Diet Debates on Proposed Constitution, 1946-1947

a

President: ]

T HE HOUSE OF PEERS

4

The, 90th Session of the |

oS Imperial Diet

THE OFFICIAL G GAZETTE EXTRA

8 !

ee

~ — — —

Minutes of the Proceedings in the House of Peers

Opened at 10.07 a.m., June 22, 1946
(Saturday)

Order of the day,

To be opened at 10 a.m.

Spéeches ‘of the Ministers

(2nd day)

of State

President (Prince TOKUGAWA, lye-

masa):
now.
(Secretary MIYASAKA reads the re-
port): At the .bytlection. of the

Report will be made from

Director of 6th Division which has ~°

been held today, Prince IWAKURA,
Tomohide was elected.

President: Now the session is open-
ed. On the 18th last, Viscount
HOSOKAWA, Toshikazu, Senior
3rd Court Rank,
Merits, passed away. We cannot.
suppress our regréts for his loss.
1 think we have to express our

condolence. Have you any objec-
tion? MA
(Voiced: No objection:) .
President: I see you have no ob-

jection.

propose that during
this sessidn proceedings be started
without waiting for the lapse of
fixed period of time after the dis-
tribution of the bills among the
members or between each reading.
Have you any objection?

(Voiced: No objection:)’

President: 1 seé that you have no

objection.

President: Now we shall turn to the
‘order of the day: speeches by the
Ministers of State (2nd day)

Now you will be authorized, to
interpellate in the order of your
notifications. Mr. YAMADA, Sabu-

ro. :
(YAMADA takes the platform.) ,

or , not,
4th Order of,

~ October
‘the specialists of

_ observed
All of a ‘sudden the Government

Mr. YAMADA, Saburo: 1 want to in-
terpellate His Excellency the Prime —

Minister about the draft amend-
ment,of the Japanese Constitution.
I known it is rather presumptuous
for me, not being a specialist of
constitutiod, to interpellaté © the
Prime Minister about the ‘ draft

_amendment of the Japanese Con-

But every one ‘of us, as
must have a

‘stitution.
a Japanese citizen,

- knowledge of such an important
~law as the Constitution and abide~

by it. In, drafting 4 constitution

we must seek the Services of the

specialists of constitution. But in
ériticizing as to whether the provi-

_ sions of the Constitution are good
the’-people must be able —

td use their own judgment atcord-
ing to their common sense, I-be-

"lieve ‘they can do it without fely-

ing on the knowledge ‘of ,special-.
ists. From this point of view, |

may be allowed: tovpass criticisms’

on the draft’ amendment. ‘of jthe
Constitution, though | have” no
special knowledge of it, and f Ven- |

“ture to ask a few questions, ”

The Japanese Government since
last year, by mobflizing
constitution’

under the supervision of Minister

of State MATSUMOTO, has been —

conducting investigations and@. stu-

' dies relative to the amendinent of

expected that, by the effowts of
those gentlemen,.an excellent draft.
of amendment will come into
being. _But, to my profound: re-
gret, I have been unable to learn

the Constitution. 1 eeffo and

sanything about the results.of their

efforts, or the draft that may have

been drawn up, Since all the spe-.

cialists’ concerned. have thus far —
the virtue of ‘silence.

announced on March 6 lash the

‘

. there, may “have

-the fact that the draft in Japdhesé”

gist of the draft amendment of :

the Japanese Constitution. Subse
quently the draft amendment of thé
constitution was décided upon on
April 17 and announced in Japan-

‘ese and English texts Simultaneous-

“Monday, June 24, 1946

ly. I read it over and:was greatly  —
-surprised and bewildered to find.
no- trace " whatSoever ‘of the co-

operation of all ‘our Scholars of
‘Any person who has

constitution,
read it will have beeh struck by

smacks’ of translation from a for-
eign language in its style and mode

understood by the Japanese people.

I am not going to inquire into
the reason why the Government.
has made suth a draft.
¥ profoundly regret that the Gov-
ernment should have

Although °

‘of expression and that there are
- many provisions that can hardly be

adopted - :

‘such: a draft as the bill of. the°=

j

Government,, f ‘am’ not going to

“demiarid an-explanation of the cir-"

“cumstances, since I presume that . ~

stances: which cannot be known to

been - circum”

us. I deem it essential, however, — Sef

in amending a fundaméntal law of a Cr

“nation Such’as the Constitution, to

exert effort to see-that‘our scholars.

of constitution are cauSed‘to ex-—
_haust their knowledge and talent .
“and the people are allowed ‘to —

freely comment’ upon the draft,
so that such provisions as can,be
fully understood by the common
sense Of the people may be in-:

‘stituted. The Shidehara Cabinet, .

however, régarding: this hastily

prepared: draft as the golden rules, .

circulated. reports that the draft |

attempted to quickly decide upon.

it as-the final text, and repeatedly

would fot admit of the amendment .

of a single word or phrase. That

is indeed beyond my — compre- ;

AE OMT
* po

‘Speaking, ‘therefore,
_the pulished draft which is very

sides,

' The, last,

‘solutely

hension.

‘-T ‘am aware of the necessity of
a fundamental amendment to be
effected on our present Constitu-

tion so that we may firmly deter.‘
: mine our future. national

- policy

as a defeated nation. Generally

progressive. But, I cannot over-

look the fact that there are many

points that are defective and need

_amendment in respect of the mode

of expression as well as in‘ content
and substance. Since I approve

of this draft in general outlines,

‘T+will respect the draft. even in

respect of these defects; and I wish
to avoid amending it except for
inevitable cases, *

hand, 1 am convinced that any pro-

vision entirely disregarding’ our

national traditions or inconsistent
with the faith of our people can-
not Help being amended by their
freely expressed wili But I do
hot think it necessary here to go
into details of this question. Be--
I intend to refer to this -
matter in ful! when’ this draft has.
been included in the agenda of
this House: I shall now. mention
only a few instances in so far as

they are necessary to clarify the ©

purport of my interpellation and

explain the necessity of amending.

the draft, and seek the opinion of
the Prime Minister. It is far from

my intention to ;bring about a.

debate such instances as I may

quote here. ' 1 quote them only to
clarify that necessity. 1 will ap-
preciate your understanding’ in

this regard.

One of these provisions is Arti-
cle 1 of the draft, reading ‘‘The

.Emperor shall be the symbol, of

the state and of the unity of

_ people, deriving his position from :

the' sovereign will of the people.”

of the Article involves a serious
question as to how to, deal with
it in conjunction with the pream-
ble, so 1 will refrain from ‘refer-
ring to it for the time being.” 1
will refer to the first and second
clauses. TO the adoptio “of the
second clause as’ it is reading

“(shall be the’ symbol) of the
unity of the people,’ 1 have “no

But, I believe it is ab-
impossible to keep the
first clause ‘as it Is, reading ‘‘The

objection.

Emperor shall be the.symbol of the
state” /

In any country, the’ monarch or
president, who ‘represents the

‘‘*headj”’ or sovefeign.
In this; respect, the position of

I approve of

that is, the third clause,

’

On the other:

the ratification of treatiés,

‘the
as that of another country. Especi-

ally, in, the case of our, country,
both in fact

there is no doubt,
‘and in: law, that the Emperor is

the sovereign of the country. It

U.S. President” is the’ ‘same

_ is the faith of the nation, No ohe,

perhaps save Communists, would
havesany doubt a¥ to the sovereign-
ty of the Emperor. 1 believe there
‘can be any objection on the part
of all Japanese who aré not com-
munists to clarifying the fact that
the Emperor is the sovereign of
Japan. Here lies the first point
requiring revision. of the draft.

- The second point requiring revi-

sion |
several matters including those In i;

lies in Article 7, of which

connection with promulgation of
‘laws and appointment of officials,

for the moment, but reserve them —
I feel,only

\

the Emperor being. expdcted to »

hb «

‘country before’ other nations is its . our

countries

\

fore any foreign’ nation. It au- -"" that they have published such ‘a
thorizes the President to conclude draft as an official draft’ of the’
treaties, send diplomats to foreign ~ Government is simply unintelligible
countries and issue credentials and" to me. For the sake’of our coun-

_ natural.
our country, however, is not quali--~

-’ Empetor..

Minister of our country.

have ‘to be amended,’ 1 think.
However, I shall not discuss them

for another ‘occasipn.
that I must Say a little cOncerning

_ The
present draft,’

Cabinet to conclude an subsequ-

ently ratify treaties and that the’

Emperor is expected” only to certi-
fy the ratification.

The’ draft says also. that ‘the
_ Japanese ambassadors: and ‘minist-_
ers to foreign‘ countries are ap-
“pointed by the Prime Minister

in Article ‘69, Says
that it js One of the duties of the -

~.when any: person

. ey eee Fe

eh name, he may che held responsible

for a breach of the- relations ° be-

“tween sovereign and ‘subject: |
Suppose that a foreign govern-

merit Should recognize an ambas-

‘sador or a minister sent by’ our
Prime Minister and: accept a cre-
dential issued in

his name!

According to International Law,
issuing a cre-

dential retires from his post, a

-. credential
‘When the sovereign ‘passes away
- or when the tenure of office of a

must be given , anew.

president is ended, new ‘credentials
must be issued by the succeeding

‘head of the State.

Now, ifthe
Prime Minister of o@r ‘country is

to issue credentials rue his own °

~ name, there will be a lot of ‘prac-

_/< tical difficulties, because political .

changes are very frequent in our
country.’ . t.

- Yam in’ favor of. necessary CX-:-
tension of the’ authority of she

~ Prime, Minister.

But so much

“tension of his authority. is imper-

“missible in our country,
light of the relations between so-

by vereign and subject.

in the

(Cheers!) ~

This provision,

, quires a change. | In accordance

‘with “the original‘ meaning of ‘the

> words; the “conclusion and tatifica-

; : tion of treaties: from the’ view-

( ~ point» of International Law, must

while the credentials and full pow- |

ers to be carried by those am-

passadors and ministers are to be
issued also by the Prime Minister,

certify such documents only. 1.
said that the» draft fails to draw
any‘ line of demarcation between
the U.S. President and the ‘Prime
As you
know it,
constitution of thé United States

of America, the President is quali-
fied to represent, his country ‘be-

full power credentials for use by ©
This is quite ©

those, diplomats.
The Prime, Minister of |

fied to represent our country be-
fore a_ foreign ‘country. —
Prime Minister of our country is

‘an official who, with the approval

of. the Diet, is appointed by the.
It is absurd that such -
am officidl should‘ conclude and
ratify treaties. If the Prime Min-

ister should go. so far as to send:

national envoys. to foreign’

‘furnishing

iS 19 eae

in accordance with the |

The ©

them with —
credentials to be issued in his own |

, means. The legal principle involved |
in respect of the Japanese Con-.

~be effected by the Emperor who're- |

present our country before foreign
"nations.
‘should certify them only.
have made it clear’ to” you that the.
provision in Article.? that the Em-
peror is respofisible for the attes-
station of instruments of ratifica- 7

It is not enough that he

tion, etc. must be revised by all

- stitution on International’ Law must
be very|cleat ‘to such veteran dip-

Se kt

¥%

; ‘are, provisions in the second pars-

oS a a
3

me sions therein are very appropriate.

odie

by

‘lomats as the ex-Prime_ ‘Minister
and the Present Prime Minister

try, as well as for the honor of °
_ these two- gentlemén that the pro-

vision in question ‘should be whe:

e Ly amended. -

i ne

= ai

¢ i > ad
po a

> > ee
yar Fer

Next, in ‘Article 9, we come
across the chapter renouncing war.

Under the circumstances now sur- ©

rounding our. country, the  provi-

I am ready to give-all.my support

to the declatation that we will’
© abandon | wart for all time, entrust-

ing the,safety and existence of our
country lo the goodwill and sym-
pathy ‘of the powers, But fHere

therefore, re- _

‘Il think I -
_ Japanese subject sh

graph of the said Article, prohibit- |

ing the maintenance of land, sea,
and air forces, or denying ‘the right
of belligerency to ourselves. _
Such provisions may well be
inserted in a peace treaty, or some

Similar instrument, which restricts ~

national rights. It is out of the
question that we should put such
provisions in our constitution of
our own accord. This is, I believe,
quite obvious to all of you. ]
insist, therefore, that the second
‘paragraph of Article 9 be deleted.
The three insts just mentioned
have been pointed out to you in
order to explain the fact that the

_ draft is open to amendment in vari-’

_Ous points. In the Chapter relative
to the Diet, or thé Cabinet, or
Judiciary, there are points open to
amendment. Purposely, “however,

I shall leave such’ matters’ untou-
ched here. 1 have spoken a little -

about such revisions in the draft
that require amendments. ,
Now, I want to speak a little
about one instance or two where
the draft is either imperfect or
incomplete, and, the wlecessary rec-
tifications must be made.

{
1 am referring to the provisions of

Chapter~ concerning the rights and
duties of the people. Chapter 3 pro-

_ vides for various rights and duties’

of the people, and it is those, pro-
visions that contain most of the phra-
seology: which is not Japanese-like:
I believe that there are ‘many points
in phraseology requiring amendment.
But I will leave’ out this subject now.

I would like to point ‘out that ‘the .

rights and duties as provided for in
Chapter 3 mostly make the point
of protecting tHe freedom of indivi-
dualistic rights as in the 19th cen-
tury and there remains much to be
supplemented with regard to the

Situation in the 20th century, especi-
ally the stabilization of peopfe’s life

or facilities for 'the improvement} of
culture in future. Reference to

these points will be made where they:

are laid before this House. I will
mention two points, which I believe
no One will dispute. They are: first-

ly, we cannot know constitutionally —

what the Japanese people are. _ The
provisions repeatedly say the people,

the people. Nevertheless, nothing is’

written in the Constitution as to

what the Japanese people are and.
how they acquire the Japanese na- ‘

tionality. In the present Constitu-
tion it is’ explicitly stipulated that
the conditions meockiie for being a

ll be determined
by law. In accordance with that
Stipulations, there are the provisions

of acd. Nationality Baws clarifying by>

*

whom and how the Japanese nation:

ality is to be aéquired, forfeited or

_ recovered,
_ The Nationality Law and the Gon--
stitution should be related’ tO each -

other in this respect. Therefore the
provision that the conditions neces-
sary for being a. Japanese ‘national

shall be’ determined’ by law~ is’ ab-

solutely necessary at the beginning ©
of Chapter 3 concerning the tights
and. duties of the people. Without
this provision, the mere: mention of
the people, the people....will not
enable us to learn. who are "the Rip a-
nese people. This is a remarkable

_ defect in a constitution. I. believe
that it is imperatively needed to in- .

sert sueh a provision at the: outset
of Chapter 3; (Cheers) Another
omission in the draft. is found in vari-
ous .duties of. the Japanese people

listed. 1 meah that there is ‘no pro-.

vision for the duty of paying taxes.

‘The duty is explicitly provided” for

in the Constitution of any country.
It should always be clearly provided
that the people are amenable to the
duty of paying taxes according to the

. provisions of law, since’ it is One of

the most important duties of, the
people. That the draft contains no

provision whatever tn this respect is

indeed a Serious defect. Therefore
| hope that a provision, will: bé in-
serted at a suitable plate in Chapter
3 to clarify that the Japanese people

are amenable to the duty of paying
taxes or other public levies accord-

ing to the provisions of law. I have
this far quoted such instances as will

clarify that the draft Constitution ix

not necessarily the: goldeh rulés but

. must be subject. to amendment, by all

means.
1 believe that you wilt agree, ‘on

the strength of the afore-mentioned
instances, that the draft’ Constitttion
must ‘be amended by the Diet.

On the othér hand, I have heen
given to understand that the Gov-
ernment is of opinion that thé draft

cannot be amended for two reasons.
“The first is the interpretation’ of

Article 73 of the présent' Constitu-
tion. A theory has it that, according

.to the provision. of Article 73): the -

Diet has no oplion but to approye —

or disapprove the draft bill for
amendment submitted to the Diet by
Imperial Order and ‘cannot. effect any
-améndnient of its article. There are

some among our scholars of consti-
tution who approve of this theory. |
For my part, I believe that it is a

theory hardly understandable. Such
a theory may hold good in cases .

where a bill for’ amendment Of one ;

or two articles has ‘been subfitted.

But in cases like the present* one
where a comprehensive - amendinent

a1

of the Constitution is to be effected, -
this theory.is untenable. Meanwhile re5
_there is’no, necessity any longer to~° |:
discuss on this subject, because, 1
believe, it was solved by the Imperial |
‘Message granted when - the.” draft
amendment was submitted before the >
House of Representatives. It is said
in the Message, “It is my. desire that |
oe eae there may be effected by the: —
freely expressed will of the people _
' a comprehensive revision in the Im-.. .
perial Constitution therefore,’ under }
the provision of Article 73 of the © ,
Constitution, I hereby submit.before  -
the Imperial Diet the draft a newly ~~
revised constitution”. Accordingly, . ;
I believe that we may conform. to these ay
above desire of the Emperor by care-°. «.
fully deliberating upon the draft and -
effecting necessary amendments, © |
Another . theory denying ‘amend-
ment is based on thé fgreign rela-
tions of Japan. It. is ‘a argument |
of a political charactér that-our Gov- -
ernment {s not in a position to change
a single word or phrase and there-
fore, an amendment -will be of no ‘
avail. . This is what.the former Cabi-
net insisted on and propagated. There
-are some well-informed poepfe who’ .
have- been léd to believe in if and,
as if they were well informed of for-
eign.relations,. knowingly'’scorn the .
argument for amendmént.. However, — tes
the draft amendment of the Constitu-
tion,’ which is an important bill to - =
consolidate the foundations for the  ~
reestablishment of our country, is’ a ©
' sgrious question to be‘ decided upon
by our ‘people themselves ‘for.their
Own benefit. It is not a question r
to be. effected by foreign relations.
(Cheers) . Moreover, it .is - clearly” -

~~ §tated in the Potsdam Declaration to °

thé effect that the final. form of  gov-"
ernment in Japan shall be determined
by the freely expressed will of the
Japanese people. ‘Therefore how the
draft is to be amended entirely de- © ‘|
pends upon the freely expressed will =~
of the Japanese people, that is to say,
a decision of the present Imperial —
Diet: 1 understand that the Iniperial ”
“Message has. clarifiéd this’ point. -. °°
‘Should the Imperial’ Diet swallow,
‘thts draft and neglect to. effect né-—
cessary anendments, “we, the Mem- ~
. bers of the Diet, would not be’ able —
to evade the blame for neglecting our’ =
duties. Not only we would be doing =
ar inexecusable wrong to our podst-' ~ °
erity, but also our people would be

subjected to indignities in the eyes. +7
of the countries of the world than’ | -
the defeat brougt upon us by the
militarist clique. (Cheers) Moreover,

- ina. “democracy such, as the. United ©

States, the freely expressed will of the~ .

