlimited advertising space, and in the newspize
sometimes offered rewards up to thirty dollars for se
return of deserters. Records do not show evidence of ts
being done in McDermott’s case, however. At the end d
thirty days a detachment of the Gano Guards was sertw
McKinney to apprehend him.


Brigadier General Richard M. Gano, (LC)

drafted and qualified technically as deserters. Figures for
the Confederate army are incomplete but desertions there
probably ran to about 10 percent. Many soldiers in oc-
cupied areas deserted only to plunder the surrounding
countryside, and this was usually the cause of most execu-
tions. Hanging was reserved for those who deserted to join

the enemy, and death by firing squad was used for the
“local deserters.”

McDERMOTT was taken to the “bullpen” to await
the day of his execution. He was visited by a chaplain,
J. B. Wilmeth, on his first day there. Wilmeth talked
to McDermott and reportedly comforted him to an extent.
He promised McDermott that he would have his son, also
a minister, visit him. before the execution. The next
day was one of anxiety for McDermott, who had much
time for reflection. He awaited the visit of the minister,
J. R. Wilmeth, son of J. B., who did not come due to a
preaching engagement with the Gano Guards. Wilmeth
had ‘become dubious of the futility and propriety of
attemping to console anyone in such hopeless extremities.”
Nevertheless, the next day, June 30, he made an appoint-
ment with McDermott for 4. He found the prisoner “in
a state of considerable mental anxiety.” Briefly,
McDermott related to him that he had been a member
of the Catholic church, in which he was baptised in
infancy, but upon joining the Masons was excommuni-
cated. Since then he had “‘made no pretensions to religion

36

further than that since his sentence had been made knw; a
to him, he had been trying to repent and pray.” Ate f
further talking with Wilmeth he expressed his desire 1 {
be baptised.

The arrangements were accordingly made, ix
McDermott was led to the banks of the East Fork Creek
to the very spot where in less than 24 hours he woult
be killed. A multitude of overly eager spectators throng f
the banks of the stream. The ritual took on somethizg
resembling a carnival atmosphere, with the shouts 2.
guffaws of the onlookers. Wilmeth had to warn the thror |
on the bank, and remind them of the solemnity of the ocx
sion. After the singing of hymns and a prayer, Wilme:
led the prisoner into the creek, where he was baptised

THAT night McDermott wrote his last letter home, 3+
it was probably not much different from those that cour.
less others before him had written: “I am once r:
permitted to write you a few lines to let you know hew !
am... . T dream of you and the children every nig!
want you to keep your business as straight as you can.‘
I (will) never come back home. | want you, if the}
get fat, to sell them big ones and use them small for \« >.
self... . My dear, I must come to a close. Kiss the chilé-+
for me, may the Lord to them a father be, so farewell. :}
that nature binds to my heart. Your affectionate hush:-
till death... .”

BR

i

co)

mo
© Hes

2A
. *

General Samuel Bell Maxey, Commander of the Indian Ter-
tory, and General Gano's Superior officer. He ordered te
court-martial of McDermott. (Photo courtesy of the auther

Barney

again; bu
execution
their bod:
were not
the minis
after Nic!
squad con
Three |
Fort Cre
with one
formed. L.
under ar:
plaving. —
and Gran
solemn p:
one in fro
the enclos
in front
shoulders
marches
march. Ge
dressed in
MecDer:
Upon arri
sits down
rises, app
blindfold
firing squ:
tion. Six :
no man \
McDermo

again uses
he does. |]
the fatal «
crowd wat
softly. ‘‘I
McDermo:


nade known
After
iis desire to

ray.”

made, and
Fork Creek,
rs he would
rs thronged
1) something
shouts and
: the throngs
of the occa-
‘r, Wilmeth
ptused.

‘r home, and
that count-
once more

xnow how I

ery night. I

vou can, for

if the hogs

all for your-

the children
farewell, all
ite husband

dian Terri-
rdered the
¢ authors}

Be en ee eee ee

isin Mi

Barney McDermott’s wife was not to see him in life
zin; but his body would be turned over to her after the
aecution. Many executed prisoners were not so lucky, and
-eir bodies were dissected by the army doctors. Executions
»ere not without effect on the officers involved. Wilmeth,
¢ minister, took sick with ‘‘chills and fever” the night
cer McDermott’s death; and the captain of the firing
quad committed suicide after the war.

Three p.m. the first of July, 1864, on the bank of the East
for. Creek, near McKinney. A hollow square of men
vith one side entirely opened and facing the creek is
‘med. Lining the inside of the square is one regiment
der arms; flags are flying and the regimental band
slaying. Thousands of spectators from the nearby town
ind Gano’s brigade form the outside of the square. A
vlemn procession composed of two details of infantry,
ne in front of the prisoner and one in the rear, march into
‘he enclosure. Behind the first company and immediately
2 front of the prisoner his coffin is borne upon the
doulders of four men. The second detail, in the rear,
narches with fixed bayonets. A band plays the death
narch. General Gano sits motionless on his big black horse,

dressed in his finest uniform.
McDermott marches silently, head down, hands bound.

Upon arriving at the creek, the detail halts. McDermott
ats down on his coffin while the minister prays. Then he
rises, apparently in a state of great despair, while a
‘lindfold is placed over his eyes. He stands erect. ‘The
firing squad of twelve men comes forward and takes posi-
tion. Six rifles are loaded with blank cartridges, so that
20 man will know definitely if he fires the fatal shot.
McDermott is allowed to reflect on the court briefly, but
again uses abusive language and is ordered to desist, which
he does. There is a strange silence for a moment. Then

the fatal command comes. “Ready!” “Aim!” The

crowd watches transfixed, spellbound. ‘Vhe flags flutter
softly. ‘“‘Fire!’”? Twelve shots ring out, and Barney
McDermott falls back over his coffin, dead.

a RE momen

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37


MUMFORD, William B., white, hanged New Orleans, LA, 9-5-1862

i Manging of Wm. B. Mumford.

This morning, at an earty hour, a
large crowd, amounting tomany Wiou-
sands, assembled on the noth font of |
the mint, to witness the execution of
Mumford, the man who was ceundemn-
fed by the military eesaission ta he:
I hanged for the tearing Gown the Uni
ted States flag on the 2th. af Apu;
last. “The gallows was erected in thant
of the portivo, facing to tie North.

}
1 About 10 o'clock the proce sing |
{that conducted the prisoner to the pate:
lows came in view. Tt consisted of a
squadron of cavalry in the van, com:
ipuising about 200 inen. Next sis
‘the condemned ia an anmiby Wagon, at
;eompanied only by an officer of the
United States. He refused to be ate!
tended by a clereyman; and as he
| passed through the vast crowd, sitting |
‘on his coffin, his countenance express:
hed only the calin firmness of despair,
Arrived at the mint, he ascended
the platform and made a speech, of
| which we have prepared a full report
| fur to-merrow’s paper.

| "Phe crowd looked on very quietly,

-and no demonstration of any kind was!
imade. Many were ¢f opinion that the,
execution would not take plaee, but
| that the clemency of the commanding
‘gencral would be manifested in-a par.
idon, and a large number clung to this
: belief to the last moment.

hay
J

| At precisely teu minutes’ before 11
-o'clock the cord was cut, the ‘lrop fell
| with a heavy thud, anc all that was
‘mortal of Win. B. Mumford dangled
‘between earth and heaven.—wV, 0.)
| Delta, Sth inst. ee |

te Ge ‘ * : As.
‘ Bocas oma A
eos,


ee es ol aa © Oa

40 INSIDE WAR

had made strong inroads among Missouri voters, riding on widespread
anti-German feelings. Whatever their internal ideological differences, Ger-
mans knew what their pro-southern neighbors thought them to be and were
more unified in a collective unconditional Union response than any of
them. One Illinois infantry private, Henry Marsh, wrote in his diary of the
“dutch town” of Hamburg, where 300 men had organized a home guard.
They had requested ammunition from Marsh’s colonel, who had refused
them, but many of Marsh’s fellow enlisted men did give it to them.?® If all
civilians had been so united politically and so well organized, there would
have been no widespread guerrilla war. Such was not the case.

From time to time, citizens would agree to disregard their differences,
supporting the South when guerrillas came to town and changing protested
loyalties when Union troops were resident. Such was the case at Marshall
in central Missouri in the spring of 1862. Union troops encircled the
town, capturing several armed men who were on their way south to join
the Confederate army; but when Union soldiers actually entered the town,
as Abiel Leonard reported, “I never saw such a complete change in so
short a time. . . . When the troops came, the citizens were all Union.
There was not more than two or three Secessionists here that would be
candid enough to tell it. The troops expressed great surprise at finding so
many Union men here.””2°

Appeals to Union authorities often stemmed from a belief that external
forces had disrupted the naturally peaceful order of the community. The
very idea of appealing for redress to Union forces, the basic substance of
most of the military records I have analyzed, in itself was evidence of the
belief that local relationships had to be maintained. Outside authority
should be brought to bear not as a permanent draconian military govern-
ment but to cleanse local communities of injustice and return them to ante-
bellum status, where right was right and wrong was wrong.

In civilian testimony at courts-martial and in depositions and petitions to
Union authorities, an outraged sense of justice betrayed was the central
theme. The victim would testify not only to destructive acts done to him
or her but to the unjust and malevolent spirit which animated the attackers.
John A. Bean, a leading Unionist farmer living near Macon City, had
Known the guerrilla Henry A. Griffith from boyhood. Bean testified that
the other guerrillas who accompanied Griffith on a ransacking visit to
Bean’s home called him lieutenant and added that Griffith “appeared to
be very active in shoving things around, appeared to be a young convert.”
Griffith stole Bean’s Union League documents, and burned a photograph
of Bean’s son-in-law, a Union officer, saying, “boys did you ever see a God
Damned Federal Officer burn before?” Bean continued, “Well, they just
danced jam bone, sung rally round the flag boys [a Union anthem], while
burning the Stars and Stripes.” In another case, four men who had known

John Nichols before the war, testified at his court-martial that Nichols was

CIVILIANS IN |

“the terror to |
before this reb
cle, testified th
ging that “he
Nichols in the
you do not den
whereabouts. (
“When they we
well, that if the
and hang me 1i
and has scarce]
When they
guerrilla war, t
acts of terror t
Missouri may f
testimony is ev
to be the basi:
was not seen as
Even in the
tims believed t
true redistribut
plete list of lo:
returned to the
he himself very
out his list, for
he ought to be «
ety such wrong
cedures—there
Thus one husb:
trill’s gang in 1{
taken by the bu
Since civiliar
provost marsha
and appeals we:
Thus the Callay
frightened lette.
woods [are] aliv
out into the wo
should be hang
had demanded
dollar, they hac
little amount.”
Union outpost :
safety in that co


-

INSIDE WAR

on widespread

4 ferences, Gers

‘0 be and were
> than any of
is diary of the
1 home guard,
o had refused @
) them.?® If all
J, there would ~

St waa

Sd

‘ir differences, 7
ging protested |
se at Marshall —
encircled the |
south to join
cred the town,
-kange in 80

all Union,
hat would be | |
> at finding so 4 i§

agar

mmunity. The
> substance of @ |
‘idence of the
ide authority 7
litary govern= |
them to ante.

id petitions to
is the central —

* done to him 7 @
the attackers, = ‘ .

qon City, had
testified that a e
‘king visit to
“appeared to
ung convert,”
a photograph |

ver sce a God
ell, they just: 7
ithem], while — i
“id known a
chols was

OVIUANS IN GUERRILLA WAR 41

wm terror to [Pettis] county.” William Sharp said that “He was very bad
wore this rebellion. He is a bushwhacker.” Edmund Kean, Nichols’s un-

«, testified that Nichols had shot at him and had stolen his horse, brag-
omg that “he had killed many Union men.” F. W. Gresham pointed at
‘wdols in the courtroom, saying, “‘you killed Gay’s negro George which
vu do not deny” for George’s having informed Union officers of Nichols s
vnertabouts. Gresham was looted at gunpoint by Nichols and his band.
‘When they were leaving Nichols said I ought to think I had come off very
wel, that if they [the band] would treat me right they would take me out
and hang me like a dog. My wife being weakly was very much frightened
and has scarcely got over it.”

When they had their day in court, an unusual opportunity during a
pumila war, these victims all testified not only to the bad results of the
ax of terror but to the evil moral intention which animated such terror.
Nassouri may have had rough and ready qualities before the war, but such
ssumony is evidence that a code of natural justice was generally believed
s be the basis of normal, nonthreatening relationships, and that terror
vas nol seen as a means to legitimate self-service.

Evea in the face of rampant and seemingly random violence many vic-
ums believed that justice would be reasserted. The hope for some later,
vw redistribution of justice may have lain behind Daniel De Witt’s com-
weit ist of losses at Union hands. Someday, when normal justice had
curned to the land, he would file a claim and be compensated. Even if
te umself very much doubted this hope, it was significant that he wrote
wt his list, for that act itself was evidence of his faith that in all justice
we ought to be compensated, that in a proper and attainable peaceful soci-
ex such wrongs would be righted. Americans had courts and civil pro-
«wares—there was no need to resort to brute force to resolve conflicts.
“yas one husband requested of his wife, who had been raided by Quan-
“u's gang in 1862, “Write immediately and please send me a list of things
wkea by the bushwhackers and their value as I wish to lay a claim.’ ~ .

Sace civilian authority had collapsed in much of Missouri, military
wowost marshals were often the only available agents of the law; petitions
ané appeals went to them or to their superiors in the command structure.
“Yas the Callaway County provost marshal received copies of a string of

“gttened letters which Henry Barnes had written to his father. “The
wands [are] alive with Bushwhackers,” Henry wrote. He had been taken
‘ut mato the woods one night to listen to a debate over whether or not he
swald be hanged. His house had been looted, and when the guerrillas
‘wd demanded his wallet and had seen that it contained “only about a
sla, they had handed it back and swore they would not take such a
mie amount.” Henry’s father, John, wrote to the authorities that the
-tu9@ Outpost nearest to Henry was eighteen miles away, that “a man’s
wety in that country, at present, is to be a friend of the rebels,” and that


Nye! eae
Es RESO ELS OEY EOS ee een aN

276 Notes to pages 39+:

been captured at Vicksburg and paroled. He was sentenced to five years =
prison for horse theft, though he successfully defended himself again:
charges that he was a guerrilla. It is significant that Galloway tried to ma\:
Chrisman trade in a “fair” manner, a code both men shared in genera!
not in this instance. Chrisman forced Galloway to use overt, illegal coe:
cion, the appearance of which Galloway attempted to avoid, whether {-:
future legal reasons or to keep his conscience clear is unknowable. Othe:
neighborly direct action against thieves was not so successful. For examp\:
on October 31, 1864, six Missouri Unionists, some of whom were in th:
militia, went to Oskaloosa, Kansas, to retrieve stolen goods and horse:
The local sheriff had them in his possession and was willing to return the~
A mob formed, seized and beat the six Missourians, and took back the re-
turned property, driving the six bleeding men out of town: George 1)
Tolle et al. to Major H. H. Heath, n.p., November 2, 1864, Two or Mor:
Name Citizen File 2637, Record Group 393, N.A.

. Entry for June 18, 1861, Diary of Henry J. Marsh, Wis.SHS.

Abiel Leonard to his Wife, Marshall, March 7, 1862, Abiel Leonard Cw’

lection, JC. This consensus broke down and in 1864, after a great deal o:

dispute and killing, Marshall was sacked and burned in Price’s raid.

. Testimony of John A. Bean, Court-Martial of Henry A. Griffith, St. Josep’
September 7, 1864, Case LL 2638, Record Group 153, NA. Griffith argued
in his defense that he had been forced to go with the guerrillas and tha:
subsequently he only followed orders. Griffith's mother and a neighbo:
scheduled to testify for him did not appear at the trial. Griffith was hanged
on September 23. Testimony of F. W. Gresham, Edmund Kean, Joha
Beard, and William Sharp, Court-Martial of John Nichols, Jefferson City.
June, 1863, Case MM 746, Record Group 153, NA. Abraham Lincoln
approved Nichols’s death sentence on September 10.

. Thomas to his Wife, near Boonville, November 14, 1862, Civ!

War Letter, 1862, JC.

. John Barnes to Colonel N. Cole, St. Louis, March 8, 1864, Provost Marshal

Letters Received File 2786, Record Group 393, NA.

. [Report of Gustavas St. Gem], Headquarters of the 8th Sub-District of the

St. Louis District—Office of the Assistant Provost Marshal, St. Genevieve,

December 1, 1864, Provost Marshal Letters Received File 2786, Record

Group 393, NA.

. C. C. Ziegler, Application for Protection, St. Louis [circa April 1, 1863).

Provost Marshal Letters Received File 2786, Record Group 393, NA.

. Austin A. King to Major General John M. Schofield, St. Louis, May 30.

1863, John M. Schofield Papers, LC.

. John A. Higgins to Nancy, Warsaw, October 19, 1861, John A. Higgins

Papers, Ill.SHL.

. G. O. Yeiser to Brigadier General J. M. Schofield, Mexico, July 19, 1862.

Letters Received File 367, Record Group 393, NA. One cannot know if

Yeiser’s prewar religious faith had been so Calvinistic.

. Petition of 88 residents of Boone County to Major General Samuel R.

Curtis, February 23, 1863, Letters Received File 367, Record Group 393,

NA.

Roy RE Ee ee ee ee EE er emer Seen es
Peet ta : f ie Sees aes RS Boer ee ae t

SF AIO eee
LP OE pA Pee g

pS NEE ae

Notes to pa;

40. A. J. M
Papers,
41. The Un
Marsha
not kno
42. R.J. A)
1864, C
letter, /
should
43, Case 0
shal Cl
44. United
More tr
45. Deposi
File 2(
guson,
2786,
46. Thirty
Farra!
Four
Name
47. Abral
25, 18
48. Depo:
Mars!
49. Court
ord G
50. Geor;
Jame:
51. Barto
Pape!
24, 1:
52. Josep
dorf
Pion
1951
McR
John
John
53. J. R.
14, |
15, }
54. Geo
shal
to h
CHS
55. Geo
28,


SOLDIER HANGED
FOR ASSAULT ON
GIRL IN WACO

Penalty of Death Is Car-
= ehe--€ "
This iornine. eg at

neni

By Associated Press.

WACO, Texas, July 11.-—Nat Hoft-
man, formerly a member of the sup-
ply company, Nineteenth Field Ar-
¢iliery, Fifth Brigade, was hanged In
the stockade at Camp MacArthur this
inorning at 5:88 o'clock. Hoffman was

tried by courtmartial on a charge of
criminal assault upon an ll-year-old
school girl near the camp last April:
Conviction followed and the case was.
sent to. Washington for review, Sen-—
tence was affirmed and its execution,
followed quietly this morning at the
bour named. None but officers and a
guard were alloved to oraniunt cise,
with the condemned man. It was an- |
nounced that his only utterance during
preparation for the execution was thai
he deserved his fate.

Hoffman was 25 years old and of a
prepossessing appearance.

_His mother resides in Pittsburg, Pa.,
and she has been notified of the exe-
cution of her son.”

One evening last April Hoffman met
the girl in company with a boy about
her age in a lonely wooded spot. near
Camp MacArthur. The boy was first
attacked and ren away, after which
the girl was assaulted: The boy: re-
ported, the affair and military police
were soon on Hoffman's trail. He
was captured early in the evening and
the trial followed soon thereafter.

a> P-


4 a
1

Within fifteen minutes Corporal Joel
Wehking of the 42nd Field Artillery Batta-
lion had arrived with a driver to. take
Miranda back to the guardroom at Broomhill
Camp. As he was not incapable of walking,
he was then allowed to return to his hut.

Entering his billet in a ‘noisy boisterous
Manner’ he mouthed a few choice words
WHout the dat Serpeant who wie asleep,
Within minutes a shot rang out, galvanising
the sleeping soldiers from their bunks. ‘Your
worries are Over now boys’, laughed Miranda
hysterically, | have shot the Ist Sergeant and
Mil turn on the lights so 1 can show you.’

When found guilty of murder at his Gen-
eral Court-Martial on March 20 it was really
an open and shut case. There were no
mitigating circumstances in what was ad-
judged a premeditated cold-blooded killing
and unusually, and for the first time in the
UK, the court sentenced Miranda to suffer
death by musketry. He was shot at Shepton
Mallet on May 30, 1944.

PRIVATE WILEY HARRIS JR

March 1944 was indeed a black month for
killings by American servicemen. The
following evening, Monday, March 6, Pri-
vate Wiley Harris and Private Robert Fils
were On an evening pass from the 626th
Ordnance Ammunition Company based in
Belfast, Northern Ireland. After drinking
some wine and beer in York Street they went
‘ The interior of the 42nd Field Artillery Battalion hut at Broomhill Camp at Honiton, down to the Diamond Bar in North Queen
| Devon. In the left rear, next to the door with the black-out curtain, is the top bunk of — Street where they had a number of glasses of

ee ne

Sergeant Thomas Evison. In the right foreground marked with an X is the top bunk of — Guinness. Wiley was approached by a civi-
Private Miranda. The carbine he used to kill Evison was taken from the rack behind the __ lian, Harry Coogan, who asked if he wanted
stove. a woman. When Wiley replied *“Yes’ he

eat PRIVATE ALEX F. MIRANDA
& Almost at the same time that Dorothy
—-_ Holmes was being raped at Bishop's Cleeve, :
: a hundred miles to the south in Honiton, “9 “we he: aay
BM i is i
ne :

Private Alex Miranda was picked up by
[HOMAS EVISON

Special Sergeant Bill Durbin and Constable

Non of the Devonshire Police for urinating
po SG ae th BN.
me . PENNSYLVANIA.. MAR 5 14)

in the street. He was taken to Honiton Police
Station about 12.15 a.m. and held until
transport arrived to take him back to camp.
While Sergeant Durbin reported that he was
drunk, although not so drunk that he did not
know whit be was doi, he wis nasty and
abusive in general, Miranda said to Durbin:
‘You are a fine fat sergeant. | would make
you top sergeant. Come on guard tomorrow
night and IT will give you a royal welcome.’
1 When a group of men left the station to get
some sergeants who had been involved in un
accident, Miranda remarked: ‘TE hope they rip

their guts out,’ and then said to Durbin: ‘I
: was not pissing in the street. You are lying. | ee ee
F will rip your guts out.’ Sergeant Durbin later ae
‘ testified that Private Miranda ‘seemed to First buried in the temporary cemetery at Brookwood (Plot O, Row 9, Grave 1), he now
‘ have sergeants on his mind’. lies at Cambridge in Plot C, Row 5, Grave 42. so
q

Nothing remains of the camp today, the field which belongs to the local Catholic ch rch being lat to ¢ farmer for grazing.


