"The Policy of the Catholic Church Toward the Jews" (carbon), Undated

Institute of Social Research

Policy of tha Catholic Shurgh toward the Jows

The attitude of the Catholic Ghureh toward the Jews
has two main aspects. One involves Church doctrines
the other involves the various, sometimes contradiotas y
motives which guide the Church in aif ferent periods aad
different region.

Church attitude 1s founded onthe concept of antt-Juded. em.
this 1s quite different from antisemitiem. AntdJudatem le
not @2 o¢idental facter in Church destrine. Once the divine
aission of Jesus was accepted, a sharp Ling separated the
Church frou all who refused to acknaledge Jesus ag the
Sen of God and the Redeemer. ‘The guilt ef the Towa soemed
enormous. Thay were Jesus? own poople, yeh, according
te the Church, they rejected his beachingsy perseauted
him and oauged him te ba pat to death.

The attitude of the Jews toward Chriet automatioally leads
to thelr rejection by the Church. Bub thig rajlection
de valid only ea long as the Towa repudiate the true faith.
Saint Paul seid that the fate of the world will nob be
fulfilled until the Jews have been received inte the
flock. This will take plaee on dudgement Day. Catholic
rejection of the Jews is thue conditional: it ends with

thelr convergion to Christianity.

From the viewpoint of religious doctrine, the datholbo
frame of reference 19 slway@ the game, The Jewe are repudia-
ted by Chriat, but they ere indispensible to the development
of Ohrigtianity. They are the only Living witnesses of the
Pandion, and their ultimate gonversion ig neseaaary for

Ohrigtianity's final triumph and the redemption of the world.
The bagia attitude of the Church toward the Jews throughout
the conturies hag been formulated by the church's protago~
nieta in the worda: " Gautious and Humene ",

Caution meang the Jew La an intruder in the Christian
world, Only thoes: whe are firm in the faith may communicate
with thége who have never been baptiged. For the imple, the
weak in faith, every contact with Jewa may bring dangerous
eontequences. Nevertheless, by persuasion or fores, the
mesgage of the Goupela mug ke brought to the Jews. the misgion
of converting them must go on. Progress ia slow. The Jews,
alae! are stubborn. The complaint of the Ghurcl ia the
game from Saint Augastine in the fourth century to the
Bishop of dremona in the twentieth: the Jawa retain their
ows community, thelr own racial sharacteriatios. . They refuse
to become part of the Christian world.

The attitude of the Chruch ig fixed hetween these two

poled. It 18 furloug againat the Jewa; they alone reject
the Chrigtian faith in salvation; the faithful must be pro-

x

tected from infection by the Jawi, But the churoh dosg not
abandon hope in thelr ultimate converdion, Meantime it holds
to a "minimum program. The Jews mugt be preserved aa witnesgea
of the truth of Chrintian doctrines they muat not be extermina-
ted.

ALL thig ig caution. But the Church alte wants to be
"husane*. The hiatory of the Pasxion gives the Jews a @paelal
place in history. Pope Innocent IIT compared the Tewa to Gain;
they are outeatte againet whom the volee of blood orles out;
thoy must alwaya be diapersed ag wanderers on the face of the
earth, but they muet not be killed,

**e

In the Middle agea the authority of the Church was tadhe~
puted. Nevertheless 1t could dhooas. between tolerating and per-
gecuting the Jew only where 14 exeroiged intellectuel and poli-
tical authority at the game time. But even where papal authority
wat diveot, violent reactions toward the Jews were not exoluded.
Under Popes like Innosent IIT and Paul IV, tha polley of the
zealota followed the usual double Line. The Jewa had to be con~
verted; they algo had to be kept in perpetual servitude under
Christian rule, Thie required their etvigt segragation in ghet~
tome

fhe medieval Church tried to define a permanent attitude

toward the Jews ag the only people in Chriatendom which refused
from the very beginning to accept the common faith. Exception

procedures againgt the Jewa may have had doclal and economic
reagont, but the justification was always theological.

Ta the eighteenth century, however, theology lost a great
deal of ita power. The Enlightenment reversed the dhurch'a
potition; ota concept of religious toleration cbntradieted the
olaims of the Ghurah ag the sole avenue to galvation for the
whole of mankind. The Jewigh problem became gocial and politi-
eal, and the attitude of the Church now hed to be determined
according to the apeoifie requirements of changing conditions
in the realm temporal. The Church Lost ite apiritual monopoly;
if¢ had to enter the realm of intellectual competition, and by
the 10th century 14 could no longer avold doing go. In 1917
the Chureh Legally accepted the luplications of the modern
world. The Gabnen law was reformed to aboligh earlier ant-
Jewish legielation. Today the Church is mo longer the eug-
dolen of a univergal religion, and hag leat ite direst autho~
rity over the Jewn, Ag a vrowult, the Church hag seemingly
withdrawn from the direct formulation of programa concerning
the Jewaf Arguments on the Jewish queation have become inte-
grated with gogial, economic and vaglal Leagues.

Throughout moat of the 19th century, the Church wag on
the defengive. It haw to fight kiberalian, especially Free-
magonry,. In thai fight the Ghuroh sew the Jew ag a leading
ropresentative of these hostile ourrenta. It plotured him
not ag the poor, oppressed Jewloh manaes of Poland and austria,

4

*y,

» ~

but ag the banker, merchant, politician and journaligt of the
Went. The Jew ia no longer merely the enemy of the true faith
who ig dommed; he has become the powerful representative of
the new economic and Intelleotual. forces with which the church
ia locked in battle for govial and intellectual reasons.

the congervative Church ig allied the powers of yesterday:
the army and the landlordg; the fight ageinat the Jews has
become part of the fight againet modernian. What 1¢ anathema
to Catholic ant-Judalam today te that the Meggieh deacendsd on
earth in 1790 digguiged ag the Declaration of the Rightea of
Man, Thug the intellectual glimate of the Chureh'a struggle
againgt the encroactment ef modern fovme of unbelief cagta its
shadow on the attitude of the Church ageoa whole toward the Jew,
Whather thie tension muat lead to agtual explodion; whether,
how and to what extent 1+ unite with other amti-Jewlgoh our~
renta, dependa on the gtrategia aituation of the church in

varioud countries.
xe OR

The formal unification of the Church under the direction
of tha Pope does not guarantee the unity of political and soglal.
outlook of the various territorial and fanetiohal organiza~-
tions which derive their authority directly or indirestly from
the pope. Official formulae for relations with the Jew « caution
and humanity, oharity and prudenca ~ are do general thet they

leave a gveat deal of room for individual. interpretation.

Tb tan Iupponed agares of times thet the Holy See and de
poxtamt porte of the Getholie population in the varias sountrien
have worked at arose purest. One of the most famous gages te the
position of the clergy dn the AngleIvieh eomfliet during the second
hal? of the 10th and the Siret wo deeddes of the 26th conturiens The
Gayle, Rowena, wanted to mintadia an daportant Gatholte foothold in
Rugliah polation; ib therefore was directly ivterssted in keeping
tretend within the francworw of Great Britains the Holy See vigo-
rously oppoed Parnoll and bie lend Leagues Dut dt was poworless te
prevent Trelentty Gatholde population fyou dometing funds to Parnel.
vhile refusing to give more than & bare ainimam for Peter's ponte. Nor
sould papal pollay prevent datholia sowitey priesta from Joining
Porneli's Lawl leegue en masa, To the end (1921) the Church gabe
woyy do spite of wll ite asetheme againgt Sinn Fein 4 sanetioned
the new feeedon which the Ivieh people bad won with the active support
af the lower clergy.

Here devout Catholies who, ia myttore of relighous baliety wore
more papiet then the pope, acted against the mandates of the Church
aathovitienin tha politdea) fields Tt will bo dupyrtant to remedbor
this dy enelyaing the ogeleelesbion! altustdon dn the United dates
with ite preponderandy of Trish elewents dn the ranks of the lower
ehorgye

ow

the spockfig Catholiowtewish problen foeusing du Hrence around

the Dreyfus aftetie was part of the largew problem with whigh the

sof

Shurch was donfronteds That problem was how to preserve or regain
ite svodal statis in the modem worlds In the last years of Plus 2%)
the wajovity of Froudh Chuwh dignbteries ware united in the Sight
foe overthrowing the republic and restoring the monarchy, when the
Gans loot ale fight i tried te cous to term with the mw
power, the French middle class poldtielans, ‘the Church’ s poldey of
gallionent ov vevorotidetion, axmounsed in 169, weit uncondl~
toned vesogittion of the npubligan states But thé leaders of the
French avayy the elevgy and most Gatholie polttisians did not areapt
thie polieyy they remdned howtile te the geyblia,

Tt we in this battle for or against a reformation of Oathollé
abthinde toward the repiblie that amtiedewish poliey assumed imajox
significances. IP the republic could be dlacreddted ag sowrthing fund«
amnbally aormpt ind Jewish 4% might fade thie would proserve |
Gatholde monopoly in the army, ite grip on the educstioned system and
the unchecked ebtiviiies of the religious order. Wf this sampaigs
suocedded, the Vatieon world mot have to aeke any aoneeseions te the
Fronch wepublics ,

‘the Church now dedionted ttself te promesving the integrity of the
asuy by whincking the convphincy of World Jowiy to help a wriminad
officer nentd Dreyfue asenge justlem. Onde tie elash came, the Vetdoais
tupported this fight. ‘the rivke were great, the stakes highy but the
Changes of suteess were substantial,

the moet gudcepeful. moveyohietCntholle writer dn the Dreyfua
affely watveceveeDrinent. Hie campaign againet the Jows followed

a double Line, Om the one honds he employed ddoas taken from the
gonsorvatives and revolutiorion of the firet half of the loth
eonturye He deseribed the Jew both ee on explodter of the Christian
buwinesawen and workiliy ond ad a revolutionary agent of destruct
Lome, Oa the other handy he Linked bin anguncnta with a mane thaorys
‘thie bed nothing an eoumon with prosenteday maelel orecisy ‘yot at
‘opened the my for singling wit ony goherent foreign group of gui
figiest distinetions, Drunont's antiennitie wrhorlaly published in
book fom ond in a daily newapapery ‘Lent porspootive to the fight
of the parigh priests end other Catholic groupe against the raybiias

"As enrly ag 1990 the Josutte aleo nade free uso of this material,
the Thelion Joautt paper Ciyvithe Gxbtolieg biewed the Jews an
vague generat ‘hermit for the growth of Treomeonryy souieties end
individuelicny, The Jesuits strengthened antioropublites poldey
in the Gatholic comp and lent sone offieta authority te Dranont'
artiolods.

Yet thers we a marked differents botween thé Jeoulte and Drumonty

The lekter urged that all Jewish property wnjustly sequd sed ghould
bo diatpibvted among thoas who would pavbiodpate in the greet approaghing
bottles But the Joombie dluagresd with thie progren of expropriation.
‘Thele official orgn ouphasixed that uot oll dows ara avindloney
uourars ond cormupters of public morals. Instead, it urged the
traditionel papal program stxlat separation of Jows nd Genti leas
However, im onder to achieve thie papal program, the herkiage of

‘the Frende Revolution would have to be abolishedy shove ah
sivil Mborties and the equality of all citivens. The Jove would
heave to be rewtored to the status of foreigners Living under reo
stricted coniitions wid prohibited from acquiring yoo!) eatates

ie) progegapmieddiy ponforned to the theglogloal and politica,
protios of thy Catholde dhurwh throughout the centuriens Rebberated
ab the wight moment, the pelley of degrogetion went a long way toward
setiefying the needa of avilaenttie promgents during the Drogfua
affelys It contrituiad to micing antiaondtiion « “mejor politioal
contepts* :

When Pope Lee XITL end the Freneh Church digabtartes wore waked
ta dome out Sow Dreyfus, they renuined estentetlously sllente The
campaign egeingh « vovieion of thén Dreyfus trial wee the battle of
formey valing glagdes in. French sovloty sesking to racavertheis
ahage of socked andpolitieal powers, The leaders of this fight employed
the eywbole, iuetitutlone and, to some extunt, the outhortty of the
Chuveh to further thety couse, And now the traditional untieJuded om.
of the Chuych was weformleted and employed to roenTorse one of the
Sewt miss movenenby. on behal? of the old quiling clegsaas The forees
oppewed te yevenslug the couvietion of Dreyfue wore alded by the
pollay of the French Ontholic hievarshy ond by dnternetiouall Gather
Uoelos. Te the long mn, thie sanpedgn frustrted Lee NUTT a polday

ef veuonediebion with the Preaek republe, tot this only shows |
how wohl Ohusdh policy depends om epacifie metional foros.
e* #

Yoty whore Catholies are a uinortty, the Church often socks
® woumon frouk of all beliovery ageinst the onemiew of all positive
religion,

Tn Germany the Satholies conetituted more then, one~thiad of the
population, the Jows wore muerteelly 4 vory duoignitieant winorlty,
but thedx impact om social) devehopnent ae for greater then thelr
wonbers indigate. The Gatholigay on the other hondy yosonted. thely
own wimority positiow they euffersd from on inferlority complex
duhexited from the Kulturkanef. From the beginning theue factors —
wade for a better @limate in YetholieedJewleh relations. In Gexmanyy
aa in other countries Gatholie acthoritie and the Oathelie prose
etigavtiged Jewleh sewspapora end other quitural wanifestatione
af he"Jawlenepirit", “iborslien", eho. ag WoL as the excesses
of time gophtaliong but the comments one more west radvied, The
atholtes sondenned autisemitiom more frankly and uncondiidouelly
han alsewhera, wind ‘there wee a0 tengo of Gatnolte antinTowdsh
panphietooxinge

But thie general prevalence. of ae hevior @limehe did net ax
olude sutl-Jowld: wouctiow 4f they seemed politically profitable
oe after the depression of the To's. Fur the xural artisan and rox
teller, for rh of the peasamizy end for metlbuelness in the eittes,
the depression went fellure to keep up interest payoonts toy or
to obtain new ovadits from the emii Jowldh bankers. Snoll bualnons
aldo suffered from the inoveasdng, competition of Jewish consumer
goode manufacturers and voted eres

wile

the untisouitic comppign wae led by the Proteatant Court chaplain
St¥ckey and his "Ghrietien-Social” movonont. This drew ost of tte
fellowors from the indeporiteut widdle clags. In 1080, Idborals in the
Prusion Diet baked the government how a inteaded to helt the agi«
tobion egrduat sowie sitiaonde A hewted dshate ‘took place within
the paruentary group of the (Gatholia) Counter Perty ae to what
abthtude to take dn the Diet. Indwig Windhorst, the Party's tendon,
sow in the govolunent*s tolemtion of enli-Jenish propagania ond
disturbances waialy an ektempt te oppress a religious minorbiyy ta
the nenp of toldxation he wanted the Gontor Ferty to support the
 Parliquentary interpolations But he was defeated. the majority of
‘the Contor Party sew the shuleissue fromm techulesd viewpoint. There
is a grosk rie of antimdwitikh fooling enong the Gormm people, they
anddy af the Goutéy Party will defend the Jows, wny Othiolte wtere
way awiteh to political groups with « whiongor sntdnoultte appauls,
thevefore the Contur Party mot tke a otand agelnet the Jowde

* * w

Thia experience in Germany shove thet when soupetitive political,
wonditions prevail, Catholic polities tend to follow or antialpate
election tréndg aa the beet weanw of protecting opooifie Catholic inte»
gente. The yractles is both to support the porers thet be for the woke
of authority end the dhaswnday and to Justify day te day political
duciaions by fusing thom with Gatholig doctrine

ole

Da Healy end Gerenay, the task of the Catholic parties was to
yeqonolle goolel antagonions ond to safeguard speaifie Catholic
iwboroshes bub with the advent of Mussolini and Hitler to power, ©
Rome wae ready to coorbfice the Catholic partiesBefore the full
meaning of regia), poliey beonmp oviderit, Popo Plus IX (1923-1939)

‘wat willing to leave Catholic interests to the myey of the new autho
ritarion goverment). the agtinJewish program of the Neel goverumont
was no obstacle to Cxtholie aegperstion which found Ute climax in

the Concordat of June 1025, Tale was @ complete reversal of Chureh
poldoyy wa Jete ae Mareh 1099, Church diagipline wae exerted againet
Catholios whe joind the Navi. party. ee the Chuveh stuck te ite
guae whenevee ite dmediate interests were affected. This wae ay

fur exeupla, in regard to Jews who had hoon converted to Satholiotem
oy to the teaching of the Old Testament tn the seheoles Bub the Church
nover mode @ vitel leave of euch mttere. Only shen it became oleax
thet the “yaolal commuity" wae insompatible with the borle tonste of
Chrishion belief did thé Chueh moke any offorts to emphisiae the
differences between veoial totalitarianiém and Gatholdetem.