, people, that is,'a decision of the Con-*- .
Seren is usually bLiyales far beyond ”.

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A)

the comprehension of our Govérn-
ment authorities. Therefore I con-
fidently expect that a reasonable
amendment decided upon by the Diet

- will be approved and respected by

the public the United
States,

{ have thus far expressed part of
my views, concerning the amendment
of the draft -Cohstitution. I have

cited various instance only for the

opinion of

2 purpose of clarifying the necessity of

amendmént. Nothing is farther from
my intention to request observations
of the Prime Minister on this sub-
ject. And I believe there is no fie-
cessity~-to do so. What | would like
to request of Prime Minister YOSHI-
DA for whom I have the greatest res-
pect, is that hé seriously take it into
consideration that it is the way to
respond to the desire of the Emperor

~ who hopes for a comprehensive re-

vision by‘a freely expressed will of
people, to positively renounce the
non-amendment theory maintained by
the former Cabinet, since the internal
vision by a fidely expressed will of
and external situation differs greatly
from that in the days of.the Shidehara
Cabinét, and render efforts, from the
independent’ point of view of the

present Cabinet, to let the Diet con-

duct careful deliberations and effect
necessary amendments. 1 believe
that the present Cabinet should not

restrain amendment but rather en-.

courage it. Even if the Cabinet does
not encourage amendment, I ardently
hope that it will
fearlessly face the free expression
of the will of the Diet.

With that I will conclude my inter-
pellation concerning the amendment

of the Constitution. Now 1- would
like to interpellate incidentally con-

cerning the organization of the House

- ef Councillors, . 8

The draft Constitution adopts the
bicameral system. Article 39 pro-
vides, ‘‘Both Houses shall consist of
elected members, representative of
all the people’. However there is
no provision concerning the organi-

zation of the House of Councillors.

So | hope that the Government will
specdily propose a bill
it. The motive for’ the’ bicameral
system is: whereas the House of Re-
presentatives consists of political par-
ties and groups and consequently im-
portance is attached to numbers, the
House of Councillors transcends

’ political parties and groups and res-

train from a broader and higher point
of view the excesses of the majority
party in-the House of Representatives
and herein lies the reason for its
existence. Acgordingly, if the House
of Councillors consists of members
representing all the pédple by the

-¢almly and most |

concerning.

game méans as in the case of the

House of Representatives, mostly such
-persons as have. the same quality
as the members of the House of Re-.
presentatives would be elected, and
consequently the basis for recogniz-
ing the necessity of the bicameral
system would be lost. It is likely,.
1 believe, that the argument that the
unicameral system is ferablé will -
prevail. In, the case of a country
like the United States, where each
State is in reality an independent and
sovereign state and still retains pow-
erfthat have not been transferred to
the Union by the Constitution, I be-

lieve it is proper, that each State,,

irrespective of its size and population,

elect two members’ to compose the’

Upper House, namely the Senate. On
the other hand, the Prefecture in
our country is a mere administrative
division. If the House of Councillors

is to comprise such members as are

elected from each Prefecture, it will
hardly differ from the House of Re-
‘presentatives. Moreover, the law for
the election of the. members of the
House of Representatives is the same
in the all countries except a few
minor differences, while the organiza-
tion and composition of the House
of Councillors or the Upper House
are very different according to the
conditions in each country... It is a
serious problem calling for earnest

consideration how such capable mem-

bers ‘as will give import to the ex-
istence of the House of Councillors
can be made available in this country.

So long as the organization of ‘the

House of Councillors remains to be
determined, it is very difficult to fix
its relations with the House ‘of Re-
presentatives, relations between the

House of Councillors and the Cabinet

or the Shdictary. Accordingly it is
virtually impossible to deliberate
upon the draft: amendment of the
Constitution. It is highly regrettable
that, while the amendment of the
Constitution is being expedited, no
bill. has been proposed with regard
to the House of Councillors. As |
hope so earnestly that’ the. Govern-
ment will prepare:a bill concerning
the organization ~ of
Councillors to submit it to the Diet
as sdon as possible, I request that
the Prime Minister explain the views

of the Government concerning its .

organization.

In ,concluding my ‘interpellatfon,
] would like to ask-about the deli-*
beration on the draft: amendment of
the Constitution. To conduct careful
delibefations upon an important bin
°s the present draft,, which is inten-
ded to effect a comprehensive revi-
sion of the Constitution, an extra-
ordinaty session of the Diet for only

— 20 —

the House of >

-

40 days is far too short to make it.
- possible.

I believe it is proper that
a Constitutional Diet should specially
be convened for this purpose.

of the Diet, it must, as a matter of
course, be deliberated upon this ses-
sion. What I am“fraid of is the
possibility that the greater part of

_the session is spent for the delibera-

tion$ in the House of. Representatives

alone or the. deliberations: are. not ©

finished in that House. 3
If the deliberations are not finish-
ed, there will be no question. But

if the bill is referred’ to this House °
it will

toward the end of the session,
cause a considerably serious quyes-
tion. -It is needless to say-that this
House should also be allowed suffici-

_ent ‘time if it should conduct deli-’

“perations as careful as in the House
of Representatives.
an eventuality, I: would like to ask
the Government if it is prepared to

greatly extend the session and con-.

clude this interpellation. (Cheers)

President (Prince TOKUGAWA ye.

masa): Pfime Minister (Minister
of State, Mr.
- takes the platform). |
Minister of State (Mr.
Shigeru): 1 shall reply to the in-
terpellation that has just been made
_by Dr. Yamada. With regard to
his views concerning each article,
I believe there will be an oppor-
tunity for me to make fuller ex-
planations when the draft Constitu-

‘tion has been submitted to this —
. Housé of when you are delibera-

‘ing. upon it. oe

-1 would like to state it clearly
ate the outset that,
‘right, it has néver been declared
either by. the Shidehara Cabinet

that not a single word or phrase
shall

Of the draft Constitution”
admit of amendment. Nor -is it
the intention of this Cabinet nor

to’ allow @ single word: or phrase

to be amended, now that the draft
ag being submitted to both Houses
for deliberation.

fully deliberate upon it,

1] was glad to learn from Dr.

Yamada his learnéd®> observations

concerning the draft of the. Gov- >
“ernment on the basis of constitu- ©

The Goy- ~

‘tional or legat science.
ertiment has conducted delibera-
tions on the draft adequately and

“Carefully, taking ‘Into consideration.
_vatious circumstances, internal and
~~ external, and the present situation, —

as. draw up the draft bill.

/In-this connection I would like.

; 6 arrest your atténtion to the fact
that the draft bill has not’ been

Since, — :
however, the vbill has been submitted
to. the present Extraordinary Session ~

Assuming such:

YOSHIDA, Shigeru, ~

YOSHIDA, ~

if I remember |

-1 hope you will

a.

\
~
‘
7
Sd
.
4
par
|
ee epee
dO
7 ; wp
. "¢ apd
of <> te th.
fone it ‘
° Pg 3 atte “S
sah ove Bae

“’

drawn up merely from thé ‘consti-

tutional or legal point of view.’ It .

has been drawn up by paying. full

consideration to the point of, view ©

as to how to save the country and
how to keep ‘the Imperial Family
in safety. I -hope therefore that-

you will use, your judgement not .

only on the basis of constitutional
or legal science but also on the
basis of the state, of affairs in our

‘country and international circum- |

stances and conduct fullest deli+
berations. -
INeedless, to say, the amendment
of the Constitution is based on the >.
people’s will. The Government
will fully respect the will’ freely
expressec in the Diet. It intends:
to adequately deliberate on and give
consideration to the discussions ih
the. Diet. It is welcome that you:

eg

freely discuss on the subject and

oO

 cohducted or | am

conduct careful ‘deliberations.
-' However, here is a matter: to

ywhich’ I would like to draw, your

attention. In respect of foreign

relations or in. other respects,-
Japan is ‘not in a free position to-

day. In drawing up the draft,. the
Government believed that, in this

light of international  circum-

stances and the state of affairs iny
country is that it
adopts pacifism
And I hope you will give full con-
sideration to’ that purpose: of? the
Government. With regard to the:
position of the sovereign, the Em-
peror’s right of attestation, the
renunciation of the right of belli-
gerency, etc.,

thoroughly

tee meetings or on other,oppor-
tunities, so I hope you Will wait
until then. \

Dr.: Yamada has drawn our. atten-
tion to the omission of provisions
jin the draft for the qualification
of the Japanese national and other
matters. .1 intend to explain them
on some future occasion when-
more detailed ‘deliberations — are
given an op-
make explanatiens.

portunity to

‘IT will’ also pay full aaa sts)

_to your 0 inions,

With regard to the system of-
the House of Councillors, the Gove

ernment is now giving full con-

sideration and proceeding with in-
vestigations. The system will be
submitted to the Diet for delibera-
tion in dué time.

If the period of deliberation. is
too short,

if the deliberation has not been

the Government will -
make full explanations at Commit- .

or what shall be dor °

_ the country the way to save this -

r

and’ democracy. |

Dr. YAMADA, Saburo:.

Tecan a ply that Saute 40diy.
May i ppeak
from this seat? us eae
President (Prince TOKUGAWA;
masa): Yes, You may.. : >
Dr. YAMADA, Saburo: . 1 appreciate
the reply of the Prime Minister and
-} am satisfied with it. l-am afraid:
that a few words ~or ‘ph¥aséology. |
I have used in my _ interpellation
may not: be proper as they -are.

ive .

t-

May 1 request the President to ~ |
_ deléfe them from the stenographic.

record.as he deems proper?

President (Prince TOKUGAWA | lye: |
masa): Is there any objection to

\ my taking’ Suitable| steps at the

- request of: Dr.: Yamada? - 7
(Calls. of “No objection"

“President. (Prince TOKUGAWA, lye”
masa): | find no objection.

\

tSeail upon- Mr. KATAKURA: ‘to ad--

dress -the House.’ ” — : th

(KATAKURA takes the platform)

KATAKURA: 1 should like to/say a.
few> words frankly for your. peru--
sal, trying to avoid many refer- -
ences, as most of them are familiar
to you. To begin. with, may 1 ask
the Prime “Minister, for his UAE

_ on the following question?

Generally: ‘speaking, folitical

actions should be based on the"
confidence of the general “public.
Even in commercial enterprises,

this is true. ‘The lack of confidence _

leads to indifference on the part
of the people toward — political
affairs. It will. reSult in the feudal.
practide of “letting Government
do everythingl’’ And it ~leads
further to the most undesirable
attitude: ‘let Government
what it likes. 1 go_ my own ‘way.”’
in order to fi?mly.~’ establish —

-* democratic regime, it is absolutely ©

important’ to create people’s in-.
ferest in public affairs and to gain
their confidence. © Needless to say

', that the ‘government | that poorly

finished—the Government is con- -

sidering the extension of the ses-
sion so far’ as it fs necessary.

~~. * -

awards the honest,’ gives the most
unwholesome © influence’ upon | the
- moral fibre of the masses. —
Yesterday the PrimeMinister,
in his'message, referred to decline 3
of national‘ morality. 1 share with
him thet same ‘anxiety WwHen~ we
observe the Critical trend of the 2
social conditions, agravatedby the
deteridration of public morality: as.
it is tofday. In this J think-that —

. the’ Government’s professfon and

‘Otherwise 1 am
4 most unhappy’ ‘sittiation «©

deeds must tally.
~ afraid,

will be. brought about throfigh the

Moss of ‘political influence “of the:
Government.
; a Government’s efforts during -

g/d

.« done;

oF

dove

ment,

“T highly appreciate”

the one. tidnth of ts eilstencé: see
' | regret as a member, of the
., nation that: the last Cabinet _ignor- |
ed its public promises and pro- 4
miscuously issued. empty “checks,
Yesterday’s pronouncement was re-- \
versed the next ‘day. And: to-day
the people are at a loss as to what’ ,
to do, with the consequent result ,
of the degradation of people’s con-
fidence it the Government. It is
no easy- task for the.present Gov-
‘ernment, to perform its functions $%
under these circumstances. «It
must take remedial measutes for
- what the. last two” Cabinets had
it. must take appropriate
measures to meet the new circum-
“stances. The Government must
now - face, , with the. people, -the’  ;
issues.” arising ‘out of the defeat |
in the War. It fs not different
“froma reorganization of a. house ;
that went to bankruptcy.’ Il urge,
that the Government try, not only: ©.
‘to retain’ the .spiritual stamina of
the, people,-but further to stteng-
‘then and spur it up. \} . °: ek
Permit me now to cite here.a ,
few cases, in which ‘the Govern- ,
ment, has: failed to honor their.
pledges. In ‘the’ first. place, there.
is the question of the- cancellation ee
of the Government compensation. _.
of war industries. It was so re-_

‘ported in the press some time ago
that the Government adopted such 29
_a policy. By this I am not saying. ~~
“that the Government has broken ~*~
the pledges or ‘that such’a step is)
likely to cause: financial confusion. = °
1 am rather inclined to think that:
should the compensation of indus-
~-tries be cancelled at all, other com- .°
‘pensations such as Insurances for —
War damages, Compensations: for
properties abroad,. National Bonds, ©
, Securities assuréd by ‘fhe. ‘Gévern- .
Compulsory loans, . étc.
 ghould also. be- dealt with in- some nape
appropriaté. manner. - Tltere are

pe

4

naturally’ considerable differences ~

between those-who have suffered +
losses from war -and those>-who. |
” have’ not: « The former are look- |'
ay forward to building their
/hduses or to reconstructing 3 ane
enterprises from the p4jyments: re- >.
ceived on their ‘insurdnces. But :
hastily concluding that their :in=- ont
surance money will .not be jpaid ~ ©
' because the compensation of war ~
industries {s to be suspended and
are. hopelessly waiting © folding\
_ their arms, As: in: this. ‘instance, j zi
sO long: as the Government conti... +598
nues'to break py Wblic pled re stipu- °.
lated in law‘’and’ to treat: the ‘peo.
ple ‘discriminately;' nobody “will =”;
heredftér trust Government author-. ~

ities} whatever “statements” they os

2 oe os... , aes

iy ne

. yy ~
~ } Py Ey CE Bes eet ae,
ae wR eR Bae
rad ¢ oe ioe oie

! a ae rigaw oy

, Bg HPs i

wal i So

“ one

_. ties were

~the actual food situation,
have,made a

~. banks.

may issue. Another éxample, the
Government “made a statement ia
which- they promised the farmers’
commodity .to supply .the com-
modity such as farming tools or
textile . products. Some of the

_ farmers may, have. received the
promised ‘supplies, but, I am ‘told
- that in most cases the above .

promise was not carried out and

that this: fact has had a decided

bad effect upon tife (Government)

Collection of food and in various —

other spheres. Another promise
was given in February this* year .to
silk raising farmers. that they
should receive an additional rice

ration of one sho (™% gallon) for ,

kan
cocoons,

(3.75. kilogram) of
while silk thread em-

ployees were promised 7 shaku of -

rice. (0.035 gallon) daily per per- .
-son in February and the rice of one:
go (0.05 gallon) in the’ beginning

of April. The promised rice .sup-

ply. has not been given yet to the.
these .

silk factory, employees. In
days of food’ crisis when delay or
failure of food distribution has be-
come quite common, should one
hold. that the fulfilment of .such
promises is impossible, that’s that.
1 am not ~questioning whether it is
passible or not. When it was né-

cessary to encourage the produc-.

tion increase of cocoons and raw-
silks, as goods in return for im-
ports, the Government’ makes en-
thusiastic promises and when. the
time comes to fulfil the promises.
the necessary steps are not taken
to receive a Satisfactory assent of
the péople in advance. © It -is in-
deed deplorable.
fact that the admiinistration authori-

their statement made only two or
three months before, we cannot.
help thinking that the Government |

either may have intentionally tdld-

a lie“as a means, knowing full well
or may
mistake in their esti-
mates or its forésight was dimmed,
although the silk and food ques-
tions are both placed under the
control of the Agricultural and
Forestry. Ministry. . Whichever it
may be, ‘the Government rightly
‘deserves Severe popular criticisms.

In view: of the-

not able to live up tu

As 4 people it is .a matter'in which. ©

they cannot easily acquiesce.
Furthermore, the. circulation of
the new bank notes ha$ been gra-
dually increasing Since they were
first issued in March, and is -said
to have reached over 40,000,000,-
000 yen. And yet a very few
people deposit the new yen in
What does this mean? So

far as | can see, people are wonder
fess

~

; tion’s confidence,

| | banks, in which .case the ihbi of

~ Ties

\ “4 ~ AS Sah g
ing about the’ possible ehamge: of
the Government policy.
new yen should ‘be frozen again,
their living ‘and’ business activities

will ‘have to come- to a -full-stop. -
Any: display of large lettered posters »

ple’ have been relying upon: the '

If their: |
_\ ing their property and providing.
: ofor, their futuré.

-at bank windows inviting ‘the peo-—
ple to deposit, ‘promising them that .

the new yen. will fe be paid,
soe of no- avail.

According: iG newspaper. reports,
“the Finance Minister seems to be
of the opinion that the increase to
some extent of the issue of the
paper curréncy. does rot bring
- about inflation in view of the rela-

tion the ‘hoarded, paper currency.

eS
.

. Government’s pledges in. safeguard--

How stained and

-impovarished is the defeated Coun- -
,try’s economy-at. present, the na-

tion is well Aware of it.

tic measures are. voiced. ‘How-

. ever, in its execution, | thik the |
ce fair and ‘equitable ‘distribution , of
-the burden is essential and should |

’ form the center of considerations.

a

measures as a partial renunciation

bears against the currency .in cir- -

culation, but I should think it -is

quite natural that the greatér- the —
issue of the paper currency is, the
greater will: be ‘its influence on ins

flation!