HARRISON, William, hanged England (Military) April 7, 1945

i
7

After The Battle Magazine’ /ssuc No. 59

AFTER THE

BATTLE

CRIME IN

’ war ok

E US PRISON AT SHEPTON MALLET

On April 14, 1942 the President of the

President, Colonel Lawrence Uh. tedtick

arrived inthe UK in January 1942, coming
ashore at Belfast in Northern Ireland (see

United States, in a letter to the US Secretary
of War, directed that the Judge Advocate
General establish a branch with the United
States Armed Forces in the United King-
dom. The office was to include a Board of
Review to perform in all cases involving
sentences by General Courts-Martial not

(promoted to Brigadier General prior to his
arrival in the European Theater) was desig-
nated the Assistant Judge Advocate General
in command, and the Branch Office was
formally opened at Charlton House, Chel-
tenham, on July 18. The total officer person-
nel was ceven,

Vhe first Americun military torces bud

After the Battle No, 34). Vhereatter there was
aw continuous trans-oceanic movement. of
dersonnel and equipment from the United
States, and the United Kingdom became a
semi-permanent base of operations. As it
Was realiscd that Ameriowt troops would
occupy a unique position with regard to the

requiring approval or confirmation by the

Chariton House, Cheltenham. From July 1942 to October 1944
(when It moved to Paris) this was the headquarters of the
American military justice system in Europe — officially designa-
ted BOTJAG — the Branch Office of The Judge Advocate
General. At Its head was an Assistant JAG, Brigadier General
Lawrence H. Hedrick, succeeded on June 20, 1943 by Brigadier
General Edwin ©. McNeil. Left: The General's office, where the

files of the cases of al! those accused cf capits'crin in the UK
were examined and from wher. the f..idings of the JAG Board

Wiiprenetine os,

*

of Review were dispatched under his elynature to the Coninan-
ding General! of the European Theator for approval, Is to the
tight of the entrance on the ground floor. Right: Today. this Is
the corporate headquarters of the holding company of the
world-wide energy conservation froup. Splrax-Sarco Ltd, its
chairman occupying the same office as Hedrick and McNeil.
Part of. th: group is American, or srating from Alle>town
Pennsylvania, hence the US fiag —« ther ap,,ropiiate sy. isu)
in view of wartime use of the builUi:..


eeenininiid iniiioniiad

HARRIS, Wiley, Jr., black,

AFTER THE

BATTLE

executed England (Military) May 6,

‘After The Battle Magazine " Issue No. 59

ays aor’ 3: od pi’ te .
SNE Fa at Lane ine ’
% ieee ae "t;

’ . as . .

es

US PRISON AT SHEPTON MALLET

On April 14, 1942 the President of the
United States, in a letter to the US Secretary
of War, directed that the Judge Advocate
General establish a branch with the United
States Armed Forces in the United King-
dom. The office was to include a Board of
Review to perform in all cases involving
sentences by General Courts-Martial oot
requiring approval or confirmation by the

President, Colonel Liwrence Ul tediick
(promoted to Brigadier General prior to his
arrival in the European Theater) was desig-
nated the Assistant Judge Advocate General
in command, and the Branch Office was
formally opened at Charlton House, Chel-
tenham, on July 18. The total officer person-
nel was ceven.

The first Americun military forces had

wiived inthe UK in January 1942, coming
ashore at Belfast in Northern Ireland (see
After the Battle No. 3-4). Vhereatter there was
a continuous trans-oceanic movement of
personnel and equipment from the United
States, and the United Kingdom became a
semi-permanent base of operations. As. if
Was roaliscd that American troops would
occupy Ud tnique postion with tegare to the

irre oo,

Charlton House, Cheltenham. From July 1942 to October 1944
(when It moved to Paris) this was the headquarters of the
American military justice system In Europe — officially designa-
ted BOTJAG — the Branch Office of The Judge Advocate
General. At its head was an Assistant JAG, Brigadier General
Lawrence H. Hedrick, succeeded on June 20, 1943 by Brigadier
General Edwin ©. McNeil. Left: The General's office, where the
files of the cases of all those accused cf capite'crir = in th. UK
were examined and from where the fi.idings of the JAG baard

of Review were dispatched under his eignature to the Coninan-
ding General of the European Theataor for approval, Is to the
right of the entrance on the ground floor. Aight: Today. this is
the corporate heudquurters of the holding company of the
world-wide energy conservation group, Splrax-Sarco Ltd, Its
chairman occupying the same office as Hedrick and McNeil.
Part of. th= group is American, orarating from Alle :town
Pennsylvania, hence the US fiag — «_ .ther ap,:ropriate sy. su]
in view of wartime use of the build...


4

fs o-

NEW PRISON WORKSHOP ¢*

UNDER EC STRUCTON a
: 9 bo | us

EXECUTIONS BY §;

FIRING SQUAD

FRITHFIELD LANE
ee \

‘

pointed to a girl, Eileen Mcgaw, and said ‘If
you want to go out with the girl I will get her
for you.’ Miss Megaw, who later described
the American as a ‘negro soldier of slight
build, a high brown not too dark’, agreed a
price of £1. Coogan said he knew where they
could go.

Leading the way to an air raid shelter at
the top of Earl Street across the road from
the bar, he agreed to wait outside ‘in case the
police would come’. Coogan held a torch
while Harris handed over the money in
silver. Hle went into the shelter and laid his
overcoat on the floor but before ‘fl could do
what I intended to do’, Coogan shouted that
the police were coming. Somewhat annoyed,
Harris went outside and flashed the fitch up
and down the road, By this tiie Miss Mepaw
had also joined him, rather frightened.

With no sign of the police, Harris asked
her to return inside the shelter but she
refused. He then asked for his money but
Coogan told her not to give it back. When

KS
A

‘
Ay
4

We si s ot pos
EXECUTION BLOCK

' OPA ae

v

Miranda chalked up a first when he was sentenced to death by firing squad. Death by
shooting was an option available at the discretion of the court, usually invoked if the
victim was a fellow serviceman, but there is nothing in the records to explain why
Cobb and Harold Smith, who also killed American soldiers, had previously been hung.
The execution was carried out in the outer yard at Shepton Mallet but as no backstop
had been provided the stone wall produced some dangerous ricochets. Therefore for
the second ‘execution by musketry’ six months later (Private Pygate see page 42), Bill
Pyle supervised the construction of a large wooden box filled with earth to absorb the
impact of the bullets. (Aerofilms picture taken 1971)

2

the girl started to run she dropped the coins Although the defence at the subsequent
and as Harris started to pick themup Coogan General Court-Martial asked for a lesser
struck him oon the cheek. At this Harris verdict of guilty of voluntary manslaughter,
pulled) out his jack-knife and lunged at the number of wounds and the ferocity of the
Coogan and in the fight that ensued the attack led the court to find Harris guilty of
Irishman fell dead from. seventeen stab murder, His execution took place at Shepton
wounds, Mallet an Muay 26, 1944,

Left: The knifing of Harry Coogan took place here outside this alr rald shelter at the
top of Earl Street, Belfast. The Diamond Bar can be seen behind the inquisitive
children on North Queen Street. Be/ow: The church was already in ruins In 1944 and
the pub disappeared in the mid-1970s. A depressing area scheduled for redevelop-
ment.

ony ry ao Te
: v| ‘= Hage i ‘ oe ia

ja ~ :
: om

= ; .
‘ a5 |e bigs tec ne fe

ee 4 et
ee ecb 633
| Fe Bites ie ree f
. “Taf eo er J Tash
“aes t we dia Breit eet

a ite


o

by the hand. ... [with] the same condition
of asphyxia present of head and neck.’

Meanwhile the girl had been identified as
Betty Green by her father. He had been at
the Smiths Arms — some 200 yards from the
murder spot — and he recalled that two
Americans had been at the pub the previous
evening. They had left just before him and as
he walked behind them he saw them turn
towards the Black Path. Later at an identifi-
cation parade he picked out the men he had
seen.

On August 25 the Kentish Express re-
leased the first news of the killing, stating
that three American soldiers were suspects.

Betty Green’s clothing and the hair sam-
ples had been sent to the Metropolitan Police
Laboratory at Hendon where they were
examined by Dr Henry Walls. The clothing
of the two men identified by Mr Green —
Private Augustine Guerra and Corporal
Lernent Clark ~~ win ilo examined and hair
sumples compared to those found on the
dead girl. Faced with the damning forensic
evidence, both confessed that they had met a
pie. Clark admitted that he had approached

er and asked her to go for a walk. When he
icked her up to carry her into the field she
ad started to scream and Guerra put his
hand over her mouth. They then admitted
that they had laid her against the fence and
tuken turns in raping her.

On returning to nab Guerra had asked
Clark if there was anything wrong with the
girl after he left her lying on the ground.

lark told him he didn’t think so as her heart
was still beating. He thought she had fainted
and after a rest she would be all right again.

Vik Wes

Poor Betty, just 15 years old. ... equally a casualty of war.

"e s lv aye

A
1%’ ;
INA teas

Justice was meted out at the General Court-Martial held in Ashford Town Hall, since
the construction of a new civic centre, converted into retail shops. The Council
Chamber where Clark and Guerra stood trial is now Christophes hairdressers.

When his statement was taken, Clark said
that ‘Tl Know bam guilty of the rape but I
Know Fiat murder ber’

Part of the policy of the United States
authorities in such cases was Chiat justice must
be seen to be done, and where possible trials
were held in the town where the erime had
occurred. In this case the General Court-
Martial was held in Ashtord Council Cham-
ber on September 22 and fully reported in

the Press. (This policy was taken a stage
further after the invasion for crimes commit-
ted in France age the execution was carried
oul on temporary gallows ecreeted in the
Villiige concerage.)

Found guilty, Corporal Clark was) sent-
enced to death as was Private Guerra for
aiding and abetting the crime, the executions
taking place at Shepton Mallet on January 8,
1945,

A fleld at Killycolpy and another dreadful sexuully-motivated murder — the second crime In 1944 committed by alr force personnel.

PRIVATE WILLIAM HARRISON

In September another airman, Private
William Harrison serving with the 2nd Com.
bat Crew Replacement Center Group in
Northern Ireland, where new crews were
formed and trained together before being
posted to operational sqttadrons id England,
committed the most da.tardly ccime of all.
He had become fricuuly with the Wylie

family in Killycolpy near Stewartstown in
County Tyrone, i i Visiting the house
on September 25, asked permission to take
their WP Oraroid daughter Patricia to buy
some drinks for Mr Wylie who ‘had been so
nice to him’. En route to the local shop
Harrison betrayed the trust shown to hin,
und took the little girl into a field whei
sexually assaulted and strangled her.

While the General Court-Martial held on
November 1% found him guilty, it untsually
sentenced him ‘in such manner as the review-
ing authority may direct to sulfer death’. At
the direction of the JAG Board of Review,
the court reconvened on December 2, re-
voked its formgr sentence, and sentenced
Harrison. to be haeosed, which, was. carried
out at Shepton Miailes on Aprit 7, 1945.

a


AmER CAL pys7oRY Lee ~—e 997

ENERAL HOWE, who went to Halifax from Bos-
ton, arrived at Sandy Hook on the twenty-
_ ninth of June, with ships and transports bearing his
recruited army, where he was visited by Governor
[William] Tryon. On the eighth of June he landed
nine thousand men upon Staten Island, and there
awaited the arrival of his brother, Admiral [Rich-
ard] Howe, with English regulars and Hessian hire-
lings. These arrived in the course of a few days, and
in August, Clinton and Parker, with their broken
forces, joined them. Another disembarkation took
place on the twelfth, and there, upon the wooded
heights of Staten Island, above Stapleton and Clif-
ton, and upon the English transports, almost thirty
thousand men stood ready to fall upon the Republi-
cans. Already the Declaration of Independence had
gone abroad; the statue of the king in New York
had been pulled down, and brave men, pledged to
the support of the Continental Congress and its
measures, were piling fortifications upon every eli-
gible point around the devoted city.
A plot, originated by [William] Tryon, to murder
the American general officers on the arrival of the

The Colispitacy
through Nineteenth-Century

y Byes ey

British, or at best to capture Washington and de-
liver him to Sir William Howe, was discovered at
this time. It was arranged to blow up the magazine,
secure the passes to the city, and at one blow de-
prive the Republicans of their leaders, and by mas-
sacre or capture annihilate the ‘‘rebel army.’’
Mayor [David] Mathews [Matthews] was one of the
conspirators; and from his secure place on board
the Duchess of Gordon, Tryon sent money freely to
bribe Americans. Two of Washington’s Guard were
seduced, but the patriotism of a third was proof
against their temptations, and he exposed the plot.
Mathews [Matthews], Gilbert Forbes (a gunsmith
on Broadway), and about a dozen others, were im-
mediately arrested, and sent prisoners to Connecti-
cut. It was ascertained that about five hundred per-
sons were concerned in the conspiracy. Thomas
Hickey, one of the Guard, was hanged on the
twenty-seventh [twenty-eighth] of June, 1776. This
was the first military execution in New York. *

+

[THE PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK OF THE REVOLUTION; OR, ILLUSTRATIONS, BY PEN AND PENCIL, OF
THE HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, SCENERY, RELICS, AND TRADITIONS OF THE WAR FOR
INDEPENDENCE” BY BENSON J. LOSSING; HARPER AND BROTHERS, NEW YORK, 1850]

The plot had been uncovered when one of Washing-
ton’s men, Sergeant Thomas Hickey, in jail on suspicion
of counterfeiting, approached another prisoner and
tried to enlist him into the King’s service. The second
prisoner, Isaac Ketcham, also in custody for counterfeit-
ing (a common criminal practice in Revolutionary-War-
era America), used the information to bargain for his
own release. On June 17 he submitted a petition to the
Provincial Congress for bail, adding in a footnote that
he had ‘‘something to obsearve to the honorable
house.”’ In exchange for his release Ketcham implicated
Hickey and another soldier, Michael Lynch, claiming
that both men had boasted they were part of a conspir-
acy against Washington.

Ketcham’s jailers were probably skeptical of his
story; however, there was another development that en-
couraged them to proceed. Prominent local business-
man William Leary told American authorities that a
former employee, James Mason, had approached him
saying that he was receiving money from the British.

Upon Leary’s.disclosure, Mason was promptly arrested. .

Under the pressure of interrogation Mason revealed
the names of several of Washington’s guard who were
involved: Hickey; William Greene, a drummer; James

Recommended additional reading: American Archives edited
by Peter Force (Johnson reprint of the 1837-1853 edition).

10

y

Johnson, a fifer; and a soldier named Barnes. Mason
also said that the mayor had contributed one hundred
pounds to the plot.

Other details began to come to light. According to the
testimonies of those involved and conversations over-
heard at Corbie’s Tavern (a well-known Tory gathering-
place close to Washington’s quarters), Washington was
to be assassinated when the British army landed, as part
of a plan for a surpise attack on the core of the Conti-
nental Army. It was rumored that up to seven hundred
men had formed a special Tory corps and were receiving
pay from Tryon. Upon a signal, the artillerymen who
were conspirators would turn the cannon on the Ameri-

can troops. The ammunition stores were to be blown

up and King’s Bridge would be cut to prevent the
American forces from escaping. Word circulated that
the drummer would stab Washington to death if the op-
portunity arose.

HOSE NAMED BY MASON were arrested shortly after

the mayor was taken into custody, along with a
gunsmith, Gilbert Forbes. Hickey was still in jail under
the counterfeiting charges.

Moving quickly, Washington ordered a court-martial
for June 26. The tribunal convened in Washington’s
headquarters at Richmond Hill, a short distance from
New York City. Thomas Hickey was charged with ‘‘ex

Page of Lists/ Fairfield W. Hoban

ASSASSINATION ATTEMPTS
IN NEW YORK CITY

Wwe

—

Some plots were disastrously effective; others fail ed due to
a or mere unpredictable circumstances,

qs

: ee - :
- S85 ens

Of the assassination plots
that have been hatched in
New York, some were dis-
astrously effective, some
failed due to complications,
and some were thwarted by
mere unpredictable circum-
stances. But all the victims

whose deaths would cha
history.

1. Conspiracy to assassi-
nate George
June 22, 1776. General Wash-
ington was staying at Burr’s
mansion on Charlton Street,
just east of Varick. Close by,
in the Serjeant’s Arms Tav-
ern, the whispering of Tory
conspirators Gilbert Forbes
and Thomas Hickey piqued
the curiosity of a waiter,
William Collier, who
creted himself in a closet
and heard plans being made
to poison the general, blow
up the ammunition dump,
and burn down the city.
Hickey enlisted the coopera-
tion of Phoebe Fraunces,
daughter of Sam Fraunces,
the owner of  Fraunces
Tavern on Pearl Street, ask-
ing her to sprinkle poison

were prominent public Hae)

180 NEW YORK/DECEMBER 4,

site

ee
h -

Se--

liberally over Washington?
favorite dish, green peas. She
also enlightened the gengral.

the peas and they were
thrown out of the window;

Hickey was hanged at the
intersection of Grand and
Chrystie streets while 20,000
watched.

2. Mayor William Jay
Be ike 4 caaiact gz ee
August 9, 1910. This popular

Tammany mayor had just
boarded an ocean liner at a
Hudson pier for a European
vacation when a discharged
city dock employee shot him
in the throat. Mayor Gay-
nor’s throat had been well
exercised over the years, and
the bullet had little effect. It
was never removed, and the
mayor served his term until
his death in 1913.

3. Editor Carlo Tresca shot
by unknown assailant, Janu-
ary 11, 1943. Carlo Tresca
was the crusading anti-fascist
editor of the newspaper II
Martello(‘‘The Hammer’’)and

1978

On the fateful nig a
story goes, George ined

some unlucky chickéns~
Paes and Sani tel |

a friend of Mayor La Guar-
eal in the evening,
after putting the paper to
bed, he came out of his office
at 2 West 15th Street and
met his assassin. He was shot
twice and died on the side-
walk. No killer was ever
found, but Mafia boss Vito
Genovese \was believed to
have arranged the murder
for Mussolini.

4. Disappearance of Pro-
-|fessor Jesas de Galindexz,
March 12, 1956. A world-
renowned enemy of dictators
Franco of Spain and Trujillo
of the Dominican Republic,
Galindez was last seen on
West 57th Street. On the day
he disappeared, a ‘“‘wealthy
invalid” was taken by ambu-
lance to Zahn’s Airport in
Amityville, Long Island,
from which he was flown
by a pilot named Murphy to
the Dominican Republic and
turned over to Trujillo’s se-
cret police. Murphy in turn
disappeared from his apart-
ment in Ciudad Trujillo, and
a fellow pilot committed sui-
cide, leaving a note not in

his handwriting.

5. Martin Luther King
stabbed September 20, 1958.
While autographing his book
Stride Toward Freedom in
Blumstein’s department store,
at 230 West 125th Street,
King was approached by
Mrs. I. W. Curry. She fum-
bled in her handbag and
came up with a sharp letter
opener, which she plunged
into King’s chest. The blade
actually touched his aorta
but did not pierce it. He was
rushed to a hospital and
after two jhours of surgery
the blade was removed.

6. Malcolm X shot, Febru-
ary 21, 1965. Malcolm X had
just begun speaking at the
Audubon Ballroom on West
166th Street when at least
three men in the front row
stood up and fired at him.
Shortly after the murder, Eli-
jah Muhammad, leader of
the Black Muslims, with
which Malcolm had split,
said, ‘“We couldn’t tolerate a
man like that... . We are
permitted to fight if we are
attacked.” Of the three men
convicted in the killing, two
were Black Muslims. Ct)

Illustration by Paul Degen


20 Craighead'. Moktile

but he could meet the end as a brave man shoyla "You
oe he, "Iam a brave man." The colonel confirmed
a hamid Some cthers of the six Spoke but what
@) Sald was not recorded, The men were blind-folded:
the order was Given, and all six fell, fj. kill Sine
Stantly, and one, Lewis, Many time wounded lids a a
eed himself up and placed himss on his coffin. "The
colonel approached, Lewis spoke Sayin that.” a
badly hurt, he Was not kille i hate "Di , ate
hve ete. ~ eked; "Did I not be-
Se soe replied the Colonel,
Thos livedn tt? ‘ve I not atoneg for my offence? Shall
ny, . . :
edcniie wee sine if Possible, shall," answered the
eas if ares porn of life was not to prove effective,
rie ierered for two days, then, after great suffering,
) done?
to fo home when their term of en-
ur di rstood it) was ended. They were
notaken Tegarding the length of the
eressional Inquiry afterwards proved
y in crror, and each One, after his ar-
pes: © Pegret and his readiness to continue
7 Aa wpe peuntry's Service,
little army was all that = ' aribed Sane
1 bble , i é ‘ween Mobile
Livading enemy. Let at bulwark give wa
valley would British arms--an
gain of the Battle of New Orleans would be lost The
ener: « . a eae
ah ral and word Feason to look for the Prolongation of
it tee e recognized the dire need of Possessin
.-~* support of his Small force yf ; 4
out dn aoe a Mce 1f he was to hold
cpired ang Critics Position, These men who had con-
a Nites would, had their Plan for a general
Sc have left their general defenseless at
libert eer where was threatened the whole na-
toler 4 He nad to Show that such conduct could
ae E ii i had rete Mom Had toratay ang coe
court-martial had been duly held: the men had h 3
: ; th len he ad a

try

led

rial: heir oyg i
; ; Ir guilt was notorious and admitted by
‘ecordingly, he Slened the court's Verdict and

Execution of the Militiamen 21

ordered immediate execution.
Parton, in his Life of Jackson, argues that a con-
Siderably less severity would have served every useful
purpose, and he leaves it to be understood that all who
were charged with mutiny were shot.
It is easy to be wise after the event.
sible that Jackson, not bein
mutiny pervaded his force,
He did not know that a tre
war Was Over; neither did
know of it. If his men be
done their bit, as some had
upon that belief, the
turn home.

part in the mutiny,
- Only those guilty
condemned. Ten

nous men right about the t
thing to prevent the mutiny.
Claim that they had been
cers, and even had been a
to service after three This
was not true information. t was for six months,
duly authorized and plainly stated. Moreover, some of
the mutinous acts took place before the expiration of
three months of service.

In view of the ending of the war by the signing of
the peace treaty, news of which event reached Mobile a
few days after the tragic event here related, public re-
gret was aroused over the fate of the militiamen; for it
was then seen that if it had been avoided no harm would
have resulted. Politics, also, took part, and Jackson
was campaigned against for his alleged ruthlessness.
This campaigning came to a head in 1828, and was
then by the report of the committee on military affairs
with the statement to congress that, after fullest in-

em eT see oe ob,
’ 4 ete te ee


34: 2FeS750 James Hammel hanged for robbing civilians.