Atte 1939, antisemtic polictes spread rapidly throughott Murope.
Goveramonte seeking Nagi favors whowed their reliability by adopting
entisoultion, The Church now found it Imperative to elear up the
confusion betwoon ite traditional anti~Judatom and the program of
yonial extormination im the maified parts of Burope. Yot the Church

Steel wo tard prowsed by the motets, 1b wae even aogused of
protawbing the Jew. the Ghuveh thus feed @ double tavke tt bad
Ag ddusgetete Uteelf from mote and ib hid to refute the charge
that 46 wae a tool of “Anbemetional Jowrys

im Jenuary 1990, the Bishop of Grononn deliversd » seraom do
signed to Wlavify the postion of the Church toward the Jowleh problens
‘thiv semon wad’ reprinted and approved in the offlaiel orgen of the
Votidany Qegervetore Romine, Tt wad an authoritative statenont
fesued wt a tine when the Catholie Church fuged two eructel Asouees
$4 ad 40 sogago in 2 Lite ond death oteuggle with Gorm racteny
and 1b was despoustely trying to prevent the Ttalien fasetat regina
Lyon following the wane fete courae. The Ttalien goverment had’ Just
begun’ ta enfore the Ghywt of ite antiedowish lawte——

it

In traditional fashion, the Bishop of Cremona
vorvinded his audience of the terrible fate which
Chyiet bad suffered at the hands of the Jowase ‘Then he
explained the destiny of the Jewish people. ed, he
said, has el lowed tha Jows to acquire strong domination
in the o¢ nomic and political fields; Under the
protection of the vrioh nations theyare tyying to
rebuild the kingdom of ation, but onee more a great
storm has been unleashed aghinet thome The fate of
the Jews lies in the context of bistory where specific events
ave deoided by Cody but 1+ 1a the Church'@ ministry
to fulfill these tasks vegerding the Jews which are
specifically in ita province, The bishop therefore
urged the tredibional progvam: the need of protecting
Christiane from Jewish infémenge and the Church's mission
among the Jows, He set definite Lintts te the otherwise
pormis#ible policy of defending the integrity and
prosperity of a rave, and of legally porseoubing an
"exdessive and injurious" 4nfluence of the Jowss The
bishop protested against the charge that the Church
defends the "Jews with theiy Judaiom", but reiterated the
need for showing a proper vogard for the rules of human
prothorhood and Chriatian charity»

The Chuvehts duby bo exercise charity is the
noceasary equivalent goc leaving ssoulex power bo

gevernment authorities. Actually the sermon euphasiaed

i

the legitimacy of antiwJowish Leglalation ty comparing
the Church's compassion for the Jows with ita compasaion
for vightfully sentenced prisoners, bub ib Left al1
responsibility for such policies to the seqular
authorities. Charity belongs to the Church, law and
seo ity to the atate. But when the state infringes
upon Church doctrine, the Church oan no longer re«
nounce political activity or subject itself to
abate authority.

Tye gecteine of vace is auch an isque¢ 1b tends
to mallity the Church!a freedom to enligt members
of all vacea, including the dows, Defending the
Ghureh against the charge that 1) ahlelds the Jews,
the Bishop of Cremona listed all the barriera which the
Chur eh has ergoted to prevent aspirants from too easy
accede into its fold. everthelesa he insaited on its
universal migelon and ibs vight bo receive Jews inte
ite sommnitys Ta conglusiony, the bigshep, following the
line of the 1987 enoyolioal Mit brommender Sorge, lashed
oub egainet the principles of racial mater lalians

Other utterances published eince 1034 show that the
Church realietioally diacounta the menace ef the Jews
both ag momberc of the financial @ligarohy and sa rew
volutionariog, The Church has become wary lest ite

teadi tional anbiedudelam play inte the hands of racial
polteyy. ib sabe radial theory using the outward
similarities of the Church's antd«Judeiem and racial,
antisemitiam bo undermine the supraenational misalon of
the “hur che

Tk is Important to note that the attitude of the
Chureh has undergone a change in recent decades. In
the 1800's the situation wae thigg in meny countries
where the Church waa dominant, banking capital conflicted
with sections ef the mia’ glasses there were wony Jows
in the banking profession and the most ardent followers
ef the Church wore in the middle @laas.e The Church tried
to meet the aibtation by fusing thig seb of esonomte 4
eontliohs with the prevailing intellectual conflict. Tn
the vealm of thought, the babble wag between Liber al
education and individualiet and naturalist philmophy on
the one hand, and the conservation of revealed religion

on the other.” Often the plotuve changeds Prominent
Jowigh participation in banking vaniahed with an outworh
phase of oapitallet development. “andl pditnomto poalbion
ef the Jows became precarious. at the @bmo tine, the
position of the Chureh was aleo eltered.s Th weathered the
flood of irveligious sentiment which threatened it ab the
turn of the contury; Today it ia foraed to struggle with
totalitarianiam which aeeks to replace it. In this

fight, the Church gains now insights into the blessings of
individvaliony it is even beginning to appreelate bo some

extent the role which loth sentury Jewry (now aleo Largely

a thing of the past) pleyed in thig developments

7

The exanples of Trelead, France end Germany show that when the
Gatholia Church mast make decialona on gpecifie problems 14 ta moved
not only by ita traditional doctrines, but even to a greater extent be
the special political and aoaial situation in the given country. This
mush be kept in mind in any approach to Catholie-Jewleh relations in

the Ualted States.

During most of the 19th century Catholicism in the United States

was a week minority. This was the case even in centers Like Boston

and Brooklyn, todey Catholic atrongholds. ‘This minority wes expoaed to

all gergs of abuses; it often had the greatest difMloulties in keeping

its organization intact. I had to protect ite religious services and

buildings against mobs ateeped in traditional intelersnee ageinat

priests. °
About the middle of the century the position of the American

Getholie Church changed. Mage imaigration from Ireland brought « large

contingent 6f the feithful and a corpa of devoted fundtionaries. Later,

at the opening of the POth century}, came the influx of Thalian, Pol-

ish and Slovaks Gatholics. But thease “Latecomera failed to Imprint

thelr national character upon Church organization to the seme extent

Cr) the Trish. Ww |
Jowieh mass tinal gration to the “i A Btates eane in tha latter |

helf of the 19th and the first two deonded * @: f0th conturtes.

During, that time the Catholic Church oft rd with the Jews the fate

of being target of violent attacks, ~ firet by tha Know Nothings, ~

then by the Ku Klux Sioge in L927 the National Confersnae.of Jows,eng
Seed e4 Bynes celucs wash ebb \
ie er eb i

chet etians wad organived ag a common front againet duch attacka, At t

the eame time the firat gerne of conflict became discernible. For
the Catholic-Jewlsh clash today, the relations between the Irish and the
Jews seems to supl# at Least ome basic element.

fhe Iriah had little chence to become acquainted with the Jewa in
Ireland, The Jewish communities there wore amall. The number of
Jows in Ireland todey is only five or six thousand, The first wave of
Irish immigration to the United Statas erived at about the sama tine
as the Jewleh immigration from Germany but there wes no competitive
situation. ‘The Jewish imaigrants rapidly became part of the new bour-
geoiLaie which did not meet the Irish immigrants on a competitive level.

Phe situation changed when Jewish proletarian and lower middle
clase groups flooded the eastern seaboard. This began in ke LesO's end
nontimed to orld War I. Tho Jewish influx begen to nibble at the
political monopoly which the Irish had obteined on the lower level of
olty politics. In the '808 and '008 the Jowa become active in trade
unions. This prepared for the ineviteble transition from purely eson-
omic to broader social and political sotion. After 1905 the pollticel
education of the Jewish urban masses was rapidly furthered by the in-
flux of a large mese of Jewlsh small tradesmen and workers from Russia.
These had taken part in political etivities st home or hed fled be~-
cause they were barred from such etivi ty.

Hitherto the Irish ward politican or local offioe-hold ar hed hand
led the pold tieal, problema of the clty electorate with rather primit-
ive business methods. Sow he mat a double Jewish competition. On his

own Level he had ta compete with the Jewish ward politician; on a new

if

end unfamiliar level he faced the competition of the Jewish lawyer or
trade union politician. The new competitor's intellectual outlook was to
a higher degree focused on taske previously handled wy members of ola
American families in the higher regions of polities.

The Irigh had for the most part remained in the building trades
or had ontered the factories. They now became sonsoloua of the acatence
of the amall Jewish businessman, the pawnbroker, retell stora omer
ov seoondhend car desler. The economic position of these smell. business
hen wag not Hore sagure than thet of the IrLeh laborer 4 but vhat counts
in dy to day relations 1 s not so much the comparigon of relative eaon-
omic positiona os the etructure of the dependensy velationaip. The
“power” of the Jewish grocer to gant or refuse eredit for a pickled
herring mey seem utterly invignifieanty but a weries of such Jecistons
any ultimately contribute to shaping feelings which deliberate antiaen-
itle propaganda can buscessfully explo®t. Tha lower Level of Trish-
Jewish antagonisms is often the relationship between the retailer end the
ultimete consumer.

Another factor Le perjaps worth considering. Irtah poldtichana
tend to associate the Jews with English polities, Thie combinebion of
the enti-Britioh and antl- Jewiah bias was especially notieesble tn two
periods: during and after World War I, end immediately preeeding Amerionts
entrance into World War Ii, fome day the Irish mey porhaps realize
that British ond Jewish policies are aot idention] or evan harmonious.
Moantime the background 6f Irish-Jewleh relations must be kept in mind
in order to appraise the success of Fwther Goughlints propaganda and to

undergtand the attitude of tho Catholic hierarchy to his activities.

AA

ey”

The Amor ioon Gabholic Church hae twenty million
ombera « Indah, itallans, Poles, French Canadlanay
Mexican, Proto Ricans and obhera, Most of thease ave
industrial workers im the big oities of the East
and Middle “eet. The Chureh prev des then with
ninistera whe apeak their own languages thie helps them
greatly to preserve thelr nationa coherences The Ly
politioal allegiance ofteh relfects the sufferings and
hopa of the o14 countrys thia is nob unweloome to
the Catholic bisrarehy whose Earopoan actions are
thereby strengthened. At the aamo time this attitude
brings such Capholite groups inte confldet with the main
currents of American politiase

It ig priwer ily to these people that Father Coughlin
owen hie moteorlo vise, He knows preoiaely how to arouse
theiy fe@lings and to play yoon their susceptibilities.
But the firet step in hie @uetess waa due to his
im-ediate mporio,r the labe Bighop Gallagher, himself
a Mghting priest. The bishop admired Coughlints zeal and
backed him without reserva, For a time CoughLin's eareor
waa in the balance; 1b was still a Lecal, matters he was
shiedded by his bishop end the national hierarchy did
not intewfere. By the time he became a natlond. figura,
it was boo latey from the viewpoint of the Chureh ib was
dubleus and even barmful to enppreas him «

Neto, too, that Cough iin! » atebeminta eboub the

"as

i

AAA Z f

Jews G1d nob contradioet traditional Church doctrine»
Ha carefully distinguished between good" and "bad"
Jaws; he invihed the Jows to sooperate with the
Chrigtiens; he denounced all forms of intolerance,
Indeed, he might have gone much further ina $tacking
the Jews ends till remained within Catholia doctrine,

Cobehlints Ghristion Front was a boyoott fronb agains t
everything Jéwid.. But even here he took over an old technique
auceessfuly used in Austria end Poland. The attempt to
form a populaGetholio antisemitic movement guided by mem=
bors of the Lowey clergy with a wass following was new in
Amoriea, but it was certainly not new in the history of

the Catholic Chur chs
Besides, why should the Church authorities take

steps against a man who, although gx political contro»
veraialiot, was tho one Catholic priest who was listened
to by several million Catholies and many non~Catholiag.
Thies La an additional factor which illuminates the
attitude of the majority of the hierarchy toward Coughlin,
even when theiy attitude was at times uneasy.

Catholics have always suffered from an infer lor ity
complex in Amevioa, where soolal and financial success
is so profoundly worshipped and is the supreme measure’
of personal value. Catholies aro on the 8 Verage poorer
than mombers of the most important established denominat long;
theiy part in the intellectual and political Lite of
‘Amen ica wes unbil recently much smaller. Now, for the
finat time there arose a Catholic figwe of national
importance whe gave Catholioiom a place inthe intellectual
and political Life of the nation. The hierarchy judged
the case of Father Coughlin from this coupetittive views
point rather than from a atriotly political one, which,
would emphasize the rise of a domagogue integrating the

last one third of bhe nation inte a native 4meryioan fasalem.

Coughlin's ceamse was favored when, beginning with the
Spanish Civil War, the majority of the hierarchy wag
inelined to see domeatie and foreign isaues under a
unified espact, This lina of thinking has continued
it has borne fruit th: ough the isolationist campaign which
preceded the present war and was noticable recently in
the hierarchy?» eagerness to espouse the aause of the
Polish nebionalists against Soviet Rusata «

_ The Catholic Ghurch has learned from its Spanish
policy during the past century that it is a costly mistake
to vely exclusively for ite political support on a thin
Jayer of the aristocracys this axposes it to the
vyengeanes of all popular elementa. Ag a reault the

- Catholic Church feels compelled to keap in touch with
all vising masse movements without commiting itself
prematurely to anys In thia country it condones those
Catholic priests who are achive in faseist mace movements
‘while permitting otheve bo be active in trade unions and
other democratic organi aatd ons.