Under ordinary circumstances,

so long as the, Government fulfils’ -
_its’ pledges and commands the na- .

td the trouble to hoarding currency

nobody will 80) :
-. burden.

in the face of the’ risks of ‘theft

or loss.

People will be only’ too...

glad“ to deposit their: money. ine

‘the currency will decrease or re-
turd to the normal condition. Fur- -

ther, people’ now-a- -day are done
triving somehow to withdraw, fron .
their blocked deposits even if there |

is no such. need. lf this kind of
practice is, kept. On, it ‘is quite

- natural that the currency issue wi!l
; f mount up more and more,

$0 ‘intensely aggravated is the post- —

’ war. économic’ situation.

To. get out of this plight,
essential to take appropriate mea-
Sures. ‘Any imprudent and drastic
steps will prove fatal. Once, an

irretrievable situation is brought
about,

repent over it! —

ein order to: make devoted ef-°

forts toward the reconstruction of

Japan, it is hoped that. the “Gov-

ernment will fulfil its pledges with-
out fail, and if any iddimatintes G
arise preventing their fulfilment,
a satisfactory explanation be given
the nation,
its affairs relying on the confidence
of. the people.

evidently

“present Government’s

Ppt pete es to recover the con
fidence of the peaple,. andl should

ask the. Prime. Ministers ‘deter mi-

' nation and resolution on. this: point.

Secoridly,. 1. should like*to ask -

‘Indéed »

ret
it iS-

and thus administer.

J-consider it is ¢

te

it will be of no avail to~ tes

__ prehension.

Sliguld* such rash: and ill-advised

of the promsied ,compensations be

. resorted to and as a teh the

people be treated discriminately,

*< the financial circle would siifely be
". put out of order and great obstacles *
would be set against the rahabilita- ©
Apart from. —

“tion of. industries. |
these : results, it, is” beyond com-
that a faithful and

honest. man should be. put to the

f

Ne

of the. bonds,

greatest . misfortune through the

unfair distribution of the people’s ~.
_ The punishment of tne —
; collaborators for the war should of

necessity’ be of, a different import.
I consider it is proper and appro-
- priate for the’ Govenment to’ fulfil

every one of its pledges made, and |

And
it is no wonder that calls. for dras-

.

to levy such taxes as needed how-, \-

ever heavy they may be, without-
_ resorting to imptudent measures

such as partial renunciation of lia-
bilities -which would surely prove
to be inequitable. The nation, in

my opinion,\is* quite prepared to-
e: | meet such a burden.

‘instance, the problem of national
bonds, it involves the renunciation
cut in its interest
rates, and the permanent blocking
of the bonds. These measures
could be dispensed with: a similar

result could be! obtained as that of ee

the cut in the rate of interest of
‘the bonds by ‘levying and collect-
ing an appropriate zath ‘of).a classi-

a fed income’ tax on ‘them. Needless |
-to say, this’ tax ‘requires a fait’ ,

_ should be taken.
visable for the Government to ¢on- -

‘

handing in line with other taxes. oy

That is to say, 1 consider it 2 nor-

mal practice and therefore proper~
that all that is to be paid should |

be paid, and‘all.that is to be taken.
It' would be ad-

trive in this way to preserve its
credit and- avert the people’s’ re-
‘sentmént. Heavy taxes, if imposed

-. now, may be attenuated and cut

. f ¥

.

the Finance Minister. I dndenianae

the difficulty’ of taking charge of «
"athe country’s finance in these days. -
I avoid repetition, but, as I laid,

. before the Prime Minister, the Ges

4 ‘ . i R
- F ’ a + ‘
c ; aon" |
\ ‘ tee See a: age’ *
' \ “4% > ’ 40% nee at 3 f :
* ; * bi
ts ee , ‘ -—
‘ : ey oe ‘
’ +g be ol "
> ¥
a. he ‘ x
\ 4 Vg
’ ~ y p
. 4 j
z é “ ae v ‘
4 yy
reek ‘eet +o
; GBS fra Bo sad
eé th . Te boll |
\ k ’ es |
‘; Fi
oi ton,
7 ‘
“th,

down.in case the financial situation ©

‘improves in the future. I ‘should
like to hear the Finance Minister ,
‘about the measure to be: taken. by
> the Government.

- Thirdly, 1 should like ‘to. ask the

Education Minister. I think the —
i EY %
a , \
' > : : .
| Vo?
Se

Taking, for ¢

i” ie a}

*
mee
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> tn”
‘
2 Xr ' f
a
\
ti.
ae t
‘ . ‘
\
ry
a r
; a t
a? *
Ri? .
‘ 7 1
as oe _
‘
£1868 ;
| .
-
£55 b 4
-
a
‘
éy -j
f re
: . a. *
sy ae hy
‘ _f |
4 ;
4
esis /
~ , ¥
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4 \ wf
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ton": +.
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. {
‘
+,
.
as

/

* Metropolis
_ cities are the most

‘places for educational

_ The present infernal congestion cf

hal | the other. great
purposes.

traffic, I presume. has been brought

. about,by the nation’s psychological

_trend for ,
metropolis, and the. congestion will ,.
be considerably: attenuated by the ..
dispersion of the.’students of the -
. Out Li y

concentration

middle schools and above.

the country side; there are at pre-

sent many’ plants or factories, built.
’ or dispersed during the war, but.
are left idle or only partially act
_tive, throagh-the fack of materials,
or for some other reasons.
ersion- or * evacuation, may easily .
be effected by converting them into ‘

Schools. It) appears appropriate
for the pupils of,. the. primary |
_ Schools to receive their school —

education under the protection of
their parents,
dents of the middle Schools and

above, . the education in the rural
districts. seems to be more effective
in many respects.
, while, -Tokyo is completely Warr:

. Shattered and there are virtually
no house to! live:in,sand under the

prevailing circumstances the build- ;
-- ing is practically impossible.

schools evacuated’in this way may

.be converted into apartments; it.
will contribute ° ‘to- the -alleviation |

of thé housing shortage. If the

factories in the countryside and the «»
schools in Tokyo were bought by |
‘the Government, | believe, no diffi- |
In:
carrying- out this eyacuation plan, —
difficulties to.
with the ©

culties would be enlcoyntered.

‘'_there may .be som
overcome in connection

} -remgval or transportation of the

implements. pr

- the, building materials for houses

‘

such. as foundation materials, roof-

The
problems of .the transfer of. tea-,

_chers and of their housing will be:

ing, matts or doorframes.

involved, but plants in the rural
districts.

‘facilities attached to them, and

some of the teachers might depart ~

. alone to take up the new post. :

hers

So far the. people engaged in, the

~ task of education have not been”
well paid whan compared with the

income of persons engaged in other
‘tasks.

chers who get posts in local
schools \may find it difffeult to

- proceed: to his post for economic .

reasons, but I think this difficulty

"can be met by giving them special. ’

evacuation allowances. <1 think it

would be advisable for . the Gov-

_ ernment to reform education for +

unfavorable. despite all

toward. .°

Dis-:

but as to the stu- .

In ‘the means, Ge
rresee

The

The Minister Of State

machineries and
‘Other matters, but the, task may

President:
perhaps be easier than transporting.

usually have . dormitory

For this ;reason, the. tea-.

the construction of—new ‘Japan
difficulties, and carry

out this policy of dispersal. Thus

it will become possible to utilize
‘ local factories, to mitigate housing»
shortage and to remove traft; ¢ ¢on-

gestion, and at the same time to: ,

meet the Government’s policy oi:
mitigating food crisis by encourag-

ing the ‘people to live in the coun-

“try, 1 believe it will prove to be
two, three even’ four birds with
one stone. Concerning this 1

should like to hear the opinion of |

the’ Minister of
Administration has no

His Excellency,
Education.

influence without the confidence of
the poeple.
be fulfilled, the people bearing the
- burden, when there-is. that néces-,

‘Siy.

Official promises must

Should the present Govern-
ment fulfil withgut fail. the pro-

_ mises, it has made.to the people,
' groundless rumors

will:
disappear sand the administration

will be put into smooth. operation.
I hope what I have said so far well
_ be given due. consideration.

AS ; (Cheers)

(Prince TOKUGAWA):
Prime Minister YOSHIDA, Shigeru.

Fe he Minister of State YOSHIDA,
Shigeru takes the platform ]

(YOSHIDA,
_ Shigeru) ;, i have respectfully
listened to the advices of Myr.

Katakura ,to the Government ‘not \,
to lose the confidence of the peo-

Pi concerning the compensations ,

war induStries and other econo-
mic and financial policies; | think

\the Ministers concerned will clarify

their respective points. Though
brief . I answer your question for
the’ time being.

Minister of Finance ISHI-
_-BASHL,,

[Minister of State ISHIBASHI,
Tanzan fakes the rostrun]

The Minister of State (ISHIBASHI,

- Tanzan): With regard to the
question of. compensations and fire

‘insurances just put to the Govern-

ment, the Government is carefully
making plans on the principles of
paying what is due and of taking
what must be taken, as has been
pointed out by the “questioner. in
order to solve these difficult pro-
blems of various compensations and

fire insurances. Unless these com-

pensation problems are solved,
vamous sources of uneasiness can-

wdrld. With regard to the ques-

tion of increase of paper-money

naturally |

\

* not be removed fram the economic ©

which has- been mentioned by the.

questioner, the Government is en:
deavouring to solve it simultane
OS ae , So eee PROS AY

t

oo eer Bee

Jj

_blems’ are solved.

—

ously when, the compensation pro-

At the same

time, it goes without saying that,

. when taking what must be taken,

the

care will be fully taken so as to.
ensure the fairness in sharing the
burdens as has been suggested by
questioner. But what the
Government is, most concerned in
this connection is to solve these
compensation and insurancé pro-
blems so as not.to’ give bad re-
percussions to the €conomic. world

_ which would check. the production

Pd

Minister, of State:

increase,

I am sure that I shall have an-
Other opportunity to explain more,
concretely concerning these pro-

blems; 1 ‘shall here. Stop my ex-
planation today. \

(Minister of State TANAKA,
Kotaro goes on the platform) «

e.
Let me answer
the question which has been put

concerning the removal of schools
to sparsely populated localities
from large cities. We are trying

_ out best in the investigation of.

the problems of establishing new

Schools; of raising school status’

or of removal and conversion of
Schools from the point of view of
School policy as a whole including
the problems of the remoyal of
schools affetted by war fires. ‘In
taking up tke problems of the re-
moval of.schools to the country- -

. side we must not forget that there -

are great humbers of schools which

are+the. victims of the war fire.

There are 3,320 schools stattered —
throughout the country which have ~
been affected by the fires; of these
623 have been burnt “down in
Tokyo. Since the termiaation of
the war the Ministry of Education

_ has set up the. Temporary Educa-

tional Installations Divisi*n which

has been engaged in the task of
utilizing former military establish-

ments and others to take the place .

of: those schools affected by war
fire. But even in these ‘cases we
encounter great many difficulties,
for when great factories or military
eStablishments* are converted into.
schools, it is not an. easy matter
to furnish them with appropriate
equipments needed for education

. because of the budget and other’

relevant .matters.
But we: are striving to move
these war-damaged schools into the

country, where there are facilities

_. to accommodate them,

‘Il under-
stand the question asked concerns

_ the dispersal of the colleges and.

schools above middle schools exist-
ing in Tokyo and other majot
cities. In this: respect, due con-—

b 4

Ae
Fis

a

‘
‘

. KATAKURA Kanetaro:

, President:

national

—

sideration tfiust be given td the.

question of the location of schools
in general.
-phical planning, etc
be taken into account. We must
make a thorough investigation 4s
to whether the places where
schools are now Situated are suit-
able or not. All schools have rea-
sons why they are where they now
are; the local characteristics and

traditions must be respected. The

matter is quite dilicate. Even in
cases where it is theoretically
better to move schools to other
places, it'is too often’ difficult be-
cause of their intimate locab af-
filiation and connections. Such is
- also the case with the schools ex-
isting in great cities. But 1 think
the present suggestions are quite
, Pertinent in many ways. In con-
* nection with the question how to

formulate the school policy here
after, I consider it one of the im-:
I am going to.

' portant questions.
proceed as much as possible along

’ the suggested lines. . .

As it is brief,
permit me to speak from here.
‘You may speak.

KATAKURA: 1 have fortunately re-
- ceived courteous replies from Min-
isters. All things taken together,
there are many knotty problems
for, the- present cabinet to solve.

1 earnestly hope that: the Govern-

ment will take adequate measures
to solve them, thus ‘enabling the

“people to place confidence , in the |
What 1 wish to say -

~ Government:
to His Excellency the Minister of
Education, is. that a vanquished

‘country such as ours should dis-.

card every tradition and I trust
that the Government will not hesi-
‘tate to proceed with the courage

of conviction.
that 1 wish to ask.

(Dr. TANAKADATE gdes on the
platform.)

Dr. TANAKADATE, Aikitu:
I interpellate on the subject of the
language and _ its

. As the Prime Minister - pointed out,

the renovation of national education
is of prime importance at this time
of the great revolution of the world.

“The accomplishment of such educa-

tional revolution depends mostly on

‘the power of speech by means Cc _
. which he expresses his thoughts an

the. adequate improvements of the
language and its writing. Indeed, the
remarkable distinction of man in thr
anirhal kingdom is ‘his possession 0

exchanges ideas with his feHow cre?

tures. His ‘further “invention of th
means to substantiate the spoke
] ~-
r j ’

The national-geogra- —
c.- Shduld . also

questions . on three chief: points.

. weights

‘That covers all.

writing. -

words, which otherwise would pass |
away, advanced his development by .
leaps and bounds.

An old: proverb Says: A good arti-

‘san perfects his implements before he »
begins his work.

its writing are the very implements

The language and

of education on which | now ask
7

1° Has not the Government any
intention to pronounce its views
about the eventual adoption, in fu-
ture, ‘of the “Roman characters for |
the national writing? - e, /

‘2° Shall not the national” ‘ortho-
graphy be based on the. principles of *
phonology as ‘already adopted and

promulgated in the ‘Cabinet Instruc-

tion of 1937? \

° } +)

3 Is the Government not pre-
pared to introduce the teaching of
Roman ‘letters into the carriculum of

the lower classes of elementary
schools? arver ah

1° Romanization of national writ-
ing is not.a question of the Japanese

' ,writing alone, but it is a world-wide

problem. The peoples on the earth

are now experiencing sathe  difficul-_

ties from the language complication

as they had about two centuries ago -

from they complications. systems of
and measures in ° different
countries. The Metric system ‘was
inaugurated in order to secure unity

and overcome the complication, and ‘
; it is. now being authentically carried
' with hopeful prospect.

Similar com-
plication is ‘expérienced now with ré-
gard to letters in writing the langu-
‘age. Had the whole world one and
the sdme language throughout, it,
would have. been a great blessing,
but this ¢an not be expected im the
near future. Nevertheless, the uni-
fication of letters to inscribe all the

languages has every possibility of rea-

lization. (the: theory ‘of phonemes” as
‘explained below may ‘ Kendo b tc
the Metric System), © an chafac-
‘ters have already nisue introduced .in

postal and telegraphic services” by.
‘But as °\
‘to the writing of the current langu-

an ‘international agreement.

ages each country of the world has :
its own way so that our “ideal desti-
nation is yet | far remote. Notwith-
standing the constant efforts that have

‘tion of the world still remained be-

hind in writing reform. ©, J.
Meanwhile ‘the awakening in cer-
tain countries. whefe © considerable

efforts have been made on the re-
form the names of China, Russia,
Balkanic OOURETIeSs Turkey, efc. shall ©

~ be mentioned. * Above all, Russia and”
Turkey are ‘the most. suctesstul’ nas Public declaration ever made" on the

<A

- law college,
_ a. talk,

“yisited Turkey and obtained detailed

3 ab Sed Ft ty a ,
| fe, ‘a hvala oF
. tions in their attempt. In 1930 1 \

information on the reform movement

from a member of the Reformation

‘Committee: through the Government

‘mediation. According, to him, the re-
form was carried’out, after tremend-

ous difficulties, at last by legislative:

méasures which enforced the abolition

‘of traditional letters and the adoption

‘ of Roman letters in its. stead. Regard-
ing the time required in the reform
most . people thought it would take
for executing the reform at least 5

_pr 6 years. A great prophetic en- .

thusiast GHANZI declared 6. months.

would be enough,

people. ss,

In order: to hasten~ the. Kooaine

movement ‘all the Government Offici-
als were ordered to learn’ within two

Nobody believed: .
him: But actually, after 7 or 8 months -

‘Roman letters camé to’ be. used by.
“imore thar a million of the Turkish

months to master the Roman letters...

To those whq~failed in the fitst ex-
amination after two mohths study,
one mote month was allowed to con-

tinue the supplementary study, and
those who fail in. the Second and final

=a

éxam{nation © were to be dismissed. .

It. should be noted with

interest,

however, that there was nobody who

did. not successfully pass the first ” .
“examination. The Statements by other

people including. the Principal of a°

normal school, the President of the
endorse. the above informa-

tion. As far as I could: gather from

some papers and’ magazines in the _
“Turkish language, w

- 1] brought back with me, it is believed
by the Turkish people that ~ there

etc., with whoth J had ,

whose translation”

‘Were no greater national revolutions:

such that. Turkey had undergone.

In RusSia there are more than fifty

different languages“ with ‘so many: dif-
ferent ways of writing.
‘to secure unity” of writing characters,

4 committee was organized: in éach eng

language ° group. “At the first Ineet-

_ than this, reformation among many |

With. a view - ‘

dag of the chairmen of those coth-. rata

mittees, Lenin declared at’ the end
of his speech:

est of the alphabetical ‘writing; the

“eould: properly be executed. This
“may be, as fat as I know, the first

$ 4

edgue. of,

“Latinization—that is,»
“the greats revolution of the East. The ~
Russian culturé has undergone ia.
this way a fundamental change.