On February 18, 1780, James Hammel and Samuel Crawford, both of
the Sth Pennsylvania Regiment, were tried '"'on suspicion of
robbery" and were found guilty and were sentenced to be hung the
next day.

On February 19 between three and four in the afternoon, the men
were brought to the Grand Parade in Jockey Hollow for their
execution. A band of music played and almost 1000 soldiers from
all divisions in camp attended. At the last minute Crawford was
saved. In the After Orders for February 19, Washington stated:
"The Commander in Chief is pleased to respite that execution of
Samuel Crawford till further orders". Since this was only a
temporary reprieve, there still was the chance Crawford could be
hung. However, in the General Orders for February 24, 1780
Washington relented: "The Commander in Chief is pleased to remit
the sentence against Samuel Crawford; he is to be released from
confinement".

Notes to pages 14-18

Kansas Colony: Letters
lium,” Kansas Historical

February 16, December

J. Hinton, KSHS. In a

oF

1856, Charles Summer
‘a, among other things,
T loss of self-control by
er and the Coming o

286. pes
nocrat, September 19,
134,

i.) Practical Christian,

Stearns analyzed in a

ical Abolitionism: An-

ought (Ithaca: Cornell

¢ for the New York
conclusions: George
H. W. Derby, 1856),

’ Palladium, July 31,

in Lines “The Con-
the Concord (N.H.)
m Kansas,” 43.

iton.
Mrs. Charles Barber,
<, New England Aid

On July 10, 1856,
isas that they should
anhood has not de-
rthwith to Kansas.
\id Movement,” 15,
Lawrence in Octo-
‘m,” the same text
i¢ patriots after the
56. Higginson’s and

Notes to pages 18-25

43,

273

For accounts of the proslavery position in Kansas see James C. Malin,
“The Proslavery Background of the Kansas Struggle,” Mississippi Valley
Historical Review, X (December 1923); 285-305; William E. Parrish,
David Rice Atchison of Missouri: Border Politician (Columbia: Univer-
sity of Missouri Press, 1961); Elmer L. Craik, “Southern Interest in Terri-
torial Kansas, 1854-1858,” in Collections of the Kansas State Historical

Society, XV (1919-22): 334-450; Walter L. Fleming, “The Buford Expe-

50.

51.
52.

33.
54.
55.
56.

ae.

dition to Kansas,” American Historical Review, VI (October 1900): 34-48.
Leavenworth Weekly Herald, December 1, 1855, May 24, 1856. The ideal
of southern patriarchy is developed in Bertram Wyatt-Brown, “The Ideal
Typology and Ante-Bellum Southern History: A Testing of a New Ap-
proach,” Societas, V (Winter 1975 ): 1-29.

. Leavenworth Weekly Herald, August 30, September 13, 1856.

. Leavenworth Weekly Herald, March 29, 1856.

. Leavenworth, Weekly Herald, March 29, 1856, March 30, 1855.

. Leavenworth Weekly Herald, July 19, 1856; William Walker to David R.

Atchison, July 11, 1854, in Atchison Papers, Iw,

. Springfield (Ill.) Register, reprinted in Leavenworth Weekly Herald, July 5,

1856. At other times, employing the reverse side of the nativist coin, pro-
slavery forces sought immigrant, especially Irish, support on the grounds
that Anglo-Saxon Yankees were the real oppressors of the Celts, in north-
ern cities as well as in the motherland. See the Atchison Squatter Sovereign,
August 28, September 18, 1855.

Leavenworth Weekly Herald, August 30, 1856. The development of the
slaveholding, libertarian American revolutionary is the theme of Edmund S.
Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Virginia
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1975).

Atchison Squatter Sovereign, May 27, 1856.

Leavenworth Weekly Herald, September 20, 1856; Lawrence Herald of
Freedom, May 10, 1856, June 16, 1855.

Topeka Tribune, August 25, 1856.

New York Tribune, October 23, 1856.

Atchison Squatter Sovereign, May 8, 1856; Lawrence Herald of Freedom,
February 2, 1856.

Entries for September 30, 1855, February 19-20, June 20-21, July 4,
August 9, September 3, 1856, Dairy of Samuel J. Reader, KSHS.

Charles B. Lines to the New Haven Daily Palladium, May 2, June 13, 16,
17, 1856, in Lines, “The Connecticut Kansas Colony, ” 35, 151, 155, 160.

CHAPTER 2. TERROR AND A SENSE OF JUSTICE

. Statement of Mrs. Nancy C. Leavitt, Court-Martial of Thomas J. Thorp,
Pilot Knob, April 14, 1864, Case NN 1815, Record Group 153, NA. Thorp
was sentenced to be hanged, a decision confirmed by Abraham Lincoln,

who usually was lenient.
. Testimony of Francis Tabor and Edmund Shaw, Court-Martial of James

v
)
|
t

1 ovum cD ~

Bruce Law

INSIDE WAR

The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri
During the American Civil War

MICHAEL FELLMAN

New York Oxford

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
1989


rhe dte

coe

a

18 -Gratghead's Mobile

mad j

- i eb ab cinet Gayle, and a response by the visit-

See oho 1lons were held, one in the Mansion House

ibn s reat » next day, in the Waverly. Clay attend d
eatre, and also a _ concert given in his honor a

the Corinthian H
Orisa all. He departed on the sixth for New

In April, 185), Ex

pane ngcaupantae Ep eo Millard Fillmore ar-

les M. C i

: rle onrad, his Secret

— ile yp Secretary of the Nesj: thoy
; Ol. KR. S. Bunker, president

oe gee eoenting Mayor C.C. Langdon, and neve sects ar

ee. ade eee ee oo in their home at

: streets.
them a dinner on the 9th of Apa. ain _—
Chase, visiting Mee! Justice Salmon P. Chase, and Mrs
; ite, reviewed the militar :

pao as age They came on a ec

a a he same for New Orleans, after a day in Mo

» : cy were accompanied by W. P. Mello ial
gent of the U.S, Treasury. wey Po

Feb. 2, 1872, Grand Duke Alexis arrived on the New

citizens. The Fire D
: epartment Band
hym. The Prince came out, he ews

eel or their band, as
to take Bin to eee en Bs asked where was the boat
; ensacola, where the Russi i
np ™ ussian fleet -
re =. ' er icon party walked to the where, he with
aia Pp, ooking neither to the right or left les
- Bt betray interest in the proceedings. He anche
eee on eon time. Entering the boat, he cook 4
ial € upper deck. Men in the crowd removed
inti S as the boat began to move. The prince uffed
e into the air and ignored the compliment. The on

pression made upon honest i j
peieG een eid folk in Mobile was that the

: ed the Russian
paid no attention to the
he had asked that there

5 Peet

+t

Se men

‘
}
'

EXECUTION OF THE MILITIAM:N

On the twenty-first of February, 1815, a great as-
sembly was attracted to the Mobile bay shore at a local-
ity called Arlington, about three miles southwest of the
center of Mobile, but now within the city limits. The
populace were gathered to witness the tragic end of six
of General Jackson's militiamen, who had been convicted
of conspiracy and mutiny. It was in time of war. Mo-
bile Point was in possession of the British; Fort Bowyer
had been forced to surrender; the British fleet was lying
off shore, and Mobile was believed to be practically at
the enemy's mercy.

On the morning mentioned the whole American force of
1,400 men was drawn upin three sides of a hollow squarc,

with the pen side toward the water. Hundreds of specta-
tors stood about, outside the lines, on the high: r ground,
overlooking the scene. Presently thers appesr Joan army
wagon, drawn by four mules, and conveying six men and six

coffins, the men having white caps on their heads.

The convoy stopped and the burden was unloaded, the
coffins were placed in a row on the ground, six fect
apart, and by each coffin was stationed one of the con-
derned. A firing squad of 36 riflemen was told off to
execute the order of the court; and the order was read to
the condemned by the commanding officer, Colonel Russell.
Then followed a short address by that officer, who said:
"You are about to die by sentence of a court martial.Die
like soldiers! You have been braveinthe field. You
have fought well. Do no discredit to your country or
dishonor tothe army and yourselves by any unmanly fears.
Meet your fate with courage!"

One of the condemned, John Harris, whom Parton de-
scribes as "a poor, illiterate Baptist preacher," the
father of six children, and who had joined to look after
a son who was in the army, broke down and wept, repeating
over and cver again his apology for what he had done.
Another, Henry Lewis, protested that he loved his country
and would serve it longer and better, and as bravely as
before. He did not wish to die, or to die in this way;

19

CRAIGHEAD'S MOBIIZ, by Erwin S. & Frank Craighead, Colled and Edited by Caldwell Delapey;
Mobile: The Haunted Bookshop, 1968.

SASSYE eS:

Dy

1,

qe peqnoexe *NUWVILIIT
Oat bh el |S

ISILL

e

y SeTtq

7

Sen

A

*STQI“T2-2 Uo UOSHOep Moupuy fq

Che Plot to Kill Washington

Tow a plate of poisoned peas might have
‘hanged American history

‘uppose that George Washington had not led the
-ontinental Army in the Revolution? There might
rever have been a United States. It could have
‘appened that way—and probably would have if it
.adn’t been for Phoebe Fraunces, daughter of

lew York City tavernkeeper Samuel Fraunces.

_ Phoebe was a housekeeper for Washington when
homas Hickey, a member of his guard, enlisted
er help in killing the general. Phoebe’s role

“as to serve Washington a plate of poisoned peas,
‘nd she agreed to play it. But as she presented

ne dish, she whispered a warning, and

Vashington flipped the peas out the window.
_ The failed plot came to light on June 17, 1776.
y then Hickey, in jail for passing counterfeit money,
vas hatching another, wider plot. A fellow prisoner
‘aid that he was trying to enroll prisoners ina.
secret Tory corps within the rebel army; some 700
oldiers, Hickey boasted, were on the payroll of

he Tory governor of New York, William Tryon,

ind the mayor of New York City, David Matthews.
“hey apparently planned to support a British
-‘avasion by turning their guns on their comrades,
Nes" York City would be set ablaze while a drummer
a Washington's guard would stab the general.

An investigation was launched. Mayor Matthews
-urrendered without protest and was jailed; he later

~2scaped to England. Hickey was hanged in New

York City on June 28, 1776, before a crowd of

How Sharper Than a Serpent’s Tooth

Benjamin Franklin’s son, William, fought for the British during the Revolution

About 1730, in what he later de-

i

at

20,000—the first U.S. soldier to be executed. 8

In reporting to Congress, Washington wrote: “I am
hopeful this example will produce many salutary .,
Consequences and deter others from entering
into like traitorous practices.”

to England to present the colonists’

scribed as the “hard-to-be-govern'd
passions of youth,” Ben Franklin
sired an illegitimate son, William.
Ben later married and had two
legitimate children—a son, Fran-
cis Folger, who died of smallpox
at the age of four, anda daughter,
Sarah, who survived.

William was never slighted in
his upbringing. Ben gave the boy
love and an education. He took
him along in 1757, when he went

160

grievances, and even managed to
have him appointed colonial gov-
ernor of New Jersey.

99

But the Revolution changed their -

relationship dramatically. The fa-
ther championed American inde-
pendence; the son remained loyal
to the Crown. When the Revolu-
tionary War began, William re-
fused to give up his office and
was imprisoned.

Upon his release two years lat-

TY
‘ 4
alae ypiat

er, William organized a band of.
Loyalist guerrillas. But the group
so embarrassed the British with :
its wanton pillage, arson, rape #
torture, and murder that it was ;
disbanded in 1782. :
His cause lost, William fled to :
England, where he spent the rest .
of his life. He also lost the love OF =
his father, who wrote him that :
“nothing has ever hurt me we :
much . . . as to find myself desert: ©
ed in my old age by my only son. :

LAWS AND OUTLAWS

Alexander Hamilton and the Blackmailer
Was the philandering secretary of the treasury also a forger?

Despite his diminutive stature, Alexander Hamilton,
with his red hair and his deep blue eyes, had a
well-deserved reputation as a ladies’ man. But, of
his many romantic liaisons, none was as embar-
rassing to him as his affair with Maria Reynolds.

The relationship began in 1791, when Mrs.
Reynolds appeared at Hamilton's doorstep in Phila-
delphia begging for a loan. Though she did not
know Hamilton, then secretary of the treasury, the
comely Mrs. Reynolds explained that she and her
child had been abandoned by a wastrel husband
and needed money to return to New York. Hamil-
ton agreed to help. Instead of giving her cash on
the spot, however, he visited her boardinghouse
with $30 that evening. Ushered into her bedroom,
he quickly took advantage of the opportunity.

The amorous meetings with Maria Reynolds
continued, often taking place at Hamilton’s own
home while his wife and children were away.

But then Mister Reynolds appeared and demanded
cash satisfaction for his wife’s favors.

Hamilton paid $1,000 in blackmail, yet he did
not stop meeting Maria Reynolds. Her husband, his
wounded pride apparently forgotten, begged the
secretary not to curtail his visits because, he
claimed: “I find when ever you have been with
her she is Chearful and kind. but when you have
not in some time she is Quite to Reverse.”

Wearying of Reynolds's escalating requests
(which by now included demands for a government
job), Hamilton sought to bring the affair to a close.
But things got ugly after Reynolds was arrested
for a swindle involving fake veterans’ claims.
Attempting to trade for his freedom, he broadly hinted
that the secretary of the treasury had, himself,
Secretly participated in the fraudulent scheme.

rumors began to circulate, three congressmen
Games Monroe, Frederick Muhlenberg, and

raham Venable) confronted Hamilton and
demanded an explanation. In his defense, he
Produced the blackmail letters—20 in all_—that he
said he had received from James and Maria
fnolds, and denied any wrongdoing beyond a
Colish dalliance. So convincing was Hamilton

at the matter was dropped.

onetander Hamilton and his wife, Elizabeth, had eight
ir

€n; his dalliance with other women never seemed
ve affected their relationship.

The sordid tale resurfaced several years later
when James Callender, a notorious drunk with a
venomous pen and a distaste for Alexander
Hamilton, told it in a widely circulated pamphlet. In
response, the outraged Hamilton published the
embarrassing letters. “My real crime,” he said, “is
an amorous connection with his wife.”

Rather than end the scandal, publication of the
letters raised a question that scholars debate to
this day. Did Hamilton forge the blackmail
demands to clear himself of the more serious charge
of fiscal misconduct? Suspicious inconsistencies
were apparent: Reynolds was poorly educated, but
the letters contained some highly elevated language;
and although simple words were misspelled,
the complex vocabulary was without error.

It is impossible to resolve whether Alexander
Hamilton turned forger to squash allegations of
corruption. All the letters were apparently burned
by Mrs. Hamilton after his death.


ste ta es

150 HICKEY PLOT

institution for study. Despite these offers, Hewitt felt
defeated and disconsolate, and returned to Philadelphia
shortly afterwards.

Later interviewed by Harlow Shapley, the world-
renowned astronomer, and brilliant physicist J. Robert
Oppenheimer, Hewitt was offered a place at Princeton’s
famous Institute of Advanced Studies. Haunted by fears
of public exposure, he declined, then taught under his
own name (but with forged credentials) in Arkansas.
Subsequently, he taught under an alias at the New York
State Maritime College, and finally passed himself off
as Kenneth P. Yates, Ph.D. at the University of New
Hampshire, where his imposture was discovered in
1954 and made public. A brief notoriety finally gained
Hewitt recognition, job offers, and inquiries about his
publications from such eminent research organizations
as the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, the California
Institute of Technology, and Britain’s Admiralty Of-
fice.

Thoughtful Americans offered Hewitt commisera-
tion, and suggested reforms of both the school system,
which had let Hewitt slip so easily through its fingers,
and the security provisions of the academic credentials
system, but these were not implemented. They may be
dusted off when the next Marvin Hewitt again shows
the weaknesses of our academic structures.

HICKEY PLOT

In June, 1776, a secret committee of the Provincial
Congress of New York learned from several sources
that a conspiracy was developing among members of
General George Washington’s guard and the army. The
conspiracy planned to commit treason and assassinate
the general when the British fleet reached New York.
Mayor David Matthews of New York was said to be
supplying funds and provisions. Sargeant Thomas Hickey
of the guard, who was at the time in jail, appeared to
be the ring leader. If it had not been for the keen ears
and patriotism of his fellow inmates, Hickey’s plot
might well have succeeded.

Thomas Hickey and a companion, Michael Lynch,
both soldiers in the Continental Army, had been jailed
for trafficking in counterfeit money. Fellow prisoners
overheard them denouncing the Americans and boast-
ing that many army units would defect as soon as the
British fleet reached New York Harbor. Their plan was
to destroy Kings Bridge at the northern tip of Manhat-
tan Island, in order to prevent reinforcements from
coming to the aid of the Americans, and to turn a
battery manned by secret Tories against their former
companions. A member of the guard would stab Gen-
eral Washington, and the British would soon triumph.
The other prisoners also reported that Hickey and Lynch
were trying to recruit inmates to join their perfidious
plot.

This testimony before a special committee of the

Provincial Congress was borne out by further reports
by two witnesses, William Leary and James Mason,
that the British were covertly enlisting men to serve on
British fighting ships as soon as they sailed into the
harbor. Until then, their wages were being paid by
Mayor David Matthews, and perhaps by colonial Gov-
ernor William Tryon of New York as well. Several
days later, an arrested suspect confessed to the existence
of the plot and gave further details,

«Mayor Matthews was taken into custody at his home
and put in prison. The guards at Washington’s head-
quarters were surrounded in a surprise move by the
police, and directed to lay down their arms. Eight
guards had been implicated by Hickey, but only one,
Drummer William Greene, who was to have been the
assassin, confessed and threw himself on the mercy of
the court. Such treasonous conduct by those close to
the high command called for swift and drastic action.

On June 26, 1776, Thomas Hickey was brought
before a military court. Leary, Greene, and other wit-
nesses repeated their damaging testimony, to which
Hickey could produce no rebuttal. The court unani-
mously agreed that Hickey be sentenced to death by
hanging. General Washington concurred, and on the
morning of June 28, Hickey was hanged in front of a
large crowd.

In regarding the outcome of the plot, Washington
proclaimed, “I am hopeful this example will produce
many salutary consequences and deter others from en-
tering into like traitorous practices.”

Alger HISS: traitor or scapegoat?

Before November, 1948, Alger Hiss could have boasted
of a long and distinctive career. He had served as
temporary secretary-general of the United Nations, an
adviser to President Franklin Roosevelt, and for the
past year had been president of the Carnegie Endow-
ment for International Peace. But in that month, Whit-
taker Chambers, a senior editor at Time magazine who
styled himself a repentant Communist spy and courier,
testified before the House Committee on Un-American
Activities (HUAC) (q.v.) that the former top-ranking
State Department adviser had held Communist Party
membership from at least 1934 to 1938. Chambers also
accused Hiss of having helped him pass secret govern-
ment documents to the Soviets in 1937. Chambers
offered no proof of his assertions, and his allegations
were allowed to stand untested. His accusations even-
tually landed Hiss in prison. But the truth of Chambers’
claims, as well as the purity of motives of all involved,
remain questionable.

When Chambers’ remarks were publicly reported,
Hiss learned of the accusations through the press. He
immediately petitioned the HUAC for an Opportunity
to assert his innocence. Permission was granted, and
Hiss, a trained lawyer, appeared early at an HUAC


STRANGE STORIES, AMAZING FACTS
OF AMERICAS PAST

' The acknowledgments and credits that appear on pages 1-408
are hereby, made a part of this copyright page.
“It's a Crime” was excerpted from The Trenton Pict ‘»Jinance, by Dick Hyman.
Copyright © 1976 by Dick Hyman. All rights reserved. Reprinted ty permission of
The Stephen Greene Press, a wholly owned subsidiary of Viking Penguin Inc.
“Eisenhower at Ease” was condensed from At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends, by
Dwight D. Eisenhower. Copyright © 1967 by Dwight D, Eisenhower. Used by permission

- of Doubleday, a Division of the Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group Inc.

Copyright © 1989 The Reader's Digest Association, Inc.

. Copyright © 1989 The Reader's Digest Association (Canada) Ltd.
Copyright © 1989 Reader's.» « Association Far East Ltd.
Philippine Copyright 19": » 's Digest Association Far East Ltd.

' All rights reserved. Unaut’- ,4oduction, in any manner, is prohibited.
Library of Congress Cataloyiug in Publication Data
Strange stories, amazing facts of America's past.

At head of title: Reader's digest.
Includes index

% .. 2. 1, United States—History—Anecdotes. |. +. Jer's
+) digest. a .
E1786 +498 1989 973 88-11515 P
; ISBN 15 5977-307-4

Reaper's Dxiest and the Pegasus colophon
are registered trademarks of —
The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. .

Printed in the United States of America

_ 7. Dolley Madison—p.368 ° me

Guide to title page illustration.

1. Spindletop oil gusher—p.130
2. Jefferson Davis—p.372 é
3. Ulysses S. Grant—p.378 -

4, Edgar Allan Poe—p.16

5. Pocahontas—pp.116—117

6. Hernando de Soto—p.262

8. Theodore Roosevelt—pp.390-391

9.4. P. Morgan—p.134 Researc
10. Abraham Lincoln—p.84 * Library
11, Edward H. White—p.306
12. Aircar—p.343 Editorio
13. Shipwreck Kelly—p.247 | Se" Editoria
14, Tom Thumb—p.218
15, Benjamin Franklin—p.56 a |
16. Carry Nation—p.234 ; CONTR
17. Dwight D. Eisenhower—p.400 » 38
18. Thomas Edison—p.333 : a General
19. John Dillinger—pp.192-193 “iy Busines
20. Teddy bear—p.95 “ie: Military

" 3, Editoric
: Writers:

: Ormond:
oe Jeanne \
#6; David Sic

- Copy Ea
Be Indexer

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York (HMédita

HICKEY, Thomas, executed

JANUARY 1988 $1.95
CANADA §2.25

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plunged inward head first, staggered
to his knees, got.a stunning clout on
the head with the butt end of a pistol,
relaxed and fell unconscious to the
floor.

He was carried noiselessly down the
dark secret stair-well, out into the
night, dumped into a boat that made
for the riding lights of the Duchess of
Gordon.