From all this it #41 evident that Jewish-Catholie
relations in the U.SeA. cannot be conaidered in on
isolated way. Church ubterances and the atbitude af ite
individual algnitar teow veflect the prevailing atmosphere
ang the life of the various social and @ukhek ethnio
groupa in this country. Whet is new in Fether Coughlin's
propageands is that for the first time in American Catholic

is Paliey of the Gatholie Church
Toward the Jews

RNC Se RRR NaS com HN HE ETE DREN

Oks Acad hinapney

The Gatholls Chunth ity bosteally, « wilkelous inetitublon, Piret
among ite teoke ene the preservation of the purity of die doctrine and
ate proypagetion throughout the world, These age otenial tnaksy not te
be somploted unt) Judgoent Dayy Yet, aa an dnetitution, the Church bag
‘to fight Ate bebhles in the apaektie rewlities of Mistorye In this fight
Ghurch desbrine gives the general dinectives, i desarthen the whtiawte
goule toward which the notlonsel the faithful should evolve. But every
individusl. dewision ia of newdeskty ontengied in the dupliestions of
‘those speckfie problend whigh the Church haw hed to fone dn the nearly:
teethousand years of dts exietense.

th trying to Glerify the athttude of the Chueh towards the Jewry
wa ave confranted with two eaprety of the problems We must udderitend
firet the essential pointe ef Ghureh doctrine, then the differeat, somo
timee even gomtyadictory, wotivations whiluh have guided Gatholde attitudes
towards the Jaws at differant poriode and im different regione,

‘the church Mino! bases ite wibitude om whet may be galled the

a
concept of ontl«Judeiem, Thiw ia seuwthing quite different from att womltion,

ds Fe Vowrnety ‘Sulte t chawtious, dn Dietie ae
ry "Vols Ti Parke 292¢ re Mesh ee oe

Avtiodudadan ke not en genidental elena} dn the deetrine of the Churele
bago the divine wleston of Jooue Ghyiet was accepted, o eharp demargation
dine hed te be draws soparating tha Churdh from all these who ratuded
$0 sme Jeans ne the Gon of dod and the Hedoouers ‘the guilt of the Jowleh,
poophe appeared to be enormous, Thoyy Jesus" own people, not only ree
pudinted hile teashings, tut poreseuted him and» apoording tix the offie
ied Church vorsion ~ cau him to be pet to dewth, the attitude of

the Jows towerd Chriss mitotically leade to thelr rejection ‘byt the
Ghusehs it thie rajection t= only a tenporsay ortey ib Aw applied to
the Towsyas hong om they gopidiate the true faiths tn thy opiate ta
“the Romane) Sty Paul cakes " aoy thony have they tumbled thet they
should fal?" "Gnd fovbdd,” he heotoun te replys "for T an alee an
Serasitive at Shin souk ae Skeviony Of ed Apts i Renkaie” Adsecting

» be Goats platy the Jews hed to prove obduyate, beaauany ag Sts Paw

explant, thig Wiindowws dn port de aes ial to Tovecly with the
fulness of ‘the Gentiles be enon fins Through Terael) a stubbacuness
‘the heathen world hae found the oppertunity to resonable itnol? te God
and Ghetet. Yoh Poul repente again end ugiin thet wile Providenee

bas welecied the Gentiles, the fate of the world WIL mot be fulftried
weteh the Jove have leds wecodved Into the Meeks "And eo oll. Leraek
akelt be saved, ag it de written, thers shell cowe to me “- of Zhen
the doliverer and wel) tum away augodtliness from Jaceb,

When the Lawt Judguent approndhes, Taree wild cobum te the
flock, Theologians difior om the inter pretation af ty Paudyo wtotenet,
‘Say if the weting ewy of then be the recone ding OF Wee eit
whet #04 the vesodving of them be bub Ifo from the deads* ‘the
inberprotetion has Leog boon 6 uation of sensory. WALL the Dawe
rota, awhomatign ly om Sudo Dey 1 OF whit the approach of the Lawt
dudgaont be weterded ond ovorytitng koyt din euspense wiht tbe blind
ies tte Dein ames # the tides, of making the fm Pal S Linent
of yolighous exprotetion depend os the conversion of @1) mankind ie
not lion to dulaten itself. Thiey for inetonge, An the prayer shamonsk

ere it fs esked tnt they shoud all began ane band to do the 2h

sf God whth thely whole bent.

Catholic rajedtion of the Jew tenot ranneh th geey the chuvetis
anticdudaten So for from ebeolutey 2% oule with conversions Henew the
sonveraton of the Sew be om a differant viene from the sooveraion of
‘thethe besthen betanae though it wae sennthmen sealed daving the dine
fusions of the Whadde Agony tho position of the Jew toward the Chara
adfiers from thet of the heathen or the heretiis there leo apecktie
ronson for the Gentile to hobe the. Jaw who de the mmmy of God and
conten
he Rive My 45.

& Locenrapy lia ah: Demneed, Bowe of the interpretetions have
benume Louis Vor a. venom) Gathalie late —_— voi takes

ti dts Us ei
the a sa tne wee se ris retoremny Ja Meaker dee

Ye Gf danogh Minuandty Youn Lemuel to Beads New York 1048) fips O69, BBA,

haw Gnobeyed the Gowpol, Sth) theve is something opectad whout thigs
She Pou wally “Yor the mke of the Geathlasy glut. at the sone time God
Loven thn Jaw fer the weke of the Pateterch,.

there de 6 deap anbivelonse tn the Chelebion etthinde to Jewek
2ifo, on anblvelenee whieh Gonnoh tominute befuve the witimite eone
Version of the Jew fy ag Pagood eayay Joous Chriat da dn agony watdh
te aad of the daya, this agoay WLLL Lowt uebld the whole af Terao,
how hoon donverted. Rub even then thie extrm dutayprotetion af the
dupe of Joules gbaversion de rejentedy the doavyersion atl) ttlectas
& slenifioust telungh of the Ghureh, a gonlimmtion of the very sore of
te dootalns

AML Dele eaplading why tho hedotinn apelegeties from the vary early
deye uotil our aim Sine have cover onamed diewunelig the Sows. In Galta
dntinibe wade, vo 4b bow Beem golwtod owt timomad again, die Jews gow
finue to mileh dn the aides of ho outdone, dlaperiod waptives vale
othor anekent yeoptes hove vaskshed long aies they oxtuty 2 the great
eh century poongher, Sosmunty olde dt, “wlth the dharaator of theby
roprobationy having whaitly lost by thelr infidelity this proktees vede
‘to thede fethonsy thoy axlat banned fromthe. prowteud deadly, ‘nao,
eahidng any pleco of Jend thelr cn, Gavia a aver they goy withart
Mberty, withort the ciorecter of « notion *
he Pte nye
Os Meeevely BAsimite mur Whdabotin univerastias 1%.

Saggoutions os to-vhet atibtude Gatholdew whould take toward the
dens show @ high degree of unitonatty. this te nob meprtoings the
apologise’ xounge of inuplewtiony or as we would suy today, thee
free of referents, de always the samy the Jews axe a people rope
Aieted by Gheleb but they are dadlupeauble do the development of
Christian Metoxy because they are histovien! witnesses whose ulhinate
Sonvervion WiLL wean Chrkeidenity's uel belumyas ta the middle of the
nied, donbaryy Ste Agohardt pewhlety Be Tawlsatisy Iudaoeniie webraged.
‘the attitude te be token tn the fonmila “eutious bot mimewe Le wight
have. akdos ‘Mek thie forme ab thet time aliwnly exprovded the official
Mine shoows by the Ghurehs towent the Jews,

Goution manne tanh the Tow want bw w uaidered on intruder in a
Would Whiict dy Ghetwtians Onu mith, em Thome Aquinas puts tty if be
fishy datebidehed dn the faith before he Aw allawa to commnteate vith
thone who hune never received baptiens Far thone whe ane ainylle dn mind
sd of Mnouttstent felthy every gontast with Jews may bring dangerous
conueeniens ;

However, voluntarily or wy forte, tha wrungelioul mevange hes ty
vo coummlented to the Joma, Through vuligious disputes botvoen the
lesined mim af Ge Ghureh and the Rebbbe, thre eompmllenry attestonne
of the Jovieh somunity ot somone epeminlly held for thet yurpousy
aaa emtitetadeteiiana ene nme teeaindddaaianenseanennmnntanuaponaennnaannamemmmmronmaumanael
de Quoted in Fy Vewtioty ope ites te L76Bs
o Guu, Theolaekon, a» Ty quadubto My.

through ayosial public, sendepublie andy Inter, private institubionsy
the work of soaversion goon ome Ttw progtven, elaat is slew, Tine
ond again the Ghaveh couploine abowh the atubboramese of the Jeunes
rom tte Augustine to the hotly whieh the Bishop of Cromnm devoted
40 the Jewe daving Bplphany 1959 the démpladnt pomdan the dames
Tettesiby te J omen veinin thely eaciel murotorietien dn thelr
own dommmity ovgenduntlon, thay vefune to bode part of the Giyket=
ton words ‘thus the abibtude of the Ghugh de Cixed between these tue

"Ye inate

~~ falioa, Tb Aa(Gurlous wguinct the Jews Vesoues they axe the only onew.
foceejeet thiceutheatichty of the Cheletion oortlinuds af salvation.
the Guvoh Deldeved 4¢ de negeouary to profect dhe fledk from dn
fection by the Jews, tut 44 dows not wbandon hope af thelr witiente
aouvevalon. tn the meantime, thers 46 alyeye domthing Like a “siedwe
programy the Teva ave to be promesved at witnesses of the touth at

Christian doobvings Tie wd lttntes ageduat thelr w oxterntnations

Yoh, walle bedng “eortious", the Ghuwch, following St. Agobard se
formula, wonta to be “bommne", liven in the eyes of the wevorest pope,
Sunovont It, the Mites of the Pasalon bue aaglgued thy Jewioh people
@ spooled. plage in hietedys “Ad Cain wae mo wanderer and os oubenoty
not to be kELed by wayone bot wurked whth bho eign of fear on hie
fovwlwad, vo the Jews egainet whew the yolew of blood oxken out,
sithough they awe wot 50 We Ey SR be REINS er eOND
upon the Fane of the oorths” Oxy an the converted pootuns Redeus.

Ce reece nr sara are re aaa lace aneneaielaaaaenial
Te Ganervetune Rowiiny Tons 15, 1959)
% Migney Rabyolouts Lntluny Vols O2Vy milehd

Variiein pute 444m « more gonelMotery weyy the Chadwidand md the
Jows avo going otde by stile on the road Ye Goigntha, each eamrytog
evens of thely omn

"the doutvine thun Leven grant Intitude for chriwtden prthidis
How Hae Et boon applded 9 a

Riven when the dealnews of toe Church wan unvontestod, 2b soilkd
freely Gage bebmen tolevetion and persertion of the Jews only where
44 could oxevelee anteliegivel ond political authority at the saws times
To Hem and Aviguony beth fersitovies undor the dousdinke jurtitiotion
of the Chunohy a peltey of tollentton with a wiekum of Wibinee prev
Walied wpe whoedily tian in other terrkcaxlomy Hivdy the Ouray the
nonavihyy the nob Utyy onl the peiple, the letter often whler the
Lodembdy of « lower dlexgy neh partieularly seaponslve to the wiekes
of to Merwreiyy bohuvedly to quote Catholic apolegisty Yeah accor
dug to ite tunporanent und ite girhteuley dhaimetortatien™, But even
in the torriteclon wider divest pupal authority, vielewt nastioas
tive wih aitegettny diahadah « 2h ts Gaeagiombia vhethen, 36 6 hems
— hishordan ventaned te sayy the changes da the paped poldey dn regent
to the Jews oan he porebleled with altornvting periods of Ghuteh driumpha
end dangera, The anower to nde deponds upon whether the pertods ‘of
greotnian and thase of détunt aye td be defined aenording te the

Ae Vornths Ops Sibey pe UN6iy
% Rommel Rodochomohdy Je Badin Glogs sb day Juife, Perke ladly

Shuvuh's politdenll ant diplomtie auntease rether then to thoae dn
‘hh wpbehtoal molest any mbey Gb de incontestable thet tho pollay
of the aeulobey oe 4b prevailed, for exemple, under Tnnodewk 0%, or
ke Copnta Popey Paul, WV) while keaping solidly to the ate of the
douvayeion of the Sow, was iu harmony with the Aden of the perpetual
soveliudy of the Jews wader Chelatdun mule waloh vaquived they striet
degregetions Thie antieJenieh pulley wor ware in hamavny wlth the
guiding principle of the Ghuvdh thom the pokley of those popes whose
nore mundane outlook wllowd then to gut thely trust du Jewish doators
ond fiimmeders ond wade them gonerelly sent inclined tevart lawkty rother
thon woverktys

the dumizenee of the theolegil argument poreiwted ustil Inte dn
the soventennth eontasy. Up to thut thn, the situstion was thiss
after enoh wave af poruniuthony often knatdqated by the lever clergy
but sometimes Saveied by Wherapdhdenl groups dn theby etmgele for power
‘with, than sodel groupe, the dosteine of auophidous tanec without
oxtrens ante of wholoane foawnarted iteelt

- qhe thoologton, ongment ont a great deck of He power during
the edghteontn conturys The proton of the mdieval churgh Ind boon to
detine & permanent attitude toward the one people weldhy though Ming
within the realm of he Ghurvhe dontontion, refueed from the wory
baginaing to adhere to the gonnon beliefyuhatever the socket and ed
nonke reasons for exception protwiures, thay justisiectton alwrs

ton prinerlly elong thealogia Lines. the eighboustheoentury Mdghtone
nant reversed the panttion of Ghe Ghuvahs the Ldow of relighoun tow
Levation vhloh now beonme provalant sartmddutud the very mature of
the Giwwh ay the exclusive avenue to walvetion for the whole of
wnnbkinds

the problew of the Jeww geaduslly tecume a aoekol und politdont,
one, The ubitivde of tha Chuvah sow had to be detensined assontdng
‘te apatite requlrenmats of chunging sondlilenis After having Ist
dts spirbhind wonopsly as the oxelueive veldgiain daubitulion, the
Guuveh hod te enier the axe of delellectual soupwhition, this be«
ote deRindtely wnveldable during the wincteonth eembunys

leguily the Church aueopted the Suplientions of the shanged
shiuntien when the Godan juste Conendel wae rofovlieted don 192%,
and Garliey anti-Jewish Logialation cbroystids the senimottietal
tomantater Wien romeo with Justification, ht wae acnording te
other exiberia thet the quwette of the aivil, wid politieal, tolem
shina of the Joma de medhoral tawny, vids the ow Gathella reldibton
us onelunively deniuant and the Preston of woligioas bolded, whieh
haw now hoon previalmedy did ach state The Gauyeh has Laat Avert
wothertly ever the Jaws aud de uo longer the eftieted, ausbedton
af & univorsuliy nuknowhedged wehighons :

ta emmeuuenitay the Shura oowminghy whthdgann fron the dixact.
fonulation of programs eonsamed with the Hows For bation or warty

Ay Bornm, Loewebitensy Voly Vy Chaps 10y Pe Lads

arguments on the Jowkuh question benoue totally enmeshed with soolaly
edonomie ond gaciel, deuee. Placed on the detenive Yhrougiact want
of the niuetoonth comturyy the Ghurdhy to be able to surviving had ty
take op ane ageiuet Mbereiden aad, in portdelnr, agednat Frommmsenry,
te thie fight) sspeeielly wer the Mneted pope, Mae IX (14601078),
ond ageln wader the Berke pope, Fue X (from 190% to World War L)y the
Ghiewah wleias to have enoounterad the Jew in the rele of @ Loading vex
Wredontetive of thong hostile qurcentes the dhaneh'e pldture of the
Jow dy not dram from the povurtyorbitekeny appressed and ortiodex
Jewish woades of the Hawt, whth Witch M4 genes lute conteet in Polend
ood in Ge Ud Auelyler Monorehy, Die pebiews de eather the banker
and the merehenty the gelitdedan and the Jaumoliat of the Weety The
Tow ns Lesger appears momwly an the entiy of the true fedth who de doomed
aud whose postition is hopeleus, Ne wow hag hocote the powerfah and mae
meing representative of the now coments and inbellegtund Forwee
with shich the Gaur de Joeked ts babtte for anatel and dntelieeied
LT :

the goneereetive Cuuyeh te the dlgxe wily of the pavers ef yaotear
dnyy the eray and the landionia, Bub curiously mag, iba wanpaign against
‘the Jew garlectursd da the diwterted ploture of the dwwleh bauker ae
tho wouter of the deauniae gowor of Money foluw the propagate of the
new Letty Mrowthon ond Fourdet, Vues they denounde Tewioh fneneey and even
of young Mors dn the 1840"9 when he heMleves that 14 is the fate of
the Jowe dm modem wedkety to Mve on speculation ant finndes Atior
on intommegins fighty the Chureh aged on the doctrine of tie dn