~ <,Considering the world-wide inter-
been made during the late ‘centuries © 8 world-wide inter;

more than half of the whole populd- — jiternational Committee of Intellec- —

_tual. Cooperation of the L
‘Nations adopted resolution to make a
_ Yecommendation | ‘to all the countries
“where alphabetical writing is not:in
“current use, to study the question of
‘Romanization and. how its: adoption

=i

~ this problem:

Nolte : ; Ce Witcn
universal Romanization an event in

1930. In the following year the

League of Nations requested ‘the -

Director of the International Institute
of Intellectual Cogperation to investi-
gate into and to present report on
the present status of this movement
in those countries which had been
planning to adopt the alphabetical
system of writing. The result of the
inquiry was published in a report

covering 19. different countries, In

every country, according to the Re-
port certain anti-Romanization Move-
ment also exists but the general trend

_is for the approval of the new system.

In China the Romanization move-

ment started since the Chino-Japa-
nese War of 1895 which was followed

assiduously, and the Chang-Kai-Shek
Government, after a thorough pre-

‘paration of necessary materials, was
about to print in Roman letters. the

government documents from — July

. 1937 when ‘the Chinese incident ~
stopped the plan. From the above:

accounts, you. will . gather ™ some

tem were taken to be ultra-philan-
thoropic and were arrested. What-
ever be the motive of such journalist,
Such arrogant statements should be
justly corrected, and mistaken no-
tions should be clearly swept from
the floating popular concept. |

Hepburn System used in writing
the hames of railway stations, is not
for the’ purpose of Hepburnizing the
Japanese language. Its purpose is
simply to guard the men and officers
of the Occupational Forces who are
not yet well accustomed to the Japa-
nese-system. As | was anxious this
fact should be explained to the Head-
quarters 4s well as to the Japanese,
J. asked Mr. Tamon Maeda, the form-
er Minister of Education, to explain
the fact to the Headquarters. The
' Minister tlfought, as the matter con-
cerns Special knowledge in _linguitics
he requested me to go there and ex-
plain,

Whén I communicated : this to the
Headquarters, the officer concerned
was so kind as to Say that he him-

idea’ of the universal trend of -self would call on me y2S I was old,

writing reform, If the Goyern-.
ment, taking advantage of, this

_turrent situation,-decide on a policy

of Romanization or at least pronounce
its conyiction, it will contribute in
no small degree toward the awaken-
ing of the public of the Great World
Revolution.
being used at present to some ex-
tent im this country, but most people

-are still doubtful about the future of
‘Should the. above -

policy be once adopted, such stag-
--mant questions as the restriction of

the number of Chinese characters,
Kana orthography etc. can easily be
conciliated .and solved. The people

‘will then positively adhere to_ the,
‘ Romanization and proceed. toward
the final goal of cultural elevation
»With a fresh vigour. .

2° Referring to. the spelling SyS-

tem of Roman chafacters. The. me-.

thods employed in Japan as. well.s
in various other countries, consider- -
ably differ. In 1937 a unity was attain- -
ed as a result of the Cabinet instruc-

_ tion. Detailed points, however, are ‘still
left for further study. One thing 1

_ would like to point out. is a certain.
- misunderstanding of the Cabinet In-

Struction which should be, removed
ds soon as possible, as I referred to,
it in the Diet. session of the last year.

An English paper encouraging ‘the

“use of the Hepburn system versus
‘the Nipponsiki (Japanese system)

criticized the advocates of the latter
as ultra-nationalistic. The arguement
is wide off the mark, as there are
among the, ultra-nationalistics some
Hepburnian while a- certain number

of the Advocates of. Ah the Japanese sys-

Roman characters are -

_ and. my house was far away from

the Headquarters so he paid a visit
to my house in Kyodo and talked on
the matter about one hour.’ Before
his- arrival I had already marked some
relevant points in my humble paper
in English and explained the princi-
ples of the Japanese system, and told
that we would not interfere with the
use of the Hepburn system, that \we

would promulgate romanized writings |

following phonemes throughout the

_ world, and that if term, Nipponsiki—
sound rather nationalistic, world sys-

tem or universal system might be more

appropriate than the term, Japanese |

system. As the result of my expla-
nation the ‘officer said, ‘‘We are not
at all concerned with the matter of
spelling. Any method can be- used.
We don’t care about such petty mat-

ters. We taught Japanese to about

1,000 students in America, wé used
both: the» Hepburn and the Japanese
System alike, but there was not much
difference.” In conclusion he said
that it would be better to form a

~, united front for, the abolition of Chi-

nese charagters ofall the people who
are engaged in thé :work of writing
reform, such as Chinese character
Restriction. Association, the Kana
Association, the Japanese and_ the
Hepburn system of. using Roman
characters. For the past long. years
the ‘Japaneses have jalready been strug-
gling along, this line, but it is quite
natural.on the part of a man-in the
Occupational Forces to make those
observations. 1, therefdre, replied to
the officer that I would consult with
men who are directly concerned with
the aforementioned problems.

Ce (O5 —

<.
Let me now explain how the pre-
sent “authorized system, usually
called kunreisiki has come about.
The main part of the Japanese system
had already been used in telegrams
both by ,the Foreign Office and the
civilians alike long before the. ap-
pearance of the official system, This
method had also been used in the
international ,world maps. The re-
ports of ‘the ‘meteorological observa-
tory had been published in full Nip- —
ponsiki. . Thereupon the British Gov- |
ernment made an inquiry through dip-
lomatic steps, as to which was the
right way of using Roman characters -
in Japan, pointing. out that both the
Hepburn and Japanese system. being
promiscously used. To this the Japa-
nese Foreign Office replied that both
the system are right, there being not
much difference in’ them. Latter
(1928), when the International Geo-
graphical. Congress was held in Eng-
land a resolution, was sent through
Professor Yamazaki asking the Japa-
nese Government to use either one
of the two systems, of the Roman
writing, pointing . out the inconveni-
ences of using two methods. Then
the International Signal Code Con-
ference was held by the Delegates of
eight Governments, Japan, Great ,Bri-
tain, United States of America, Gers
many, Spain, France, Italy and Nor-
way. It was reported that the Japa-
nese Delegates who had recéived in-
structions from the Government made
a motion to use Japanese system in
the ‘International Signal Code Book
and succeeded in securing the con-
sent of the meeting after, arduous ex-
planations. In,this big Signal Code
Book the necessary place names are
written in the Japanese system. When
the problem of rational orthogaphy
was discussed at the second Inter-

‘national Congress of Linguists held

in Geneva it was reported that the
Japanese system as a model of new
method of .right use of characters.
It also secured an’ entire Support at
the section of the geographical edu-
cation of the International Geogra-
phical Congress met in Paris (1931).
and a. resolution to the effect that
the Japanese Government .was_ re-

quested to make unique use of the

Japanese system in writing geographi-
cal names was unanimously adopted. I
remember | sent a telegram to the
Foreign Office concerning this teso-
lution, .

The International Signal. code just -

referred is a diplomatic agreement

and cannot® be altered without a
relevant consultation with the con-
tracting states; the resolution of the
International Geographical Congress,
is the outcome of free discussion of*.
the distinguished scholars of the

‘not: for political
SHIBATA, Tessin conciliated the situa-
tion by proposing to add two more.

world and deserves a due respects in
guiding public,opinion. I hope that
these.two facts should be well noticed
by all concerned in the question.
For the unification of the various

_ systems .of using Roman characters

the Government’s procedure was to-
be called upon. Hence the constitu-

tion of a special Commitfte was pre-

flared. It may not be now out of place

for me to explain the inner circum-

stances of the creation of this Com-
mittee as nowadays everything is brou-
ght to broad daylight. It was Baron
(later Viscount) Sakatani who acted
as its sponsor. As it is recorded in
the minutes of one of the meetings.
When the Education Ministry prepar-
ed a list of the names of the proposed
committee members, the Baron re-
quested to introduce two more mein-
bers from the Hepburnian side say-
ing that % was no match for the
Hepburnians to combat with. Accord-

ingly the Ministry informed this pro-~

posal to the others, whereupon

TTAMARU, Takuro, FUKUNAGA, Kyo-—

suke and TANAKADATE—Expressed
their intention to withdraw from the
enlisted candidates, proclaiming that

_they were ready to render their ser-
vice for tHe unbiased discussion and

truthful investigation of letters but
competition, Mr.

members from the -Nipponsiki side

- too. Thus the two members Count

FUTARA and Dr. SUEHIRO\Izutaro
from the Nipponsiki side were cho-

sen, and we seriously and ardently

discussed the matter for 6 years.
Now | have to speak about the
essence. of the Roman letters though
very briefly for want of time. We
must not confuse Roman letters with
phonetic signs. No doubt Roman
letters are used in expréssing sounds,
but they are not used to express
sounds in all details. They are used
to represent certain groups of as-
sociated sounds which vary in per-

' forming grammatical functions in. a

particular language subject to condi-
tions imposed by neighboring sounds.

‘When a sound is analysed, either a

vowel or a consonant it is made up of a

large' number of elementary component

sounds, just like an elementary mole-
cule is made up of various, atoms.
The sound elements present different
phases in different combinations just
like Re elements do, in their
compounds. Viewed from such point
of.view the grouping of sounds used
in ordinary language with limited
number of the alphabet, requires a
penetrating study into the structure

. of each language to which the letters
‘are to be ascribed.

The representa-

tive sound element conforming to the
‘ j

grammatical requirement | is’.
phoneme, ‘which stands for . all the
variants of the group. . This principle

was published in 1892 in Prague by:

called ;

?

‘Japanese charicters can be learned

later in the firther course of educa-

Baudouin de Courteny. The same »

principle in writing Japanese was pub-
lished in 1873 in. the 1st volume of

the Meiroku Zassi (a name of a ma-°

gazine) by Mr. NISI, Amane.
is almost identical to the Nipponsiki
of today, except a slight differences
in writing twisted sounds. Later a
Swiss philologist of Geneva, Ferdinand
‘de Saussure expanded the. principle
and it was published as’ posthumous
works in- 1916 the fact that Roman
leters should not be taken for ,phone-
tic sighs became evident from various
sources and the committee of experts
unanimously adopted the: resolution
that “the Japanese System*is theoreti-
cally consistent’? and all the members
of the special committee signed this
decision. The final Resolution in the
general meeting of the whole ,Com-
mittee was drafted on the’ basis of
this decision, our ‘calleagne Count
HAYASHI being the chairman of the
drafting committec. The present
_Official was adopted at the general
meeting. of the ccmmittee. The
drafting Committee was so careful as
to ask individually cach of thg vice- |
Ministers of various Ministries as to |
whether any. of the Government
Offices would, not encdunter incon-
veniences in using chis proposed me-
thod.. In ‘tke Cabinet ‘Instruc:ion a
few amendments of minor importance
are to the report of the cominittee).

This —

. As the writing of language’ is one»
of basic factors of Education‘ your.
Commission will not fail to accord a
due consideration to the subject of
Romanization. I take this opportuni-
ty to lay before you copy of some.

of my “treatises on this subject,-and .

beg to add that I shall be only too

“pleased to comply with your requests.

™ ;

if you are inclined to make any fur-

ther investigation.” ° The treaties
énclosed were three in numbér. One’
is that I presented to the Internation-
al Congress of Phonetic Sciences of
Amsterdam in 1932, containing Daniel
Jones essay on phonemes where the

variants of English R and Land those’

of Japanese H are examplifyed. © An-
other describing tone film experiment
which illustrates the: existence of
phonemes in Japanese which are con-

cieled in ordinary speech which I read

to the Int. Cong. of Pho. Sciences of ©

London 1935,
short Historical retrospect of Japanese
orthography which 1 contributed, to
the «Memorial Volume of van Ginne-
ken 1937.

Before forwarding the letter, I ret
_{ntidentally,—the’ Education Minister,
then the director: of the Bureau of
School Affairs, on March 14th at the
Franco-Japanesé Association and: |
Sought’ his Opinion about “by. letter,

- Saying “What d6You Say to my send-

Here I may add that the question,

of orthography has. engaged a far-
‘reaching study by certain grdups of
men, mensioned below, discussions
appearing from various sides, for and ~
against; are contained in the annual,
volumes of Romazi Sekai (World of"
Roman letters) of which first 25

volumes had already been completed , bia University.

by that: time, and now at-the 33rd
Volume suspended by difficulty of —
printing. One finds there valuable
articles already discussed, the subjects
now appearing in journals and peri-
odocals,. ».

3° About the problems of the
education:in the primary schools: 1
will say a few words. A short while

ago, the United States Educational.
Mission arrived here, as 1 felt 1 had.

something to lay before it, 1 approa-

ched the Education Commission by

writing directly to its ‘president, say- _

ing. “Ever since we’had the know-

ledge of the Roman letters, as you

know, in the 16th century, - there
were various: attempts , to adapt them

to the Japanese writing. Modern pro-:

gress im material civilization compelled .

“us‘to use a standardized writing. in
Roman Characters. |

{

ais OG Hos

"! Then

‘is a casual compliment. |
letter to the Mission then quartered ©

ing this letter'to the Chairman*of the .

Educational ‘Mission?’ and showed
him the letter. -He had no opinion
then, but simply. said ‘Your English
is very lucid”, which, by the way,
I took my

in the Mitsui Head Quarters, where

and a third giving -

an interview was soon arranged and,

1*saw. Dr. Stoddard, the Chairman,
and Professor Counts of the Colum-
At ‘the outset, I‘ex-
plained how the Japanese aré’ wasting
their time arid @nergy on ‘learning’
‘the national characters: 1 told them
that betduse of thé charatters now.
in use, they. ‘could learn ‘only .one- |
“Sixth as much as what people learn
-{n Europe in the, same period of time,
Among’ other things; they asked me:
What will you do with their liaisons
or continuity with the old literature
of Chinése or Japanese characters,
jit the Roman writing is finally adopt-
"ed ” To this:I replied: ‘There
will be no need for worry. | My idea
“is that we conduct the general educa-

‘tion,’ including pest of, the national

fanguage and.of- science, for:: pupils
up to 15 or 16 years of age using»

‘Roman writing, and at the end of -

this education, ’ the pupils will be
“qualified te go into the active: world..
the Chinese

ae

‘ideographs., and

_

“

tion. as classics. -

and characters cannot be easily eradi-_
cated, but. they will remain for ever,
just as you learn Latin and Greeks

_ in your Country, These characters »

are closely related and affiliated with,
the- Japanese literature. BY resort-

ing to this method, I think no trouble -
will be occasioned. « After taking up —
varfous, matters of minor importante,
they asked me ‘‘what do you think? —
' Are the general public ready to. follow
the lead if the mgvement.is started?
To this 1 replied “Certainly they. will.

come after us. My view is that ‘they Dictionary” annexed to his work called.

will. - Young peope are very en-

; thusiastic; there is. very little hope
among the old.” Then the commis-:

sioners told me that I] was young, and

we had a good laugh. By saying that

people are enthusiastic, 1 meant those

*, younger than myself including those

~who are dead and “gone.

- Among the persons deyoting them:
selves to this issue, I must first men-
tion Dr. TAMARU, Takuro, and then
Dr. TERADA, Torahiko who . wrote,
under the. nom de. plume of -¥QSI-

MURA- -Huyuhiko, prose and: many
popular and scientific articles in:Ro-
man letters and whose works in. Ro-.
‘man writing have, been collected ,in
one volume and published from Twa:
; nami’s;- next, Mr. IKENO, - Seiitiro ©
‘whose treaties on ‘the Expétimental
Heredity” in Roman writing, among -
other writings in Roman ‘characters,
commanded high praise. Incidentally,

the “Romazi-kai’? or Romazi (World

of Roman Characters) .The , Society. ©

derived much benefit out of the ro-

_ yality on this book. Then I must
“mention Dr._NAGAO, Seturo who un-
fortunately. died a few weeks ago.
He wrote a large ‘treaties on load -

transfer _ machines "and received. a
Doctorate in Technology for it.. The

‘book is a copious one and has so’ far
_ sustained its Sth edition. These -
young men werés ‘really enthusiastic.

There are many equally if: not more
able and devout advocates living, now
but I refrain from: mentioning them
from a sense of deference. _1 see a

- gentleman - present. here who wrote
.a copious text- book for Universities,

and there are many among our: com-

‘rades, but 1 purposely avoid mention-—

ing those still among us for the. rear
son I have Just mentioned.
In introducing the Roman writing

~into the’ primary school education,

the standardization of its spelling is,
‘of primary importance, but” this
ponderous. task thas been already ac-
complished. No less important. is
the question of the word division

from sematic point of view, .which, '
‘however, seems to be: drawing com-

paratively little attention from the

general public, As ! pointed out ‘to

y

fe

These ideographs :

ge Ey

Dr. Stoddard, ‘the question of word —
division is a. universal one, and arises
in all languages. “Why is it import-—
ant? ‘It is because the’ meaning con:
veyed differs with it. For instance
in the French language, the word
“Parceque’” spelt as one word means

“Wherefore”, while if spelt in three

words. as “Par ce que” it means
‘‘Whereby” \ This. sort, of thing fre-
quently happens in our language too,

_A detailed study of these matters are

coordinated and, compiled by -Dr:
TAMURA, Takuro in the grammatical

“The Study of Roman Writing’. To
cite an instance, in our language, the
word. ‘‘dosite’’ spelt as one ‘word
means ‘why’, but the same word if
separated into two independent two

_ words ‘as. “do site’, the meaning is
“by what means”. (Thus if one is’

speaking too long, we, say “Dosite,

why he speaks so“long” or ‘Why

does he speak so long’, but we say
‘Do Site’ in two separate words; or
“Do site, By what means shall we
stop his prolonged speech’’. By

means.of distinct word division the .

Roman writing will be ‘made easier
for reading. . ' ;

Sentences in Roman letters ‘are not /

to be: read desultorily, Roman letters
represent in’ concrete shape a series
of sounds in words: to M. Claudel,

-the former French Ambassador, mane

a very apt remarks: ~ ‘Words written
in Roman letters themselves’. are
hieroglyphs”. ‘We are reading objects —
standing for words or ideas, in them. —
Take, as an example, the ‘English
‘eye’, The two “‘e’s” stand for
both eyes. The middle ‘‘y’” is. the

nose. The first “I” *of the locomo-—

tive is thé chimney. The following
three. ‘‘o’s’” represent the wheels,
So .the word locomotive is the picture
of a locomotive. Indeed, that is well
said (obstinate objections ‘to spelling

reform is due to this feeling). The

long and the short of it is this, It
is essential that we should spell let-

tess in accordance with the connec-
‘ tion between words or sentences, and

cut off. or go on writing letters pro-
perly. Dr. TAMARU has also studied
closely hey tg use large and small
letters. Hg has taken great pains
over this problem. It is often said ©
that. “It is a mistake that a man
of science should meddle in the Ro-
man letters. »©TANAKADATE is a
sinnét against science, because he has

dragged, Dr: TAMARU, a rare genius,
_ into the Roman lJétters”.
-Dr. NAGAOKA who has not’ appéared
‘here today, took the lead in reproach-.