Outside the tavern his platoon

laughed at the fine show he had put
on. They waited 45 minutes before
deciding to break down the door.
_ “Civilian, a drunken civilian?”
Corbie asked in astonishment. “One
was in here most an hour ago, gen-
tlemen, but I refused to sell him more
liquor. He’d had enough and he left.
What’s more, I shall demand damages
for my broken door. I’m a peaceable
citizen and Mayor Matthews shall see
that there is justice done...”

The next morning in General Put-
nam’s quarters while Margaret Mon-
crieffe stuffed back a laugh as she
stood motionless in the hall closet,
she heard this:

“You bungled it, sir!’ Putnam: bel-
lowed. “Instead of Adams getting just
enough liquor to smell his breath, he
probably guzzled until he was stupid.
Pll _see that General Washington—”

“He returns within the week ac-
cording to today’s: dispatches,” Burr
snarled back at him. “By that time we
shall see—”

“Sir, you are impudent!”

Margaret Moncrieffe left the closet
to stroll along the sea-wall and whistle
her simple Jacobite tune through lips
that could hardly form the notes for
laughter.

After that she rode her great black
horse, stabled with the rebel officers’
animals, through the city on a tour of
the new fortifications, at which pleas-
ant task Major Burr joined her some
minutes later.

Throughout the fort of New York
they heard the snatches of feverish,
fearful, boasting men:

“Howe sailed from Halifax this
morning, I hear . . . two thousand ships
... he’s got the Hessians with him...
the Chief returns from Philadelphia
this week . . . this will decide it...
we hang or jig according to how it
goes now...”

Margaret Moncrieffe got rid of Burr.
There was something in the words she
had heard, some almost tangible fever
in the air, the odd decisiveness in the
sentries’ turns, the quickened steps of
the officers that told her—this was the
time.

SF dismounted at Forbes’ shop and
waited until Corporal Hickey
passed, when she signaled him.

“He returns within the next three
days. This week, they are saying, and
it is already Wednesday.”

“Do they suspect anything about
Private Adams?” -

“Putnam thinks he got too much to
drink and has deserted. Where are
they holding him?”

“On the Duchess.. Now listen care-
fully. On the night that General
Washington returns—the very first
night—wait until he has retired after
taps. Wait for about an hour. Then
signal with a candle from the hall win-
dow upstairs—the one we agreed on.
Then get the sentry away from the
front door and we’ll do the rest.
There'll be a boat waiting by Corbie’s
stairs, and by the time they miss him
he’ll be hanging from the Duchess’
yard-arm!”

“What if they double the sentries?”

“Why should they? In any event,
get that one away from the front door.
Leave the rest to us!”

Returning to General Putnam’s home
in the warm, moist evening, she was
so flushed with excitement that she did
not utter her usual protest when Aaron
Burr, waiting by the stables, seized
her roughly.

Late Thursday on the Duchess of
Gordon, Seth Adams, sick and nau-
seated and thinning, worked weakly
at the bonds on his wrists, which daily
were becoming looser. He knew with
mortal urgency that he must at all
costs get back in time to warn Wash-

AD—12

facia i Na li dat coma it dk as lel aA

-ington about the girl who'was thé key-
-stone of a spy ring, the bright-eyed

betrayer! ;

He remembered with a grin of hate,
Tryon’s smooth face, the half-threat
in his voice as he had said: “One of
our spies is in General Putnam’s house-
hold now, a Miss Moncrieffe—” He
had paused at Adams’ startled upward
glance—“but you, of course, will not
have time to betray her. We. plan to
give you the pleasure of seeing your
Mister George Washington’s hanging.
Possibly,” he added, as he turned . to
the door, “possibly Friday morning.”

He fought with the loosened gyves,
paused in panic at the sound of foot-
steps in the gallery outside, waited
until they passed and gave a final
wrench, Free! He sucked in his breath
sharply. Free! Now for it... that
small porthole...

Seth Adams, weak and half starved,

-with great pains in his chest, freezing

against the harbor’s icy waters, fight-
ing the whitecaps, ears deafened with
their roar, seeing through pain-
screwed eyes above the dark and
treacherous horizon, the lighning darts,
gasping and clutching and cursing

Burr’s. knuckles ‘showed up’ like
white marbles on the arms of his chair.
Something . . . someone else had said
that . . : Patsy Adams! This man’s
sister! His mind darted ferret-like
over the past few weeks If it were
true -he’d: be ruined.

“Well, in Heaven’s name, what’re ye
standing there for? Tell me!”

Private Adams began his story, and
by the time he had finished Burr’s face
was ravaged with hate, rage, chagrin,
cruelty.

"HE minx! The pretty little tender-
mouthed minx! Making a fool of him
all those times . . . stealing under his
very eyes. That dispatch case he’d
had in his back pocket as he met her
last’ night outside the stables—gone!
The one guise in which she would not
be suspected—that of a British officer’s
daughter...
“And tonight, sir,” Adams’ hoarse

voice ‘concluded, “tonight they kidnap

General Washington!”

Clattering up the Broad Way, Aaron
Burr’ resolved ‘to meet betrayal with
betrayal—and ruthlessly.

Up the steps of General Putnam’s

On a cold, snowy day the chief of police drove down the main street
of Ballston Spa, shown here, to investigate a homicide case at the
home of his best friend. Turn to Page 12 for the complete story

against the tide that bore him to the
Jersey shore. Seth Adams, unhonored
and unsung, swam for Jersey.

Aaron Burr, having arisen from a
Sleepless night, was half-way through
his dressing. He hurried. It was im-
portant to get to Washington with the
story of the spy-net’s failure before
that old fool Putnam got there. He

was tying his sash when the door burst

open and a ragged, thin, burning-eyed

‘man reeled in.

“In Heaven’s name, sir, what is the
meaning of this?’ Burr roared.

Then, with astonishment:

“Private Adams! Drunk for almost
a week and now with the effrontery of
a lout to come bursting in here!”

Adams leaned heavily against the
closed door.

“Forgive me, sir. I wanted no one to
know—”

“T should think not!”

“Major Burr, I have been held a

‘ prisoner in the hold of the Duchess of

Gordon.”

Burr threw himself into a chair and
howled with laughter. Adams’ face
flushed into a dull, angry red.

“This is not a laughing matter, sir,
as you will see.”

The warning note caught Burr in
the middle of another roar. He stopped
abruptly and stared at Adams.

“No? Then out with it. But I don’t
see how your story of imprisonment
can be anything but false. There is
honor among soldiers, Private Adams.
Even now General Putnam is acting
as foster father to one of His Majesty’s
officer’s children.”

“Hell and damnation, Major Burr,

she’s a spy!” i

house he tiptoed past the General’s
open door into the drawing-room
across the hall and down a few steps
(this way he could say he’d known
about her all along, was just playing
her little game). He gestured silently
to Mrs. Putnam, who looked up in
astonishment from her sewing.

And there was little Miss Moncrieffe,
painting, I vow! Queer water-colors
like those Patsy Adams had described.
A sunflower she was painting—a sun-
flower with flaring: petals concealing
the drawing of a bastion with its stem
holding a line of earthworks. ~

Burr snatched her away from the
table. Her paint-brush left a green
streak on her white skirt as it fell.
Thrusting her away from the draw-
ing-board, he grabbed the papers, the
uncompleted painting, the finished
drawings.

E day-seesg was the slam of the front

door, the clamor of galloping hoofs,
the girl’s swift cognizant gasp, Mrs.
Putnam’s excited question.

Margaret Moncrieffe fled for her
room, crammed her clothing, her re-
maining papers, her pistols into a small
bag and sped down the stairs, slowed
for the sentry, walked sedately down
the Broad Way, came face to face with
Corporal Hickey, at peace with the
world.

“Get out of here. We’re found out,”
she gasped.

Hickey’s hands shook as he acknowl-
edged her greeting, made for the bene-
fit of passers-by. His voice was husky
with fright.

“When, now?”

“Don’t stand there, you idiot! Get

SR a i a el

the others out of town, too. In an hour
we'll all be known.”

“Where are you going?”

“To the belfry of Old Trinity. The
sexton’s one of us. Tell my father if
you can... 7!

Later, in the dusty balcony, stifling
with early Summer heat and quiet
with noonday calm, she regained her
poise until she could watch without a
tremor as two soldiers fell in on either
side of Corporal Hickey, pinioned his
arms, led him away.

In his Headquarters, the lately
returned General Washington heard
recriminations between his next-in-
command General Putnam and _ his
handsome aide de camp, Major Burr;
heard accusations and counter-charges;
heard Corporal Hickey’s pallid de-
fense; realized that if the spy ring
were to continue, the most decisive
battle of all that was soon to come
would lose the colonies their bitter
struggle; knew with sickened heart
how well the spies had done their
work; wrote his order.

Corporal Hickey was to be hanged.

Did Margaret Moncrieffe, hiding in
the church balcony, hear the muffled
drumbeat?

Two days later the sexton at Old
Trinity was caught bringing in her
food. Torn, dusty, hair askew and
eyes blazing defiance, she was brought
before the man whose kidnaping and
murder she had come within a hair
of accomplishing.

As courteously as though she had
been one of the grand Colonial belles
of his native Virginia, the Commander-
in-Chief heard her story.

Within the small room were the ac-
cused, the Chief Justice and Washing-
ton’s staff.

Alexander Hamilton looked amused-
ly at Aaron Burr, who writhed for
fear of what the girl might tell. Gen-
eral Putnam, red-faced and bullish,
was furious within himself and hor-
ribly embarrassed. Washington, seri-
ous, troubled, was astonished at the
ramifications of the spy ring. Seth
Adams, confident, sure, pointed di-
rectly at the girl. Also there was Lord
Stirling, the British peer who had
given up all that he possessed for the
privilege of serving freedom’s cause.

The others present were either in-
dignant or inwardly smiling at little
Miss Moncrieffe, until she was asked
whether or not she realized that Major
Burr was her chief accuser.

From then on she was no longer
arch, no longer impertinent. She dis-
carded her childish pose, flew like a
fury into Burr’s face, told of their
dozens of secret meetings, of the times
when she filched plans for fortifica-
tions from him at the moments when
he was telling her of his love. She
turned on General Putnam and made
that dignified gentleman wish he was
dead, anything but in that room being
made a complete fool by this slim,
furious proud girl .. .

“I dare you to hang me, General
Washington!” she finally cried, the
tempest in her voice screaming at him.
“T defy you. It will be the end of the
rebel cause!”

The Commander stirred uneasily in
his chair, put a finger thoughtfully to
his lips.

“Hang me and you will see the—”

“Enough, Miss Moncrieffe. That is
quite enough,” he interrupted. “You
will be taken to West Point until such
time as we can safely return you to
your father.”

“You mean I’m a prisoner?”

“Exactly. And you are fortunate in
not meeting Corporal Hickey’s fate!”

There was a moment’s silence be-
fore the orderlies, at a gesture from
the Commander, took her by the arms.

Margaret Moncrieffe came to Aaron
Burr, looked him full in the eye for a
heart-skipping moment and passed on.

Neither knew that he, not his Com-
mander, would hang. Neither knew
that in the dim future when sound has
died and music ceased, when the re-
ublic shall stand where rebels had
fallen, he would rot in a traitor’s
grave, and she, in an agony of re-
membering him, would write: “Aaron
Burr was the love of my life!”

37


al

np

Q. What kind of a. gun is. a héedle
gina H. Joyce, Big Lake, Texas.

_ A. A needle gun was a rifle: used
on the frontier. It/was so called —
because of its long firing pin

which detonated the powder by
plunging through the papér car-
tridge to strike the primer at the
base of the bullet.

Q. Have you any information on

John C. Osgood, etc? M-A.
Moore, Wilmington, CA _— -

A. Regretfully, we do not. May we
say, Margaret-Anhe, that yours |

have been the most difficult
questions we have received. Your
interest in and knowledge of the
minutiae of Western history is
afmazing. Have mercy. =-

Q. When and what occasioned:

the first execution in the U.S.
Army? P. Alterri, Manhattan,

7“ Kans.

\.

f -

.)

A. One Thomas Hickey, . a peas
guard to General Washington,

planed to kidnap the general.

and iurn him over to General
Howe of the British. He was
caught, of course, and. duly
hanged on Juhe 27, 1776, in New
York.

Q. Who wrote the song “Home

On The Range’? B. Buehler, -

Mankato, Minn.

A. The words to this song were
written by Dr. Brewster Higley,
who moved from Pennsylvania to
Kansas in 1870. The music was
written by Dan Kelly, a neighbor.

_ Q. How many are buried i in Arting-

ton National Cemetery? L. malty,
Victoria, Tex.

A. The latest figure we have
(about six years old) is 200,000.

Q. Why did it take so long to.
settle the West? Vv. Staples,

DeKalb, Iil.

A. In the very early days, lack of
population and the presence of
yierce Indian tribes, plus the

physical . ‘hardships involved,

12,

=s isk YOUR QUESTIC ON y& ©)

Conducted by Thomas A. Frazier

served to keep the whites along

_ the Atlantic coast. Later, prejudi-

cial reports about the West served
to discourage the push westward.
For instance, Major Stephen Long
undertook an expedition to the
Great Plains and reported in
1819: “Almost wholly unfit for
Cultivation.” He called the Plains
the “Great American. Desert.”

_ Senator Daniel Webster opposed

€ven a postal route from Missouri
to Oregon, saying: “What do we

want with this vast worthless .

area? This region of savages and
wild beasts, of deserts or those

“endless mountain ranges, im-

penetrable and covered to the
very base with eternal snow?
What can we ever hope to do with
the Western coast, a coast of
3,000 miles. rock-bound, cheer-
less, uninviting, and not a harbor
on it?”

Q. | saw a most attractive painting
the other day. It showed an
Indian leaning against an electric
pole as if listening, and in the
background a buffalo skull and
an antelope over the back of his
horse. Do you know the painting?

A. Andriesse, Columbus, Ga.

A. Yes, we do. The name of it is
“Song of the Talking Wires,” and
the artist was Henry Farney.

Q. An article | read the other day,

- while praising the civilization of
the Aztec Indians, said that they

were primitive in agriculture.

- How could this be when they

were so advanced otherwise? V.
Vickers, London, Ont.

A. We do not know why, but it is

true that the only implement they
had for use in agriculture was the

hoe. They had not even chanced
on the importance of the wheel,

although they used it on toys.

Q. | read that the grizzly bear is
dying out. How many were there
in the early days? How did they

get their name? How many bears

did Daniel Boone kill? D. Delaney,
Omaha, Neb. /

A. When the white man first
came, the grizzlies lived from

Mexico to Alaska, eastward over

the whole of the Great Plains to
the Mississippi and Manitoba and
across the entire Arctic mainland

_ from the Pacific to the Atlantic. In

addition to the name “grizzly,”
they were called silver-tip, roach- .
back, grey bear. They were called
“grizzly” because a mantle of.
light grey or “grizzly” fur com-
posed of silver-tipped hairs
covers their huge squat heads’
and humped shoulders. They
weigh up to 1,000 pounds and
Stand seven or eight feet high on
their hind legs. Old Dan Boone is
Supposed to have killed up to
2,000 bears: black bears, that is.
Q. What is a “bulling steer”? P.
Amoruso, Boston, Mass.
A. It is a steer that, though
castrated, still retains some sex-
ual odor and attracts other steers.
Such animals are a nuisance
when trailing cattle.
Q. What is the origin of the term
“cowboy change’? D. Hansor,
Ottumwa, lowa.
A. Inthe early West, caper money
was unknown, gold and silver
coins being the only money used.
A silver fifty-cent piece was the
Smallest coin in use, but it was
sometimes necessary to make
change to the value of quarters
and dimes. For this purpose, the

Standard size of cartridges were

used and became known as “cow-
boy change.”

Q. What is the practice called
“flagging”? E. Tonnes, Ann Arbor,
Mich.

A. It is used in sheepherding and
consists in staking white flags
around the flock at night to

frighten off the coyotes. Lighted

lanterns are also used.


n Rasscuibed, Press,
WACO, , Texas, | July if. Nat Hoft-

—

man, formerly a member of. ‘the sup-

I ply. company, | Nineteenth Field Ar-

tillery, Fifth) ‘Brigade, wos hanged in
tiie stockade at’Camp MacArthur: this

inorning at 5:38 o’clock: ‘Hoffman was].

tried by. courtmartial | on a chargo of

criminal assault upon ‘an il-year-old|:

school girl near: the camp last April:
Conviction : followed ‘and the case. was

‘pent. to: Washington for review, Sen-:
tence was’ affirmed: and its execution]:

followed quietly this morning at. the

‘hour named, None but ‘officers and a

guard were: allowed to dapariusitente
with the ‘condemned man, It was an-

‘nounced that his only.utterance during

preparation for the execution was thai
he deserved his fate.

‘Hoffman was 25 years. old: and: of a
preposseasing appearnnce.....

His mother resides in Pittsburg, Pa.
andi ashe has been notified of the exe-
cution - ‘of her ‘son.”’:

One evening last April ‘Hoffman met
the girl in company’ with a: boy about
her age in‘a lonely wooded spot. near
Camp MacArthur, The boy was first
nttacked and ren away, after which
the girl .was assaulted: The boy,’ re-

ported, . the affair and military. ‘police
were soon on’) Hoffman's trail. He
was captured early in the evening and

the: Arla) followed . soon thereafter.
te

“is sp aio a sha


Many of these men deserted later while serving in the Continental
Army. One of these deserters Cornelius Bogert was recaptured and
examined by the Council of Safety at Morristown. Bogert gave them

information about seven others who like him had joined the Continental
Army to avoid being hanged and later deserted.

April 8, 1777
NJ Coucil of Safety

John Mee and 3 others "apprehended & sent to Philada. were ordered
before the Board and being examined, took Oaths of Abjuration and
Allegiance as established by the Legislature of this State, and were
thereupon discharged."

Lt. James Moody’s Narrative pages 7 to 9

"In June following [1777], Mr. Moody and Mr. Hutcheson [William
Hutchinson Lieutenant in Loyalist NJ Volunteers], went privately,
about 70 miles into the country, to enlist the friends of Government.
They enlisted upwards of 500 men. The British army, then at Brunswick,
was expected immediately to march through New Jersey. Mr. Moody and
his friends had their agents properly placed, to give them the
earliest information of the army’s moving; when their plan was, to
disarm the disaffected, and generally arm the Loyal. Let the Reader
then judge the mortification, when, whilst their adherents were in
high spirits, and confident of their ability, at one blow, as it were,
to have crushed the Rebellion in New Jersey, they were informed, that
General Howe had evacuated the province, and was gone to the
southward. Notwithstanding this discouragement, Mr. Moody and his
party still continued in the country agreeably to their instructions,
in the hope that some opportunity would still present itself to annoy
the rebellious, and to assist the loyal. But no such opportunity
offering immediately, they soon received orders to join the army with
the men they had enlisted, or could enlist.

In consequence of these instructions, they set forwards with about 100
Loyalists (not more than that number, from the change of prospects,
were then to be prevailed upon to leave their own country; or, if it
had been otherwise, the time was too scanty, being not more than 48
hours to collect them together, which, it must be obvious, was to be
done only with great caution and secrecy), on a march of upwards 70
miles, through a well inhabited part of the province. The rebels
pursued them; and, after several skirmishes, at length came upon them
in such force, near Perth-Amboy, that they were obliged to give way
and disperse. More than sixty of the party were taken prisoners; eight
only, besides Mr. Moody, got within British lines. These prisoners,
after being confined in Morris town jail, were tried for what was
called high treason; and above one half of them were sentenced to die.
Two, whose names were Iliff and Mee, were actually executed; the rest
having been reprieved on condition of their serving in the rebel army.
The love of life prevailed. they enlisted; but so strong was their
love of loyalty at the same time, that, three or four excepted, who
died under the hands of their captors, they all, very soon after, made
their escape to the British army.

On comparing the numbers who had first set out with him, with those
who after being taken, had returned to him, Mr. Moody found, that, on
the alarm, some had escaped; and some also, who had been taken and
released, being still missing, he concluded that they had gone back to
their respective homes. This induced him to return, without delay,
into the country; and he came back with nineteen men..."

AN EXECUTION AT MORRISTOWN 1777

New Jersey was disputed territory early in the Revolutionary War. In
the years 1776 and 1777 it. was under both British and Patriot control.
By December 1776, the British had control of a good portion of the
state, including Elizabeth Town, Perth Amboy, New Brunswick,
Princeton, Trenton and Burlington. During this period of British
control, many who were loyal to the King rejoiced at being liberated
from the tyranny of their Patriot neighbors. Some "Sunshine Patriots"
Signed King’s Pardons to protect their famlies and properties.

However, with Washington’s decisive victories at Trenton and
Princeton, the British relinquished control of most of the state. They
clung to outposts at New Brunswick and Perth Amboy. However these
footholds could be used to reconquer the state when the weather
inproved in the Spring of 1777. With many Loyalists still residing in
the state, the British made an effort to recruit these men to act as a
counter-revolutionary strike force.

Officers of Loyalist Regiments, such as James Moody, William
Hutchinson and James Iliff, secretly went into Hunterdon and Sussex
County in June 1777 to recruit men for the Crown. Moody claims that
they had recruited around 500 men. Their plan was to assist the
British when they moved out of New Brunswick to begin their attack.
They were going to arm all the Loyalists and disarm all the Patriots.

However, these officers soon received word that plans had changed and
the British Army was not going to remain in New Jersey, instead they
were boarding ships for a move up the Chesapaeke Bay to attack
Philadelphia. The Loyalist officers and their recruits were told to
stay where they were. Moody explained:"in the hope that some
opportunity would still present itself to annoy the rebellious, and to
assist the loyal. But no such opportunity offering immediately, they
soon received orders to join the army with the men they had enlisted,
or could enlist."

With only 48 hours to get ready, many of the original 500 recruits
changed their minds. Approximately 100 men decided to attempt the
march from Sussex and Hunterdon counties to the safety of British held
Saten Island.

It was a mixed bag of men. Unfortunately we only have information on
the 38 men who were captured. Most of the men were in their teens and
twenties. Seven still lived with their parents. Eighteen men had no
families. Only 7 had wives and 6 had children. At least 16 were
listed as having no trade. Those listed with trades included: 3
shoemakers, a farmer, a wheelwright, a weaver, a tailor, a turner,

a sugar baker and a blacksmith. Some were not born in America. There
were 2 men from Ireland, 2 from Wales, 1 from Scotland and one from
Germany. Thomas Miles and John Mee were deserters from the British
army.