AAUMDA My of Ue fope vhen wanouinning doutulone gx gathodss y now At
ja up in cru sguient the produete of woler Jouruhiion, the Mbayale
minded Jewish Wikiceve paper of the Viewimy Bevlin and Poukfort type
‘the Toukih Wherakay to be sure, Hight back, they are on Blauarokle
adde in the Qulturome? of the 1870's, the glagh reaches a eldwex dn
ht, von Aignay Motta, the Senta maya of Hemp Un wm offal :
apoudh deoloxes that the devbrine sat papel Paktabeaity do veoponsdble
fey the lew edusetional level of the Gathelie populations the arte
one, Flus iy ehiden this Minoredible wits tide” of what he sale a
Gndecent sont” 5 the git ugedneb the Jews bas bedome part of the
Fight ayulnsh noderniamy and thd J owls Aeoae Coram a conpeniont prow
pagunds wuthod Which, working with the oldest songept of the Cotholte
dowteiney do quite suesesntul. tm vduning poMar sympotiys

Yob thie oriticleom, wid ne longer emphasised theolegtonl Metinet>
doow bub atieoks dowry os the venguonl of wedeim wiheliefy de much nore
thon & poldtionl expedient, there are fagmouching spiritual duphoakions
in tho Doliat Wut the Jove are tho guidnPromnsnmny md Lave been
deeponaible for all thw tutqubtion of the Fiengh fovoluthons 7
aadaleeiie is Pe aly sk sai Bick ely hue

i Ve Be B86, the aden

ss Gedage Vols ity bo bbe

By teh thde af the queshion aad the vellovant Gatholla Literature,
eoberereeneny Powis 801, pps 285.40 238s

By Gee, Sor ag cresg A g Claudia loktier te Bs Repay vepriwbed de
on dubite Pe ity Be Whe

tulad to undoretend dno sympathotio wy the problane gonf romting
Judelony dnvertebly qowe back in thie charges To them $4 nadtern wok
theb the comept of the whtimate aclvatlon of Teruel, preauppesés the
oxhotonee of @ belinving Tersely nob ex Tevee) whieh hes leet the
yore Imevindge of the notion of Gods Nout ie onathon to thin de the
‘don that the Mensteh deseaded on garth as February My 29Gy hm
tho Conia of Goo Dewlavatiion of the Righke of Nee « ‘thug, the dntele
Jootual ehiunte of the checdh's ditenadlve fight uguiiet the enoronche
rtewh of meer PomW of onboliel aavke dtu ahadows on the sbibiude

a the Ghaveh aim shole downed tho June. thathor hie deision must
eed ty atte oxpleutony ohethoiy how wil to whed extent bt enbbos
with othow untietenidh wurnenta, deporte on the sivetegie iituntion
of the Sharh de vere oouvbrheny

eo di tina, tba

‘he fomel wiitiantion ef the Ghuxdh wiler the diveciien af the
Pepe dow mot quagantes thi uad@ieabien of the polities and sovded
outloct of 4he maveroe termbtesial and fanotional atyanhinbiesia wiieh
Ayu they suthovdty diewatly or dativently foe the Pope Authonts
tattve papel déuielons ane always respentfully susopted, ant nore often
than aut fein sbedlonee da dealured, Gases of open defianue of the
Pontif's euihorkty aye axbrowly rage « though papel degielons are
hres wont widely varying dutoxprotattonsy What Le tee of an Andbvidund,

te Tue Se Cohen dn Aemedbtows 147, pe O01, an velmted
by Vorasty ope sil

Gocivion in a conerote cane, he ati] nove true of gonoral policies
‘the very generelity of the offielel formals for relotione with Jews «
Romankty and eeution, sherkiy end prudence ~ leavean a yeah Wewny for
dndividual interpretation,

the hintory of the Gatholie Ghurch de full of such dustancass Tt
has happened Gogves of timed that the Holy Gee and important parts of
the Cethelic papuletion im the individual scuntrles worked et ordse
paxponede One of the wort fans canes de the position of the clergy in
the IvieheEnghivh conflict during the aesond half of the nineteonth
nad the finwt two dewudes of the twentieth Here the Garta Romana wae
divectly interested in keeping Iveland within the franewort of Great
Brituin wo an te geserve on dmpartert Gdetholie foothold in Suglien
polition. ‘the Healy Bee stronuoushy opposed Parnell’ s propaganda and ome
poolaliy ble Lond Lloogue. Bob tb wee pawexlows te prevent Trelend's
Gethelio popalation from dombing finde to Parnell while refusing to
give more than a bare minis fox Potor'a ponees Papal poldey wae powore
Lowe to prevent Catholic county priests from Joining on mage Farnelits
land League Only et the very only do 1G), the Gharthsy tn aplte of a1
Ate earlier anathone against the Gllegel astivitien of Sim Fein, gove way,
snd senotiowed the wow freedon which the people had won with the achive
support of the lower clergy. These histerieal, oxperieues of the Iniah poople
and thelw wetive clergy shawld be kept dy iindy Hore, devord Cotholiens

Ma aa By pty oe spt ge gin Sa

/ y 7 eB

wihle wore paptat dn mtters of religious belief then the pops
himself, acted agninet tha outepoken mandstds of the Chureh axthg«
vittos du the politdeal fields Mt will be iapartont to reueubor

thie when eonlyning the sosleniestioa, ploture af the United States
with tte preponderance of the Irish elment in the yonks of the lower
elengye

uring the nineteenth ventary the Gatholie Ghurst dn most sauntriow
hed to undergo © prodont af aonomodation to the new society which had
oxorged from the Frenkh Reveluthons ‘the Chunk vietorleuwly resisted
the qnoxonchnenh om ite suthority by Libel theology. ALL attempts
$0 often ov renedel ity monareidead structure, wore shattered to
plooon by the Gouiliua Vatiounne in 187k, But this vietory aid
nothing to solve the prueblenl pxdblen off finding « social. aud polities

‘baoke euffiedently beosd to support the work of the Ouurel, Chueh

dovtrine onilled for the secephones of and sooparutiion with oll Levfuh
authorkty, republican or nonamchiowl, eutoeratle or deuoratiee Tot,
the ave with whieh the Ghureh ohigte tte youltiion onae » mew authority
has fimelly wbrendhed itself de deonptives
Like my other soolel organtention, the Ghureh depends on the
willinguase ond ability of the fold to follew » newlyeprochelmed
polieys AL thmugh the Hidde Ages and through modern tluen dom
to the wineteouth gexturyy the church wad an offielal dnstitubion
suboddieed by the govermmont dn predoutwmntly Gatholie countetes

Like Gpoling ely Auwbela, ond Fronce, Toward the ond of tho
ohebkeusth eamtury the dhuteh Miorecuhy become closely thed up
with the win pillars of tieditional qoslsty, the ansy, the ended
apietowaey, the equrt nobility, aud the higher huresuaradys ‘the
aw angular wtato, of dt exoee from the Frondy Revolutleny was pro
dostuently governed by the usben bourgectiie, bet sorbed on a gorkndn
anount i legally ahoneled popular celaeate ‘The Chuyh has various
‘aye of veintaining tte position within the mew fores of sockel organ
Auotlons Ye cold tey to be a axyatellining agent for 01h those
Forgas whieh bad somthing to gain from the reutorstion of the ald
wnlenp 4 could tay to equonointe Steelf to the rule of the now
poworay At qould doy to booone o denseretie Guard and ethenyt to
‘tequila the power ty sompotiay with the more advanced groups for the
support ef the bred popular weecee shich had been Jott ooub of the
new palitieal arrangendabas

the igeves deem to have beon more clearegut da Franses then do
eny other countrys the speohfin Catholieeuish protiiexé fooustng tn
Frande sxound the Dewyfus affolr beoones much nore ist alligible won
views se pur ef thet larger problen with whieh ered hg ao Wed tone
Seombedy Thak probes wats how te preserve or seouperote hor goatel
status dn the madera worlds Te the Lost years of Pia Ixy the majority
of ¥vouds Chaveh digatterion wore united in the Might for the restore
ation of the menerdhys When this fight woonsd, permanontly dont the
now Pooed popes leo BIT, spent a goad part of hie panbitigate

a

4 soning to torus with the now powers in the making « the jolitdetmne
of tho Frondh widdle eines.

Yo rough on uindersbonding with the Merench govemment — ell thé
Ture necessary ae the Fopa did not want to give way to Ttely on the
question of the termitoxial soveraigaty aver Roney and hed te femme
wtnte oF “— wartare with Thalys me Coboher 1801 the ‘Pantin,
of Miglersy tevagertegy apokemem fer the Popey publicly emnmmced the
now poliey of se¥iMtononh, thie mvenh wngonditdennl revogiitign of the
vogublioan dbeke and imposed upon all Cothelieon the duty of tkdng on
aubive porh in the chores of te govexuments However, the soephion
of thie polley by the ohio? dignitaries of the ansy, thé Clergy, amt
the wgoniiy of Gethelte politiududs, wae dietouragings They porne+
vored in theiy negative attitude even afber the pope, da the envyelioal
Euler mmieltees ao hieltuliness unde the yelidenwnt polley the offielel
plouk of the church,

Th wes dn thie battle for ae egainet « vetyamintion af Getholie
polkey towed the goveronent thet antiedowish paldoy took on major
siguifiewses Tt the Republic could be dinavediied aa souething Sunde
anowtly gortapt and Jowlahy dt wight founder Thig might preserve
‘the Gethelic monopoly du the army, the Ghurdsts grip on the educmtsonal,
oytten, ond du uteweked setivities of the religious ontert. Tf there

he eps redateare Sens Sine tee a Mies
of thie pacman ore Logamuets "84. un grend nowhere devequen at
wh tinidow, oo fut viewsvie dew sogdens partie
dena ale dont iis relautalen lew re) rrgstea i} hie wobivent plua quidl ne
m out revallge seh oe

ia sasesthorent sume Shane fehooor™ seon™ Gia Hae 86 keke sous le SEELs
Parle 20505 pe hv)

4

a”

weve a chante of wudcous dn thik Greetion, the conowanlona for

whieh Leg XITK was prapewed to ake, would become ummocisaaryy, The

take wae high, but the proapewte were aot bad, The bettie ground wae
well ehosen, The Ohurch dedigated dhaelf to preserve the dutegrity

of the ayay by etiacking the mehinationa of World Jawey to help «
ovininnl officer nomed Droyfug eavape Juadies, Loo XITT hed not dn
tended ty ongagein ouch a fights 4+ was cwahrany to the strategy of

the palloums poliidys But ence the clash dandy the Gumia Romans
realised thet there wore nob only evident viske but aleo sbetantiel,
proapects of auanenes

aed cS th UEOVE RS Joeee

Dromont wee the woot succedatul of the momarchiqal datholic writers,
the wanoning, the foundetion of hia esupaign ageinet the Joway foliowed
a. double Lines On the one handy he tock coup wun 1tted,ent vovelee
thonevies ef the fiyet heli of the goutury.s He plated the Jew byth

ae om oxplolter of the Chrlelion Deal neta ad cetieny sa as a Kom
volutionary eqakweb agent of dentrugtiony Oa the other hand, he Mnked
hie anpmente with « race theerys the hed nothing of the obnoxious
wodel. arene of proventoduy yeololien, yet Lt opened the way for P
singing out any coherent foreign group af sufflodent dletieetlon,

Tn Drueat’s book and fn hie deadly newspaper, La Libes Pemole, thw

te ‘the Uterayy eouvees of Drimut love been wtudied by lasarty
UAutiseulsiane, Paria, 1891, pps 187936,

Ze “woullne mite, elentemrdive uno reunlon Oaadividue ponvonte da meiiey
Srasplevtdeuny draghdtutens an toasitionnrse? Gia Lamse ita
ihity, a a : OB 6
3085, Vole Tip pe 5720)e "

pavieh priests and the wore mmenb dongragebions such we the Awaumpte
toninte foud u wealth of uatoriaks thoy used 16 to good yurpose tn
they deadly akivelshes with goverment authorities whose gioke ab thet
tiew did not include wmy practicing Ustheliew, Dramont's mrbenin), gave
hele than & barton perspootivn. Ik provided for waally unlorstund>
able éxplammtions of the mysterious waya tn which finones sepltal apex
othe unter the often etd very prbwltive comittloas of Prouh. economy,

. ha “saeniied ‘too, oe early oy 1890 made free use of Drumont! se
netorial dina devies of arbivles dy the Telion organ of the sootetyy
the Givibts gebteliea, Tn thems arbleles the renpanelbility fur the
‘eapanalon of Pradmamonny ef soculawlen and of widettoved Individualion
wee wid ie womawhe vague ond general torma, which the Jonata ware
+o wegret latory wt the doorstep Of the Jews, The Fromasensy we yond
thers, “wnt to extinguish the momurehy in order to eubstitabe. the fragile
government of the people for the poliderity of the throme, for which
purpose they use the widdlewa's seeviges of 2 race that hae no father«
faa fom pelbtaty, wetcgiiiuk. veRtapidts sey etetaenel O90 oun, ane Ae
buattorvd over o11 yeghone aud over ol) netions of the wits” Chine
erbicles were intended as a wove in the interns) deduealon of the
policy Goward republican and aemlor govemmentay they were moon’ ty
foyeutell the poliey of geliteuants they, therefore, ramained ineffective.

he "lin qusetione Sindates Sn Baroy an Givin Sebtelige (1890)
Vols Gy pp 385, 4 ,

Re Midler te 406,

‘the publie omnouncument of gallsousah followed shortly, Bub the
deeudt artivles uideubtedly strengthened the opponente of thie polley
du the Gatholle camp and they gove Drumewt'e witerial some offielel
suthority « » faok which was to hegom ware important a few yours
later

Yok oven these articles, swooping ae they waxes in thele cone
donmiion of the orile of fimenue vapitalion personified dn the Jews,
dvew 8 dhavp Line betwoon the tyeditiowal policy they recqumended
and the fayoraxching domads of Deawonti's followers, Dewtork bed
nigueuouely pronteed thet al. Jowleh possessions unjustly ecqudved
should be dlateibated among these whe would teke park in the greet
betile he sow epprometdng, Ne wee comping hie fight te « medieval,
exude with ite procedure of dividing up the property of euljected
poople (whe ieee happened to hethe Jews) wong the nowt aouregeme
of the Wetove, To the lest uriiele of the eorioa, entitled “thy
Romdion”, Givilte Gattelion sxprévely took exaaphion ta thin progres,
eupiwalelag thet not all Jews ave swindlara, usurere and gorrapters
af publig woralis Inetesd, th recommended the tradiidqnel papal pre«
gram of a atylot seperation of Sows md Gomtiluss Of comity to
adhiave thia progrum, aivil Uborties aud equality of 01) eiti mens,
thot de to any, the herbage af the Frongh Revolution, wad hove
to be sholished, aul the Jews wuld hove to be geotored to the ebetue
of foreigners Living under reetrlebions and berveds In parbiaular,

te Ue Ruanae dubves, Ty Pe 18ly

vo the aequiaition of reed outates

‘thiw program coadily wonformed to the theologies) and pollidend
praghioe of the Oethelie Ghurh Ghigughost the centuries. After
ally 14 da the come program, theugh gonelderbly mitigated which
veappenre, for exuuple, de teaques Borituiats Ubeglen iuteliaetual
Pluralln Navitain loaves iataet the principle of oivil equality
out teike of a “proper othiewpolitigal wtatue for the different
wpivitunl Semilies, Thig is the Ghurei"s fundamental wppronth te
the Jewlwh problem Tt iu a mnbter of bactiga, and not of primal play
‘te ohomue the fons dn waildh bo proffer thie progr unler a epee tig
sot of civaumtancom, Tt io purtiolerly a wetter of tagties dn
oumivies where the Guthelte populatien dteclf Je « winority, te
dgteraiie whether ot times thie progrom dhould be shelved in favor
of the axienk vindiention of « program baved om the principles of equal
vighte ond nondiiseviniontlon which necosuertly would protwwt tax
tholies as well ae Jowas .