» So saying,

ing me. In answer I used to Say
some. violent language as, follows:

74 © ‘appreciate what you mean. We

do not however want such a fellow

iy po

at Geneve in. 1931.
' feeling that the posterity of hundreds

as maybe dragged in. If a man of
rare genius ‘does not voluntarily ©

tackle this problem with his brains,

‘ heart and soul, and in all seriousness,
it can never: be worked out. It is
not a loss at all to sacrifice 5 or 10
geniuses like Dr. TAMARU for the
solution of this problem of the na-
tiénal writing. He died in harness
really for the cause of’the cultivation
of Roman-writing. He left three great
works behind him, One of them is |
a study of Roman writing. Another.
is a, modern language grammar en-
titled “An Outline of Grammar of
Colloquail Japanese’’ in English. “The -
last but: not the least is “The Ele-
mentary School and the Roman Let-
ters Problem.’”’ Pamphlet as it is,
it contains his brother Rokuro’s diary
dealing completely with. the order in
which he taught by pfactice Roman
letters to one thousand odd pupils
so that they could read and Write
them, in the scheduled! thirteen hours.
This seems to have slipped out of
the memory of those: present-day
commentators on the Japanese
scripts. More than two thousand
years avo Mencius said. ‘‘When one
preaches moral doctrine he remains
selfcontented even the outside world
comprehends them. It is likewise
even if it does not comprehend.” He
meant by that we should: assume the
same attitude. If one is appreciated
by the world, he should stand ready
to: carry out his doctrine, If he is
not appreciated by the world, he
should pause to cultivate himself, be-
come good example and let posterity
succeed him. «But for this attitude,
truth cannot, be carried out. So |
quita agree with him in these views.
We should trust ourselves to the
verdict of posterity and we should

- care for neither praise nor blame.

In our days Einstein, Minkowski, etc.,
developed a theory that . time and
space make’ one entity, that is should
not be tonsidered sepatately, and that
there is no space without time, nei-
ther time without space. From this
it would appear we might trust our-
selves to the ‘posterity, and wait
hundreds of years, or we ‘might: as
well trust to the verdict of the spaci-
ous world. Naturally, my poor writ-
ings in French and English, have won
no public notice. However, an out-
standing linguist in Europe read Dr.
TAMARU’S: grammar, etc, and de--

‘¢lared that they’ were the Mustel-

beispiel or model example of the pre-
Sent day orthography at the Second
international Congress of Linguists
1 then felt: a

of years hence has come for the res-

, cue.

Judging. from’ this, it is extremely

ye

-people of romanization’

\

- easy to Mitroduce Ronen jletters into~

elementary schools. Children can
learn them by heart at.once. A fre-
lation of mine, a child four years and
six months old, beats grown-ups in
picking up * Roman letter cards.

Children generally can learn them
If you take this ad- —

In one month.

vice and put what | have been say-
ing into practice, I can well imagine
how fast Our culture might progress.
The major problem is already solved;
minor points may be corrected as
experience will show, as it is done in
all times and in all places. I shall
be satisfied with your mere Summary _
reply. I know I am asking you a lot

eto do this, but would you kindly

answer me simply but loudly as |

have had my ear treated recently,

and- have a poor hearing.

(State Minister YOSHIDA, Shigeru -
took the rostrum).

State Minister (YOSHIDA, ‘Shigeru)

Let me answer the question. 1
pay my respect to Dr. TANAKADATE
for his long continuous efforts for
the introduction of Roman characters.
As for me, to tell you frankly, I am
not yet in.a position of expounding
any policy regarding the romaniza-
tion of our national, language. I
presume there will come a time for
fhe government to take’ up this pro-
blem when the appreciation of our
further ad-

—

- language.

. makes

tied out

a

vances and their claim for it becomes
more urgent. Such is the way. I
now feel the rest of your question,

1 think, will.be answered by the Min-
ister of Education. ey, st

_ (State Minister TANAKA, Kotaro
took the rostrum)

State Minister (TANAKA, Kotaro).

The present question referred to, .

the interpellator relative to the mat-
ter of the Spelling of the national
I. gather that it. is his
sense that he is of the opinion that
the present phonemic system shoul
be adopted. | My answer: to~ this
query is:
it the rule that the Ronin
character spelling to be
along the directions published in the
cabinet Instruction NOx 3 under the
date of September 21, 1932. ‘Next
question with <regard to: spelling of

the national language in Roman let- —

ters, I think it is quite reasonable

that a system be kept in mind the”
Government seen not only its im- ”

portance but to make phonemic sys-
tem as its base.

by specialists* and other
learned men along these lines.

The third question was whether

the government entertains any idea

of giving the elementary grade pupils 2

the lessons in Roman letters. - Need-

less to say that to teach the national |

% . f <
_—-
.

the government authority —

followed —
the matter. -

‘school pupils elements of Ronan let
__ ters. is not only beneficial,
~ esSential in view of the international
“Situation as it is today.
government,

but it is.

As for the
it is putting its- efforts
towards establishment of an appro-

“pfiate plan to formulating some me-
‘ thods of teaching Roman letters,' as
to the suitable grade where to begin
with this lesson and the text books
.to be used for the: sane.
“end we hope.to have further colla-_
“poration df Specialists, educationalists

atid

To. this

learned © men TANAKADATE,

Aikitsu. ; fe

1 now have.come to understand
the position of the government in
rélation to my queries and | presume
people will deal appropriately with

for your long indulgence.

President . (Prince TOKUGAWA,
masa): I. think: it is ‘about the
time fo ajourn the sitting for the
day. Any objettion?

(‘‘No objection” was voiced)

lye-

' KWGAWA, lye-
The Govefriment ete Demat (Prince TOKYW y

desires that further a study be car- ;

masa): 1 take it there.is no ob-

I appreciate very much |

jection to ajourn the meeting. The ~

next sitting will resume at 10 a.m.
{he day after tomorrow, June 24.:
The agenda. will be forwarded io,
“you.with the official bulletin. The

meeting is adjourned.

! (House adjourns at 0:31 p.m.) +

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Expenditure of Price Adjustment ,
Replenishment fund Pertaining
to Perishable foodstuffs, coal,
iron and electric copper

‘ (Asking for approval) , |

Imperial Ordinance, No. 179 of 1946
‘  ° Expenditure of eypenses needed
e with the improvement of Sald-
. Ties of Government employees

*
.

_ Proposers:

terpellation was ‘submitted by —

‘members of this House.
Questions concerning ‘the ap-
‘pointment of the Presiderit of
the House’ of Represeniauves.

SATAKE, tants
aS. NAKAMURA, Kouichi
KONO; Mitsu.

-MUTO, Unjiro —

“TAs this is not an. explanation OF
the purport, I‘wish to be allowed —
tO speak fror My own seat.
‘teason why I make this motion is

is that: firstly, the Government. has not

Ween careful efidugh to faithfully

-COnsult. the wishes of the entire; ee

Japanese people inf drafting the re.

/ +
Mh Constitution, Secondly, the
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| #8 t ahaa | £ . . Bs mS big | | | Z : t | :
speget ee ote See ereeed Ws ts) OFFICIAL GAZETTE EXTRA Meg hs ean ere oak A
pe as a
Minutes of the Proceedings i in Ee House of Representatives DM GGL Ay crc e iinaee erey
‘Opened at, 1.43, a.m. ‘Jane 1946 ‘Imperial Ordltiatice, No. 180 of 1946 ~ 'NISHIO, ‘Suehiro ;
: (Tuesday). Flotation: for public Loans for y Jume 24,4004; -
The order’ of: fia day, No. 4 Supplementing of funds for ac-— (Report concerning the \ change of . ey
4 _ To be opened at 1.00 p.m. June’ —,-_- counting materials of Imperial — the Member 5 seats omitted) _ egy cok
‘25, 1946. oN _ ‘Railway and additional debt for _. The following | persons were ‘elects ‘
~ payment of expenditure or sup- © “ed members of the Standing’ Com: e 7
- 1. Draft of er ebb Constitution | port of revenue insufficiency bf - anittee by. the by-election held on ; |
| irst Reading ' the twentieth fiscal year of “June 24: ' ' ° 5 -
(Reports of which readirig omitted) Showa (1945) in the ‘Business. Budget Committee from 1st Division . - ub
1, ills submitted by the Govern- operationg Account of Commu- ~ GOTSUBO, Shigeo (takes the’.
ent ‘are listed, here-under: nications special Accounting or a place of ARIMA, Eiji) 7
Emergency Financial Measures _ Receipt Account ‘under the Im- “Budget pinitiittree ‘from 2nd_ Divi- gah
_ Ordinance f “4 _/ . perial Railways Accountings. - sion’ ,
| (Asking for approval) Imperial Ordinance No. 241 of 1946: | MACHIDA, “Sabttro. ‘(takes thee
- The ,Deposit of Bank of Japan - .The maximum limit of Treasury place of INATOMI, Ayato) 4. me
, Notes Ordinance ¢ — ! eg _ Bills’ and Temporary Goverh- Budget Committee from 3rd Divi- “
(Asking for apptoval) ment Loan to be isstted or Bor- sion. ee ee as ] c
% Imperial Ordinance No. 90 of 1946: rowed | OGAWA, Ipei (takes the plac cp r:
Exceptions to the’ Ordinance of Imperial Ordinance No, 242 of 1946: of KAI, Masaharu) %
the Deposit of Bank of Japan The Disbursement of the Expenses | lone Committee from ‘ 6th. aM tee cs
: Notes for the Repatriation of Overseas sion aS
J ' (Asking for approval) Government Personnel and OKADA, Selichi (takes the ‘aa
Emergency Property investigation Others >» Sse a sae | Of TSUBUKAWA, Shinzo) ae
‘Ordinance’. Imperial Ordinance No, 128 of 19467 Accounts Conta mee Hitaiet 7th Divir . |
(Asking for approval) Amendment to the. income Tax. “sion ok Pe
Ordinance for. Emergency Measures Law : i, e MATSEMOTO, Hichiro (takes Foes
on foodstuffs (The above, mentioned Bills were’, the*place MACHIDA, Saburo). SN
Emergency Ordinance concerning submitted on the day of - Petition Committee bear bbe Divie 54 ese
Hidden amg Hoarded Resources ) June 24) 2 sion. | e
‘ , (Asking for approval) val ‘The following Bill was submit- ANDO, Hatsu (takes the place eg
Imperial Ordinance No. III of: 1946: ted by the’ member of _ this spk MATSUTANI, Tenkokou) |
Temporary ;Loans for Disburse- House. Motion'for enacting Law HIGAI,- Senzo: a u
ment of additional Expenses for for the cancellation of previous Now, we sit in session. Before 5
: £1945% FS convictions Bee proceeding, to hyuisiness Mr. Shiga +a
‘ Imperial Ordinarice No. 127 of 1946 Proposer: ae Yoshio wishes to introdute a motion Gave Wot {
Payment of Expenditure relating SHOJI, Yahivo: to defer deliberation-on the Govern- eens c|
to the Repatriations and others ae (Sub mitte d on June 24) ‘Ment’s Constitution revision draft. Vikas
- (Asking for approval) | 1. The following prospects on in- Mr. Shiga Yoshio! Piatvie ence re ga
Imperial Ordinance No, 159 of.1946 - SHIGA, Yoshio: Se Pee, i bees.

,

J

+43
-

;

XN

Government has failed to take ade-.
~ quate. measures to drive ‘home the

contents of the draft to all classes
of the Japangse people after public
‘announcement of the draft.
_paign speech meetings opened at
(No. 6)—IMPERIAL DIET—2

the time of the recent general elec-
tions have disclosed. the fact that

_ the general public are not yet fully .

\ awaké to the importance of the Con-
stitution. There are

the Constitution.” This ‘ indicates
that the Japanese nation as a whole
4s not yet sufficiently interested in
the deliberation on the draft Con-
the people. The Government ap-
' parently wished to keep them from
_ being interested in it. This shows
that the Government is not suffi-

ciently prepared for the deliberation.

on the. Constitution. Demand is
coming from those concerned that
the draft be deliberated on with
sufficient discretion and ‘time. Un-
-less thé deliberation be conducted

just at the time when public inter-

=

- est is focussed on this Diet, it would
- run‘ counter to the ‘purport of the
Potsdam Declaration that “The ulti-

mate form of the’ government of |

Japan. shall, in accordance with the
Potsdam Declaration, be_established

Japanese people.” For this reason,
IT make a. motion to defer the de-
liberation.

(some start speaking)
HIGATI, Senzo: |
‘Be quiet! Let us put Mr. Shiga’s
motion to a vote. Those who favor
it are requested to rise.

(Supporters rise)
HIGAI, Senzo:. \
“The motion js lost, there being
only a minority in its favour.
HIGAT, Senzo:

Just a word to Seek your counsel.
We wish to vote for the draft Con-
stitution through the three read-
ings. Have you any objection?

(A cry of “No objection!)

HIGATI, Senzo:_.
I acknowledge the proposal
éeconded. ‘It shall be so decided.
Now, I call the first reading opened
for the draft Imperial Constitution,
first item on the agenda, Prime
Minister Yoshida!
1. Draft of the Revised Constitution
First. Reading
(Text of the Draft omitted)
(Minister of State YOSHIDA, Shigeru
takes the platform.)
‘Minister of State (YOSHIDA,
~ Shigeru):

—

Concerning the draft of the re

,vised constitution now on the
. ‘ a ~

Cam- |

among the
people loud cfies for “food before

‘ stitution which is the basic law of

by. the freely expressed will of the —

as —

pois,
agenda I wish to offer, + general | exe
planation.
‘ The Potsdam Declaration “Japan.
accepted last year stipulates, as you
know, that “the Japanese goverh- —
ment shall remove’ all obstacles to
the “revival and strengthening of
democratic elena The freedom
‘of speech, ‘religion, and of
thought as well as respect. for the
fundamental human rights shall be
established.” And the United States
government's , mote of -August ,11,
.1945 on behalf of the Allied Powers |
states: “The ultimate form of Gov-
ernment: of Japan shall, in: accord-
ance with Potsdam. Declaration, be
established by the freely expressed ,
, will of the Japanese people.”

Herein we have the principles that.
clearly. map. out the course-for a.
new peacefut Japan to take.° And
as the prerequisite for realizing the «
‘above-mentioned ends, revision of.
the constitution which is the basic
law of the nation becomes absolute-
ly neessary. That is the reason *

~avhy the government under the pre-

‘vious cabinet and the present one

undertook to conduct investigations

and -to draw wp a revise cdnstitu- —
tion. ‘The ,result is the draft of a.

‘New constitution, which the govern-.

ment has’ requested the Throne to

have submitted to the present seS-
“sion of the Diet, and which is NOW **.
~ laid before” you for deliberation.

The ‘draft Constitution ° is built
upon the principle of “Sovereignty
of the people’s. will,” under which
‘all -the organs of state aré to be
inaugulated, the fundamental human
rights respected, the blessings of |
liberty secured, and the foundation ©
of a democratic government laid
down for all time. Moreover, the

* new constitution renounces war,
which is unprecedented in the his- ~
tory of the world. The supreme
Jaw of the land will thus exemplify
‘the ideals of mankind for freedom —
and peace,’ which » are spoken of in. S
the Preamble. :

Now I shall speak on some of the.
more important points in the re- :
vised constitution.

1. In the first place, the position
of the Emperor. Article I Sstipu-
lates: “The Emperor shall be the
syinbol of the state and of the unity: |

of the people,’ deriving his position
' from the sovereign will’ of the peo-;
ple.” | |
ne Under this provision the misticism:
and the. unrgality that have “sur-’
rounded the Throne are completely’
wiped out; and it is made definitely —
clear that ‘the position of the Em-.
- peror originates in the will of’ the
people. Under the current Imperial |

: It Says:
_ Of the nation and. the threat or use
of force, is forever renoginced as a
“means
- other °

this, high roaq of ‘justice.

“Constitution providing for

“evitably remain “the danger that a

; cabinet or. - perséns in power, having

erronedtjs notions of their own; may

- in the name of the Emperor mis- °
-Yeaq the people, abuse the powers
“of government and in pursuance, _
of their. reckless policies lead the
_ country and the pedple to distruc-
’ tion and other unpre ictable . plight.
The draft Constitution provides that © -.

the Emperor shall’ perform <only

. certain designated functions with

the advice and approval of the cabi-
net, which I believe, eonforms to

the normal methods of’ a democra-
tic government.

“wide |
"Imperial prerogatives there will in- |

" 2. Secondly, the draft » Constitu-

_ tion Contains a special chapter pro-

viding for the renunciation of. war.
“War, asa sovereign right

‘of. settling disputes with
nation.” Furthermore, it
neither authorizes the maintenance
‘of land, sea and air- ‘forces, as well
“as other war potential. nor recog-

nized the right of belligerency of :

the state.- This constitutes a great
feature -of the draft Constitutiort - I
believe no provision so bold, and

4 drastic is to. be found. jn the con.
stitutions of other nations, of the -

“world. [a

‘It means that Japan, in her aspira-
ation to a universal peace, will en-.
trust her future security and -her™
existence itself to the fair play and’
good faith of the nations of’ the

-

world, and we desire to embody in:

our nation’s basic law thg determi---+
nation of our ration to march with
_ 3. Then as regards the rights and
‘Guties of the ‘people, ‘the draft con--

‘stitution’ provides that the people ©

‘shall not be prevented from enjoy-

‘ ing any of the fundamental human

_ rights, and guarantees them an

F eternal and inviolate rigtfts confer- |
‘red' upon the people of this and fu- .

ture, generations. Anq it contains ,

concrete Stipulations necessary for »

_guaranteeing the people’s freedoms -

and rights and for ensuring the de-

-mocracy. °

4. The structure of governnient .

is based upon the division of the

- fhree powers .among the Diet, the |
A Cabinet and* the Courts. The Diet  .
: is made the highest organ of state .

anq, the sole Jawmaking podys A.
~ bicameral ’ system is adopted, with
“the House of ‘Representative: and

: the House. of” Councillors’ in ‘order’

to assure careful “deliberation of

af . <b
n ae . ty
= yes F
Re TY ; ‘

velopment and advancement of ‘de-,

state affairs, although the House pi a

«'

jf

/
‘

Yi

Representatives is given a superior —
position in various respects as com.
pared with we pbacs of Gouncil-

lors. :

Executive power is vested in the
Cabinet, which in the’ exercise of
that power ig held collective res-
ponsible to the Diet. It is ‘provided
that the appointment of state min-
isterg shall require designation or

‘approval by the Diet, ang the Cabi-
net shall resign en masses in cas€
-the House.of ‘Representatives passes _

a-‘non-confidenc, resolution, or re-

jects a confidence resolution, unless _
the House of Representatives is dis- .

solved. In thig respect the prin-

“ciple of the so-called parliamentary

cabinet has been followed.