DAR tane 24),

JONES, Cubia &

AFTER THE

BATTLE

CRIME IN

EARSON, Robert, hanged England (Mil) March 17, 1945

After The Battle Magazine’ |ssuc No. 59

1988

E US PRISON AT SHEPTON MALLET

On April 14, 1942 the President of the
United States, in u letter to the US Secretary
of War, directed that the Judge Advocate
General establish a branch with the United
States Armed Forces in the United King-
dom. The office was to include a Board of
Review to perform in all cases involving
sentences by General Courts-Martial not
requiring approval or confirmation by the

President, Colonel Lawrence th. Pedtick
(promoted to Brigadier General prior to his
arrival in the European Theater) was desig-
nated the Assistant Judge Advocate General
in command, and the Branch Office was
formally opened at Charlton House, Chel-
tenham, on July 18. The total officer person-
nel was ceven.

The first American military lorees tad

arrived inthe UK in January 1942, coming
ashore at Belfast in Northern Ireland (see
After the Battle No. 34). Thereatter there was
a continuous trans-oceanic movement. of
yersonnel and equipment from the United
States, and the United Kingdom Recame a
semi-permanent: base of operations, As it
Was roliscd: that Amerioun troops would
Occupy wounique position with regard to the

Chariton House, Cheltenham. From July 1942 to October 1944
(when It moved to Paris) this was the headquarters of the
American military justice system In Europe — officially designa-
ted BOTJAG — the Branch Office of The Judge Advocate
General. At Its head was an Assistant JAG, Brigadier General
Lawrence H. Hedrick, succeeded on June 20, 1943 by Brigadier
General Edwin ©. McNeil. Left: The General’s office, where the
files of the cases of all those accused cf capita'!crir in th. UK
were examined and from where the f..idings of the JAG board

of Review were dispatched under his elynature to the Coniman-
ding General of the European Theator for approval, Is to the
right of the entrance on the ground floor. Right: Today. this Is
the corporate headquarters of the holding company of the

world-wide energy conservation group, Splrax-Sarco Ltd, Its
chalrman occupying the same office as Hedrick and McNeil.
Part of. th: group is American, orarating from Alle town
Pennsylvania, hence the US fiag — «_ .ther ap,-ropiiate sy- isu)
in view of wartime use of the build...


made for Huilstone’s body. We found no
trace of it. A wide systematic search was then
made, concentrating on the road leading to
the five American Army camps, which inclu-
ded many coloured troops, in the nevighbour-
hood of Birch. The Gurrison adjutant at
Colchester was contacted, and he brought
eighteen of his men to assist us. Later two
members of the Investigation Staff of the
American Forces at Ipswich arrived to assist
in the inquiry,

TOR Decenber BC CIVHTTI pattern nae in
tosh, considerably bloodstatned down the
front, with the words “Captain J. J. Weber”
written near the collar-band, was found lying
in the gutter of the main road to Maldon,
near ‘Tollesbury. In) one of the outside
pockets was a new cloth American Service
emblem and on the inside of the coat a
Canadian maker’s label. The coat was found
six miles farther along the Maldon Road
from Haynes Green Lane, where the taxi
was first discovered.

‘We got in touch with Canadian Army
Headquarters in London in order to ascer-
tain if any officer of the name of Weber was
serving in this country, but at first drew a
blank. But later information came through
that an officer, J. J. Weber, was attached to
the Canadian General Hospital at Cuckfield,
in Sussex. He was interviewed by the Sussex
C.1.D. and made a statement.

‘On December 5 he had been stationed at
18th Canadian General Hospital, Cherry
Tree Camp, at Colchester, completing a
course. On returning to camp from London
he had met a coloured sergeant of the
American Forces at Liverpool Street Station,
and they had struck up an acquaintance.
Arriving at Colchester, he had invited the
sergeant back to his mess for a drink. During
his temporary absence from his room the
American hid absconded with a bottle of
Whisky wid tin miackintosh (the one dn
question). In the pockets of the latter were
five pounds in notes, a Rolex wrist-watch, a
torch, and a pair of gloves.

‘At 12.55 midday on Thursday, December
9, Police Constable Snowling of Coptord,
who was one of the search party, found the
dead body of Henry Claude Hailstone. The
body was lying on the side of a bank in the
»rounds of Birch Rectory, which forms the
Boundary between the Maldon Road going
from Colchester in the direction of the
American camps and the Rectory. | went
immediately to the place.

‘The dead man was fully clad, with the
exception of hat, jacket, and overcoat. The
left-hand pocket was turned inside out. The
head was pointing towards Maldon, the left
of the face badly injured and the features
covered with blood. The body was invisible
from the road. Two strands of barbed wire
ran along the top of the bank. The bottom
strand opposite to where the body’wi foun:
was partly bloodstaine d. There were © > sighs
ee of a struggle or footprints oF the
impression of tyres.

Left: Hailstone’s taxi was found abandoned close to the airfield parked on the wrong
side of the road — an immediate clue that it had not been left there by a British driver.
Right: That spot was here: 50 yards from the Colchester-Maldon road down Haynes

Green Lane.

‘LT was not of the opinion that’ Hailstone
had been killed at this spot, and, since he
weighed between eleven and twelve stone, it
seemed reasonable to assume that more than
one person had been ngeded to deposit the
bouly.'

When Supertitendent Potterdell tathawed
up Captain Weber's exphination ob how: lie
had lost his raincoat at the P8th Canadian
General Hospital at Colchester, the mess
orderly remembered the incident and
handed over a pas mask which had been lett
behind by the coloured American soldier,
Inside the flap was the name ‘J. PP. Phe
owner was traced to EF Company of the 356th
Engineer Regiment stationed at Birch, but
Private Fill stated that he had given the item
to another coloured soldierby the name ot
Fowler.

When Private George Fowler was inter-
viewed he said he had left the mask at the
Liberty Club in Euston Square during a day-
pass to London, His story did not ring true
and he was held on suspicion while his hut
wus searched. In his kit bag a pawn ticket for
a Rolex watch was found with the customer
being given as Charlie Huntley of the 356
Engineers. Huntley, also coloured, said that
he had been given the wateh by another
serviceman he had met at the West tndies
Club, a Private Leatherberry.

Once Captain Weber had contirmed that
the watch was his, Fowler Was again ques-
tioned. “Totterdell recalled that his contid-
ence now appeared to be shaken and he
admitted that on the way back from London

. t. S
+ dl: saad, ~“_'« --

Leatherberry had suggested they should hire
a taxi at Colchester and rob the driver on the
way back to camp. He said that he had left
the cab to relieve himself while Leatherberry
remained inside and that it was he who had
strangled the driver from behind,

Miivite Poatherberry deated) beta with
howler ou the tight ob the crime but he was
arrested when a bloodstained shirt, pants
and vest were found in his possession. These
he tried to explain away as having been
caused by a fight or sexual intercourse and he
remained obdurate and, as ‘Votterdell wrote,
‘shut up like a clam’,

Statements were taken from) people in
London to disprove Leatherberry’s conten-
tion that he spent the night of December 7 in
London, and the Hendon Police Laborator
examined all the clothing and finger-nail
scrapings trom both men.

On December 19, both suspects were
handed over by the Essex force to the
commanding officer of the 356th Engineers
together with all the statements and forensic

evidence and the General Court-Martial of

both Fowler and Leatherberry opened in
Ipswich Town Aall on January 19, 1944.

Fowler’s testimony was the only direct
evidence of the commission of the crime, and
although he was also found :guilty of the
murder of Harry Haailstone, the court sen-
tenced him to life imprisonment. For Leath-
erberry on the other hand, adjudged the
wilful perpetrator of the murder, it was an
appointment with Pierrepont at) Shepton
Mallet on March 16, 1944,

Fowler (/eft) was sentenced to life imjrisonment; Leather! s.:y to ths gallows.


In January 1944 Private Thomas Bell made legal history,
becoming the first man to be executed for rape in Britain for
nearly 100 years. To retrace the story we took our European
Theater ‘aflclonado’ Hoyer Bell to Burtun-on-Trent to follow the
route taken by the other Bell on the evening of October 3, 1943.

"QI ees

4 we: ee: P
OF ae sgh ; 4 4 ,
Wie aden we %y, LP, oe ewe abil ib ac

Left: From 9.00-10.30 p.m. he was drinking at The Star,
renamed in 1976. Aight: Memorial Park — the convoy to take
the men back to Sudbury was drawn up some 50 yards away. It
Was here that Vell first avousted Ivy Cranfield sitting on a bench
with her boyfriend.

PRIVATE THOMAS BELL

- On October 3, 1943, just before Davis's
court-martial, another rape by an American
soldier took place, this time in Burton-on-
Trent, Staffordshire. Private Bell was on the
strength of the 390th Engineer Regiment and
had taken the R&R convoy from his camp at
Sudbury arriving at Burton during the after-
noon. That evening Bell visited the Star pub
and at closing time approached a group of
young people sitting on a bench in Memorial
Park: 17-year-old Ivy Cranfield, her friend
Dorothy Ford aged 16, with their boy friends
John Blackshaw aged 19 and a British sol-
dier, George Price. When Ivy and John left
| to walk down the path to Litchfield Street, a

Pe | ‘big coloured soldier’, Private Bell, followed.
the When they told him to go away he seized her
ie a arm, and produced a razor. Two other
sane a soldiers came up and Bell told them to ‘take
Kuen care’ of John Blackshaw. They held the 19-
ees 3 year-old’s arms while Bell took Ivy down

Abbey Street where he said: “Will you give
me sugar?’

Reaching some houses on Fleet Street,
they met a young girl, Margaret Harfield. Ivy
caught hold of her arm and cried: ‘Oh save
me’. Holding her all the time, Bell took Ivy
on into Green Street and over the wall by the

a

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wv.

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3

stipe .
bE Got 3h oe aan Der i te Bigg esate

ie eee

flood gates to the river. There, it) was
alleged, the crime took place.

Private Bell was picked out at a police
identity parade by Price and Blackshaw from
over 200 coloured troops but at the General
Court-Martial convened in the town the
following month there was conflicting evid-
ence introduced as to whether Miss Cranfield
had gone willingly with the soldier.
However, the testimony of John Blackshaw
that Ivy had been forcibly taken away was
paramount. and 23-year-old Private Bell
became the first American to die at Shepton
Mallet solely for rape when he entered the
execution chamber on January 31, 1944.

PRIVATE J. C. LEATHERBERRY

The crime for which Private Leatherberry
was hung has since been labelled by crimin-
ologists as the ‘Birch taxi-cab murder’. It
was solved as a result of a remarkable piece
of investigation work by Detective-
Superintendam G. HH. Totterdell of the
Essex Police. Before he died in 1976 his
memoirs were published under the title of
Country Copper:

‘At 10 p.m. on Wednesday, December 8,
1943, I received a telephone message from
the police at Clacton-on-Sea to say that a

Vauxhall taxi-cab, CPU 602, had been found
abandoned by Police Constable 505 McCor-
mack, in Haynes Green Lane, Layer Mar-
ney, containing a jacket and bloodstained
mackintosh.

‘With Detective Inspector Draper I went
at once to Copford Police Station, where |
conferred with Sergeant Garrett, who had
been to Haynes Green Lane and brought
buck the clothes with him.

‘I examined them and found that the
sleeves of the jacket were turned inside out
and looped together as if the garment had
been pulled off the wearer trom behind.
There was what appeared to be bloodstains
on the back of the mackintash near the
collar. Neither of the garments Were torn,
and the mackintosh appeared to:be new.

‘In the pockets I found a motor driving
licence in the name of Henry Claude Hail-
stone and a taxi-cab driver’s plate No. 842.
From the address we found on the licence,
127 Maldon Road, Colchester, we inter-
viewed Hailstone’s landlady, Mrs Peurce;
und she identified the Cething as her

_ lodger’s. She saidsthat she had last seen him

at ten minutes past eleven on the night of
December 7, 1943.
‘With Inspector Draper I then set off for

=
TR rare eee

Left: Board of Review: ‘Accused took the girl down Abbey
Street to the rear gates of an inn-where he said: “Will you give
me sugar?” V/hen she a°%ed him what he meant be replied:
“Don’t try anc be funny. (iemember | atl! have the knives in your
back.”’

Right: ‘Holding her all the time he took her. . . into Green Street
near some flood gates. Just before they reached a wall she
escaned from him b::t slipped... He threntened to kill her and
put her on top of t! 3 wall. He then clim! .! over the wall and
pulled her down.’


Private J. C. (his Christian names do not appear anywhere in
American records) Leatherberry and Private George Fowler
were stationed with the 356th Engineer General Service
Regiment at Birch near Colchester where an airfield was being
constructed for the United States Army Air Forces. On Sunday
evening, December 5, 1943, they decided to go AWOL to
London, not returning until Tuesday evening having spent

almost all their money. Leatherberry proposed the idea of
taking a cab at Colchester and robbing the driver on the way
back to camp. The unfortunate driver waiting in his Vauxhall
outside the station was Harry Hailstone. Reaching this spot on
the B1022 Fowler asked the driver to stop to relieve himself.
Fowler maintained at his court-martial that it was while he was
out of the taxi that Leatherberry then killed the driver.

Haynes Green Lane to inspect the cab.
Arrived there, I found the windows closed,
and the headlight and rear lights still
switched on... . Though the car was on the
wrong side of the road, it appeared to have
stopped naturally. There were no signs of a
Sh. on the road or the grass verge, but I
found a sixpence wedged between the offside
running board and the body of the car.
‘But the interior of the cab showed clear
evidence of a struggle having taken place.
Personal papers belonging to Tnllstone were
strewn about the floor, The leather uphols-
tery was badly scratched. One piece near the
driver’s seat was hanging down, together a
with the telephone flex that ran along the ff? gh Lad
roof to the rear of the car, and a string — .
parcel-net had been torn down. Hailstone’s hy ‘
empty wallet, his brown leather gloves, and

Tore
essing.

the rear seat there was a clot of blood and on

small blood spots. oa {Green

doubt that Hailstone had been attacked from i a
‘

the rear while on his journey from Colches- i ve

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another sixpenny piece werc on the floor, On TO MALDON eG a
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the inside of the offside window a number of Wood ; he Hayne

‘There seemed to my mind very little }7*+dbe Hampart’

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ter and that his assailant had afterwards

driven his cab to where it had been abando-
ned. That the cab had been drawn up on the
right side of the road seemed to indicate that
his passenger could have been an American.

‘A search in the immediate vicinity was

Carrying the body across the road they rolled it under the wire fence stirrounding
Birch rectory where a low bank would hide it from view. Be/ow /eft: Tho position
where Hailstone was discovered two days later was marked in this scene-of-crime
photo with an X. Aight: The exact spot can be established today just sixty ards from
the gate to what is now Greenacres Childrens’ Home.

=

-—

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$

More then 300,000 American soldiers died during
World War Il—They weren't all heroes...

by DON LASSETER

n the crime-plagued world

of today, there is growing

antagonism against the
repugnant act of rape.
Some judges are getting
tougher and it is not un-
common for serial rapists
to be sentenced to more
than one hundred years be-
hind bars. Many outraged
victims think that rapists
should simply be taken to
the gallows and hanged.

During World .War II, that’s exact-
ly what the United States Army did
with soldiers convicted of rape. Mur-
derers were either hanged or execut-
ed by firing squad.

Most of the 300,000 Americans
who died in World War II are prop-

erly revered as heroes who helped
save the world from tyranny. But 95
of the deaths were far from heroic.
Those 95 men were all executed
for rape and/or murder, in Europe,
including England, during the war.

Pvt. J.C. Leatherberry, convicted
of murder and hanged.

They are buried together in a lone-
ly, sequestered cemetery, surround-
ed by quiet countryside seventy miles
northeast of Paris.

Few people know the exact loca-
tion of the infamous sepulchers, and

‘no visitors are allowed. Dishonored,

the 95 graves are separated by a
road, a wall, and thick shrubbery,
from the rows of headstones for
6,012 gallant American soldiers who
gave their lives in World War I. Un-
til recently, there were 96 graves in
the separate plot. It included the buri-
al place of Private Eddie Slovik, the
only American executed for deser-
tion since the Civil War, but Slovik’s
remains were moved to the United
States in 1988.

Betty Green, 15, raped and strangled by two The body of June Lay, where she fell, the victim

soldiers who later went to the gallows.

of gunshots fired by a soldier.

oe

FR SEEPS RI I a: aR

LORS EPS LEN ait a Sag

The Dirty D«
motion picture,
ry of condemn
diers who wer:
cial mission, a
the service of
real life, 95 sa’
rapists were c
demned and ex
or by hanging.

Here are the
them, the “dirt:

R

Rattling to a
stopped just sh
lying face do\
road near Mar
miles west of
Darkness shrou
at 8 p.m., Septe
ing from the ri

_ Cle, the driver

figure, whose sl}
her thighs. Fro
light, made by
out” headlights
the residents «
summon help.

When Detect
Butler of the |
rived a few mi
lance crew ha
that the wom:
gunshot woun


October 16, 1777

Notes from Livingston Papers: The Court had begun deliberations on
October 16. The twenty-man grand jury had handed down indictments of
these men by October 23, and the trials had commenced October 29. Most
of those guilty of high treason had been sentenced on November 11 to
be hanged on December 2.

James Iliff had been ordered to the Morristown jail on October 5 and
charged with high treason on October 19. Indicted on October 21, he
had been found guilty on November 3. He was sentenced to be hanged. On
November 22 he petitioned William Livingston and the Legislative
Council for a pardon. He confessed to being an officer in the British
army and to enlisting men in Hunterdon County but denied involvement
in any assassination attempts. He asserted that at his trial there had
been no cross examination of Jonathan Palmer. He considered himself a
prisoner of war entitled to exchange. In a later petition, he admitted
he was guilty of treason, but he pleaded for mercy. His execution was
carried out on December 2, 1777.

John Mee of Sussex County had been apprehended and jailed in
Philadelphia. He had taken oaths of allegiance before the council of
Safety on April 8, 1777 and been discharged. He had been ordered
arrested again on October 5, 1777, and charged with high treason on |
October 19. In an undated petition to the justices of the court, Mee
maintained he was a British soldier who was going to New York to

rejoin his regiment. He had been tried on November 1 and found guilty
on November 2. On November 11 he had been sentenced to be hanged on
December 2. Mee’s neighbors petitioned for clemency on his behalf,
insisting he had instructed local militia in military discipline and
had served in the militia himself.

October 19, 1777
NJ Council of Safety

Ordered that in case the persons hereinafter named, are or shall be
charged with, or committed for any of the crimes or offenses,
specified in the first, second or third sections of a certain act
entitled "An Act to punish traitors or disaffected persons, Or are or
shall be charged with, or committed for Misprison of Treason, or for
any crime or offence specified in the 8th or 9th sections of an act
for constituting a Council of Safety, or shall be charged with or
committed for, any of the crimes or offences specified in the 2nd
section of an act entitled "An Act to render certain Bills of Credit a
legal tender within this State, & to prevent the Counterfeiting of the
same & other Bills od Credit, or so many of them as have been or shall
be so charged or committed, shall be tried for the same in the Co. of
Morris Altho the offences they be charges with, or were committed for,
were done & perpetrated in any other County. The persons above refered
to are viz

March 2, 1778
New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury

"New York, March 2. At a Court lately held at Morris-Town, in New
Jersey, 35 Persons received Sentence of Death, for their Loyalty to
their King; two of which were executed, viz. William Iliff and John
Mee, for inlisting Men for his Majesty’s Service. On the Day of their
Execution, the Sheriff (Alexander Carmichael) exhorted them to make a
Confession of their Crimes, and acknowledge the Justness of their
Sentence, in order to satisfy the Public; They answered Mr.
Carmichael, very cooly, and told him, they supposed they were to die
for being good Subjects, that they knew no other Crime could be laid
to their Charge, and that he might do his Duty as soon as possible.
The poor Men were immediately executed, the Sheriff doing all that was
necessary on Occassion himself."

anything -

‘hen he
atration
yhen he
aa sea
\rmy in
eclared,
Border,
my ap-
> to: the

ment to

vutenant *

in the
a group
eded to
sost. He
‘act that
felt that
my. He
1 a love

Audrey
al corps.
ad been
met and
yverseas.
vhere he
ilippines.
‘cKinley.
picture.
‘husiastic
laughter.
ght after
ay, there
und, and
ed many
rious en-
‘hompson.
ie with a
eshments.
‘by table,

a Audrey ©

2 we want

mong his

“SOME SAID IT WAS THE
CURSE OF CANDIDI THAT
BROUGHT DEATH TO THE CAMP

fellow officers. He finished his drink before joining them
and he blushed when he was introduced to Audrey.

“Glad to know you, Mr. Thompson,” she said with
poise. “Please sit down, won't you.”

The tall blond officer sat down stiffly, looking as sober
as a judge. He didn’t join in in the ensuing conversation
because he didn’t know how, He was a fish out of water.
He belonged in his quarters With his books, where no
demands were made on him, where he could relax.

But now he was trapped. The other officers left the ~

‘table, to go on duty or to hurry to other engagements, and
he was forced to give his attention to the pretty girl
sitting next to him. age

It was love at first sight, so far as he was concerned. He
played tennis with her the following day, went riding the
next, took her swimming and dancing. He saw her almost
every day. Usually, in the evening when he was off
duty, they would go for long walks.

The fort was almost made to order for romantic strolls.
Green lawns, palm trees, bamboo trees and flowers of all
colors made the place seem more like a tropical paradise
than an Army establishment. Walks and roads, in con-
trast to the lush green of the lawns, were paved with
white pebbles. The main road, along which Audrey and
Thompson often walked, followed the oval-shaped peri-
meter of the grounds. Officers’ quarters, their clubs and
the residence of the post commander were lined along
this road. Other structures, like the post exchange, movie
theater, guardhouse and the enlisted men’s barracks,
were located further in. -.

= THE YOUNG couple’s romance was interrupted for a
short time by military necessities. For some time now
a native secret society known as the Katipunan had been
stirring up ttouble in the back country. Their avowed
purpose was to get the Americans out of the islands. Led

3 : _ by an old woman called Candidi, they practiced bloody
~ yeligious rites, made raids on peaceful villages and har-

ried soldiers out on patrol missions.

‘ =~ The latest outrage of the Katipunan was the slaughter

of three American soldiers who set out, to explore a
cave near Manila. wee

For the most part this type of disorder was handled
by the Philippine Scouts, native soldiers organized by the
United States authorities. These troops were highly
trained, capable, and ideally equipped to handle local up-
risings. The American units stationed at McKinley—the
Fifteenth Infantry and the Sixtieth Coast Artillery Regi-

The re girl's dance routine was the
hit of the Army and Navy amateur night.
(Posed by professional model.)

CR)

ee a a ee — ——

rn sept

“w-. Thompson came

/ as was evidenced by an occurrence on

up through “S
commissioned

‘ranks, was

"% upon his graduation from

West Point (shown) in 1924.