The progres of segregubion, réeaphasixed at the xlght moment,
went & long way toward amtiofylag the dexiroe of antieenitie proper
genie duving the Dreyfue affady and contributed ite share towards meking
wah of a ca ® “anjor pulitionl gonceph") an George Dexnanom
how qulied tty Considering the decues ot sieke, a whthdwawal vos

de “the Mystexy of tomel%, dn Roneasing ise, Now York, 1941,
te Jy Sounile Roux dae RlenePensoutay Parke 190%, pe 1B,

aittieukh for the Cathelies » elthough some sew erly encugh the
dngerus inpliveiions ef the alliance betwoos clergy, aunyy antetor
aracyy, deoabiotied independent widdlevelaasy and a mob Led by

an intwLlectual Like Orunowty who knew perfectly wh) that the

eld aviwtoorsey wae hollow and tetally duapt for london” ‘the
pope's only choles wes either to aliennte the majority of French
Cuiholing, or to veduae hie eliget prospevia of coulng to tere with
‘the Frengh Goblnet, Lae XITT whose the aecond alterative and twee
frained from colliding with the considerable majority of Preach
Gatholies, sapecinlly the amy officers, the politiolunsy the Lowey
chery and the ordevs, ao wll as o grevt yort of the population at
Merges the Holy See did not dleapprove the attempt of tba Preah fale
lowers to use the Dreyfus affely to recuperate lost politienl terraiu,
Th 1008, Ctvitie Gebtelion, while aiding wudetakingly with the
Gatholie mority in ite stand againet the revielon of thé Dreytas
sertente, tock yaium to reiterate the neem of 1800 with alt ite
thiologldal and politbienl iuplieetions. leo XILTy aw wil oe the Frongh,
Ghurch dignitaries who hed heen asked to come oub for Dreyfus, vennined

te Soe Dromentts statements in Engaee abide Ty pe Thy Thet the
wapresentetives of the Ghurgh during reytue affair wre well aware
of tho ditferwnce betwoan te Sharh’ s teaditional, anti~Judedsa
ond a md more Sarereneh gree yan oven Rat to
bapled gets i i mune Less:
appearing aes deme Sues dale dyows wbtontion to
the dangerous hepligations ef the reakel axgument (pp, 2420), We
think 24 dwhoyeuting to give the characturinthe gon: anit of the
Livhle books "Que sortime-ted da mouvenmt qui we prepare? Nui. oe
ke weddy lee aniiseetios eunenee ignovent, Ho fomlent=dly tonjann
pau Dien de méditer Ja sulutiya thowlete? Haug Le pontondy Eh nous
areyous suse quia. favt souhabtey eum juife de ue jas voly tilomphor
des wolutions plua veverame™ (81)

2» “Th Cano 64 Alfredo Dreyfus" in Givi lie Qubtoliony Volsd? (189)), ppek?DoBvy

satentatiouely silent. In 1899, vhen 4b wag dlear that the battle
wag losty Loo XT made efforts to forestall the onslaught of the
wintate, Trying to weshudfle the garde, he went ao for on to aoys
"Foxtinate. the vietles whom (od semedders just “ue to suaoelabe
thedy dause with thet of his owe Gmoifiied son", os es 00 lates
Toe adhevonts of « more pragenhio conaoph of Juetiew had wou the duyy
‘the cempaign against the revieles af the Dreyfus tntal ws the
wattle of the fomesly sling wleauwts of French sookety for the
tenovery of thely shave of political and soclel, power, the obxatagiote
of thie beste pul at the woxviee of thely cause the Ohupshte aywbols
tnd Anebiiutdonsy wndy te come extent, alas the euthertty of the
Ghurehs ThLa was the ogaaalon to reformlate enew the tradi idansl
aubintadohen of the Gatholie Ghuvth, which gould be utdlived » aud
aotually was mde use of) for the roeinforsanont of om of the tyes
nuonmrmmonte of the wexwige of the old wwiking @lossee. The polidy
of the Proneh Gothelie Adevarwhy during the 1800's lent sonslderahie
support to the antkexevisloniat forces waich also aucceaded in wxbie
Lining the ahd of dntomnothonal Getholdelmm Th te Lruoy af coursny
thet this poldoy could not help belaging ebout the fas) fmetration

de BaP Lecanuety i Separattony
nn Re Wy Pan Ny chon 43.99

he ‘to (st) tohion dy an arbigleL Avti~Qerlcaliom & Dreyfuey
ma 80 = pee oe tolowsd. = tae aot, tasaea
ene month attéy prewide: seneney wen granked,
the Preach uliees to aceagh he sew altuntien beenuae everything

wiwe would be “folly by whisk only the mentes of pepoey ond Chueh
would prokdt,”*

of hey SUIT'e atentegy of yolliguent. But thin owly ehows asl on
‘the polday af the Ghurgh depende on oposific mtionsl fartores

the yoldey }f the Chureh feows 4m countries whore Catholies are
a minertty group muah be esuentielly different from that adopted dn
cotninhes with & Sothelig wagorktyy Yhere Catholickem do predeninanh,
the wove feet of woh delng a Ontholic nay cause deapprovels Shore
Gutholiva axe a minority, 4% is nob wilikely that Gatholiedan wl1)
strive $c sonstdtrte « eoumon frowt of all holdover agaiast the onenles
wf G11 pasdtivn roligions Wheve Cathellow are a minawblyy they tond
te chow wore wutewrtanding for the gauge of 911 minorditess On the other
hinly 4s 0 ningrity eltustion the interns omenimatios of the Chaveh
wih be un on atelotor Lined, and the land gives by the sealusinatioal,
quthopbiles will be wore willingly follewed by the adhorenta while the
very fooh of Catholioten!s uncontested religions mypremey in Getholie
countries oftdn mkon for yorticlaxion and Antoran), Gaugrecuontis

de ‘thet entdedudaton my go bund in bond with » moderate evelel fete

progem within the frumework of « traditional goolety ta proven by
he once of Mahep Prekaethe, the sort influential Onthelie clergyesn
the hishory of wedem Hungerys ervent fungerlan notion] Lanny

and a whyongly develoyed urge tw sanctify Iwi sxletondey imady him
ote of the awot affertive exbides of whet he called “Zewksh capitalism",
porrvan Hrd dovelepnert. of the tradte of Plnenge gaptteliom in a oti
pied ‘ly agverien aquabvy thrwgh the wedium of the Jewa. But
the proctioal Jimtivtiows of such a polley are nomifont,s Ae the
Ohavgh de uble and wawl ling te Mee op tom pregiam of neti onal,
pouweiles dn the feoo of the wtveng recdetanee of ‘the ruling clamay
it refvaiue from attecking the eoononde sQliene between lanled erletee
exacy ond Jowlwh comerelal groupie Thue the Ghareh'y artledadulen
sores. only the intoxosta wf the lended arlateorey by providing for
noth toe dengerour popular wlegane mad ty kooping the Jewish bowrgeoinie
in perpetual pulitdeal subjestion. Aw mgerds Prehuszka, ag A. Sehuctay
Bagchof Frohaszka" 4a HoghJandy Vole 28 (1952)y pe O82ff.

ftunerieaily, the Jew in Germany were « vory inalgniffeont minority
am Gompared with the Gatheldes whe comprieed wore than anesthint of
the populations But the impact of the Jews on sootel development wer
greater them appears from population statiatiosy furthermore, the
porseoution couplex of the Catholion, a herkinge of the Kyliuskonps,
wade then portiowlarly vesentinl of thely minority powktione Frm the
vory wutawt, theup fectors milstated in favor af « bektew olimebe dm
GatholleJowlsh ewlebions, True, bn Cerny as in other countiktwn,
Gutholie authortties and the Catholie prons aigustixed Jewish nowapapern
and other caliwm) wenifestatlons of the “Sewleh spirit, “berclies,
She, a8 WoL] oe the excossen of Muenee daplialiony but the sommenty
wore mom réstyalued snd the gondemart don 7 eens vow xaeole meee
frank ond mere waeonditioonl tum elaovhere, There wane tinct of Gam
tholle antieJowlah ponhleteering ay other Uterary exberpriaes of
‘thet indy

Sineo Ontholienfowtéh velatLons in Gerwny wore singulasly free
fron aotuel diwtayeonees, 14 fe ALanineting to follow up the ebidiude
vhiuh pGlitiea), repreaentebives of Geren Catholiaien took vos ante
wenition bevone an igeud of vows doperiense du Gonwen polities. Ducking
the wevers enenouie depmdaion which thoyitled Germny throudiont thy
4076's extlowndtis mogphhertl. cot inuveused heovilys Fox the sural, avtioun
and the watellon for past of the peasantry, ond for ound) business

de by Balen, “hottoomlilome", to
¥e Vausheluer, ‘Krigia des
Pe BO

z (4926) Be 220)
Mags Yola’ By (1992)

in the eities, the dupreguion took ihe fomn of fadjure to keop up
interest payments tey or to obtain now oradite from the goad), Jewish
ponkeras Suall luwiness ales autfered from the ingrenelng competition
of Towle consunorgeode maufaeturare and eetalleutietas The anbhle
semktio venpedgn found Ate mest able mpresentative dn the Protestant
Court Cheplads Otieker and bin “Gheletiunetealel* novewent weiuh drew
most of ite adheverta from the Independent wild le-tlagn.

ie 1800, Libel in the Prussian Diet questioned the government
about the steps 24 intended to toke to end the agitation against the
Jewish eltiaens, ‘the igque at stake wonal considerable iupartanie,
and o heated diecussion took plage within the parlianmntary group of
the (Catholic) Genter Party on to the attitude to be takes fx parline
wonts ladwig Windhorst, the yorty's ssknowledged leader, sow in the
goverment sy toleration of antietewleh propagands and doturbanges
minly mm wthenph to oppsese a melighwe minority, he urged the Gentex
Party te lead fol support to the dutwrgelintion. In opbte of Windhoret's
thewet to withdraw from leadership, the Cenbéy group rebelled against
hie ettitade wid) eortululy ananeted from bis heblt 49 of weeding ond
Sighting evory babble in tonw of the Kuliuykam’, They brought forward
‘tone very angumende which till proved. da the everyday deletions of
polition. Gethaligios in our t1ee.'The mej ority viewed the whole isa
tom ite utriotly tedaiedl eepects, Among the Gorm people, they
seawonedy there wad a gonsidevable rive of ALiefeoling against the
downy now, if the posbtilon of dafeners of the Jows weyo tuk dn
public by the Genter group, wany Cothelde volors wight awlteh to

polities] groups with « sbronger autiventtic sores TEENS eay
gondluded, & ofand had to be taken ogeinet the Jews,

Official spokesmen of the Genter Party attacked the Jowa in ne
wisortein terme dn publig seovlons Of course, Windhorst disvented,
Spasking only for hiewelt, he teveted the whole quoation fru the views
point of tho toleretien and protection of minowitiea, Buh the offietal,
Cothelia spokeaman told the Jews thet fnetuel anjoymmt of polities)
Mberties wae by wo means the cud of the probleme One cauld stl awky
he wad, vhother the hopew waieh hed bien aot on the oummelpuiion had
woterlalicads ye thot the Jewleh sitieuey engage
dn some wolfmpnentoat’ gus

‘theligh the politivel wliete hae vharged considerably duxdug ‘the
six deondew thet @lapaed wings the haleyon deye of the 1eGo's, there gan
‘be no miateke wbout the identieal aubetenge of the change mado than
ond now ageined the Jeway

Whi compotttive politionl eanditioas provadly Oatholis pall ties,
at tay be ween from the Goram, axinpla, show a tendeney to follow ony to
auttelpate olewtion txmde ae the best wane to protest epeoifie Gutholte
Antoreates The tondenay to onthotpatbe politioed, ronda and te justify
dagotorday politiosl donisions by fusing this with Gatholte dostytne

b Bachem vox
aries 5

ee

anaes wh Palate Sex Bentaghen Zebtronaee

iy Rewwalechor Jandtagy Noveubor 205 1280,

de 40 lees noticeable than the endeavor te uphold and support the

povors thet be Zor the woke of authontty's amd the Church, Tn ready,
after the advent of Fusoiey and in Germny after Hitler's rive to powory
‘the hued of the Rowan Chaveh wae willing to snerifice the cutholde
portion, whoos wein tosk, besides working in fever of a resonetation
ef soulel, avtagoniina, wes to teke care of opeoktia Cotholie interemte.
Ae Jong we the fil pemmre of the veskel poldgy wie not yet dn wvidencey
Pius Xp the Batts pope (109261999), wan quite willing to leave At te
the new suthoviterion governments to see to £ out the religious tutes
rosvts of the Catholic people whould not auifers the anti~teulsh peliey
al ‘the Gerves government did not present ang obetecle te the poliey

of sooperetion ‘which Mlqwered quigkty dn the Gencoriat off 2085, this

ae Worsh 1958 Gousdh disctpline 421 hed been wt to woe agadnet
Cathohies Joluing Nations Seclalist ongantentions, Certainly, whenever
imediote iaterete of the Ghurth ware attested, aa for exanpley in
vegerd to the stetue of dows who hed boon sonverted to Setholighiy ox with
xespaek to the teaching of the Old Testament within the school aaurdke
oulumy the Ghuneh stuck to hor gins, without howsver making vitel desuon
wut of auds polute. Nob before 1 hed beeawe apparmt thet the poldey

of the “rokel, sononmdty" was dnekiagatihle with the min tenets of
Chekation belked 444 Church authertiies ake any efforts to eaphawlae