As for the judicial power, it is

= entirely: vested in the Supreme Court

\

court,

“Supreme

and in such inferior
established by law.

litigation js included qmong
matters coming under the operation
of the judicial power, and no extra-
ordinary coutt is to be established.
The Supreme Court,
itself the function of a constitutional
is empowered to determine
law,

courts ag are.
Administrative

the eonstitutionally of any
cig regulation or official act.

- Beside the above,

Fal

be exercised as the Diet shall deter-
mine,
are given. Radical *cHanges have
been made in the system’ relating
to the property and the expenditure
of the Imperial Household. _—

(b) In view of the importance |
of local self government, new pro-
visions have been made.

(c) As regards the procedure
for Constitutional amendments, if is
Stipulated that in the future all
amendments shall be initiated by

the Diet and submitted to this peo-
’ ple for

ratification.

(d) A special chapter on the
Law” clarifies the Sup-

reme character of this Constitution

and of the laws and treaties made

in pursuance thereof.

(e) Finally, there are
mentary Provisions providing that
this Constitution shall be enforced
as from the day when the. veriod

of six months will have* elapsed >
counting from the day of its pro-

mulgation. There are also includ-
ed therein Several provisions Ccovet-

"ing. the ‘transitional’ period.

I should add that in consonance
with ‘ts substance as described

above, the present draft constitu- -

the .

combining in.

Regarding finance, the prin-
ciple is laid down that the power’
to administer national finances shall

and the necessary provisions ~

Supple-'

~

tign, as a means af * democratizing
the law, is written in the. vernadcus,
‘lar style easy to be understood by.
the general public, ‘and the hiragana

_syllabary is used. This is an epo-" -

‘chal innovation in the form of Japas
nese laws and ordinances.

This coticludes’ my explanation
Yegarding: thd draft constitution. 1°
ask ° you to Proceed with delibtra-,
tion.

Speaker (HIGAT, Seii70)3

ge ee

There are requests for interpelia-i¢

y tion. Mr.- KITA, Reikichi. *
(MY: KITA, Reikichi takes the
rostrum.) :

Mr. KITA, Reikichi:. |
The pill for the revision of. the

_ Constitution has recently been sub-

“mitted to this House and the Prime
Minister today explained.the reasons

for the submission of the draft re- -

visiin. . There are many points in
the draft about which I have:to in-
terpellate. In order to clarify -the
purport of. my interpellation, I will
divide it into general. remarks ana
‘particulars. In the general remarks
J would like to ask about the rea-.
son for the revision of the existing
Constitution, then about the relation
between the‘revision of the ‘Consti-
tution and the Potsdam’ Declaration.
thirdly about the reason for the ap--
proval, of monarchy, .
about’ the relatidn between the. re-

vision of the Constitutions and the ©

-haiional character of our country in
detail.

the Emperor in Chapter 1. Then

I will ask about the provision for ~

and fourthly-

In the particulars, I will ask
a question about the prérogatives of ©

the renunciation of war in ‘Chapter .

2. -Then I will put a question about -
provisions concerning the rights .

and duties of the people in Chap-— ,

ter 2.. Next I woull like to clarify |

my doubts about provisions for the
National Diet in Chapter 4.
there are many matters I would like
to ask about the chapter concern-
‘ing the Cabinet. Then I would like:

to ask ‘about judiciary in Chapter |

PF,

Then”

6, particularly about the democra-

tization of judiciary.

With regard -

to finance in Chapter 7, local self--

- government in Chapter 8, .amend>
ments in Chapter. 9 and. supreme”

law in Chapter 10, I will ask briefly’

today and refer ‘to details in the : military to meddle in politics in the

_ Constitution Committee.
\
the reason for the revision of the

‘Constitution.
‘ the

stitution:. © Firstly,

Now I would like to. ‘ask mille |

In my opinion there.
are two. features in the revised Con- rat
thorough |

-realization of democratization with-"

in the country, and secondly, the ©

_ Allied Powers.

”

-ternally Und externally. They were

clearly indicated in the Imperial
_ Message,*which was granted on 20

‘inst. in’ reference to the draft revi- |

’ sion: of the Constitution submitted
to the Diet. _ They ‘are clear , also

from the announcement of General

of the Army MacArthur issued on
the occasion of: the publication of
the draft. He ‘pointed out. as its

_ two outstanding features the preven-
, tion of autocratic or arbitrary ad-:

ministration by the mutual indepen-
“dence of the three pbwers of the

‘state, with sovereignty squarely in

‘the hands of the people, and the

“¢renunaiation of the rights ‘of belli- -

\ Sency,
_ sovereignty, with the consequent re- |.

which. are ° inherent. in
- liance of Japan -upon’ the good faith
, and justicé of the peace-loving peo-
* ples. He also demanded ‘that the

‘Japanese people turn their backs

firmly upon the mysticism and un-

reality of the past and face instead

a future of realism with @ new faith
The features of,
the draft revision of the Constitu-

-and.a new hope.

tion. have thug been fully indicated.
However,
by scholars ‘that the Constitution

should be revised’ now. Take Dr.

MINOBE, Tatstikichi for instance,

| eWho has been. regarded as qa rather

progressi¥e scholar on constitutional -
law.
visions of the existing Constitution ©
are not necessarily faulty, but were
abused by some, that is to say, the
improper execution of the Constitu-
tion has brought about the present
miserable conditions: of Japan.” Ag a
matter of fact, “it is well known to’

_ the people now that the so-called ,

privileged classes or the remnants
of feudalism, interposing them- .
‘selves betweett: ‘the Emperor arid the_
people, have invited such a disaster.
It is also fully understood by the

in the ‘existing: ‘Constitution, the’ in-
dependence 6f the supreme com-
-mand~ provided for by Article 11

has lost its import since we were.

‘stripped of our: armaments as @-Tre-
‘sult of the defedt; together with the

. provision of Article ¥2' for strategy — :

and operation. Accordingly, there
Temains practi¢ally no. room for’ the

Constitution as it is. In other words,
the direct
the Emperor :and the people has
become. possible, and we shall be
able to maKe'q progress in the di-
rection of democracy if ‘the exist-

ing Constitution is properly’ put in __

practice. Also Mr. Keenan, the

thorough realization of pacifism . in- ‘ Chief. Prosecutor, pointed out in his

‘

‘ ,
. ’ : ~~
\ Tre aaa eee Yoarvee
. : % ©

ii

[Ee ChE

it is not always agreed

He is of opinion that the pro- —

Not only that. Even —

relationship between

{* .

r, »
> *

i

opening address at the International
Tribunal that it was the class A de-

ys fedants who actually ruled’ Japan

and that the Emperor and people
wer, alike the victims of war. All
this would ‘justify the argument

She ee that the existing ‘Constitution, if pro-

A _perly put in practice, should not be
’ undemocratic. Nevertheless, . the

Government has positively decided

oe 3 “upon a revision of the Constitution.
There must be some serious rea-,
sons for: that. A general: explana-

tion that it is for the through real- —

ization of . democracy of pacifism
would not convince the whole na-
tion. I would like to hear from
the Prime Minister a detailed expla
nation in this regard,

Item 2. It is the relation betw een
the revision uf the Constitution and

the Potsdam Declaration. Although

the general outline of the relation

is clear to uS, its details are some-

what obscure. Unless details are

| shown, we shall be faced with con-

siderable difficulties

' -upon the draft, as We muSt pay at-
tention to international relations. It
. Will be recalled phat the draft re-
vision of the Constitution, an essay
of Minister of State Matsumoto, was

/ published under " the Shidehara
Cabinet and gave rise to various dis-
cussions, In response to that draft,

a _ non-governmental organizations and
9 the political parties published their —

drafts of the. Constitution, which,‘ I
believe, were all more progressive
than the craft of Minister of State
7. aa Matsumoto, Then, all of a sudden

cd

ty Savage « the present draft revision was pub-—

* lished.
tive or More undeinocratic, as peo-

It; may be more conserva-—

in deliberating *

ly expressed. will of. the Yepresenta*

_ tives of the * yeople. ~ With reference .-
to the discussion of. the draft Con: |
stitution, General of the Army ‘Mac: ° ‘
Arthur reminded us. that the pro-s:

‘posed Constitution was not a new.
Constitution but that it was a revi+

sion of the existing Constitution and |
exhorted us that we fully discuss .
and consider its terms and that we’
modify: them, without hesitation ac-

cording to tre free will of the, peo-

ple uf necessary. ‘ If’ these three-

points are taken as they are, it may +
appear that we are allOWed an ex- .

tensive scope of the freedom of °
modification. How, then, is it re--.
lated to Prime Minister Yoshida’s”
recent words that he -would like us |
to ‘conduct deliberation with- the
foreign relations and” the - actual
position’ of Japan in mind.’ I re-.,
quest an explanation in this respect.
Thirdly, there ‘jis the question of

. the democratization. of Japan. Peo-
ple are _vaguely talking of demo- «,

erdtization, there. are. Several -

but

_ different systems of democracy, the

ple say it, than the drafts of some |

organization including the Commu-

}. <4 Mist Party. But it is far more radi-
cal than the drafts which have been
made public .by the political par-
ties and other organizations.
one who has ever read .it would
| doubt that. (cheers) Even the draft
J of the Socialist Party publisheg be-,
: fore it must be regarded rather con-

-gervative in comparison with it. The
fact that a draft that has gone a

step further then the drafts of the -
parties

non-gcvernmental’
and other

political

organizations. was an-

before us must have been due, per-
haps, to international relations and
ioe _ not to the intention. of the govern-

| ment alone:
Be 7Ee7 be made, of these circumstances in
bere \ ce as much detail as possible. Then, in
USES deliberating upon it, We shall be able

fi to fully take advaytage of the free-

\ ,

~

I hope that report will

No

{

-,. mounced all of a sudden when we. -
Sey least expected it and has been laid.

_ American systems,
attaches much importance’. ‘to the}.

representative ones being the British.
system, the American system and
the Soviet system. Upon perusing
the draft, we feel that it is a com- ’
promise between the Bnitish and
The fact that iti

fundamental human rights" seems |
‘something like a revival of the’
theory of ‘human: liberties that ‘pre-.
vailed jn ‘the 18th century. It con-

_tains ‘a great deal of an idea like.

the declaration of human rights in’;

the days of the French Revolution. -
All this is natural for Japan, in a
Certain senSe, Since she has, yet to
free’ herself from feudalistic tradi |
“ tions,. and I am not ‘going td -cri-
ticise it. It has long been Japan’s |
principle to adopt. the. good points |
. of foreign ‘countries and remedy het.
own defects. As the existing Con- ;
stitution was greatly’ influenced by .
the old’ Constitution of the Imperial’ -

4,

German Reich. I would not, bate

-it even if the pr esent draft has been |
strongly influenced by the British -
and American systems or embodied’
the idea of the 18th century France, :

_Since it has been Japan’s principle ,

to adopt others’ good points » arid
remedy'her defects we may well say
that it is the merit of Japanese de-~

~mocraécy to. ube eclectic by adopting

the good points of other countries..
‘In the meantime, the General’ Head- |
quarters said not only that the draft.

was democratic but also that it was |

‘most advanced. I hope, that the.
Government. will clearly point out
in what respect it is advanced. | tf,

presume that the provision - for the

‘departure from the constitution of?
-any other. country. And I ask the .

| economic democracy. Conservatism. . °

‘discussed by the ‘leading newspapers,

“tical democracy?

“4

aa 1 “are

{that

ie

poe ge ere

I> pelieve .

' be prepared, to give a ray of guid- |
“ance that will orient these confused ; | AY
_ ideas, by announcing more’ detailed / > :

renunciation of war contained “in _
Chapter 2 makes this draft a new

‘Government—I expect that the Gov- :
ernment will reply that - the, “merit
of Japanese democracy is found in

the fact that it aittis not’ only. at

the thorough realization of govern- |

Ment of. the people, ‘government of-

the common ‘people, within ‘the peek
country .but,’ also at international : ee
pacifism and international’: demo- |,»

cracy, Is the Government’ prepar-

ed for that? Meanwhile, democracy

is ‘Now being insistently advocated,

, Dug a mere political democracy BB. sai hee
We x he.

an «emptv forth at ‘present, .
must Now take up the’ question of. *-
and democracy are often editorially

“\

setting them .in opposition to each

other. In my opinion, however, con-

Servatism is not undemocratic at all
if democracy is interpreted in a po-
‘litical sense, (Cheers) Has. Mr.
Winston Churchill, leader: of ‘the
Conservative Party in Britain,’ ever
opposed — political democracy? _ If
there igs .any sense in setting con-
servatism against democracy, ° the °°
latter. should ‘pe ‘economic’ demo-
cracy. , If- the Government ones PR A

to’ corisolidate. democracy’ by | this

Constitution, “does it have in “view

the thorough. ‘realization: bf e@ono- 92 8

mic democracy in addition to poli-

I hope that ex-

_. planation | will be given in this bs cen
pect too- I do not believe that po- —
litical | democracy always requires
republicanism. Nor do I believe ’
economic democracy always.
means socialism. (‘Hear, hear’ and
cheers) Just as monarchy . is recog”.

nized in a demoeratic country, so '
the thorough: _rqalization -of econd-

» mic democracy, does not necessarily '.
' lead to. the conclusion that the spe-

‘'cial characters .of ‘capital and enter-
prises ' should” be denied. . (“Hear,-
hear” and Cheers) There are con~ eee
' troversies: and misunderstandings® . - °

_ among the ‘people -in this ~ respect.”
that the..Government ae
should beat the> responsibility, and =)

Views on democracy in the modern ‘5

senSe of the word, and I hope to ©.
learn the Prime Minister’s “opinion. ye
Fourthly: the reasons for approv- —
ing of monarchy. It presents: one
of the most serious problems in con-—
nection with, the deliberation upon’
the Constitution. In my opinion, -
monarchy stands in oppositiin to .

' art ee ; ry <a
y ; , . fa?
te , ne : s *. ee
a ey s ea - , a * nes ne,
ee ~~ Se ¥ ee Sfx? 9%, i OD y? Bag on
fe wt AS Tak ak Bar ee oo eR ie
na ? ier a 4 Vv s, ee ’ av . : , *
os % hae %, . nity ; pe ! Cy , Ge
f Sos *.5 Pak ae oe = oe] eye ee Oty tk vy ¥ pe
oi ig SSIES heii Ratt NE eo 1
77) *t " + eeed ’ ¥e faa TR hae
v, on. ° & Gest &: 3
tx a DN Y .~
a Ss + inet 4 ; Wy Me 3 a 7
p ‘pet < oe ae

\

e

i

*

r
, ‘
‘
ys
;
| ‘

4 a

a

Seth aah
eR GS country,

- two. types’ of monarchy.

monarchy belongs

7

- of the power

' regard to

4 { it
Vite have 5,
uly A:
ae & ee
<a '
‘ f
- \ es
«f ' 4
: 4
: z ; ’ _ ai‘ ‘ ; -
republic, but not necessarily to de-

“A A Fd bs » 4 Z i [ oF “Diy 3 ha
othe : 32 ev ga nee eas 7 of says : Lis | Re
RA: ERE rane ear ae pes pri a dfs Vo Sao ery Ba a ie
‘ yh x ink Ai wr: Fa a , me ‘ Pa * a‘ ‘7 . a 2 a : ea is 4¢ rut Be. ?. ° ¥ ime Pek hee
A as Bg Pe se Rae Besta ty @ Ubene t c fer a gree PPL a, i Valve a, ce Regt tp
: \ rs ’ ay eer FS ‘” ‘ erage 4 rh, de gine er . uP tS ta, r, es <e tes Se del
no { ' a ene Ce ’ RA ARES SO Be ES oo res, * .: (larege +
ye ake ate Bi ers “i pos Nae eae
*T . tage ‘4 “ yet 3 > ye P wom ta
i ; } = 4 ob) j : F. ve - Wigs why a
i BP yas CF she Mee 8 G8 é RIAL CA aun RIA La
RS , we SE iy | Sh eres 0 Peer otc ree ROR Saat USE rept cti
/ ’ Y 33 + fee ot 3 4 ar re : * ic Beyer Oy: ey wi eee
—e oe Fs ; ‘~~ Si : one tF 7 vs mit: . / 7 ‘ 4 “5 y oy , ; MS Fae an ‘
political parties in the Diet. (“Hear, 2 role of. the~ leader of,.a reformed, Cot ee ee
4 4 ‘ \ . ’ . - ’ “yy* 3

mocracy.” In Britain and ‘in the:-

_ countries of Northern Europe, where
"monarchy: is maintained, democracy °

has been a’ suceeSs as the whole
world knows. (‘‘Hear, hear”) . On.
Wwhatground, then, is monarchy ap-.

“_proved of in a modern state where

‘democracy has been’ fully develop-

ed?> According to what little knowl-

‘edge I have, it seems that there are”
The first

ig thht in which the monarch is a

ceremonial’ or
representing a country towards for-

-eign countries.’ In the second the’

monarch is; a third party, impar-
tial and disinterested mediator, trans-

cending party strifes and claSs ins *

perests. In my opinion, the British

type. . AS a matter of fact, Mr:

Laski, who taught at Harvard at
one time and is now a scholastic -
_ leader of the Labor Party. of Bri-

tain, says. that the British King. ‘is.

mote than ‘a ceremonial. symbol, =
that is to: say, he recognized ‘that .
the British monarchy belongs to the
~ *'gecond type. According to our new.