Paar aOR reyes ser sore EE os,

Fo en

ment—were employed only in extremely serious situ-
ations. .
"In February, 1925, when the three American soldiers
were’ killed, U.S. troops were called out to, help the
Philippine Scouts. The campaign reached a climax at
the mountain hideout of the Katipunan. In a pitched
battle the Scouts wiped out most of the secret society.
Candidi, the leader, was hit by a number of bullets be-
fore she fell alongside her followers. She died cursing
the Americans.
“I curse you waking and sleeping, eating and drinking.
May your days be unholy and your nights foul. Fear
shall rage among you like a beast and you shall know no
peace. Your strongest and most beautiful shall die. I
curge you— curse all Americans!”
‘Lieutenant Thompson did not see action at the moun-
tairi during his ten days’ duty in the jungle. Returning to
camp, he learned that Captain Calmes had been assigned
to a post in Manila and had taken his family with him.
Actually, this presented no more than a minor .in-
convenience to him, for McKinley was only a short drive
from the city. But in Thompson’s mind the development
loomed large and ominous. He and Audrey had been
separated and the gulf between them would daily grow
wider. He saw her at every opportunity and phoned her
when he could not get off duty.
The weather seemed to add to his miseries. The seasonal
change had come on. Hot winds and a scorching sun
had ushered in the dry season. Foliage turned brown and
withered. The air was filled with dust. Life at the fort
came to a virtual standstill. mo
Thompson was glum as a child sick on the day of his
birthday. Where he formerly had been studious, he now
hardly cracked a book. He couldn’t keep his mind on
- his duties, and acted taut and irritable. On those evenings
when: he could not be with Audrey,
beer at the club. Beer in time led to whisky. At first
fellow officers teased. him, but later they took a serious
view of the change that had taken place. If Thompson
didn’t marry Audrey soon, they feared he would go to
pieces.

If Thompson was having a hard time, he was not alone,

March 18, 1925,
at old Fort Santiago, another American installation. That
morning part of the 75th Ordnance Company was in

formation outside of the enlisted men’s’ barracks. The .

he took to drinking ©

first sergeant was calling the roll, and the company com~-
mander and a second lieutenant. were standing to one
side. Suddenly there was the crack of a rifle and a soldier
fell out of rank, crashing to the ground, a bullet through
his head. Private William Willoughby died moments later.

“The company commander and the second lieutenant
ran to the porch of the nearest barrack and found Private
William Johnson standing there,-He held a still-smoking
rifle and appeared dazed. .

“Is that your rifle?” demanded the company com-
mander. i

“Yes, sir.” .

“Why did you shoot Willoughby?”

“T didn’t shoot Willoughby, sir—didn’t shoot anyone.
I just found my gun out here.” Johnson rubbed his fore-
head that mumbled that he had a headache. He was taken
to the guardhouse. :

A few days later he was found on the floor of his cell,
bleeding from a self-inflicted throat wound. An emergency
operation was needed to save his life. Weeks later he
was tried at a court martial. During peace time an Army
court in the continental United States does not have the
power to try capital offenses or impose the sentence of
death. But this crime had taken place on foreign soil and
the Army court had full power to try Private Johnson,
its findings subject to later review by the President.

Johnson’s defense was that he had not fired the fatal °
shot, but had heard it and come running to the porch to
find his smoking gun. His story. was not credible, espe-
cially in the light of information produced by the prosecu-
tion. It was contended that there had been ill feeling
between Johnson and the victim, Willoughby. Other en-
listed men testified that the two privates had argued
violently the day prior to the shooting and that Private
Johnson had threatened to “get” Willoughby.

HEN ALL THE testimony. had been heard, Johnson
was removed to the guardhouse. The trial chamber
was cleared except for members of the court and the
voting begun. Each member of such a court is required
to write his verdict on a ballot. These are counted by

the head of the court and the full verdict rendered. A a

unanimous vote is not required for conviction or acquittal;
three-fourths is sufficient. —
The vote taken, Johnson was returned to the court-
room and the verdict read.. He was sentenced to die on
the scaffold. Though the verdict was recognized as a just

tien \s. . a
* On murder night, Thompson '
carrying a .45, took a cab
» +, to Manila (above) and met

ee his. sweetheart at a hotel.

one, it }
islands.
in the .
Priva
placed
was ag
post fel:
his hea:
in a wil
couldn’:
their q:
ence of
One (
out an ;
“and I
John:
The :
truck b
quarter
This :
Some o
was as
There \
Ther
the opp:
Manila
Thomps
of his p
the hit «
of danc:
beamed
and no «
him to f
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out of {
and his
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7 soon, h«
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jealous;


VU TLUINOUIN 4

William, h
lu-7-1925 -

gw LIEUTENANT John S. Thompson never did anything -

- halfway. When he worked, he really worked. When he
studied, it was with a thoroughness and concentration
that would have withered a lesser man. And when he
finally fell in love, he lost himself completely in a sea
of dreams and emotion. The results were tragic.

A New York minister’s son, he enlisted in the Army in
June, 1917, only a few days after war had been declared,
and served in Europe and later on the Mexican Border,
where he earned his’ corporal’s stripes. The Army ap-
pealed to him and he diligently applied himself to: the

task of making it his career. He won an appointment to |

West Point and was graduated as a second lieutenant
in 1924. od
He was assigned to duty at Fort McKinley in the
Philippine Islands. He arrived there along with a group
of other newly-commissioned officers and proceeded to
quietly adjust to the routine life of the Army outpost. He
seemed to have a maturity beyond his years, a fact that
was in time recognized by his superiors. They all felt that
the tall, blond officer would go far in the Army. He
might have, if he had not become entangled in a love
affair that upset his equilibrium completely.
The object of his affections was 16-year-old Audrey
Burleigh, stepdaughter of a captain in the medical corps.
_Her father, an officer in the British army, had been
killed in the World War, and her mother had met and
married Captain H. P. Calmes, then serving overseas.
Calmes took his small family back to Tennessee, where he
was: stationed after the war, and then to the Philippines.
He was given a temporary assignment at Fort McKinley.
Not only was Audrey young, but pretty as a picture.
Slim and athletic—she rode well and was an enthusiastic
tennis player—she was also charming and full of laughter.
Despite her tender age, she became much sought after
by the junior officers at the fort. Needless to say, there
weren’t enough single women there to go around, and
pretty ones were at a premium. She accepted many
dates but was mature enough to avoid any serious en-
tanglements. That is, until she met Lieutenant Thompson.
She’d been out riding that day and had gone with a
party of officers to the Golf Club for refreshments.
Thompson was sitting by himself at a nearby table,
sipping a lemonade, and one of the men with Audrey
called out to him.
“Come over, Thompson. There’s someone here we want
you to meet.”
Thompson’s shyness was a kind of joke among his

BROUGHT

fellow officers
and he blushe

“Glad to k
poise. “Pleas:

The tall bic
as a judge. B
because he di
He belonged
demands wer

But now h

‘table, to go o1

he was force
sitting next t
It was love
played tennis
next, took he:
every day.
duty, they w
The fort w:
Green lawns,
colors made ‘
than an Arn
trast to the
white pebble
Thompson o}
meter of the
the residenc
this road. O:
theater, gu:
were locatec

@ THE YOU
short time f
a native sec:
stirring up ‘
purpose was

ay an old w

religious rite
ried soldier:

The latest
of three Ar
cave near \V

For the n
by the Phili)
United Stat
trained, cap:
risings. The
Fifteenth In


ON THE HOME FRONT

Jews founded a Hebrew Benevolent Association in 1864 to maintain a
cemetery for the burial of Jewish soldiers.°* The Jews of Savannah vol-
unteered their services to the German Artillery of Macon, Ga., when
Private A. Nordlinger was killed in battle, and for this kindness to “their
deceased friend and comrade in arms” the members of the Artillery
passed a resolution of thanks which was published in the Savannah
papers.® In Cincinnati,® Philadelphia,®” and other cities, lots in Jewish
cemeteries were set aside for the interment of Jewish soldiers. Some-
times, when the authorities had Jewish men buried in military cemeteries,
with Christian rites, rabbis and communal leaders would secure permis-
i have the bodies disinterred and then would perform the bu
ces according to the Jewish ritual.®
Twenty-two year old Pvt. George Kuhn of the 118th Pennsylvania
Volunteers was one of five substitute deserters who were sentenced to be
shot on August 29, 1863. Army authorities had ordered the execution
in a desperate effort to discourage desertion, thousands of men were tak-
ing the easy way out to avoid the hardship and danger of military serv-
ice. Kuhn insisted on seeing a rabbi before the execution; since there
was none in Washington, the army sent for Rabbi Benjamin Szold of Bal-
timore. After a conversation with the boy, the rabbi was convinced that
there were grounds for clemency in the case and he went to the White
House to ask the President to grant a pardon. Lincoln had already re-
ceived petitions on the matter from some New York people and declined
to intercede, but he listened patiently to the rabbi and then sent him with
a letter of introduction to General Meade. The General, too, listened pa-
tiently to his story and to his biblical quotations, but insisted that the
execution had to proceed as planned—only such an example, he said,
would stem the tide of desertion.®

Rabbi Szold had done all he could, but his task was not ended. He re-
turned to Rappahannock Station, where the regiment was located, and
told Kuhn of his failure. The boy asked the rabbi to be with him at the
execution and to perform the burial ceremony. On Saturday, the 29th,
twenty-five thousand people, including the troops of the regiment, were
on hand to witness the execution. The regimental chaplain was talking
with the three Protestant boys; a Catholic priest from Washington prayed
with the one soldier of his faith; and Rabbi Szold stood by the side of
George Kuhn. According to the report of an eyewitness, “the condemned
man, much agitated, stood up and recited after the Rabbi a portion of
Thillim, Yigdal, and Shimas [Psalms and other prayers]. At the close,
the minister, much affected, kissed the accused, who convulsively clung
to him.” At three o’clock the clergymen were asked to conclude their
prayers; the five men stood at attention in front of the graves which
had already been dug for them; the order to fire was given and thirty-
six muskets discharged their bullets. The five bodies were then placed in
the graves and the three clergymen, side by side, read their burial services.

109


DIARY OF A
CONFEDERATE SOLDIER:

John S. Jackman of
the Orphan Brigade

Edited by William C. Davis

University of South Carolina Press

I 790


March 25th.—Wind blew very hard last night, bringing up a snow
storm. The ground was white again this morning with snow, but it
soon melted away. The brigade has gone out to the execution of the
sentence of a court martial on one Keen, of the 2d Fla. reg’t, who is
to be shot for desertion. This is a murky day—I would hate to be
shot on such a day—especially for desertion.

March 27th.—Sunday. Had a cup of genuine coffee this morning
for breakfast—something unusual. A_ beautiful morning—y
spring-like. Went to church 10 a.m. in Dalton. Hear od dis-
course by Rev. Taylor. I attended church again at night, heard a good
discourse by the Rev. Hutchins, of Mobile, Ala.—To-day has been
beautiful throughout. I think the winter is now over. The spring-birds
have set up their songs in the thickets; and this morning I heard the
cooing of a dove—the first of the season.

March 28th.—Cloudy, and cold wind from the east. Rain dashes
down at times. Wrote a letter home for G.P Steady rain in the
evening until nearly dark, when the clouds broke away, and the cold
east wind again set in. Late at night had a storm of wind and rain.

March 29th.—A spring-like morning. This is truly changable
weather. Had no rations to cook for breakfast. Has been a peculiar
day. As it advanced, a mist settled over the hills, veiling the sun from
view.

March 30th.—A cloudy cheerless day. A few snow-flakes whirling
in the air this morning.

March 31st.—Went to the old field south of town to witness sham
battle between Cleburne’s and Bates’ divisions, against Cheatham’s™
and Walkers*°—all of Hardee’s corps. The day was pretty and the
troops manoeuvered well; but there was nothing very exciting about
the drill. Had stewed peaches and corn bread for dinner. Went to
church at night & heard Dr. McFerrin. Rained during the night.

April Ist.—Had corn bread “straight” for breakfast—baked beef
and Irish potatoes for dinner. Cloudy and sometimes rainy during the
day. Being the first of the month, had to make several reports. O.
what a gloomy evening! Capt. W.°’ showed me a book this evening,
which, if I ever become again civilized, I shall obtain a copy: The
elementary French reader; or Easy Method for Beginers in translat-

35. Major General Benjamin F. Cheatham.

36. Major General William H. T. Walker.

37. Probably Captain John J. Williams, Company G, 9th Kentucky Infantry. Thomp-
son, p. 838.

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April
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Andrew Laypole ~

(, yl JWry
WeExecutedWar¥rort*McHenry#

May"23rd"1004——ts«C

Reported in Ihe Baltimore Sun issue of 5-24-64
page 1 column ‘7

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PR

AMERICAN JEWRY
AND THE CIVIL WAR

BERTRAM W. KORN

INTRODUCTION BY ALLAN NEVINS

A TEMPLE BOOK

ATHENEUM 1970 NEW YORK

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‘Execution of ‘Private. Lanshen, for the!
ae _ ERIDEEGE ee ee arts ot ax
oe 7 : REDERICK —The a. re) e
eas Jonas Penman . | court martial in the case of Joh goers
: 7 -for.the shooting of: Major Lewis, ‘the Forty-
a an Pennsylvania, sot mcing Bo hone ung,
ane 23rd 1861 bas been approved eneral MicOlelian, and —
Executed at ieee acs on December r | the execution is. ordered. to. lace to- day,

between ihe hours of 1 an) 3 o’clock, this af.
fetches its ea
eee tides of ein oknt rom this city, in'thé presence of the | edi-
peer? cdl 2 vision. Lanahan is'ds celia and ba se

AL is quiet above here this morning.
(SECOND DISPATCH.] | i
i _ Frepznick, Dec 23 -—Lanahan was. hu Re
2o0’clock this afternoon. -H a
“struggle. His bo ossezsion Ce) by.
his friends. Many itizens: ‘were present as
Spectators, he © weather was very. stormy.

; gtr eS ate

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ix, tb pb erryy Wate Sse h ann

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Put Tacanh v Wiashnn RE AE MEN ed 6, PO | Sk NE Ee | aioe ee


TORRENS SR ATLA Nas ng

Daa

ede Wa
22 a I!


‘By DAVID R. GEORGE

HAT strange freak of Nature can

almost instantly change a gentle,

mild-mannered .man into a _ sex-

crazed, bloodthirsty murderer? Do

the psychiatrists really know what
lies behind the split personality, the schizo-
phrenic, who suddenly and without warning
turns killer?

One thing is certain—when it does
happen, the police know the dire results
all too well. No carnage is greater than
that wrought by a maniacal slayer on the
loose. It can happen anywhere: in big
cities, small towns or rural communities;
on any continent and in any country. One
of the most vicious cases of all took ‘place
on the other side of the world.

Dawn crept over the sprawling metrop-
olis of Melbourne, second largest ctty in
Australia, on Sunday, May 3rd, 1942. In
a combat zone since the fateful day of

LEONSKI, Edward, white. execited (Military)

was on oa full
Amer

Tuy
biisis,

Melbourne
Great
ican troops were encamped on the broad
green acres of Royal Park, in the heart of
the city, and from sunset to sunrise a strict
blackout was in effect.

On a quiet side street in a poorer sec-
tion of the city, the porter of a cheap
hotel was sweeping out the lobby after
a Saturday night of revelry behind the
shaded windows. Reaching the front door,
he opened it and stopped abruptly where
he stood, staring in horror .at what he saw.
- Lying on the sidewalk just outside the
hotel was the buxom body of a young
woman. Her long titian hair was stained
a deeper red where it was matted with
her own blood. Her face was a mass of
ugly cuts and bruises. Her sheer green
dress and undergarments had been ripped
from neck to waist, and her skirt had been
pulled ‘up and bunched around her hips
in a desperate struggle with her assailant.
She was dead.

IDecembe

wartime numbers of

on November 4, 1942,
first shock of bis

the

discovery, the porter dashed back ito the
lobby and Minutes
two cruisers and a rolled up
in front of the hotel, bringing Melbourne
bobbies and detectives. As the officers
were examining the body, Police Commis-
sioner Alexander Duncan of Victoria State
arrived in his official car.

Recovering. from

called police. Lxtet;

squad car

THYAKING charge, Commissioner Duncan

" declared: “This obviously is the work
of the same fiend who has been stalking
women all over the city during the black-
out. Several victims have been attacked,
but this is the first time he has killed
a woman.”

Newspaper reporters who had rushed to
the scene took careful notes as Duncan
continued: “We've never had such a wave
of crime in this city. We could blame it
on the war, but that’s too easy an expla-
nation. No matter what the reason is,
we've got to (Continued on page SO)

Private Edward J. Leonski

— Lipa ethan, LE >.

‘Cacusmed dy elie lire az


lowed to return home, but only with the stern warniig that
he would be kept under strict surveillance on the chance that
new clues might be turned up.

Me4nwhile, news of the cate hostess’ slaying was emblazoned
across the front pages of all Melbourne newspapers. Cables to
the United States and England hummed with the story of the
shocking crime during Melbourne’s blackout. And the women
of the city and its suburbs, young and old alike, were terrified
by the thought that they, too, might fall victim to the monster,

For the next few days, Commissioner Duncan and his de-
tectives worked long hours in a desperate effort to turn up
a fresh lead on Ivy McLeod's slayer. But every promising
possibility led up a blind alley.

Then on the following Saturday, May 9, the hend struck
again !

Shortly before midnight, when the blackout was at its height,

the landlady of another South Melbourne boarding house ~

heard faint moans outside her front door,
Hurrying downstairs, she opened the door and gasped in

UNCLE SAM'S fighting men are greeted with cheers when they enter
Australia—and the sternest kind of justice had to be meted out to
one who violated Australian hospitality and shamed his country.

horror. Lying on the doorstep was the body pf one of her
roomers—Mrs. Pauline Buchanan Thompson, an attractive,
31-year-old brunette. The landlady’s heart pounded as her
eyes took in every one of the ghastly details she had read in
the papers. Blood streamed down the woman's face from
ugly wounds in her skull, She was breathing her last.
Covering her mouth with her hand to stifle a scream, the
landlady ran into the house and telephoned police.
Commissioner Duncan and two of his ace sleuths were first
on the seene in his car. Duncan shook his head sadly as he

surveyed this newest atroeity of the “bat man’ of the blackout

“We must redouble our efforts to capture this monster,” he
declared. “But we know one thing now——Herbert Johnston
is innocent.”

Dr. Mollison arrived and made a_ cursory examina-
tion, “I only needed’ one look to know that this was the work
of the same man who killed) Ivy McLeod,” he said. “This
woman's skull has been fractured in the same way and she has

-been strangled. It's a pity she couldn’t have been found a few
minutes sooner. She’s been dead only a short time.”

Searching the scene as the body was removed in an am-
bulance to the city morgue, the detectives again found no
weapon. Carrying out the identical pattern of Ivy McLeod’s
murder, a handbag was found nearby.

In the bag, which the landlady identified as Mrs. Thomp-
son’s, they found a fair-sized sum of money and a small ad-
dress book. Eagerly scanning the book, the sleuths came
across the names of several American soldiers and officers !

“See here,” Duncan snapped, at the landlady. “Did Mrs.
Thompson often go out with any of the American soldiers ?”

‘ “Now and then,” nodded the landlady. “Poor thing, she was

lonesome. Her husband is a police constable up in Bendigo,
about 100 miles from here, and she was a stenographer with the
International Harvester Company here. She only could see
him once a month, when he came here by train. I didn’t blame
her for going out now and then with some of those nice
American soldier boys.”

“Do you know any of these Americans ?”

“Only by sight. One of them was here tonight, asking
for her, about 9 o'clock. But I told him her husband was in
town and she was out—so he went away.”

“Did he leave his name ?”

The landlady shook her head.
if I saw him.”

“When did Mrs. Thompson go out?” continued Dunean.

“About 4 o'clock this afternoon. She met her husband at
work and he came home with her shortly after 1. Then they
went out together at 4 and that was the last time I saw her
until 1 found—found her body.”

“When was her husband going to return to Bendigo?”
asked the commissioner,

“He usually took the 11 o'clock train back the same night,
and Mrs, Thompson went down to the station with him to see
him off.” ‘

“No, but I'd know him again

RMED WITH the victim's address book, the commissioner
and his men returned to headquarters to debate their
next move.

“I’m beginning to see a little light now,” declared Duncan.
“If the slayer of Mrs. McLeod and Mrs. Thompson is an
American soldier, it explains a lot. That would be the rea-
son this city never has had such a wave of crimes before—
because this is the first time the Americans have been here.
Obviously, the victiins must have trusted their killer or they
would have had time to scream. If this fiend carried out his
murderous attacks on the premise of—let us say—-a harmless
kiss, that would solve the mystery of why no one heard their
cries.”

“You're probably right, commissioner,” agreed Detective
Sergeant Sydney McGuthe, “Our girls and women are doing
their best to make the Americans happy.”

“It may well be that the killer is a Jekyll-Hyde,” Gontinued
Duncan. “That seems to fit in with the American soldier
theory. Most of them are clean-cut, well-mannered and at-
tractive. The killer may appear the same way, but in actuality
we know that he is a sadist—a pervert who derives inhuman
pleasure from inflicting pain and injury on another,”

Now that the commissioner and his men suspected that the
slayer was an American soldier with a schizophrenic, or
divided, personality, they were confronted by a delicate situ-
ation.

If they made any attempt to question the 20 soldiers and
officers listed in Mrs. Thompson’s little book, they would risk
tipping off the guilty man—unless they were lucky enough
to pick him first. It could only be done, they decided, by taking
the American Army authorities into full confidence and swear-
ing each soldier to secrecy after they had questioned him alone.

By the time the detectives had reached this decision, it was
after 4A. mM. Therefore they returned to their homes for some
badly-needed sleep before continuing their investigation.

Meanwhile, the Melbourne Sunday (Continued on page 6)


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struck the body.

Boyer showed no emotion whatever when
the trussed-up remains were revealed, Ele
kept puffing on a cigarette and acted as
though he was merely a spectator of the
grisly scene.

“The only thing [ don’t understand about
this, Boyer,” Mahoney observed, “is why
you killed her. You could have gotten a
divorce. Or you could even have left her.
Don't you feel badly about it now?”

“Certainly not,” the cold-blooded Boyer
snorted. “What's one person in the world
more or less? I'd just as soon kill a
person as kill a cat. What difference does
it make?”