Por ajustifieation of the solinberetion betwom the Chums asd the

Saithhemns (ott oneteniart Guan oe Saco

(with eowlestants,

thet which eporstes mele totelitarianiom from Gstholiciom

After 1090 antisombtie polieles rapidly wpread ali. aver Busdyes
Covermunte looking for Nauk favave adopted sutdoonktton ‘to prove thoiy
yoliabiiity, Ub bedage imprretive for the welfepresorvatdon of the
Chaxgh thet contunion be avoided botwown ty traditional anti«dudabsa
end the prageen of aokal extominetion under wy in the malfied parts
of Ruropwe Yet, the Chutwh dint wae hard pressed by the racheta, and
ane of the eceummbions indd ageinet Oatheliotes waa that 1b sebed an
the pretegtoy of the Jowsy While siesssiating iteolt from rackemy the
Ghurdh wh the anne time bad to refute the charge of bodng a tool af
Yetemationnl Jewy". It le very instructive to wee how thie double
waged task waspe omeds

in denvery 1999, ‘the Biehop of Crenone delivered @ sermon which
wae deotiowd to clarity the position of the Churh toward the Jowleh
probles, thie sermon was dumedletely vepriated by the official papar
of the Vabdeuny enerentere Resanes whiidh sald thet “Tie text eplendidly
proves the identity af though, of tesching and apowtolete, which bind +
thoaluiaters with one snothor wd all of then with the Supreme Pooth tty”
this arthorktahive intexpretetion wes awed ab a tine when the Rowan
Chusth already knew that ft had to engage dt a Uitewandedeath etrugehe
‘with the Gerwn aystea of reclouy bub wae wthlL desperately toying to
provent the Ttnlion fasgiat wegine from following te sum fatal sound,
eos eniivoisntivsshatntinanessresimaaicnnonnainnennnannaneomnmnniniaaeliiins

te “A Howily of the Bishop of Gramones the Ghurgh ond the Jews", Damerwetone
Rumen, Tamuery 15, 16, and 17, 193%, ,

‘the ttolion government hed just begun te onforse the fret load of
antinJewieh legislation) the Bishop of Cremum, after reminding hie
aadigngs in the good traditional fashion of the hornlble fete whieh
Joous Cheiet suffered et the hands of the Jewklsh poopie, then explained,
oa & meoningly detadhed Chrietinn otudent ofbistory, the decking af the
Jowlah pooplve God haw porntited the Jowsk the bishop uaddy to acquine
trong dowivetion in the dsononde ody here and there, alee dn the
poliiies! (eld, But while they trey, under the protestion of the rich
notions, te nedonstoust ‘the Kdngtom of Alon, again a new aber da wae
Loovened against them. Of gouxeey the ite af the Jews hos to be put
dvke the eoutest of Kietery within whieh Individuel happenings ene
promided over nod decided by Gedy Bub dt de the Church’ a mindatyy to
fulfill those tauke towant the Sows shdeh fol) wpendfically within her
previngés ‘the biwhop, therefore, recnllad the traditional tonetes the
aseoueity to pretest Christiane from Jewish influenesy end the dhureh's
wlesion toworts the Jew. Wille “wy polltioul defense of the tobageity
and prosperity of « rage and eny Legel ye eoquiden againet on excessive
ond injurious influence of the (Tonkeh/ aution" are portectly adubaaibley
ave seb to ouch polieysAnd the aemuony though
it pootentie ngntnat tho charge thet the Guardh defends the “Tous with
thee Judatan"y velberstes the nesedelty of showing the proper regard
for the supreee gelea of hamen brotherkeod ond of Chelation durbty. the
Guerh's duty to esnvedae charkty 40 genetdered the neasssnny eqchvalant

for dgewdng-wowldly | power within ‘the endieputed provings of governs

"sentiment enmunnas te Seesirntmrerencina eNOS,

wot sutherbiles, Te couparing the Church's eupasslon for the Jews

with thd one shown by the Giurgh anthorktiew te nightfully sontenaed
prinoneray the sermm widerseoves the Legitimady of antiegoudeh Jogi
lation bub Jeaves the ronpeauibility of such peltates entirely weth

‘the seouloy evthoritieg, Charity te the Chureh's domlny but low end
sneurdly belong te the etebes Whenever the state Jufringes the doctrines
of the Ghurchy the vewmeletion of the Chuveh's politienl, nativity,

and te aubleetion to every constituted authority, tan ne longer be
mababadawds ;

‘The wage dpetrine, which would tend te aullity the Charch’s freee
dom to onliet moubore of a1 races, Including Jews, de just such on
iesue. Cortudniy, the Ghanth will exersive «ll due progaution leet
baphion be granted to persone who seek entomnse to the community of the
Church aerely to eeoupe prnseaution ep to Coats adventagem.

In defense of the Chiteh sgsined the charge thet 3 wields the Jewty
the bishop smmemtes, Individual, babriem which the Church has erented
to provent seplrante from tom easy seouse to ite venke, StAlly the
Ghureh dnsieta on ite univer wiselony ingluding the right te receive
‘the Jour inte Lte commmbty, "ua the Ghurch refused aguens te the
converted Phaphaes, Soul off Tormey whe wowld nok have had the apomtle
Paul’. dnd the bishop, following the line of the 1087 enoyolioak By
Ragumnier Sony, Wiloohos ayudnwt the principle of vesial weterialion,

‘the narnon of the Bishop of Cremona wae deaigned to elear the —
Ghurah fvom the repronch of « too friendly attitude toward the Jowss
Sut there are cthoxy were thaewetionl utterances, publiehed siney 1934

in Qivd iby gatgeiten” whieh want be donmidereds From these ufterandse
timo guina the depression thet the Chungh dlesqunte vathey mwelietieal ly
the womnge of the Jews beth as mewbhexw af the financial eligexehy

ond 4¢ tovolubiouuries, the mpresentatives of the Ghumth have beoane
wary lewt they traditious, enti-Judadon play dxto the hands of «
wadiel thoy whieh uses the outward sluilarities of the thureh's sutie
Judadon and of ranial entisoattiien in ite keel fom to unlernine the
supmenaturel wlasion of the Ghuraty Te do nob surpeleing, thenythat
Dathay Rosey the editor in chiel of Givilie Gattolioa, in the Jast
article he wrote hefeve bie deoth dn 1099, deemed M4 necoasery te autor
inte pelowias with 1) fegims Tauciets which Justified the aew actdisontitc
legielebion by showing & to be muh milder ond Loss fexernghing than
the measures proposed by Civils Cottolign in 1nd), :

As 80 huppeng often in pelomigny beth parties soem to be wiih, the
Jowads other Le mxely right wher ho enphestues theb bastaally the
Catholie Church velddts extreme menmures of expllelon dn Saver of segre-
gotion ani wlivn etatua, But the faseiet apolegiet in clgithy too, wien
he oomiente om the changes wad the attitude of the dhursh haw under
gone du 86 yenry Gutwardly, the propesitions may be completely idento
dead, ‘but the ohenge of the poliideal. cliunte waauet without ite effort
oa the attitude ef ‘the Ghuveh, In the 1006"@ tanking capdted dn many ;
oountvlew 44 chic: the dhuveh held a dosduanh position wae eogeged dn bettie
with povbe of the wdddle clansaa in whose minke the Ohurgh found the

sated eeeedeneededinneaetanmanannenismnimumaademenacinmanan mamma aimmmarmmnnmnnmmmanaemmaennemeniad

is See the murvey of artioles from Sivitte Gebteliea given dn
‘the Appandiny

most anion auppertare while there were mony Jaws dn the backing
professlad, bb thet tine 14 seed quide adequate to fuse thie aot

of ceonmile gent liets with the intellectual dontest bebwom the
Ubezl ayaton of education and individudlivt and navtyraliel phiw
Losaphies om the one hand, end the eonseryabien of yovenlad velighen
on the others Yet even thon, as evidenced by the peraomlity ond work
of Loo XUITy the fronts could be dye quite differently, During the
time thot olapiedy prowlnent Jewldh partighgation da bauking whieh
belonged to, un qeublived phase of cuplialiat developmrity had been,
shattered, The etonoule seal of the Jews bas deco @ very pire
darloud ondy ‘the Church, weethornl the Zlaod of Arrejighestty uner
which 44 avowed to eink at the tum of the corturyy but bas vow to
atruggle with toteliteriandes whlch wanke to toke ite places Tm the
surge gf this fighh the Ghurch galyy now duslgets avon inte ome
blewsioge of individueliomy and with £6 dete the wile which ninetoowth-
sonbury Jenny, now Bilao largely a thing of the pout, bas played do
thie davolopneinty

Appendix I

The Cetholig Atihtude towards the Jews
oe viewdd thigugh the Medium of Givilth
Cabtelion

an Seo Nes LR OEE OH aR NO

the following fe a short musvey of the artieles (referring in
ono way or another to the Jewlwh question) which have appeared ainoe
1954 in Cid te Cattolieg, the Town Jooult orgem, the digests below
offer sowe insight inte the evelution of authorhtative dathelde thougr
apd deldnente the shenges though whids thie evelutlen hag gone, These
phases are to come extent dietines from the various shifts inthe
polltieat, practie of the Gatholid Church which have bem necessitated
‘by the political developamnts an the verlous countries

(2) Be Roomy Sets (oddtor in chief ef gj
“La Quewiione Gludalea @ Lintiaouttden
Wels B5y 4 (1084), poe 126696) B76O5,
Netionnlioglalios reflects the paasage from one extreme to another, Towisin
preponderance wider Uberplien bas bean replaced by 6 form of ~ reesubion
of the Jews whieh vielotes beale vequirenonte of equity and Christian
drhty; this attitude de the leas tolerable ae 44 de coupled wlth »
conpadgn of slender and gelumy Sfrocted ageine} the Roms Churches The
avtiolon examine eritigally the eqeusstione against the dethelic Ohardh
ag contained dn “The Protocole of the Pidere of Zien") and eapeodaily
‘the ottaghs ageingt the Chugeh du Individuel sontritations to Thegdor

Feitoche Hegdbuah der Judenfesges Rowe shows how an attempt te nade to

Advavedat the datholig Churgh by representing 1% as cleely related
and tied up sith the jouw and the latter's ateife for world dowlurtiony
Under the protext of Sighting the Jews, Tues sayeyihe ebolishment
of all veligtows iuetruction de aaplred ti.

(2! . A gage settee * AL Ghorlemoy Vole 86
the eptiele review: extensively Hy de Fries de Hewkelingon, Jezel,
Sou Ramee ob wom Reverie » 1987, the artisle then wdeew the following
quewtLoniy
‘de Would Zhondam induse the Jawa to abeuden thedy mewsiaule queet for
duatnation ia ite double form of preptndexamh participation dn eapiteliot
ae WL ow revelutlomery setivitied ?
fp How would the Holy Lond fore under Jowleh domtantion f
Se Dues net Zioniow tend to reenforge netlonuliat ond antioreligteie
‘86 WoL) an commmlot currents omong the Jews ?
‘The artiele cndladds thet neither glonien nor any territorial settles
womb daaply « lasting solwtion of the Jewleh problem

(2) “Ge Quewtdone Giudedon @ le Convoraloni”, 88 (1087)

Xp Dee 4976,
ven Mb Autegrel Zondon had a chanse to be put dnto operictdeny i would
take a long time for the ujorkty of the 1? million Jews to joid thels
brothers in Palestine, Whaet about the york of the Jews 7 They whi
sowtinue to Live ae beferes vielende agsdnat them would do no good
and only proveke monwures of defense, Politieal remedies affect only
‘tho surface and of the problem, Gonverulon, consequently, te the only

wal solutions ‘the arkdela deseribes the condltdone goveruing the
progress of conversion. Tt shown hyw the breakiageup of Jowlah rex
ligtous 4yedition, efter the abrogution of antinvawioh metstotlons

has led to ‘the aprad of unbelied anonget the Jews, Oa the other
hendy the feet thet the Jews nur fyeely Live im a Ghrketian cultural
owvivenont feeliitetas the policy of conversions Yot conversion moons
tha} the converte how t abandon the Jowlah netdonelity, ‘thie orectes
iffivultiow whiwh the aviiale deverlbes and shrewsee wd the aymputhy

and undevetendings Ae thinge ares wamndonversion da Amprobaliie, The
Jovish probed reusin uncolveds Only porMel solutions ave poastbie
before uidversal conversion af the Jows wey take plage: “Siacare wiilinge
noes to achieve friendly uwevetendting and oivilined treatainh must

tale the conduct towards the diesidonte,* Goon Magura are added to
imiioote the nuuber of cunveraions during the Inet deondom, Wena Wilo«~
19D4aby Big Hungery 100601990, 26,800 (16840 Gwtholdey 9750 Protestant),
Rowe 1O36e1OR0e Ly 19M,

He fe Sains : Giutieden o LApoetolate Catiolion*
*

TX, PPe ARV,
After the preuiling artivies have shown the elements of the dionivt
solution wids are unantiefavtory frow the Gutheldia vlewepolmty the
artiele develops the “true solution's Jews have achieved preponterance
dn wodern Ute, yot they are loaders in dyreliqhoaltyy In the United
States 00 por sexhy dn Gormny 65 per cent of a1 synagogues are rer
foyued ones Goetelien ond Comauntem gourt saong the Jowe thaly moot
ardent follororts

te effet o henge in the heart of the Jowsy tt 49 neceusary fire
thet “Catholien remove from theke hearta, thelr language, ond thely
Sondudhy every form of antiooitilan, The Catholle should nob make
sommon douse wih the stenlantohearere and promoters of amtd somtthany
Te showld ayeld everything thet offends the Jowsy. The arthole sébe
forth four coudiiions whlch howl detenuine the w Lishorstion. of
Gathonte atk noCatholle orgenisations in elvie sothvitiess

(a) Porwlestion of supexlerey

(d) ‘thet actions taken in comaon do ob dnply enything dndmiead
to the Chunghy

(o) that they de not cause publie offense

(4) thet thay lowe intaet Gathelde morale ond Catholie obediensay

‘The artigle goneludes the survey of prerequisites of eolishormtion
dnvolilag Weel i4 oulie the Awvieen formila: “Gaeperstion without
conpromive", After naviewng different “politiual” selutiens of thé
Jouleh probhem, the avtigle says that wo permenant poldtdeal solution
Ae ponatbloy for eelutions founded on the worldly interests of varia e
notions Wud wound ta elthaw tele entdvendtiion or a dieturbing
predewinanee of the Jews, Thore reine only a Ghetetien eolwiden built
on the gupdiuel virtues, "“oharity and prodexqs, Shardty ope the wy
to pollLe saexlelence belwon Jem and Gheletlens and mequres a
greet muubus of gouversions. Pridende makes 1% nugeneary to recere
all dungers throatuning tie Gavietions end to bulld a bulwerk against
tow disturbing Jowlch peopotosnesw whether they he waoterioliatig
aud fLomele) or revelutLonary, a4 that 24 should nob be neceseurp to

veoort to antlequitivd. “very fons of anblsmmitden ie problbited by
the Giardhyes” “though polities] dedision cannet lead to a defiobie
solution of the J ewldh problemy it com open the way for a tonyorary
onthe thie eoluhien willl he the wore durable and migtendeous, the wore
4% WALL approxiuete wtendande of Cariabion charity and prodensay*

{idee iy pee Tene de) Blonlome"y Vols Ob

thie artioly sontelne in the win «@ shork report on conditions dn Pax
lestineg, doniing swvthor pioviulutidally whith the outlook for Siontun,
tt te prefaged by « very congiae and forgetful. tvoqgage etetenent of
the Gutholie ieee against Judeiew (Seo the trneletion dn appeaxid TX)y
Yuiuion de mn oquineal nation as well ae an equivegal mligione*
‘the Jews mre an equivecsl mtlon begaues they have evtabliohed theanelyos
within the iudividuel, netiens while the finensinl power they aeek te
Mewetly or inddmotly, somelously or uwonsclourly Muked with the
watldudouintion sipiewd te The mlighos of the Jews de equivoonl oad
vorraply dts only juwtidigation waa to prepare the advent of Jems Christy
Jowieh miewlendens baved on the dua of worldedeulnstion by the Jouieh
neta, Lo on athadetio notion and leadw to 2 aorrption of religions
Ao Jawich weontonion has ceased to function avtommtionliy with the
advert of the Christy there ie so other defiadte solution tea the Jewksh.
problem then the courereion of a2) of Ieraels Acdonling to the prophesy
of Baint Poul, thie universe, conversign will nat teke yleqe hetero the
ond of the deyae
‘Sut inewmdh ae the Jewkdh quoetlon vomiting unsolved, wwenthone
wont foverably inelived toward the Jews heve to eoneede thet the