Constitution, our monarchy Seems

_ to fall short of the first.type, to say §
nothing’ of the second, that is, the >

British fype, although it recognizes

the position , of: the Emperor
explicitly provides for the scope of
‘state functions be _ shall
‘Namely, granting that our monarchy
belonged to the, first type, that is,
the monarch is a ceremonial, for-
mal, decorative symbol representing
the Emperor is deprived
to appoint and dismiss
Japat’s own Ambassadors ‘and Min-
isters and merely , attests the. ap-

«

-pointment after it has been-- made.

py the Prime Minister,’ although, it
is within his power to

‘eign Ambassadors and Ministers. So.

‘it seems that he doés Not fully at

tain even ‘the position of a cere?

-monial,

the representation—or the embodl-

; ment. according to Dr. Kakehi—of |,

the will of, the state... T would like

io have it clarified whether provit —
~ sions of the Constitution

pect meet the true intentions of the
Cabinet Ministers, or whether they
have some idea of their own with

‘

I have another’ thing -to. request

peror of Japan., — :

’ of the Prime Minister and the other

Ministers. In: Japan it is only, the
Cemmunist Party, that advocates

the abolition: of the: Emperor Sys-

tem, and the aboslute majority -of

deccrative symbol”
f

to the second ,

receive for--

‘decorative symbol, ‘mamely,.

is this’ res~

the .position of the Em- -

: i

/

and:

perform.

>

the minimum censtraint -of ‘moral
and that. the sphere of law is ‘sma
but the sphere of morality is far—
‘We all know that the poli-”,
tical idea of the Orient does not =
confine itself ‘within

wwas with the people.
We pelieve, according +0 our tradi-* ’
‘tion dating back to. time imme-
_ morial,, that. we are in direct doh.

‘tact’ with Wim, We ane confident ~

stitution of Japan, the people ”

Japan is made to read the people — ane
. the matter; in full ut tte

_ however, the Government has not «
made a constructive explanation as.
‘to the ‘positive reasotis for or the’
- belief in the necessity of retaining °°
the Emperor. system even
Constitution purported’ to be thor-,.

oughly democratic.’ I. believe that ©

the Government has’ the FAUtY . Oe a: a: ty, | Mage
© Tventure +o raise thig question and Saar tans

in. ‘the

make such ah explanation. (Cheers), °

Needless to’ say, the Constitution is
only'a law, fundamental thought ‘it, ~
is. A famots Germah jurisprudeht, +
iS
ify. :
He

Jellineck, ‘said in effect that: law:

greater,

the limited’

‘idea. of Government. by jaw ut*
embraces far ‘more profound and.

broader idea .of government
morality. (Hear, hear” and cheers):

Whatever the provisions for the...
Emperor in the draft Constitution: .

already said that he-

may. be, ‘he ‘has ) 3
On our part,:

therefore that there is Something j
more thay yhat the text ofthe Con~-—

stitution legally provides for. (Hear;

hear”. and cheers) As for the pro-:

. visiong ofthe Constitution, however, -

there should be indicatéd something

that\is more than’ a positive moral.
ground or a mere reasoning on.the--

basis of a national tradition’. justify.
ing the
ly request that the Government (pee *

to it, I have rea@ the draft Cot) .

-stitution’ and I shall fully” under —
‘stand it if the Government makes:

a cogent explanation. .

feel, to our regret, that it is good

for any country, if its title is made _
to read the Constitution of such and

such country ‘instead: of the Ue

‘of. such and such country and the

“Emperor. is given a title current in —
“other: countties, and that there is.

little or Nothing” that © characterizes:

“Japan. (Cheers) “Obviously it is Sim-

possible front the technical point of
view that the above matter‘is pro--

- vided for lengthily "in- the-Constitu-—
However, in submitting tHe |

—e@raft Constitution, thé Government

We Pe ;
o\copor the people support the system.” It
‘is obvious’ from the Seats of the™

tion,

al

should at. least’ have the zeal to--.
positivély avow its political faith »

and lead the people, otherwise ft

‘would not be able to *peyform, ‘tHe’.

4 .

. \ ~ o Fo ‘ A a
1 f er. , ' ‘ ter rt
’ . ¥ . ? . * We . * Pa
, ate . whe : . ye
A . ‘ ‘
: i * tb yos
- a ‘ . \ (
; 44 P a x t . ?
\ : i or Sa ees ‘4 eral Le
. . ; ; 4 i Py S* Vl a
‘ % _ is 4 ' “fae f - i e-4,
, oe » . ay Fi a. ae By So De ae he te j
4 : ‘ | £ ; Cites ans ee ae RS rad
: - tides Pas ee BEN ee |
4 . o,. ; - “se ; Be y 5 us . aa ~%
Pe . 7 \ ala,’ fe te oe x si ar
> . 1 - ‘. > te uN 1 ' git
tas f + * hoe, Mee eG or fic Oe, ;
: “ 7 Pa th tei chs id . pint
17% > i vk ‘ enh hy ots o¥ ’
7 era Bs me get DAE
“i € eh* al its pi ale this t's

4"
oi

by |

Emperor system. “Ti urgent-~
‘tiers anid ‘the warriors; | and that
‘Otherwise, “d

‘meré pertisal of the draft thakes us |

‘ table’ conviction. i (Cheers). +—With. alae
‘repard’' to” the * datalls: of. ie .

Of.

tails at the Committee *meeting’, Tos.
sam not going to
‘or Where thé power to rule is posit-“.--.
tary of ‘the’ Socialist ‘Party,did ‘ay >

tain “rhisgiving aniofig the “Japanese >"

Fifthly, I would like to ask’ about . ; is Se

the relation between the new-Con- 2 20
stitution and the nationat character 2,
- of Japan. This is | van impores fo 6
‘tant- question that touches ‘thé = ‘- © y

ot

an’ important question should’ Not). 03 SRE hy,
be left shrouded in mysticism. . So Sent mty tep

hope to learn‘ the views of the Gov- j= °
ernment: Thére are some who |) >” Ale

‘maintain that Sovereignty lies inthe 3. te
Empefor, namely, the sovereignty Ne Ae
in monarch principles, They are | tie wed
shocked ‘and indignant at the dfaft:, eet A ser
Constitution, .which they, beliéveris Brig
revolutionizing the national charac- ‘ Mine a8
ter, ‘since they afe given to under-. ° ae:
stand that it places. foveren te OY) cessed
thé hands of. the people. - Por MY: 2 os
part, I am Neither: indignant ie) a ek eae
shocked. I am convinced that Ray.
Japan has. always ‘peen/ a: country; > He jak
practising joint goveriment by the’ © ORs
Emperor and people. or common, . .. 6

government by the ° Emperor ; Sfid on es
people; thatthe functioning of!" 0° ~ an
sovereignty manifested itself enere SE ar eae
markedly sometimes in the Emperor - etd

people buts = 4h

es

and sometimes, in ‘the | but ,
that, throughout Me. history PNG E Here Lie
Japan, there has never been ‘a tase, Bs hao
where the monarch and the .pedple.:.. © SORT.
were pitted against eath other for
the possession of” political, power as fate Sp
in the western countries, that the eS ees
struggles for political power in’ ouP ais ©
history , have} always been, those -< (y+ ae
‘among ‘the feudalistje elements that Me
interposed themselves etween the’ —— axe 5 ee

among “the courtiers, among » the ye )

the Warr.ors Or between the cour- wai

‘the people have >< ies
aecord with 07 7"

ey ee Ang ok” an re At «ue
fg omy, thttue 8

-

the’ Emperor and

‘genefally . beef in
each . other.,*That

= CHE ss est er

theories ‘oft “sovereignty, ,we shall 9. oy,

have to trace the development 8 OR ore
‘tHe ' idea, of |. Sovereignty - pack (to on
opty HoweverysI do toy 'think 49)

S;at-we shall have time to discus8 +b

. plenary >: +, ee

session, -and I will refer to the dé- 5 ©
deal with legal ° Ae

questions © of - considerable difficulty = °~ car

“as ‘to where sovereignty is ‘posited “7 0)

f

‘

ed, as Me!’ Katayama, Chief Sere: 3. {.

fey days ago. But there’is.a cert“

people, and T wonder iffthere is ngk, Eee MV
the necessity arfd duty” dn the part 7 ‘
of the Government to make pains- *. SEN

«1 eee ; “
J ‘H ; . doy ek “> %% ee « a
is 3 x 7 . ie
ae 7

, ay
4 Ea At ce Avene MY
J COM Fates Pas ‘gots f “degen , i es oF
HE ie aT Mie ago a SC

Kad tee | eae cy aeaod baeeye omnes nics Seiad.
Wea ‘ . eae a 0 tate | Ae eR ‘oth d eck ppaee eae ie ok Sk Lees ey St 2 RB
ae ‘ > ' Nae oe cy ke Tn. igh ‘| + write ; apt fe
Roa F jad ‘? he ie: Soo — ih fae ; x ivi ier ta A Rees ee
ES \ taking efforts 10 see that the peo- It is ‘not restive enough to" “to arbunents concerning the ‘prero-' wee x ioe Nes
ey ‘ - ple thoroughly understand that the” say,’ as “the ‘Japanese text’ ‘stands, » ‘ gatives of the Emperor. - But ‘His Rape bier
Constitution - does. not revolutionize  “resolVed ‘to bee that. the horrors of © power is particularly. provided: for rok Sey ana Saag
the national character of “Japan. war do. not happen”? We would 5 in Artitle VI]. - It. is: “head” in Enga. 3) rs
¥ _ (Cheers) ONS RE 46 “say hat We. Shall. hot. In ‘lish. The P esident of a country-is
Zi ‘Now I will conclude my introduc~ ss English - . we should say, “never “also “head”, rime Minister Yoshida °
, tory questions and proceed ‘to ques¢>, shall’. . “Our resolve is more” - has just tol€ us that the Emperor... .— 5
ay? tions’ on. several articles. 1 will .. pesitive than. “to see thatu. on ‘Ours ; = répresetits Japan. - ‘Their ‘such met On Fe
‘ > raise. détailed” questions at the Com- is so firm as to positively State that presentative , can be: calleq. “head? Lee e
4.) gnittee meeting. Here I will put (No. 6) IMPERIAL DIET—8' , ~ “It seems that international relations te bs ate ai
questions Chapter by Ghapter. “we shall ‘never ‘cause. Similar | oe i were too scrupulously considered, Sn soe
First comes the “Preamble. I~ stances’ are frequently — ‘found. eae WE vand gives us the, impression. “Of. bes yy Boor
Vy fully agree to it¢ purport. How- ‘would’ not: point: them out. t0- day,. jhg shy rather than being’ careful. aes 8
as ever, its style smacks of translation, byt. I do hopq that the translation- . ‘I openly choose “head”: A head ‘ 8
Ky '..'in spife of the denial of the Gov-' like phraseology will be corrected. “ may be a figurehead, We may use» meee a
ey eee "ernment, and it is not a:good trans: Tt will dd not harm ifthe ‘English “figurehead” in a broad sefise, Simi-.. |, >»
i Jafion. I will refer to my proposed text reads ‘Tike a tfanslation.. Since ~ Jar to “robot” which. our} people gab
King De | odifications in ce at the Com- _ it is our ‘Constitution, these should * .. commonly use. So the word “Gen- : rape
= RT Nittee ‘meeting,. 1 feel’ that its not be, the translation-style. in the »., shu” can bg freely used as. a ‘Ben- ey bs
! we phraseology is EA eiaanie. The texts Japanese text, (Cheers) I. will ask. S eral term. Rhetorically, is, ‘it*not” ‘
nl | -@# of the’ provisions is simple any the,” . for the detailed veply of", the Gov- \’ better to make some modification to ree -
2 | translatidn- like praseology .is not. , ennment in this respect ,at-the Com- _ avoid repetition? FOES <8 wig net | ee
erent noticeable, whereas it is very much ynittee meeting, so I.have asked only - I have another question’ +O ask gc § Mi AR SAME
fi | “go in the -Preamble.. I will quote, g simple question. abe As ~ about: Chapter I, on which the dis’: Pate
a few instances. “We, the Japanese. ‘Next: comes the Chapter | bn the 2 “cussiong of the people, ‘are eentere er tit
ee people, ‘acting through oul duly» “Emperor, ” Many: questions ean be.’ ed, “Deriving’ his position’ from the © Ss,
tf alected rer ait aan ‘in the Na- _ raised ‘concerning, this. Chapter. ‘The’ ‘sovereign’ will of the people” > Until . | fen
Neda er ‘tional Diet.” Why should’ we not first. is jabout the . ‘symbol ag men) } shall hear a detailed explatiation 4 sf. e
he ee we (Ray simply,” . . the | Japanese | tioned, in Article 1.- “We interpret trom the Governrhent, I “shall not ae Peres
hae . people, through our duly elected ~ the word “symbol” in this. way. be able “to ‘understand. ‘whether ity) 0 )r rh 0%
va tate members of the National Piet. The o The chrysanthemuit floating: Ori the medns that his. position: is maintain- 1 MEE bs
) text is likely to' give us the impreS-- water is ‘the symbol of the Kusu- i ed by the will of -the people, or that circ be ip
e sion that they have been jelected in: -noki family,” Mt. Fuji, is he. sym-., his "position. is created, by the will © be: :
; ; , the National Diet. Brains that’ are bol of Japan, The cherry ‘blossoms jot the people, - There de some who + REDE ay
A { %. *' putely Japanese would not compose © are the symbol ‘of the ‘tharacteris-. *' mhaintain ‘that all. the existing’ peo- y eS
ut ,fuch’ a sentence: (Cheers) Nor dan tis, of the © Japanese * ples “The “ple of Japan ‘as ae whole, including © Breit sd
* JT understand , “the blessings of sixteen’ petaled - chrysanthemum is of course thé Emperor, is meagt. It ep AES.
2 liberty.” The very. words ¢an.be-. the symbol of the Imperial Family. is all right to include him. I, wa: yale Ba
hoe wn oor es Sfound in. the preamble ‘of the Con-. Thus, T ‘believe, it is signifi¢ant to said’ in America when this draft mee hata
ote i -. stitution of the United States, which ' say “the symbol of the unity of thé J Constitution + was finished that. the’ °<:. ens
ya hie IT have read in my thirties. I do - people.” J wonder who. used: such ~ Emperor of Japan was, iter’ made yas ns ta
re , not mean to” ‘say that the words: an. expression. Whoever ‘he may ‘be, “ “first citizen” of Japan. Pit is post”
wa have been: stranslated from the .I note with admiration that, there. is siblé for Occidental apple: to. look. as
ey American | Constitution. But. the a. great literary talent ‘among ine. at it Sid WAS stat Wheat aweredy 22 Rin si
See aS ae « Japanese, words’ used here fall far “Cabinet — Ministers.° I believe it is a the enfranchised citizens” of © Japan oa" ey: i,
Mn short of the worthy’ meaning of the happy. expression, So- “poetic? ‘and nh evel we say the people of Japan. : bok sig
¥ ‘ | or iginal . words “the blessings of tangible as it. is... Its ‘worth lies in’ towards foreign ountries. ‘all’ peo- Soe Alt
ae: “liber y” used .in the Constitution the, fact, that it is poetic and intans.” “ple can be included, When We a oe
f pein drawn up at. the time of’ the founda- gible, But ‘T recall whay is written .make a St ne we may. dist: Ease oe
tion ‘of the United States. Liberty, in one of the books of Henri BerB- | * tinguish - he “Emperor » from * the > ; pee ts
‘ brings about benefits to mankind—~ son,.'a’ philosopher of’ world-wide” “'pedple.* ‘n ‘the » farmer ‘caSe, We: S- 28) a
“liberty of opinion, liberty of pub- “Tame: which, I read when I was’ may inchitdé | His. Majesty. in. the’ eas
~~ lieation, « liberty ¢ of organization, young. He» /distitiguished a symbol” people, However, is. it not neces- fae 8a) a
2 liberty Of religion. If liberty, which from a sigh: <A. sign corresponds, - Sary to indicate the historical “Back- , WA es
eS We: were entirely- deprived of dyr- “like numbers such as two, three, etc. + ground of Japan? This is: tie: dgubt Se HS pets
* ing .the war-time, , is fully securéd, ~ to things in general, such as an ap-— entertained not only-by myself but - "1 eae
rt . it brings forth many a ‘blessing. , If .. ple, a horse, a man, etc.’ A sym-: Dy. many people. .I yould like. to SS
a | Thad been caused to write the sef- bol’ is, sqmething that represents a know the opinion of the Govern- Me
ie : Atence, ‘I would ‘have written i, to ‘concrete: thing in “a eoncrete way: Ment. ; * uy
: ! read: ... . .the Japanese people, act- Accordingly, the concrete phase that. oh Next: comes Ar ticle 3 of the ‘exist peal “i
Pi o® ing through our-duly: elected mem: .~ is the unity of. the Japanese peo le" ' jng’ Constitution’ which reads: .The 4
alae bers of the Natiinal Diet, determin- and .the concrete entity’ that is. he. : Emperor is, sacred and inviolable. Seva ake
ae ed that we shall’‘secure for our-. Emperor perfectly fit in with each:. The provision has ‘been derived fPOm es Oe
Pak. selveé and our. posterity the fruits- other. ~On’ the: other ’ hand, “the. othe theory of divine right ‘of mon-"’ pr ;
Wi eat of peaceful cooperation with all-na- |. sympol of. the state” ddes not eome~ archg which. prevailed in Europe, - i Pod ete
re ve ‘tions and all the blessings brought ,. home. = the people ‘in, general de- This idea lies’ ynder the © Constitu- Se sie
he “s)o* about By liberty throughout this site to see’ the word “Gehishu” (head). | et ‘of — the. Imperial . Germans po ine S,.
ia . land,, and resolved'that never again used here. There may be some who © any’ people | Bay” today that it; is Si Se
Baath thst shall We cause the horrors of war ‘are worried’. that, if | the word — «-sytetl? or fiction, but’ it was. not\. tae Ze ea
. AS *,-. through the action of ; government | “Genshu” is uSed, it may give Tise | _ fiction” in its sa Be I} came. Blea MS aay Me
ey Rca ew: se ar ee ea WAL Ae eae eh
ye sb et wie E gk Es Pn aaah f Bn a bare eee , ee, pe Ra Palin or Atha be
eS ve at ve d i eg ‘i? ¥ oe ry ee : hg gt te ; ae fi, eee Bee +5 ye Abe is f poe fn eh 3 Se opr at a ‘9 hppa natty
gi ° Pi gE : OPER ME Sefer as amar. YOM: ee Be a Retna joe ha SA aati Re,

‘Sin: France.