Boyer at first pleaded not guilty. But as
he realized how hopeless his case was, he
changed this to guilty and threw himself
on the mercy of the court. Judge Frank
Smith, on December 30, 1938, thereupon
sentenced him to life imprisonment in the
California State Prison at San Quentin.
During the hearing-the only thing Boyer
refused to disclose was who had written the
letters to which Dorothy’s name had been
signed—an angle which remains a mystery.

It's the Truth

ERE’S ONE for the record... .
On July 15, the proprietress of a
Manhattan restaurant was annoyed be-*
cause a drunken man was seated by her
back door. She offered one John
O’Brien $2 if he would remove the drunk.

O’Brien went out and looked. The
man, quite elderly, was sitting on the
ground, drinking out of a bottle. Ponder-
ing a moment, O’Brien decided not to
bother him then because he might put
up a fuss. He'd wait a while until the
man was ossified, then carry him away.

At 9 o'clock that evening, O’Brien
again went in back of the restaurant to
check on the situation. The man was
ossified, all right—out cold. In fact,
O’Brien touched him and he was cold. '

The man was dead, O’Brien realized.

Nevertheless, a bargain was a bar-
gain. He had been offered $2 to get
“that man out of there, and he’d do it.

O'Brien got hold of a friend named
John Bubak. Together the two dis-
‘cussed the project. It would be a pretty
_tough job to carry the corpse, they
agreed, and besides, it might look queer.
So they found an old baby carriage, put
the body in it, covered it with news-
papers and started to push it away. The |
man’s legs hung out at the side, but they
decided .to.make the best of it.

At a street corner, however, they were
‘noticed by Murray Keyser, a passerby.
' Keyser’s eyes popped when he saw inert
legs hanging out of the buggy. He
peered in and saw the dead man. Then
he collared O’Brien and Bubak and
shouted for police.

The coppers arrested O’Brien and
Bubak, then scratched their heads about —
what to charge them with. There was
nothing suspicious about the death it-
self, but it surely wasn’t legal for two
men to be pushing a body around that
way.

The police searched the statutes. The
best they could do was dig up an old law
stating that it is illegal to “transport a
body without a permit, or without the
permission of the medical examiner.”

Brought to trial, Bubak got a one-year
prison sentence, while O’Brien was
given a two-year probation in custody
of a sister. Police were still trying to
identify the dead man.

headquarters.

Bat Man

(Continued from page 17)

morning papers hit the stands with stories
of the second fiendish blackout slaying, to-
gether with a picture of Mrs. Thompson
which reporters had obtained from the
landlady.

Late in the morning, when Commissioner
Duncan and his men met again at head-
quarters, they learned of an unexpected and
welcome break.

Three newspaper readers, all women, had

reported seeing the slain Mrs. Thompson:

in a cafe with an American soldier shortly
after Il o'clock Saturday night-—less than
an hour before she was slain!

“I’m going to change our plans,” Duncan
told the detectives. ‘We're going to visit
these witnesses and persuade them to come
with us to the American encampment in
Royal Park to see if they can pick out the
man they saw with Mrs. Thompson. We
can arrange for them to be present as we

question each of the 20 men on the vic- —

tim’s list.”

Early that afternoon, with the three
women witnesses accompanying them, the
detectives arrived at American general
The American officers in
charge were only too glad to cooperate,
and one by one the men listed in the ad-
dress book were led in to be questioned.

Privates, corporals, sergeants and lieu-
tenants, cach denied knowing Mrs. Thormp-
son or Mrs. McLeod. And none was the
soldier whom the witnesses had seen the
night before. Reluctantly Commissioner
Duncan concluded the questioning.

Now there was but one course left—for
the witnesses to visit the camp infrequently

and unobtrusively, in an attempt to pick,

the suspect out of the thousands of sol-
diers and officers in the American forces,
It would be impossible to. have the wit-
nesses view them singly. At best, this
would be a tedious, long drawn-out process
and. doubtful of success.

For the next week, however, the detec-
tives brought the witnesses to Royal Park
each day. Without attracting too much
attention, they spent hours casually looking
at the faces of the men in uniform.

Ten. days went by without result—and
then the monster struck for the third time!

Early on the morning of May 19, an-
other woman’s body was discovered by
military police lying in a muddy trench
20 yards inside the fenced-in Royal Park
itself. The body was that of a buxom blond
woman in her middle. 30s. Like the other
victims, her head had been beaten and she
had been strangled,

Commissioner Duncan and his detectives
reached the scene with the medical exam-
iner and once more found the crime follow-
ing the identical pattern.

Again, the weapon was missing, and
again, the victim’s purse was found, enabling
identification. Similarly, the purse con-
tained money, this’time $15, ruling out the
possibility of robbery.

The. victim’s hat, gloves and umbrella
also were found nearby, and marks in the
muddy turf indicated she had put up a
terrific struggle for her honor and life.

From papers in the purse, the victim was
identified as Gladys Lillian Hosking,
secretary and librarian of the chemistry
department of Melbourne University.

OTING Miss Hosking’s home address,
Commissioner Duncan and his men
sped there at once. They found it to be
one of the better apartment houses in a
good section of the city. Another woman's
name was listed with Miss Hosking’s on

esi


the door of her apartment,

The bugger was answered by a stuniaimip
brunette, who identified herself as Miss
Hosking’s roommate. Anxiety written in
her face, she told them she had been wor-
ried because Miss Hosking had not. re-
turned home the night before. What, she
- inquired, was the matter?

As gently as possible, Commissioner
Duncan informed her of the librarian’s
tragic death, and she broke into a fit of
hysterical weeping.

When the roommate finally had regained
her composure, she readily sienna the
officers’ questions,

Miss Hosking, she/said, had gone out
early in the evening .with, several other
young women, all highly respectable, to
attend a movie. This was a regular week-
ly outing for the group and afterward they
usually dropped in at a cafe and had a few
highballs to wind up the evening. The
roommate usually went along, she said, but
not feeling well, she had begged off this
time. ,

“Did the group always stop in at the
same cafe?” asked Duncan.

“No,” replied the brunette. “There are
several they visited. They might have gone
to any one of them last night.”

Obtaining the list of cafes patronized by
Miss Hosking and her friends, the detec-
tives departed to canvass them.

At the first three they visited, the man-
agers and other employes reported that the
group of young women had not been there
the night before. But at the fourth cafe,
the sleuths obtained the lead they sought.-

Miss Hosking, this manager said, had
come to his place with her friends at ‘about
10 o'clock. He heard them discussing the
American movie they had seen.

“At another table,” continued the cafe
man, “three American soldiers were sitting,
drinking beer. The girls were in high
spirits and the boys seemed to be lonesome.
They passed some remarks back and forth
and finally they asked to have their tables
shoved together. At 11 o'clock, when we
closed, the soldiers and the young ladies
went out together. There were five women
and three men. Two of the men had a
lady on each arm, while the third soldier
escorted only one—Miss Hosking.”

Eagerly, Commissioner Duncan de-
manded: “Can you describe him?”

The manager~nodded. “He was dark,
fairly short and slightly built. He wore
a private’s uniform.”

“Have you ever seen him before?”

“Yes. Every now and then he drops in
here for a beer or two—sometimes alone,
sometimes with other soldiers.”

“Do you know his name?” snapped Dun-

can.

“No, I don’t,” replied the manager. “But
he usually comes in here about 8 in the
evening. I feel sure he'll be in again—
perhaps tonight.”

Conferring with his men, Commissioner
Duncan concluded that this development
seemed almost too good to be true. Should
they bide their time and conceal themselves
in the cafe that night, waiting for the sol-
dier’s possible return? Would he, if he
were the murderer, dare show himself so
soon again in a place where he had been
seen with his latest victim?

“Of course,” said Duncan, “we could
take the cafe manager over to Royal Park
and let him see if he can spot the soldier—
but that’s like looking for a needle in a
haystack. And if the soldier we’re seeking
should see the manager in the camn before
the manager sees him, he’d be likely to
desert and flee.”

After debating the problem for some
time, the officers finally decided to keep
‘watch at the cafe that night on the chance
that the soldier would return.

“It seems likely that he wouldn't dare
come back here,” observed Duncan, “vet

careless, Or by pursuing his
inay think to throw ofl

he may be
Usual habits, he
suspicion.’

That night, the commissioner and three
of his crack detectives took up hiding places
in remote darkened booths and in the rear
room of the cafe, They waited, tense but
patient, all evening. Their vigil, however,
was in vain,

The next night they returned to the cafe
and concealed themselves again. But still,
the soldier did not appear.

On the third night, however, shortly after
8 o'clock in the evening of May 22, their
patience finally was rewarded. Before
their eager“eycs, a short, slight, dark sol-
dier in an American private’s uniform
sauntered in alone and walked over to the
bar. Putting down a half-dollar, he asked
for a beer.

As he turned his head and looked around,

they saw his face. It was the clean-cut,
handsome countenance of a typical young
American in his early 20s!
’ Could this harmless-looking young man
be the blackout monster who had slain three
innocent women and beaten many others?
It seemed incredible. But this was surely
the man who was last seen with ‘Gladys
Lillian Hosking, and the detectives closed
in.

GUS DRAWN, the comrhissioner and
men stepped up to the soldier from
three directions. The youth whirled. His
face paled beneath his tan.

“Up with your hands until we search
you!” barked Duncan.

The soldier meekly obeyed. Quickly
frisking him, the detectives found him un-
armed.

“Is this the man who left your cafe last
night with Miss Hosking?” Duncan asked
the manager, who had come out of the rear
room.

“Yes,” replied the cafe man emphatically.
“He is the one! There’s no doubt of that.”

“What's your name?” demanded the
Commissioner.

His black eyes glazed with terror, the
soldier replied weakly: “Private Edward
J. Leonski.”

“Where’s your home?”

“New York City.”

“Do you know why we want you?” asked
Duncan and the young man shook his head.
“For the murders,” continued the commis-
sioner, “of Ivy Violet McLeod, Pauline
Buchanan Thompson and Gladys Lillian
Hosking!”

The prisoner winced as Duncan enun-
ciated each syllable of the victims’ names.

“We' re taking you down to headquar-
ters,” announced the commissioner, “and
you'd better come quietly.” .

Arriving with the suspect at Melbourne
police headquarters, Commissioner Duncan
immediately notified American Army head-
quarters of the arrest. High Army officers
hurried over at once to join in the ques-
tioning.

For three hours Leonski stolidly refused
to admit that he had known any of the
victims, much less had slain them. Finally,
however, Duncan brought in the three
women witnesses who had seen Mrs.
Thompson with a soldier shortly before her
murder; her landlady and the woman who

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fHE DAILY |

and MALL Wo,

NEWS, HRLDAY,

ui

Camp Logan) 4/5/1918.

Vy £3
VECA

__ 5

APRIL’ 5, $1918.

Houston, T2

C! 1 AGO, LA

1

t

a

LINGUS. MEN

TWO
HECUTED AT LOGA

Colored Privates Are Hanged
for Murder of DowA-
state Soldier.

f

Special to The Chicago Dalle News.

Camp Logan, Houston, Tex.,
Privates Walter Matthe#s and Jgnn B.
Mann, two former members of compsny
I, 8th [llifols colored, regiment, : were
hanged at Camp Logan, :a few minutes
before 7 o'clock this morwing. The§ were
convicted of killing Pyrfvate Ralph M.

Foley of the 130th infagtry, downstate
organtaztion, 5

4 2
; @ *

The execution took plage in a secluded
place in the woods back: of the djvisioa
stockade, out of sight atd hearing # oth-

" score

& Baste wcsem WP etka

Apa) 5.—

er men in the camp. s than
of spectators witnesse@ * the exeqution.
Lieut.-Gol. John V, Clmnin, formr as-
sistant city attorney ¢ Chicag and
commander of the milftéry policé force
of the division, oMoctateg fat the bynging.
Both men died game. ~~}
Scaffold in Amplitheateg,
The scaffold was erected on the $dge of
w deep ravine and was ,almost gnidden
from view by tall pine ttees. The little

'gronp of spectators gatheged in a Matural
‘amphitheater a
‘death procession

few miniites befgre the
started {from th? office
of the stockade. several | bundre® yards
away. a ?
Mann and Matthews wete botb signed
to thelr fate. Father Joan J. O'Hern,

'the execut iia in an army truck. From
the brow the pill a plank walk led
*o the floag af the scaffold, Less thao

y
&
chaplain ott! the 108th ammuaition train.
was their t cajler thia morning.

Boon aft the condemned men were
awakened this morning they were dreesed

in blue denim uniforms apd given a
light breniest They were informed |
yesterday xjternoon of the time of their
execution agpd-last might after taps they
were taken ;jrom the solitary confinement
cell which they have occupied for nearly
two monthé and placed in the office of

the stovka gp. A special guard watched
over them pate morning.

Over Twe Minates.
The men: were taken to the scene of

two minutey was spent in taking the men
from the tyuck to the scaffold. Nooses
were adjusyed, the trap was sprung and
all was ovwr,

A large sjietall of police guarded the
space arouyd the sca old for a distance
of nearly %00 yards. No advance an-
nouncemeny of the time of the hanging
had been nade and it was hours before
the camp ew it had taken place. The
bodies wery placed In charge of the gov-
ernment uydertaker. Matthews’ remains
will be se to his mother in Tennessee.
Mann will "be buried here.

GERMAN; ALLIANCE WILL QUIT

National (reantsation to Disband in
Phifjdelphia on April 11.
{i ly The Associated Press.}

New Yak, Apri! 5.—Announcement
that. the Nptional German-American alli-
ance will band at a special meeting in
Philadelphg} gn April 11 was made here
last night}py Henry Weismann of this

city, who t ntil recently was active in
the affairs Sf the organization,
{\Kidded Himee!tf. bh
Headlinei}“Had arranged to destroy
British moggple the first day.” Who had?

Self-Deludendorff.— Boston
Evening i said

——

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3 © 4. Another Commission of Oyer & Terminer was issued by Council Order on
2 August 5th 1700 to hold 2 special court at Albany for the trial of

‘3 THOMAS LONG and JOHN PLEATS, accused of felony They were two of three
P deserters from the Albany garrison. By an Act of the New York General
te Assembly "for preventing soldiers listed in His Majesty's Service in
2) this province of New York from deserting His Majesty's sd, Service",

5 Passed on May 16th 1699, deserters were to "suffer ye pains of death"
. upon conviction in any court of record within this Province" and the
. man who captured them to receive "for his reward 5-0-0 per head over

2 and above ye charges he shall


EXAS entered the Confederacy amidst blood-boiling
talk of “damn Yankees’ and Southern rights, of
gpressed liberties and suppressed justice, of patriotism
Md pride. The vast majority of Texans, it seemed, de-
sanded secession and denounced their Northern
xighbors, and woe be to the Yankee tyrants who opposed
hem in their “holy quest.” Union sympathizers were
‘nounced as traitors and snubbed by their townsmen, or
tun out of the state by the authorities. Or, in extreme
ases, such as an incident at Gainesville in 1862, some
yere massacred. The Southern opposition was not allowed
speak; pro-Union men kept quiet for fear of their lives.
Thus the appearance of a “‘united front” was secured,
ind Texas was viewed as “purely Confederate.”

“ In all probability, however, only about one third of the

5 Texans were staunch Confederates, and a large number
‘id not want to secede at all. Many men entered the armies
aly because of local persuasion and fear of repercussion;

“ay were conscripted. This was probably the reason for
he large number of desertions by Texas troops. Desertions
an high in all of the South, but Texas seemed to have more
han its share.

Most of the deserters were not caught, but many were.
Hunting these deserters was one of the most detested jobs
among the ‘Texas Confederates. One soldier commented,
“this was a hard business to take a man away from his
some while his wife and children begged and screamed for
tis release . . .we tried to look favorably upon the action
af our superior officers, but sometimes found it hard to do
w.” Consider the case of Private Barney McDermott.

t McDermott, a resident of McKinney, Texas, had
= entered the 29th Texas Cavalry Regiment, commanded by
) Charles DeMorse, pionce! editor of Clarksville, in early
“Sb 1863 at Warren, ‘Texas. Ele was enrolled in Company
E, under Captain Matt Daugherty. “The 29th was an

x
Be

i
iy

~ ee,

underfed, overworked regiment in Douglas Cooper’s °

* brigade that helped patrol Indian Territory, and it had an
* especially high rate of desertion. In referring to the
* incident, Brigadier General S. B. Maxey wrote,‘*. . .The
“—--" egant example of twenty-five desertions from Harde-
cf -y man’s regiment was magnificently eclipsed by about 200
248 trom DeMorse’s regiment a very few days later.” McDer-
mott had fought with no especial valor at the Battles of
Cabin Creek and Honey Springs in Indian Territory in
July 1863, and at Poison Springs, Arkansas in April
1864. He was an average soldier who went to war under
Wimm the Conscription Act, leaving a wife and several children
9M in McKinney. His war sentiment is not known, but it can
be assumed that because he had to be drafted he viewed

the Southern cause mildly at best.

BS

IN MAY of 1864 the 29th was patrolling the area
around Fort Smith, Arkansas, with Brigadier General
Stand Watie’s Indians. Skirmishes were continuous, sleep
was rare, and morale was low. During this time of raw
nerves McDermott received a letter from his wife in Mc-
Kinney. There was, she wrote, no water within miles of

their home; the county was in a bad state of drouth and
she had no way to get her children to water. She had
slaughtered the last pig, the crops had died, and no food
was left. They survived only through the help of a neigh-
bor, who was also perilously low on provisions. She en-
treated her husband to return home immediately and
move them to a better location.

It was hard for a private soldier to obtain a furlough
even when the possibility of battle was nil. McDermott
found it was impossible when battle was certain. Captain
Daugherty heard his story with patience, but had to refuse
him. He suggested that McDermott petition Colonel De-
Morse. He did so, and received the same answer.
McDermott realized that every man was needed at this
time; threat of a major battle with the Yankees in Fort
Smith was imminent, and no troops could be spared. Still,
he felt he had no other choice but to help his family; he
rated the welfare of his wife and children ahead of that
of the war effort. He knew his only remaining course was
desertion, and it must be followed. McDermott deserted
that night while on picket duty and reached McKinney
within several days.

Colonel Charles DeMorse, commander of 29th Texas Cavalry Reg’t,
CSA. (Courtesy of Confederate Research Center, Hillsboro, Texas)

33

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BLACKOUTS

INSIDE DETECTIVE, October, 19))2,

Ade bd

Lay

AWN CREPT OVER the sprawl-

ing metropolis of Melbourne, second
largest city in Australia, on Sun-

day, May 3, 1942. In a combat zone since
the fateful day of December 7, Melbourne
was on a full wartime basis. Great num-
bers of American troops were encamped
on the broad green acres of Royal Park,
in the heart of the city, and from sunset
to sunrise a strict blackout was in effect.
On a quiet side street in a poorer
section of the city, the porter of a cheap

hotel was sweeping out the littered °

lobby after a Saturday night of revelry
behind the shaded windows. Reaching the
front door, he opened it and stopped
abruptly where he stood—transfixed by
what he saw.

Lying on the sidewalk just outside the
hotel was the body of a woman. Her long
titian hair was a deeper red where it was
matted with her own blood. Her green
dress and her undergarments had been
badly torn and disarranged as though she
had battled desperately with her assailant.

She was dead.

Suddenly galvanized into action, the
porter dashed back into the lobby and
called police.

Minutes later, a squad car screeched to
a stop in front of the hotel, bringing Mel-
bourne bobbies and detectives. As the

officers were examining the body, Police
Commissioner Alexander Duncan of
Victoria State arrived in his official car.

Taking charge, Commissioner Duncan
declared: “This obviously is the work of
the same fiend who has been stalking
wonien all over the city during the black-
out. Several victims have reported such
an assailant, but this is the first time he
has killed a woman.”

The detectives nodded vigorously as
Duncan continued: “We've never had
such a wave of crime in this city. We
could blame it on the war, but that’s too
easy an explanation. No matter what the
reason is, we've got to capture the monster
who did this or no woman in Melbourne
will- dare to go out on the streets at
night.”

Dr. Crawford H. Mollison, police phy-
sician, had arrived meanwhile and ex-
amined the body carefully. The woman,
he found, had been viciously beaten. Her
skull had been fractured repeatedly by
blows with some heavy instrument.

“It looks to me,” declared the doctor,
“as if the weapon was a revolver butt.
Further, marks on her neck show an at-
tempt was made to strangle her. As to
the time of death, it occurred about four
hours ago.”

The detectives searched the scene care-

AMONG THE THOUSANDS OF UNCLE SAM’S SOLDIERS? —

By M. E. BENTON

McDOWELL,, Aléxander, white, executed Hartford, Conn. (Military) on

March 21, 1781.

2oI781.__HacHord CT arch 2.0. Last Friday His Exelleney Beneah
Washington arrived in toon from Newport and Me

7 From His Excdlency General Washington's orders of the IJthinstent* = =

Sunday morning proceeded on his journey to the army. ‘The follovsing ignacevWed

| — found. ilty of desertion to the enemy , and by the sd. Court
Martiel sentenced to suffer death \ Hie Same-agrecable to oe

Hhe bth, Section of the First Articke of War, which sentence

mn See at Hartford between the hours of ten in the foveneon and three

—__“Arexanner MeDowent, late bieutenanitand adjutant of Col.
__ Welles’ regiment of the State troops of Connecticut, having been
bya General Court Martial of the Line held ot Hartford the 7H
ae doy of March last 1781. whereon Col. Hemon Swift was president, Ae

in the afternoon of the Same day. eee nee

is rere ob tin exetin odes a 2st intent

» Barney, white, shot near

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“f/ > - ha
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4 EXAS
talk «
: oppressed
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/manded
neighbors.
them in 1
denounced
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© cases, suc!
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to speak; |
Thus the
and Texas
In all p
Texans \
did not w:
only beca
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the large '
ran high |
than its s!
Most ©
Hunting
among t!
“this wa
4 home wh

* his relea:

of our su
so.”’ Con
McDe:
entered |
Charles
1863 at
E, unde
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brigade |
especial!
incident.
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Cabin ¢
_ July 16
» 1864. T!
7 the Con
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the Sout

around
Stand \\
Was ral
| herves
Kinney


Within fifteen minutes Corporal Joel
Wehking of the 42nd Field Artillery Batta-
lion had arrived with a driver to take
Miranda back to the guardroom at Broomhill
Camp. As he was not incapable of walking,
he was then allowed to return to his hut.

Entering his billet in a ‘noisy boisterous
manner’ he mouthed a few poles words
Whout the dst Serpeant who wi asleep,
Within minutes a shot rang out, galvanising
the sleeping soldiers from their bunks. ‘Your
Worries are Over now boys’, laughed Miranda
hysterically, | have shot the Ist Sergeant and
Ill turn on the lights so | can show you.’