) fu wedak, pauslader ten fee | da, pee b ‘haa

A Mpeud ie a.

eorgupted weuulonton, thet 4a to sayy the reluous desire for 0
world-vide Myangind ond tenporsd, domimetiony wakes Judntem the
foeae of dlaovter cad & permanent danger to the world)" Ae & provi
pionel solution there oxtete ac ether then the traditlendl, one
adopted by the Popadys charity end prudente, that ia te any, 6 fora
of segrogetion appropriate to ouy ages & kind of homphtwlity ond
-poloration ag 14 te dn ase towante foreigurs, One ahould not obo
Jost thet ouch trestaent de wajuet towards eitinens belonging te
another veldghous denowinatlen, hesause £t de an undiaprishle tach.
thet Judadew de act only & evligloty br olee Indiudglubly duked
4e the sonsept of a netien which du tum reste on the idea of temper’
ond vaterlaliot mapeland amy

6) Be Roaty Sole (editor in chief of Sabloltes
i Reng ig errata er al ore t. ;
(1999) 5 pee folie

the Regine Peugigte of Auguih 1999 endpfollowlng dty many other
Htalian pubMlestions defended the antletorish oxasures of the Dalian
governuent by referring to proposals whieh bad boon wade by Qividte
Guitedion im 1890. Acconling to Regine Fesodetny thease proposals wore
imo bagohor towards the Jews than the mensures put dnote operation

by the facelet goverummonty In entering inte the polemtony By Rows.
takeu sure to enptiasten a proposition viieh he aftorwmerds repaha,
mawelyy thet the regent porseauties of the Jeway dudtdeted tixet by
the Ruasleay thea by the Genean gownmmenty Jacke any relighous mobile
wthony the danpalgus being directed egeinat every fora of poobtive

velighons He then defends the rewdies proposed by Qividts Qubialion
ds 2000, merporting to show that they wore woll withia the fwamqwork
of tunditdonel Gatholia thought and pravtiee, and that they earefully
awotted Audineriuinats condemation of everything Jewish, Clothing
port of hin pohenios inky avovlew af, meen Melian dook by Mamnettl,
ie Qeutlons Bbyedee" Modena 1998 (thie book de nob aveoasible in
Weshington snd Now Yok) Rosa te dm a poxttion to mitigutey without
Aooing teoe, many of the extreme ototonante of the 1800 wrtiole, The
pringhplon of 1760 do not appoar any more ag on uneltigoted avils the
queebion now ia how they have been applied during the Uth gontuyye
Jededom and Troemwonry wre no lenger the predouluant elewnte whlgh
‘they wre in the Frengh Revolutions they are demoted to the role of «
simple ques], Muk in the variety of gouges which have brought about
thie “eximordivary sodlel oatadlyan"y The story of the Jewish origin
of Frocmsonry, and of Jewish prepomderense within &} hae already boon,
vajootet by fas dn 054 og a “egomt mek aupperted by gerkows hietos
fans” (Civilte Qubtolion, Ost, pe 2 T)e Gertainlyy Masonry and Judelen
woWs Ovi Loynente whee infiltrution from the very boglaning pudiwd
iitordien towards its apoytawy of the Natlen ta the disadvantage of
God and hie Ghurohy But oven here the problem 4f gudlt de complex,
awl the goupligity ond Juertie of too many Christians have aloe ployed
thely poet, “the Chnlelien are set Justified then they try to esmnercte
*heumolves ud pub the blew on the Jews du onler to beable te de
Whom evils”

1H 1 Fi pero Autione @ Bewontly Vols 01
dy

Tow article ywietes with much syuethy the wtory of the Jewksh diaspors
du the Sth contury 8.02, the destruction of the physioal end apiektuel,
pebvineny of the Jowlsh people, and the comlith one wt thely ostebonge
4 oxMite T6 shows then how, with the advent of Gyiue, the romente
af tho Jowa wore eble te teturh to thele aountry. the story do mount
$o indigeke “how a ueblen built om crude forge whl be destroyed by
foxde,bub how a nation built on a sphritual peindiple show a gohedion
of grantie and wilt ouyive the bardont blows dn ite Anfuluible process
oF remurrections”

Th our tues too, Yoot uigrationa take plage “either on aqeount
of iuporetive negewnliies to presorve the life of the poople ee TAO y
ov by & proweas of mutural and oxganhe expanslony er by views of the
reason of dtate founded on a diaputable waciel theery", Naproved tenhe
nologieal and industylel ongusdvatdonyns At prevedle in ous thwesy pre
cludes the uecnaudty of uigtion of whole tribes ant poople in thelr
quest for new suuvaoa wf fovds Oa the ethor handy wo witeese in cay
time glgontis movenmuts of expansion te newly Siscovered mad opened up
sounteles under conditions whidh guumntes the gootinulty of the ideo
whieh bind the mew settlers te thaty motherlendy the avtiols rajegts the
thiyd fon expuleies of ettnidnd aimorthies agalnet tholy willy ee
pedially under the now prevailing worsnondi thon. Ae GL gultivstls
jeud daltuwepe te subbledy suck expulelon aondeme the minority poophe

‘to uttow deatrugtion and abeardvot sufferando, Certainly, an obindoal
semmnity hes the vight to fom a atate, oad a siete whid: em be
ideutAfied with one aingle mtion whlly au a ruley chow grantor oo-
howdons Bub the wight of one ethateall purt of an oxieting stote to
break up thet state may mot by my wens be beamed upon thie yonsonitigy

Ae i sie

Tt Le dntevesting to mote that while Qivilte Cottolion taken
great care to approve of the second type of migeationy the myronents
of expansion te newly oyoned countries, thus onngtoning Buseolind' @
Rthioplan adventure, Li castigetes vary openly the thin’ ‘typey Ledey
the bonishwont of the Geren Join,

a meineaorem a

Renaypte from Gwilia Cebtelice and -
Oovervatore Romany

cog mp eee A A

(3)

‘the umlque peculiarity of Judadom Mea in the fact thet da ds
simdiamously and indiseplubly o eehion aad vwolighony-even fox the
unerthodon Jews, boooues of thely porsiatont Taloide “aeonlenian,

yen tore elrenge oud peouliar da the fect that Judadem do on.
eudveuk mvbleon end alee an eyudveesl, religiem An equivocal nation,
hegaugey 14 ie ibeult and womething elee ot the aame tims, a part of
ail the nations in the werld where 14 besa eeteblicheds Tinlian
Judodom, Frenchy Geroiny Sagltoh, Auerioun, Runanlany Polish ond so
ony therefore the Jew enjoys twa netd nell deme

Seemingly ho brings adwowtages to the notion im which he wealdes «
whieh he svtually dows with bie feangdel, power and his reaouram
fulnows » » but thase adventogen ary dedigated, diredtly or indirectly,
vomeloumly or unvonselousky,y to the aveondancy and donioatlon of the
Towish mubiony holder of the high €inanee, and through dt, more or
lege contoaled, of the dominetion of the world, Tt dv an equivednl,
relight, because, even though 44 boaete of bedug the only true religion «

de Aw am qumaples The HEQTMM FASOXSTAy in one of ity axtieles (Oremonny
demmery 22, 1058), after having given « det of positions weoupied
by the Jews an Trlaet, concludes: “Having wede the due proportions
between the 250 thousand Gatholias aml tha 4000 Jews, we have to cone

thet de to aay « the Jadetom of the Old Testament, motel and proauble
ot the Now, and therefose preparution for tirletinnity « it da by now
agtueliy « grofamdly corrupted wildgdong the Judadgm of the Talent,
anbithesde of Chriatienliy.

Tn fagty oll the value of Judaiem, tie only reason wasn being the
prepartion fer the advent of the Newedeh, thet ie to say of belag
the people “chonen" to emeorve the orlt of the mel Ged and the prow
sdges of radenphion end universal Bingion of the Memwlahy King and tae
winter of the world, Alter the Nessink gone, du the person of Joaua Chiality
nesouserlly end avtemeileslly the value of Judetean quaaed altogether,
ae the “whooon" poople aad a9 rolighony woo mon popdlue mine, ob ege
‘om ee Saetly aguording to the enexgebilonl expression of the pruphit .
Honeahy,

the yond, Hesntonion, eplrhtuel and eupermtuml, of which Judaien
wow the woul voliglon and. ahmktanswusly the ven] chose people to free
pore kt, hog changed dato the Teladie veseienion, mborialietie and
worldly, therefore now Judaism de a nebion insemeb ag 4 believes te
be chosen for universal menutenietie domination, watetialietie and
worldigg ond-i} 40 8 religion duaemub ae 4 professes much Mensdonlene |
‘thie de why Judaien is apretoumdly eormpted religion imagmech ap ib
de o metlon wach presumes dael? chownyeabhale w.neblos, Soanenae
as tb de the velighon of cortupted Noaslenion, Yeastavkem, latent and

elude that these have wine tenths (000 per thousands) of the positions
wrepronevted the iviellestual, econoce, Sinesadiel and lobor unten dix
postion of Trleaty

de 4y9

operating alse in the unorthodox Jwws end even in the wiholatie
anid, Lg, 08 wo already mowkioned wbove essential to Judaism.

Bilwinete Hessienien and sutomationlly Indaiem end the Jewkes
nation wid conse to omtet, Groept by a movel mimole of (rede,

44 du Anposethie to elimivete Meseloniom from the Jowleh souls hot
dey without thelr comeraion to Chrletiendty, thle dn wWiyy ou we
wore saying, only in eane of the conrersion of a1) Texel te Chriwt-
dondty a definite solution cuuld be given te the Jowksh quentdouy
‘Thin, oo sald in the propheey of taint Pauly wil) happen towards
the gad of tinea,

Houwhile, the Jewish question whl reusin unsolved, boqamads
ae all agrady even these mosh bonevelenk toward the Jews, thy son
yuphad Mossionion thet io, the ruinous denise. for a worldenide
fivensial md temporn domiuatdony de the renk and profound couse
which venders Judatew a fogus of Geaorley end a peramnent danger Zor
the worlds This Le why wo sum only give e relative and prowdalonedl,
solution, end this de mone other thon the traditional one applied
hy the Poposy Gharkty without perseeutions, and wimitaneously pre
donde vith aubtoble previedena, ae for Lustoness © fom of segire«
gotien or distinetion comveuient to our times, in chorty @ dlviiined
hoopktelity and eoemistond, aimilar te the me uved. sith forsignars.

Tt gannet be oadd thet this do mm unjust treatment of eitiaens
Ghth different relighony teense, ales, 14 ta un uniieprtsble fact
thet Judeien de nob only a relighony but alee indiewolubly @ matdony

founded oo meterialietie ond worldly Mevelanio conuelously oy
uuaonaelowmlyy but 4n any ease dmevitably profound and longed fory

Tiel, ie onder that the Jews might be conmtdeved with perfect
juatios, foreigners, the imtogral exeowtion of Bintan has boom
proposed by sony uok only whth the entublishwent of a Jewish atete
in Palontings but also with the poostbility of ending there 4¢ not
all et loaat the sgorkty of the Jowy now seattord througheut the
wordy

(a) A teat of the Bishop of Gremont
veh and the Jews

(Qenemvasare Rowang 4 January 15, 1939)

We have Just cvewived the text of the Homily whch we held
during tpdtany by the Bishop of Oxemone, Bonelgnor Movem! Casgant,
Reproiuged hore and thers da aumesey ond in plodes and eqoented
upon in auch a way on to arent the dopreasion that with ssapent
te the thoughts developed by the aninent Mioleter them ave diver
seneles betweou, the Biuhops and even with the exalted word of the
Pope, it not only donexvedy Wart moods to be faithfully repraducndy
sapoaially the following party because tbe toxt aplondidly proves
the identity of thought, of ideching and of apostolate which binds
‘the Miniter with one another and a1 of thém with the Guproms Mix
nilobors

towing weolled the fetal nleconaepbiony the horrliie debeide,
the hetoft Jewish perscoulten of the tesslahy his apostles and die«
eiplosy ageiuet the budding Ghugohy Mile comtimueds

‘Hndevetond, bratheve, I do nob wontiow ald thie te ley a heavy
hend on thw Jowe in thie hour of thole growt effidebiong dn dying thig
f would agh sguivet the wort ond apiedt of Christ. I do nol wnt to
add more divtgse to the distressed Sut di ia nécessary dn the present
tonfuclon thet you feonkly fags the great bielowlowl feoty dn the Light
of our fadth,

The hon of God io evident in human history, Liluainetdiag eape~
olelly in the tragic vicluettude of the Jewksh people,

thie peopley wal) dx nuwber compared with the whole af the
humm we, Inhelilgenty diligent and ponotreting, mixes bteolt with
all the peoples, withows aver blending with anyone, adapta itself
admimobly te the politieal and aivily wconomle end ewhturel somiitions
of 021 nations and of 01) tduse, bub setedue with inflondble temelty
ite ow: coolel chareeterioticn ond ita own orgentied tons an & comme
nity dn the aynegogueds Soy without wating tey 24 becomes the ehiwing

teotinony of the divinhty of Chylatienity. .
He die cluost totality, the Tomelitis poople refuses to balieve

is the Gospel, but gives tx the Gheistion relighon, genserving ond
Aiwulging thom, Ats Sacred Boskey din whichy Hireugh the word of the
prophety, we con weedy oo to apoeky the fortinening biwtery of Guelats
enh whi the fact of Ako bietowiend, whetaehiudes thin people conftmu
the predividove end divinkty ef Cheleh Muselty

Adulble are the sueconos of the worldly prosperity of the Jowns
One could gay that Gud keeps the prankes of worldly prospavity to this
people, that wis hie fovorite, after having refused it the trmesures
of the etoraah hinglom of Ghristy Wut when t yeaches o certain degras
of prompentty and power, ond come noor the veallection of ate arom
of & dude emplre, a harm unloonens agaduat ity Which yopeate dn
yarious forme the purtehment predioted by Chidety Let us xemedbex
whet happened wh the tine of Julien the Apostete, who dared to give
the Lie to Ghrinty favoring the Jews in the attempt of revonstracting
the Kingdom of Ture. From the excavations of the funintdonsy errophed
Mawes, like from o volowss, end the ettedph hed to be abandoned, thie
ia alwe told by the pagum hintorion Amulang Narenlings

and now when the Jowe have aoquired din the etchowt countxien
af the world & grist ond strong dominion dn the ocononte, comersialy
industriel and finenetal, fields, wad here end there alee ia the po»
ition, while they wre deydug, under the pretestion of eleh wrtlonty
to reonst niet the Kingdon of Sioa, agein a now stom unlooudue ayia
them ;

% in eluwye the wlge of the hand of Gedy Whny howevery let ue
Understend, dees not congverate the exceasse couubted here aud there
by the bate agadnet the Jewwp ae when Ne nood Nabueodenoser te punish,
the Fewloh propley still file favored ont, He did nob Legaline all the
oruelty and wiokednees of thet mighty Dabdlonion kings

‘You have board 22 andd Get the Chuwh protects ond deforms the
fows with thety Judai,

wh hw not trues ;

‘Tho Chareh hag aluaye considerd the Living together of tha Jawa
with tho Chitetiows as long au they reneiu Tews aa dengeroas he the
fatth ond teonquillidy of the Chetwtian peoples. And thet da why you
WhAL Sind am anetewt and lang tradition of sgolestambionl legivlatien
oud @hueipliney dustgned to revtradn and Mwkt the setion and inflnenoe
of the Jown wuféet the Ghetetians, and the gonbucte of the Ghuketians
with thom, Lopleting the Jews and forbidiling thom to oxersien thoue
offiees and these protesions through which they eould douinate oy
iutlvonne the aplirhty the adueation and the customs of the Chrtetiuany
Det the greatent prewwoupetion ef the Chur las always beet the dew
foune mk provervetion of the relighon and the suetome of the Ghelutians

from the hegafol Jouiuh dnfluende, and mone other,

Th do understoady thet the fom and wtvietnose of the exter
dineipliuesion previetons of the Chumh were different acaurding
‘te the sondiizons of the seutrles, peoples and thusy bet the epiett
aud the aubetande of guolestontid dlvclplin with waard te the Jows
always wus the game ond whl) de

How could the Church today dispame with the new eonditilown af
wiv living together, svested by poldtiedh osourenges dn modem
wheter end by the programe of eodem privete and pablie eduonbiuny ay
‘by the changed custaus of tho down who, although prosrving thady
splebly do nab profess ond dy neb prootive ony longer thely old Uelund
in Lie wnbdrohye

Sut ave in the humhes$ then, whoa cverything we more severe
in the Lows wd custou af the peoples, the Chum has always redued
how volue in the defense of the Jews, whom the reactkeng of the Ghalete
ions againet thom yumsed the Mndte of iuwnlty and dhacidy,

. fed then the Charsh hee wiways prayed and ot11) praye fox the gone
vorvhen of the Jews ond how for thom @ spediel proyer in ite wollen
lithurgy of Holy Trigay) ond slwoys weldones with matemal airue and
shelobwne thewe Jows © alan alwaye oo Low in umber « thet ape thols
ayes to the Chyiation Mght ond wlucerely embrace the Chrletion Cabthy

Those, however, mit braek all bhede Moke with the Jeutdh ogame
aities end Ubepate thewalves from any fons of pixtiolpatiion ond ao
sparsiion in their souls, agtiony And thie de why the elnesrely gone

verted Jews wat thew abendenwenty aversion ad not vesely pornos
oution by thely former bivihere dn Judalum

Ved the church mfuaed access to the gonverted Pariegas Sauk of
‘Terao, whe would not have now the Agewtle Bathe

‘the Chapdh daunet end dove nob adadt the yactal wterlalien wileh
wokes the would and the spirit depend on bleody and wilek does not
xegognide the domination of the free and raavonbie soul over the
hereditery instinets, denying the effiauoy of gree for this dowtnw
thm of the apliclt over Clesh and af Chptalien charliy over uatieal,
wyapethios ond antipethiies

And these dintere converts, whether they game from dudshon or
Pagunton ov from myantany ov horesyy once baytived, they art Chriwbiwns
in the eyes of the Ghurdh Uke #1) the others and ape being treated
like ok the othore onl thedy maviegew with Chidwtions have exactly
the anne substonge and effedt ag thous of 011 the otheris

the Chuwh damiot forget the dugheine of Bho Pauly who webbing
‘to the Colewsinna, wffirmed thot "among the regonometed in dhriet
there are no more Bellona or Towa, elvoumaland oy not elvqumedaody
‘bovbarians or seythinns, sieve or free many but Chiat de everything
an while”

7 tt wot tyue thet the Charwh lee chonged now her ceumuta Lew
givlvbien to fever the Jaws vhe veendn aucky

Anwording te the laws of the Ghuwohy today at slvaye, @ detholle
sennot many 4 Jowous and viewrersas And the Church hee clwaye dones ond

dows even today, everything possible te préxent thas ulead marclagens
dnd 14 toe fowk thet eleoet oll of the vised marriages with nouaon
verted Jews were always purely alvll one,

he very fow Gayen, etter the eigmition ovanted by the ailvis,
srvingey the Church, aut of pity for the opirituel, went of the Catholie
party, wth othtf sonditions fox the prohection of thie payty's felth
‘aml for the Celhelia eduention of the okiidyony, oonended and #ti21
ie oongeding dlapemmntions of tolerence,

_ Sad toduyy, ath), detholion suluivaive to the wished of the Ghaieh
do uot teke nov aevoyt covladn Jewlm doueatiosy wor do they plage
thenam been ab the cervine of fewo Of 16 noone Living dn femldderkhy
with themp and mek Lees de they tryet thete mursing beblew to Jewleh
wok eaten, on thedty cilldren mending dnshmetion und aduastlon te
Souleh teauhe rts And if wetll pootening there were wot a few Suwtoh
tuxchers iu our schouluy thie ws nob due to tho Ghurthy

Bat eortainty nob low ond madk lene Chrtetdeny de the sdondabe
teak feeling of gortein sexkote over acts of pity or cherbly ond
donmatzotions of Gouymadion fot the Joey whe have hem reduead by
‘the laws for the defense of the race to miele and pibdeble condi
thon. to by somtetiond by gach mepehtwleampaneliny one anet hears
forgotton. or not underatoed the parable of the good sampttany told.

‘by Chirlet Hinseld, and te ogres with Jevieh iohumm intreiedgense
ageiueb which Chelet told dty 24 wane uot to understond and fee)
the woning of thet gority thet de the prachiowl exbetanse of the Gospels

|

Kot oven compaselon and pity fay the woot cums dedinguenta
effonis the Jaw dn whose none thoy wow gontondnd,s

Beery yeor 3 vielt my jolie to eelebeste Bester for the duuates
and 2 address thea in worte of commsaton oad contevt dn the precmmen
of the some wagielivebes whe betenge of the etehotanes of thy ewe
aud the dewadle of wagiel, dofensn bad to somiande thom Buh 2 have
never honw the wiighterh prateet oy oxprineton.ef griet by the Royal,
Froeeduter who da oleays prevent and boudked by words af Cheletios
chaiye.

Bwk do vot believe thaty besuwe of falee conmaesiow and oth
loos begouse of polities) eleulatlom the Church hos enloxged tedoy
hoy died line regeniing the baption of Fewey

Sb Ou poselble thet epue perish priest ox som ableple maak, having
dot bieeelt be token do by the hypooeley and wlyneae of vom fow, or
‘hegmued of Loyrudenh vompaadlon fox biny iu some coed may dheregard
the rulew set forth by the Chmedh for ouch uettera, bub the Beolontente
dow, authority snot, it Casorwding euch o gain, would be the ew
‘to roprinendyand Af neawsoary to pumieh, the poroon guilty of broking
ike alec pines

Rant ageeed thet the Chae, wie koe olvaya hom cautidus ond
slow in bolieviag ta the conversion of the Jews and 26 not used to
congade thes baghiow withert long and serious probatdons, ia ever
more slaw end nove deutdond, when the elivmetanes of time and phage.
eta dndues a Jew or « Pagan de mek tive baphlen in ovler to sroreene
legioistive borvlows ox because of dnleulations of pernonel datorest

on pavnloam, :
hid nenpebany 4 wedded, the parbldular dewesan Gepdektionsy
Bousigaow Vosoovi anddy soy de the Church being nauuaed 7

he snawory Be we WLLL we dn the newb aber, eonotilaites the
wonglunive part of the hawlly y» free wbidh wo wey dogide Lt today
At de cally © question of dofones against JudoLom op nleo of attadke
eguined the Getholie Goanihs

(3) the Homiiy of tae Siakop ef Cromoun.
Why de the Ghureh ‘being Adouscdt
(Qunereetors Rowing, Jeuuory Link? 1999)

% the Inet port of the Nowlly of the Biwhop of Grenemm de avkeds

‘Se you know why the Guweh de being ncqused of Lowering the Hew
‘bree at the expense of the Chrdetions % Beouuse the Guurch haw done
domed the amggurcted malin of the Jerome, dn the seae wf which
Gerumy haw haxwhly porseanted the Jour,

Now, please ondenrtand that the Chunk hae ook condemed and doce
not condo ony puliidens defense of the integelty und prowporbiy of
& Pavey ond eny Lege preceublon againat wn exeussive end injurious
Jowish influenve on the natlody provided the suprea nee of bomen
‘brotherhood and of Christian aharity are not utterly dteragardidy ond
we long os bt de dome wlth masmmble Judgment ond wader diedriul>
jwxhing qonditiond, ao theh a person nob desemiag dt WL nob suffer
from s havwknwwe desaed nesosunay with tegant te athetay

‘The Chuaih haw eondeumed thet exaggereted and weparehing vooliny
‘thik woke te adt umeueebde parcdoyws of wational and geind heaton
aomionw ad ogee, hetwen people ant goople md betwen tase
and suGe tn humenity, thie eanggexeted waehom would and by blaoking
‘the poth to the progress of bums civil ligetion, by forbidding any yeople
end any eae te add to wach programs thels om purtiouler eontelbutios
of thatr netun, thety talents nnd their sotivities and thet evexyane
wight profit by the contetbwtions ef wily ond ell by the goutribations

of everyonte,

‘The Church has condemned that exaggormked Garman suckin whieh pre
tends to bo exveted dewtrinally upya the foundation of aghiiesoghival,
veligions ayetom wa deniow Gatholie fulth and Gaylotlen cid Liwation,

Tt dy the aotovielivtle eyotur of Blood oo genersideg prinelyle
determining the JobeMertuel and epirbuel ne wold as the Individual,
tod social Wiles I de the aywthen whieh denies the supemetumd priory
the divine wevelebion end the divine inaphestion of the ithe, 2
duntes the origins) aeontius and undty of humanity, tt dower the ont
ghia aim, the univevanlity of redwapiiony dye, vodenpidon iiaelt, and
‘by M4 dedey we the divinity of Chedket, of Tile Genpel and of Hie Charwhy
a4 denies the exiubonee of a person God, Methnwt from the worlds Th rer
duéew the soul's dumertality to the rectal, soubdanabien of thond da
sateonsive gonenehl ony and aubstitubes for God the divinity af moe
wa weedy whieh gnomes Right ond determines morelay wid praethowlly
wyives fivelly wh imbue sterilining miiletions, to effagy the rex
production of o Inuan randy ; ;

Row could the Ghuweh fo41 to eondems auch a complex of exvert, ;
without being a trdhor to her aleaion of cumtedion and tenckar of the
divine dowlelw of Gurled

Th wowld be columy of the wove and dntentlons of the Ghuvol
‘to abtylbute audi dondemnatLone to viewpointy ov to poldtionl aversions
and symypothion, Th is nob the fouls of the Church, if from her conden
inotiom of certole dogisinnl systome contrary to the Gotholia faith the

polities! prestige of « etete would becone comprontved er dieinishad
thet baw dnwoutlously promised to gupta ity

The Chui desma) wake polities end never sxterg date the poe
Mtdoal ontexy oxoegt whove and whan dt to wde newesnayy by the on
tongleaeit of volitdes) with rolighous prabiendy howade of the wvture
af auah wxbhorts

Reomuee 6 de ovidowt thet religho, which must eiuonte ant guide
nen end mbhons to the observance of the laws of God and to te sternal,
salvetion of wonley counok bet deflucnse alt hum actigktles og 04
of then have ta be mubeniivmba to the Jawa ol Cyd,

‘Chita, et volighvus valued aye suptome in humm Lita, ead ahd
ether values woolkeuy dovalunta, ary lost oo eoon ao they are put ia
‘wontrayt ia velighous value.

it chowld be pemmbened what the flood of oun Governnarh aadd ty
the people of Vdenie on Septomtey 239 W088, 1A people eaunyk beague
greet and whghbyy gdagelous of Tig dostinyy withouh drawing near to
poligion wd emeldovdag 16 a6 on eoowhiel element of ite lide’.

the Ghurwh, du ite wiowlon, dees not dongom hereodt with the fonaw
aad — syatene of the various wtete yagimasy She Mvea with

and andocvote to wadrhadn relations with alt

any form of polltion. gale, theb wliow hey to evelve her divine mlesion
in the wowlds In tut the Ghardhy seeing thet an axoluatwly Getioldy
veging de pyscideully wot pomwlbe in the moderne atetesy negotiates
ond gouthudes tte duiiontetae with ony regine ‘thet ds found wilidege
eh authorterion vegiwn on Wolk ab with dewowetie cnet,

and with hey sonogiates the Church deqe uot intend to bind
horeolt to ie politdonl Lome of the warloud einte yeginesy tor to.
plage herwht at the sonvive af this dn profermmse te thaty de
alos only wt protecting the Lihorty and digaity of her aiatetyy encng
the peoples) wid whey wb gotiing the worldly weons dnddepmacble
to hor splvituol wtestony and wt proteting thé Mhorty of the fasthtul
to teach and pmotele the dochtines of the doapel und te eolisbomte
wth the Ghuvth heyeclt dn eoumexting ond confining Ghutwtian Lite
by feldgloug aduantion of the youth and of the poaples ,

Whddh wonme thisy the Ghurch ntonts to defend und protest thet
Andiapmenble part of Gheldtion Ufo whieh Le now called Gutholte
fuctiony whidh ~ although under different fom and 48f ferent dena
inations = was simys active in the Ghureh and inane aomeottions
wimtacover wth sny poLitionl paxtyy pub, prostty or funy

Whom the Charts det diwikey her mission freely whe deow not eu
danger may poLAthenh vogtony ox the wontrayy Ab holpa ahh bawaune
she teeahen the Pek thiud to weaoprhne ant weapont the nuthowbty of
the atate dn that, fone of poldtdend wihe whieh Ab ansunen in theie
fethoriand and to golinborte with 44 for the oom donetit of the
tethorland Ltuelty, tab the Ghuneh doow wot Spore apa tho fadthial
of «mation thot they whould wenege the pollen rogine of thet om
aounbey to profess wnothery provide! they leave thelr aon free te
have thet om pelitteal opinions whea they don't gontmdtot the
teachings of the faith ond of Oheistian worolny =

uv

‘Bet the Churgh qwinet sefeein trom dondeuming & dawtring gone
travy to the eaveuled truth of which she da the dusbodies, with regard
to the pokitdou, powers used ia quetadning diy oven Ef they ware dn
athew reapeote benetigial te the Church herwelt,

No seyviaew for the Chard ¢on be invoked to wilende her in the
prowientlon and defenae of her divine truth,

‘thy Giurth condeons and exdommnionten alee hey own Mahopay Fae
‘trhavehay and 42 neswowery clus hog Cardinale, when they bieome upheldere
of dowtelives oppowed to fadthe

She haw condemmed Honey TELE of Englond, althougs at fared dhe
had deserted the ttle of defengoy Lidely Datimter of the Fatth, and
@ithough ho involved dn the eublow nearly a whole gremt peoples vag’
hed given so meay Salute te the Chawihy

TS de aloo trum thet the Chaneh oven before condemning the German
ride ted whey wildly condemned the wthelutie Gommalin professed,
oustadnnd sad prnstiond in the Untou of the Soviet Republion of Kussing
Mexlen and wad Gyadny .

. ded shen da Trane certain ehophe minded datholing, douimeted by
the chars of sowie gefomes wiley wore to budmpooed, showed that they would
let themselves almowt be token in by th w tay of the outelawtohed hawd
of the Commndate « 2 ghowld net be kept quiet nor forgetton + 4% wow
pieedsely the Pope wie gave thes the alam, probediing thet Gathelios
eonnet ally themselves wilh the Gemunieta, athetets by programy tor
any polisiow, ov weclal gonls

And the oxcomunigebion of the Cason 2595 agadnet the followers