When found guilty of murder at his Gen-
eral Court-Martial on March 20 it was really
an open and shut case. There were no
mitigating circumstances in what was ad-
judged a premeditated cold-blooded killing
and unusually, and for the first time in the
UK, the court sentenced Miranda to suffer
death by musketry, He was shot at Shepton
Mallet on May 30, 1944.

PRIVATE WILEY HARRIS JR

March 1944 was indeed a black month for
killings by American servicemen. The
following evening, Monday, March 6, Pri-
vate Wiley Harris and Private Robert Fils
Were on an evening pass from the 626th
Ordnance Ammunition Company based in
Belfast, Northern Ireland. After drinking
some wine and beer in York Street they went
The interior of the 42nd Field Artillery Battalion hut at Broomhill Camp at Honiton, down to the Diamond Bar in North Queen
Devon. In the left rear, next to the door with the black-out curtain, is the top bunk of | Street where they had a number of glasses of
Sergeant Thomas Evison. In the right foreground marked with an X is the top bunk of — Guinness. Wiley was approached by a civi-
Private Miranda. The carbine he used to kill Evison was taken from the rack behind the lian, Harry Coogan, who asked if he wanted
stove. a woman. When Wiley replied “Yes’ he

PRIVATE ALEX F. MIRANDA
Almost at the same time that Dorothy
Holmes was being raped at Bishop’s Cleeve, :

j i a hundred miles to the south in Honiton, 0 -9 a] 10@' » .
wd Private Alex Miranda was picked up by
a . aul Sergeant Bill Durbin and Constable ‘iia, ae — 9 ae
4 North of the Devonshire Police for urinating ‘ — or
< in the street. He was tuken to Honiton Police i : : ; % :
7 [THOMAS EVISON aes

Station about 12.15 acm. and held until

a transport arrived to take him back to camp. oS a ee
eae While Sergeant Durbin reported that he was aes | SCF: ac FA BN = oF 4
j drunk, although not so drunk that he did not Wet \ a 1 4
4 know whit he was doing, he wis nasty ane ot PENNSYLVANIA a VAR ee Es

abusive in general, Miranda said to Durbin:
‘You are a fine fat sergeant. | would make
you top sergeant. Come on guard tomorrow
night and [ will give you a royal welcome.’

: When a group of men left the station to get
! some sergeants who had been involved in an
: accident, Miranda remarked: ‘| hope they rip
: their guts out,’ and then said to Durbin: ‘1
{ was not pissing in the street. yO I : en ee
will rip your guts out.’ Sergeant Durbin later
j reatibed: ae Private Miranda ‘seemed to First buried in the temporary cemetery at Brookwood (Plot O, Row 9, Grave 1), he now
; have sergeants on his mind’. lies at Cambridge in Plot C, Row 5, Grave 42. ak

py
ah

ay DS
4 Re f 5
Shi ree at
Y RP” i ne


RT RCSE SE

MIRANDA, Alex F., His, shot England (Mil) May 30,

+ ‘After The Battle Magazine’ /ssue No. $9

AFTER THE

BATTLE

19h

, lal oe

THE US PRISON AT SHEPTON MALLET

On April 14, 1942 the President of the President. Colonel
United States, ina letter to the US Sceretary
of War, directed that the Judge Advocate
General establish a branch with the United
States Armed Forces in the United King-
dom. The office was to include a Board of
Review to perform in all cases involving
sentences by General Courts-Martiadl oot

tenham, on July £8.
nel was even.

requiring approval or confirmation by the The first Amerioun military forees tad

Charlton House, Cheltenham, From July 1942 to October 1944
(when It moved to Paris) this was the headquarters of the
American military justice system in Europe — officially designa-
ted BOTJAG — the Branch Office of The Judge Advocate
General. At Its head was an Asslutant JAG, Brigadier Gunoral
Lawrence H. Hedrick, succeeded on June 20, 1943 by Brigadier
General Edwin ©. McNeil. Left: The General's office, where the

files of the cases of al! those accused cf capit:' cri: in the. UK
were examined and from wher. tie i..idings of the JAG isard

Liwrence UU,
(promoted to Brigadier General prior to his
arrival in the European Theater) was desig-
nated the Assistant Judge Advocate General a continuous trans-oceanic movement. of
in command, and the
formally opened at Charlton House, Chel-
The total officer person-

Hlediick — atiived in the UK in January (942, coming
ashore at Belfast in Northern Treland (see
After the Baule No. 34). Vhereatter there was
Branch Office was personnel and equipment from the United
States, and the United Kingdom became a
scmiiepermuament base of operations, Xs it
was roulised thet Aerie Chaaps weotte
OCCUPY a UNG pasthon with regard to the

of Review wore dispatched under his signature to the Coninan-
ding General of the morepent Theator for approval, Is to the
a]

right of the entrance on the ground floor. Aight: Today. this is
the corporate headquurters of the holding company of the
world-wide energy conservation group, Splrax-Sarco Ltd, Its
chairman occupy + the same offices as Hedrick and McNeil.
Part of. th: group is American, ©” srating from Alle town
Pennsylvania, hence the US fiag—« ther ap.-ropriate sy) fu)
in view of wartime use of the buiic:.


MOMEPUNY, WlLLLlaM De, WOU

mie
r w {jimmie ny >t mg TRA
Ne WewWrlLeans 4 bh yE p We 3 1862

||| The BEAsT of |

)

alll That is how the South remembered Ben Butler.
It quickly forgot how he cleaned up the city Be uth
and reduced the crime rate. panel for

| aa — first: procls
' ‘ q legiance to
Butler allo

AT By DAVID R. SMITH Beit fur

too willing

city for mo
city itself

ATH NE OF THE FINEST strategic moves made by
| Union forces in the Civil War was the early cap-
ture of New Orleans. New Orleans commanded the Mis-
sissippi River system which was vital to the Confederates
for their supply lines. The Navy, under David Dixon
| Porter and David G. Farragut, was able to bring about
the surrender of the city on April 29, 1862. Wartime
i New Orleans is remembered today primarily for the no-
toriety of the man who administered it for the first eight _
months of Union occupation: Major General Benjamin
| Franklin Butler.
Admiral Farragut turned command of New Orleans
over to Butler on May 1, 1862. Crowds of patriotic sec-
| essionists lined the shore to insult the Union soldiers, Ss
|} | and perhaps to see Butler. One eyewitness, Miss Marian
Th Southwood, reported: ‘“‘There was a perfect rush to see
this awful representative of human authority. . . . It was
| a scene which will not soon be forgotten; all seemed to /
| be fearful that it would be the only chance they might
have of seeing ‘Picayune Butler.” In the late afternoon
the disembarkation of Butler and his men was received
: by an angry mob. Butler cautioned his men to pay no
| heed to the insults, and they marched to the customhouse,
i behind a band from the 31st Massachusetts. All along the
i route the crowd shouted insults, and Miss Southwood
{ reported,

ed

ii | As soon . . . as they saw Butler, and the triumphant and pompous strut

' of the Yankees, and heard the music, the indignation of the canaille knew ’
| no bounds; they knew no language too gross to accost him with; the i
Ae newsboy’s screams were music to /heir tongues; every epithet, which f
| H could be applied to the vilest, was heaped upon him, and this only ended
when he was safely ensconced in the Custom-house.

The soldiers’ fingers may have itched to fire at such
provocation, but no shots were fired as Butler’s troops
occupied the city. Camps were established outside the

Somewhat cool reception of Federal officers at the levee, New
Orleans, to demand surrender of city. (Sketch by William Waud)

10


The Fight for New Orleans

would be hanged for his effrontery by order
of its military governor, General Butler.

By April 27, Butler’s troops had begun
landing along the Gulf to open siege oper-
ations, and Confederate morale was rapidly
deteriorating. General Duncan dispatched
messengers to New Orleans to find out
whether the city had surrendered; if it had,
there would be little point in continuing
the struggle. He tried to buoy his men with
a rousing proclamation that praised their
sacrifice and urged them to ‘“‘be vigilant
and stand by your guns.” But the call fell on
deaf ears. That night, the Fort Jackson gar-
rison mutinied. The men turned on their
officers, spiked the guns and took potshots
at anyone who attempted to hinder them.
Half of the garrison fled to the bayous.
Among the deserters, Duncan reported with
puzzlement, were “many of the very men
who had stood last and best to their guns
throughout the bombardment.”

Believing that the garrison at Fort St. Phil-
ip. had also mutinied, Duncan was now pre-
pared to yield. To his astonishment, Com-
mander Mitchell of the Confederate fleet
suddenly appeared at Fort Jackson and pro-
posed to continue the fight. This officer,
who had refused to tow the ironclad Louisi-
ana into battle position as Farragut was pass-
ing the forts, now had high hopes of getting
her engines working at last and turning her
guns on Butler’s forces, who were moving
overland to cut off the forts.

Mitchell’s offer was too late by several
days. Since the forts were now threatened
with a combined land and water attack,
Duncan decided to go ahead with the sur-
render. But in a message to Porter accept-
ing the Federal ultimatum, he warned that
he had no control over the vessels still afloat.

76

Mitchell, still unable to put the Louisiana

into action yet unwilling to hand her over
to the enemy, decided to sacrifice the iron-
clad. As the surrender documents were
about to be signed aboard Porter’s ship,
the Louisiana was set aflame and sent drift-
ing toward Porter’s flotilla, her magazines
filled with powder.

When Porter received word of the iron-
clad’s approach, he raged at Duncan and ac-
cused him of “sharp practice.” The general
replied, “We do not consider ourselves re-
sponsible for anything the naval officers do.”
And he added bitterly, ““Their course has
been a remarkable one throughout the bom-
bardment. They have acknowledged no au-
thority except their own, and although I am

ORMONAS etl gy,


headquarters,

plement the
iw of indig-
than a full
in London,
1ation. that,
ging to the
rston, later
»hrase in it
from which

believe
s made
nern mind,

AIRBIL

__ PACKAGE
NUL,

Pese “Before and After” sketches show cause and result of
Butler's famous—or infamous—“streetwalker’s order.” (HW)

The New York Times merely explained that “by a mu-
nicipal regulation of New-Orleans, women of the town
ae punished by imprisonment in the calaboose when
found in the streets after nightfall, and this is the punish-
ment intended in the order.”

The effectiveness of the “woman order” was confirmed
by the South’s reaction to it. After the order was issued,
fot one more case of insult by a woman was reported.
Butler had wanted an order that would execute itself,
and this one did just that. In his autobiography, he ex-
plained that

lll the ladies in New Orleans forebore to insult our troops because they

éda’t want to be deemed common women, and all the common women
Sxebore to insult our troops because they wanted to be deemed ladies

-. I challenge the production of any authentic evidence that the order
vas not a message of good to the good, and of fear to the had who required

>

POSSIBLY the action of Butler which was second
only to the woman order in notoriety was the general’s
‘reatment of William B. Mumford. Before Butler ar-
nved in New Orleans, Mumford, a gambler, tore down
a flag that Farragut had raised over the mint, and drag-
ged it through the streets. Butler read of the incident in
the local papers and vowed to see the man hanged. The
inhabitants of New Orleans interpreted the incident
differently. The Daily Picayune reported that the act of
raising the Union flag was “done to test the endurance
and patience of our people.”” Mumford and his friends
“distinguished themselves by gallantly tearing down the
flag that had been surreptitiously hoisted. . . . They
deserve great credit for their patriotic act.” Even if the
newspaper had not written this eulogistic account and
named the participants, Butler would have discovered

SRS
St

Munford’s name, for the latter persisted in boasting of
his exploit and daring the soldiers to arrest him.

The public good, according to Butler, demanded that
an example be made of Mumford. He was tried before
a military court, found guilty, and sentenced to be hanged.
Butler signed the death warrant the next day. No one,
however, expected Butler to carry out the sentence.
There had been no capital executions in Louisiana for
eighteen years, so the people were aghast when Butler
demonstrated his power by hanging Mumford. An cye-
witness noted that ‘the mob, who had assembled at the
gallows fully expecting to hear a pardon read at the last
moment, and prepared to create a riot if. . . pardoned,
slunk home like whipped curs.” The execution was
certainly an act of extreme severity, but not unwarranted
as an enforcement of martial law in a newly conquered
and rebellious city. Butler defended the execution in a
letter to Stanton on June 10: ‘No words can give the
extent of his guilt in the act for which he suffered. The
lowering of the flag might, nay, ought, by every military
rule, to have brought a bombardment upon the city,
resulting in no one can know what destruction of prop-
erty and life.”

GENERAL BUTLER’S skills did not extend to di-
plomacy, for one of the first things he did was to antag-
onize the consuls of foreign governments. The consuls
were important local personages because of the large
import-export business and because almost a third of the
city’s population was composed of foreign citizens. But-
ler suspected that they had declared allegiance to the
Confederacy, and even found proof in several cases.

The city’s foreign diplomats were indignant at the
general’s strict martial rule, and the consuls of Spain,
France, Belgium, Greece, Switzerland, and Italy pro-
tested a loyalty oath which Butler ordered them to take.

15

we


be
a

eer a eee F

Confederate Brigadier General

Johnson Duncan salutes as he boards

the Federal gunboat Harriet Lane

to surrender Forts Jackson and

St. Philip to Captain Porter, waiting

at the top of the gangway. Under

the terms granted by Porter, Duncan
| and his men were paroled and

allowed to return to New Orleans.

, j —
by Deter Ch a ct Nn
pp f QO? }/
LC® B4-105

CRI9SY

On the morning of April 26, Farragut dis-
patched another officer, Lieutenant Albert
Kautz, to demand surrender once more. An-
other mob was waiting on the wharf and re-
fused to permit Kautz and his Marine escort
to pass. When the Marines raised their ri-
fles, the rabble pushed women and children
forward and shouted, ‘“‘Shoot, Yankees,
shoot!’’ Kautz had been warned to avoid
bloodshed, and he told the Marines to lower
their rifles. The impasse was at last resolved
with the help of an officer of the City Guard,
who was allowed to escort Kautz, a midship-
man and a Marine to the mayor’s office.

Negotiations between Kautz and Monroe
got nowhere. The mayor, backed by the
council, stuck to his position that he was not
empowered to surrender the city, inviting
Farragut to occupy it if he dared. While
Kautz was conferring with city officials, a
group of Federal sailors mounted the roof of
the Mint and raised the U.S. flag. The crowd
below jeered, and as the sailors departed, a
gambler named William Mumford hauled
down the Stars and Stripes. The mob vented
its rage and frustrations on the flag, tearing it
to ribbons. Mumford was the hero of the
hour. But after the city was occupied, he

75

Military execution af Littshury enn. on November 11, 1792
Not to be Confused with 3 otters That fook place here or §-26-92.

“On Sunday evening The (1th instant, Sonn TROTTER, a Sergeant tn .
Cpr. FaulKnen's Company, Was Sho¥ on The Commons at Litisburgh tor desertion’

Source: The Diary o Loudon's KegysTer (Myc) /2-/-92 3:2

Sains Ms th} absas Mt fMler?, a Cavalry, abo hanged There 1 9-30-92 ter destrhim and
forse thett. fer The New fork Daily Cazefhe [015-92 a3


NICHOL3, Joan, ex, Pettis Co., MO. 9- - 1864

INSIDE WAR

The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri
During the American Civil War

MICHAEL FELLMAN

New York Oxford
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
1989

sills Bb f
5 ¥ Kg 4
phe: be ts ‘
554 7 2 a 4 ¥
i 6 h ie 4 Pt y
4 ¥ ¢ Y
: a5
Ne : ‘
pe is ;
ae i eae rn


September 19, 1777
To the Assembly from William Livingston at Haddonfield

"Our Militia having apprehended near seventy disaffected Persons, on
their March to join the Enemy on Staten Island, whom they have under
Guard at Pitts-Town, and the commanding Officer of the Party who has
the present Custody of them, having applied for Directions how to
dispose of them, it is proposed to order them either to Hunterdon or
Burlington Goal; but how to supply them, as well as the Guards that
will be necessary to prevent their Escape, with Provisions is a matter
that will require your Interposition. I would therefore recommend it
to the House to appoint some person to provide them accordingly, with
as much Dispatch as the Hurry of your other Business will admit of."

Note: No legislation ensued. By September 23, the prisoners had been
sent from Pittstown, New Jersey, and Easton, Pennsylvania, to jail at
Burlington. They later appeared before the Council of Safety (pg 134)

Tuesday Sept. 23, 1777
NJ Council of Safety at Haddonfield

"His Excellency is pleased to inform the Board that the Insurgents &
disaffected persons in Hunterdon, Sussex &c., are confined in the
Common Goal at Burlington, and that there are six men only to perform
the Guard-Duty over said Insurgents."

Sunday Oct. 5, 1777

NJ Coucil of Safety meeting at Burlington order that

James Ilif, John Mee and 9 other men "certain insurgents taken in Arms
on their way to join the enemy at Staten Island, be sent from this
place to Morristown, and there be committed to close custody."

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nrocured LeTe

Sone, ILLINOIS

_mild-mannered youth,

hod seen a aan teeing the seene of Mara,
McLeod's — killing, All unhesitatingly
identified him.

Meanwhile, a search of his effects in
camp had revealed an extra service re-
volver, to which he was not entitled, hidden
in his foot locker. This weapon was rushed
to police headquarters, where microscopic
examination revealed tiny particles of blood
on the butt.

In addition, bits of yellow clay found
clinging to Leonski’s uniform were ex-
amined by Police Analyst Charles A. Taylor,
and determined to be of the same com-
position as the mud of the trench in which
Miss Hosking’s body was discovered.. This
mud was different, Taylor declared, from
that in the vicinity of the barracks.

Confronted with this overwhelming mass
of evidence, Leonski finally broke down
and confessed that he was the “bat man”
of the blackout. Trembling, his eyes roll-
ing wildly, he began a statement which was
taken down by police and Army sten-
ographers.

“T don't know why I killed those women,’
he babbled, “unless it was because I was
so lonesome. I wasn’t afraid to fight, but
I didn’t want to leave home when I was
drafted in February, 1941.

“T couldn’t stand the crude women camp
followers. I wanted my own kind of
women—just to be with for company. I
didn’t want to hurt them when all this
began, but I guess the loneliness kind of
got on my mind.

“After I'd been here awhile, I’d get spells
every night when the blackout began. I
didn’t even realize why [ was taking that
gun along.

“I picked up the McLeod, Thompson and
Hosking women—all of them—in bars and
cafes. They seemed to like me. But when
I got out alone with them in the dark,
something snapped inside me. [ couldn't
help myself, and the first thing I knew I
had thrown myself upon them. I didn’t
shoot them, because I knew the shots might
attract help.” — .

“Tell me,” asked Commissioner Duncan,
“were there other victims, whom you did
not kill?”

“Yes,” said
others.”

With this the prisoner covered his face
with his hands and wept.

Leonski quietly. “Many

N THE following day, May 23, a con-

ference between Melbourne officials and
Army authorities resulted in a decision to
place Leonski before a general court-mar-
tial. Comfnissioner Duncan turned him
over to the Army for prosecution, knowing
that military justice would be equally as
swift and adequate as Australia’s own.

News of.his arrest, cabled to the United
States, caused a sensation. His name,
however, was not made public at first and
it was not until June 5, when his identity
was announced, that New York police
interviewed his family,

At his home in a building in the York-
ville section, local detectives learned his
relatives had not heard from him in five
months. Stoutly defending him as_ kind
and decent, his older sister could not be-
lieve he was guilty, The news was kept
from his mother.

A high school graduate, he had worked
for a time as a delivery boy for a chain
grocery store. He was known as a quiet,
but he had no girl
friends—a fact of significance, for crimin-
ologists pointed out that most such crim-
inals have few, if any, friends among the
opposite sex.

One of six children, with an older brother
also in the Army, Leonski had liked the
service soon after he was inducted, the
family said. But later on, he had written
that he was homesick and finally his letters

ittovether Hla fF yther ws hey art

broken over the news and could tot bes
lieve his son capable of such crimes

On June 6, General Julius If. Barnes,
quartermaster ‘commander under General
Douglas MacArthur, named the five mem-
bers of the military court to try Leonski.

Meanwhile, a commission of physicians:
examined the youth to determine his con-
dition of mind. He was pronounced sane,

When the military court opened, Leonski
repudiated his confession and pleaded not
guilty, But the evidence against him was
overwhelming. He was identified by sev-
eral witnesses. There was the evidence of
the bloodstained gun. Soldier witnesses
told of seeing Leonski stagger in, covered.

with mud and apparently drunk, on the?

night of the Hosking murder.

An officer who had questioned Leonski
after the youth had been turned over to
the Army, testified that Leonski had con-
fessed the three crimes to him in macabre

'. detail.

The soldier had said that he was “fasci-
nated by the soft voices of women.”

“One of them was singing,” he said. “T
wanted her to go on singing forever, so I
put my hands around her throat and choked
her. How could she sing when [ did that?”

Of his three victims, Leonski confessed,
Pauline Thompson had put up the most
desperate battle. “She was strong, all right,”
he said. “And oh, how she could put away
those gin smashes!” Leonski himself had
admitted having drunk “30 beers and seven
whiskies” on the night of the Hosking
murder.

On Friday, July 17, presentation of the
evidence was concluded and the prosecution,
in its summation, declared :

“Leonski, by the fiendish quality of this
crime, demonstrated himself to be a person
unfit to live. In the eyes of the people
of this nation, the American system of Jjus-
tice is on trial. Every citizen of the United
States must have felt a feeling of revulsion
not only because of the character of these
crimes but also because the accused cast a
foul blot on the record of the service in
which he was engaged.”

It took the tribunal only 50 minutes to
reach a verdict: guilty on all three charges.
Private Edward Leonski, a handsome, de-
cent looking youth who no one would sus-:
pect was a killer, was sentenced to be
hanged.

For obvious reasons, the name “Herbert
Johnston,” as used in. this narrative, ts not
actual but fictitions.—Enpitor.

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Mosrrany Execotion.—A colored sol-
der onsined Marshall suffered the ex-
reme penalty of the-law, at this post,
yesterday, for the crime of desertion.—
He was.e fine looking youth, apparenty)
pot-oro:@ than 17 or 18 years of age, and |
gdured the parting with his frend: |
sod relatives, on leaving the jail to bi |
wrried to the place of execution, with : |
remarkable degree of firmness.

aaienianiial

Herald
Mss. 5
186 ss

Vieks burg Da ly
Cvicks bug ,

Septem ber 16,
Pp: 3, col. |!

Doubtless the ‘Sohn Mitehell’ who was Shot «ft
Vieksburg on 9-15-1864. Note his age |