> subject):

' of God, the’ grace.of God.

responsible. —

_ phraseology is’

} “Dai- -jin”’

being as an argument to, counter-

‘act the ‘prevalent,’ theory of the di:
‘vine right of the Pope, and pro-
, nounced that the nforfarchs on earth
also’! owed their being , to the’ will
It was
accepted in Germany and then exe
, tended jts influence to Japan. Art
‘substance of the provisions me
the’ Emperor is free from legal hyd
political responsibilities. Since the
» Ministers” who. are responsible far
tendering advice to the Throne bear
legal and poljtical responsibilities, it
“de Bot necessary to hold the fmperor
Hiis .position incurs no
responsibility. There is no similar
provision in .the new Constitution. |
How’ does the Government ‘think of”

this’ “provision? That is my ques-
BOT rt Rus apr ee ve
Then comes, Article IV which

reads: “The Emperor shall perform

‘only’such state functions as are pro-'

Vided fof: in this Constitution. Never

' shall be have power related to gov-
It originates in the idea,
“which prevails in Britain, that ‘the’

ernment.”

King resigns but does not govern
(sic). .The idea had its beginning
The Article seems to ex-
Same ,jidea,. But.

“press the

 Spate functidns are performed: by

: the .
to be questioned.

_ meetings éf: tHe. Political Affairs in-

vestigation Committee of.our party, |

jit is hardly ‘possiblé. to: grasp its

meaning: *‘I would. like to’ demand’

~ believe that the merit of

‘singe Wes 3h oo ts
‘this Con- oe aa Masri

2 ‘Renunciation of War.

stitution lies in the fact that’ it pure Orr a

» poses the. thorough detnocratization

a detailed f explanation from. “thes: within the: country ana also the. ad- AP de nye ak
Government. hy oF ait Vance toward a. new stage | of / the : oS aes
* Then Article VIL. There ar « Spread of. the pacific’ idea lapel & Sada Paani
_ particular: Cases in ap es What wie Ath it\in and . ‘olit of tha country, | w . $ tA ae

termed “ratify” in the existing Gok:
> stitution: are ‘now : mostly ‘termed |
~ What have been termined -
“sanction” are: mostly termed Mate
I ‘will’ question about: each

“attest”.

test”.
particular of the text: at the Coin,”
‘mittee Meeting. -With “sanction”

modified’ into “attest” it would seem ”

that®the prerogatives of ‘the Em- ve

peror have been greatly: ‘curtailed’
and democratization hag heen effect— ”

ed. Technically it is true. that’ the’:

power of sanction implies the ‘power -
of veto or ‘refusal. However, the —

power of veto has never been éxer- |
cised since the regin of Eniperor ~

Meiji. against -the opinion | agreed ~

upon, by the Cabinet.’
this fact’ Mr. Keenan ‘said at’ thé
Military’ Tribunal to the effect that |
‘it was the defendants who misled .
Japan finta eriminal acts and blund-’,

ers ang that the Emperay and peo-,
ple were not involved therein.

i(Cheers) Accordingly, if thie. power. |
‘of veto hae never been exercised in|

BeCause of

‘the Emperor, but he has nothing Spite of tha” use’ of. the word “the

to do with- government,’ But, it has
been linderstood ,according to /our
common: sense that the Japanese
word for state functions Meant gav;
ernment, anq of an extensive scope
at that. Accord between state func-
tions and’ the supreme command was
often discussed at the Diet during ©

, the War, and Prime Minister Koiso .

made an elusive reply with the

clever phrase \“fit-in between state |

functions ,and’ the supreme com-
mand”... The jname, “Minister of

. State” involves a problem, You are”
' called Ministers of State.
** paper of tMfis morning said, the ‘Min-

AS a news-

isters of State should not impede
the rights of the people.’ The, word
(Minister: literally, breath
or senior Subject)—the ' use \of the
Word “subject” seems to be -remi-
niscent “of feudalism, although “Dai-

, jin” itself is not objectionable. . A »
, Gifferent word «should be used. — If

_thére is d “Dai-jin”’, there must: be
'“Sho-shin” (literally, lesser or junior

vision, -but I would like -to suggest

that the mode of  PRPreeatOn, be modi-" :

. - “ f

eee a little.

‘The second, patagraph. of Ari:
Iv reading: The Emperor. may déx “more> to. sayy aut Tr will Omit” the |

legate his functions to’ governmenit .
—With all our, studies and repeated

(Cheers) I’can understand .
the political significance of the pro- |

power of sanction”, its tise may well
, be retained.. In case’ the word
“attest” is
an appointment made by ‘the Prime -
Minister -lose -its ae when it is.
not Attested? Call.
7 ang it will always be given. Call it~
““sanction,”.
given just the same... Only, the
words .are different, but there \will .
be no° difference lin practice.
derstand tHat the Socialjsf Party is’
of opinion that’ sanctiow, the disso-
lution or convocation of | the Diet,
ete. ‘should’ all be reduced to mat-

“attesta tion”, ;

and it will always be™

IT un-

Yr.

used does a decision or

believe’ that its progressive ‘charac ia ree ah
ter is found in this Chaptet. ’ Pe SEE aa ia
. However, we’ ‘believe that: for" a is ¥, eee

bountry which ‘thas’ been defeated” hee oS
‘and. disarmed to ,say that. “it! will > ahs es,
“never go’ to war is just the:same | cee eet
sas ‘for a poor: “whan who has been Saeaees Ss,

“feduced’ tq dire poverty’ to say. ‘that: 34 2
He will hencéforth * be: thrifty, It saa oe

Will not be so effettive international ialevie Ks oy Anh
lye I bélieve that’ the Cabinet Min29 9 9. L +
“ istet's should rather have the Teadi- reat fa Aa
“Ness and preparations to See Cellar hee es eS
the’ weak Japan can live in. peace Sige Pe Sth.
“by launching a movement for per- et ne

manent ‘neutrality of. Japan. What 9 \°.0
attitude do the Prime Minister, and. Fr Ne
“the Foreign Minister. take . Mi this i) [SA 4 RS
sPespect? ” (Cheers) I would: like to", ee Ree
- know that’. Theoretically, in’ Case * \ ey ine
’ the. right of self-defen$e is invoked re hye Noe
_—in case dur own chastity or honor Paes erat)
‘\should Be defendedit is: the true aon ena
fundamental ‘right, of the: Japanese” Ni ee
people to courageously ‘stand against " be nae San

their opponent, even if le’ is arm- =f RES Ce
ed and we are not. Is not the very © ~~. | =
fundamental » right of “phate? ST ee

practice ‘the: Article may stand as! meth) eta
it is, since it is also provided: that PALE eS

the’ maintenande ‘of land, sea, and oe} ee sg ales
air forces will never be- authorized, ane NS
' There are some ‘people, However, 2) =)
. Who are df opinion that such’ ‘a Sub- 2 fe Wee.
ject shéuld ratiter not be: ‘inserted Viet Tide ae nae
here. So! “abruptly” atid that. it” “will | Ps Meee: |
be better t6 insert it as general’ pro-. Fie Coke ae
Visiotis ‘ before the. Chapter’ on ee ct eee
Emperor. ‘Borne -other people stilk > ne * Res a.

(80 furthér and stiggest that’ ‘it: be | ieee tae en
included in’ the Preamble.- Hither * SUE ee ia |
will be’ better tharr the draft .as.a_ ey oe Sar ae

_ters for sattestation Yh order to curs | “matter, of form. * But T ‘presume that: sy 08 Hg
tail the powers of the Emperor still cit will he difficult for the’ a har Wyse sets
further, while ‘the members - of the. “Thent authoritie® to° “make ~ such * BF; Prep zae
House’ of - Peers: desire that all  tModification, since ‘the “Article” en =" Hi eg
“attestation”. “De modified into “patil “what was ‘pointeg’ out by General of “f a ead
fication” or “sanction’. But - I do the Army MacArthur ‘ as the! fore-. vis TR ER ies
not think that it dvill make a. bit of “mist of the provisions. It ‘behdoves A > Meare "4
difference. in practice. T do... not. “the Government, 1 believe, to adopt > Socks #3
‘think a different ‘word would ex-., Sdine political - Measute to show that”, Scat agen
‘terid the powers of the Emperor, or_. “the provision indicates not only that ‘°° a an + age
the extensive usa of the word . Japan loves peaceful life but ‘also. tik ate tea
“attestation”, ag the Socialist | Party x that. she is prepared to be the first le & eae
advocates, ‘would curtail thent.” 1 - ‘to advocate. peate toward the Whole ee: ee “ ee
would like to learn’ the opinion of “word—té “promote 4° peace’. moves” SUM ee eed
the government authoritiés in this ent. ‘(Cheers)’ Otherwise” the ‘pro- -" ee sents
. Tespect, whereby we may\ decide :: “Bitessiveriess of | this Constitution, will (0. * 1204
upon our attitude. at have | some “Be brought to, naught. “When \the: ‘S See am
“Welmar’ Constitution | was ‘drawh | ine Yeahs FED

details. « ee jaftér: ‘the “defeat of Germany” in: ‘the «. . Poh ge
Now’ s “shall, “proceed to Chapter ; bia ppb hac tt was reputed to ae Mechiovas

oa
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Bat} &
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* front..

ure

sf there will aise no Nazi or

movement. When it has failed, peo- a;

- choose the. lesser of two evils.
- is the. cause of the rise of Fascism

pay full attention to’ it
sof such a provision
-yutio there ware : preparations for.
’ fighting’ being. ‘made everywhere: in.

\ the. country—people’s front, demo-.
peopled who

' this respect,”
Inthe existing Coristitu-“*”
tion there is the provision that the:
conditions for being a Japanese na-,

provisions ‘of -law.

-%

stitution... But: its improper execu-

‘tion led ta the. appearance of many .

be the Most ‘advanced, modern Con-..

‘small parties, which, from the ex- _

treme fightist: to the extreme , left-
ists, were, all absorbed’ in domestic’
gtrifes, with ‘the consequent ® succes:

sion» of. short-lived Cabinets and

coalition Cabinets, Thus democracy.

proved a, failure, giving the impres-

sion that it was not‘efficient either |

in terms of: energy or in terms of
money, and precipitated the rise of
the :Hitlerite movement.
that the movement would not have

‘ arisen if the Socialists and the Com-

rnunists « had formed, a’ common.

They Sday-

‘joyed by, human , beings have been: Minister* Kimura.

trampled upon, and human beings.

-Ithemselves were brought forth | out

They trace the cause of its
rise to the failure of the two poli-

of an. outrage ‘upon’ the human,

rights. °

natural, that the rights" are jealous-

tical parties’ to. form a common
front, J believe, however, that the -'

failure: of. domestic government of

Germany after her. defeat—the fail-.
~ government—.

of democratic.

provision for the duty to pay taxes f

- vaused/the Nazi. movement. ( Cheers a:

“The Fascist movement in Italy ori- -
ginated in similar circumstances, So

long as democracy» remains/ sound,
' Fascist

‘ple may prefer ‘government by a

strong hand to-ehaotic anarchy, and
That

and Nazism. The Government must
In_ spite

cratic front, etc. ete.
have " penouriced war and; are up-
holding pacifism *should not. I be-
lieve,
werd. implying  fighting.s (Cheers)
‘What do you think of it?. The suc-
‘cession of fightings of the public
opinions at honie cannot but be re-

‘garded as kind of preparatory ac-~

tion for causing an international PPe
heaval. . | o:

THe rights and duties of, the peo-
ple provided for inf Chapter 3. are,

_ as I interpret it, those of the peo-

ple ‘as distinguished from the Em-
peror.+

in the Consti-

use within the country any:

in | Chapter> 3.
there: is Article XXVIT, which pro-!
vides fhat the right to “own proper.’ 2
With stich a pro-'

ly protested, But 1. feat that the:

has. been forgotten, In the Consti-

_tution of any country there is a

provision imposing the duty to pay.
taxes upon , the people. In ours.
there. is ndne. (Cheers) I hope it
will: be inserted at a suitable place
You will see that ,

ty is inviolable.

‘ the duty to pay taxes, - it is likely ©

to be doubted whether
: propérty tax. is”

\

It is the’ merit of this Con-

stitution that there ate so many pro=-~ Nificance will be
many a heateq discussion ‘was con-

_visions for the fundamental human —

_ rights, and I appreciate the efforts
of the Government authorities in
One thing I regret,
however.

‘tional ‘shall’ be determined by’ the
’ In the provi-
sions for the ‘rights and’ duties of-

\the people ‘in this draft anette

tion, such words as “every person”

a" ' /
‘ iw
" ‘La N i (
ue, y ‘ :
. ;
ee 5 r *
* das ? '
a ,
$=), / : ©
fie fF ? eit, °
A ? - ‘
b>; ” ¥ :
’ f ‘ "4 ¥ a ?
$ \ ‘ 4. = ~*
é
’ ~ iF i
t ¥ y e. i

' ducted on the subiect - of Lehrfrei-

4

or no person” of “the “people” or .

collection | of. the
3 violation, of the * Constitution.
(Laughter) ‘So° I believe that the *

duty, > of | the ‘Japanese people | to a

or not the.

of the
' hag exercised the power of «légista-

It Seems to me
-that the compensation for the false-

ly accused ig not ‘adequately “pro- —
~ vided. for. |
“ (Laughter) “Therefore it iS») sion for the right to claim com- -.
Mbrsetianlibn for the acts of Govern- ee
“ment: and public officials that “are ©
“unlaw ful according ~o a public law,:.
‘1 sam hot requesting an immediate :
T hope a reply will be given —
at some opportunity in the, future e

And there is ino provi-

reply.

after due. cons. deration. } > ;

ake ‘shall proceed , to Chapter a: ‘The
“Dist.

‘it. | Article XXXVIN provides that

As mettibers of the: Diet, ' owe
Toust have the greatest interest ‘in.

the Diet shall be the highest organ” :

‘State. I can fully understand ” thet’
it Vis the ‘golé law- “making , alithority’
State! ‘Hitherto: the Emperor

‘tion with the. consent of the: (Im-

perial ‘Diet, as provided ‘for in Ar-

"phy . taxes’ ‘shduld ~ be provided for. “ticle.5 of the exidting Constitution. .

py . ‘all means. By a perusal of:

‘the -
many | ! points ' which “are
the opposite of the. corfesponding. /
provisions of.the existing Cohstitu-
“tion, we ane’ led .to fee that; since.
the existing Constitution’. ‘over-em-"
‘phasizes ' one thing, the new one
over emphasizes another | thing: as a.
reaction to the provisions of the

draft: ‘Constitution we > notice |:

Now’ the Diet’: becomes ° the» law: |
“making aluthority in tame and: ab?

quite, > stance, and that is ‘good. ‘But “Is- .
eit necessary to say, that the. piet. is
the highest organ of state- power?

-Prime » Minister °‘Yoshida ° has’. <said

of state power, ; ,and shall be the oP

. vision, aniq without a provision *for'*“ sole law-making | authority of the -

that the idea of the “mutual inde

iS tate is embodied in the draft. Con-—

itufion, The United States ‘is a -

former or that the existing Const - ‘country where this idea’ has been
* tution is avsort of a guilty “at =

tion while the new Constitutioh i

‘a righteous one? Furthermore, is
academic freedom in Article ‘“XXI is

sO vagug . that I hope: that. its .sig~
giarified. In Ger-.

heit and Lehrformfreiheit, namely,”
“the freedom’ of learning and the ‘freet’
dom of. teaching. ’: It is not. clear
whether the provision. implies the.
study ‘of “sciences or lays” emphasié ~

as

‘realized to a’ great extent. In ein
~ Constitution of the United States,
provided ‘that all
powers’ herein. granted shall,
“vested in a Congrses of the Taied
. States... Tt doés not say that. the
: Congress aPy, ithe. highest ~ organ | oh
state power. In spite ‘of..the provi-,
“sion that the’ Diet is the’ highest

_forgan of ‘state power, the. Emperor h .
“is empowered to dissolve the Hovise’ ’.. .™)

“of Representatives. ' In ‘practice, ‘the
Prime Ministér' will advise\him the

upon the freedom of teaching aty “Valissolution and then ig will become’

‘universities, and I would like to re-°

‘quest (an - ‘explanation. And, - if the

Government intends,

, definite, That Seems io be what the”

In: the ° ‘United |

States the President has no» powers

a X
mocracy, to" peas to, a large eX- to dissolve the 8 ensthege ‘And yet
rt . © y=, = 3 “fee , : y 2 a
i me Me , 7 > ee ‘ ; ae
“ais , thee oi ‘ * oe xs § ; _ eae yo, cae ey Le om i é am . 4 bt *
‘ fut M . éy Os sama Peary 1 ie { : ‘y Yee 5, 33 - ay t ; tad ¢ Sey if #
es ; es es Ea veers | “eg » a Pane’ whe ’ 1 uv Bis 3" mt Mee Na ‘ J » . ™ , a --> \y r
bs) {2 . my by ~ ee xs i? a J dnd "3 t ’ ant te : "> . ws
ay 4 ; Keri? A i 5 ly e peta j Py Sy ge 8% a ij 5
: : 4 f eae? cl be te . ey a : ’ Lute, '¥ ro 4
ee eS ite Ss 4 ia or. i otis ie 4 2 pe ee + eae BP hx: ta ae
“y fi we ier sq" ‘ ree , 6 wig} Pat +¥ hia ty Se Nae fag ta ate,
a ‘ id} ott. ios 78 e 4 ise 4 tig Che, Te ; meee : eae re s tae ae areaat
hh Urey cates Fe toh bet nae , . PER hee ake aise co + eed a
1 ht tabard: f «toa ‘, } $ ana ety e gies Eh 7 Pee) V SS aeel Y ae ‘
rt : t 9 y Vee { ates x . se wal » a wed a

soar of * three . powers: of the -

eisai ae

{provision méans.* But it is, dissolv- *
in connection aS: ed at any rate.
with the thoroughi realization of de-’

;

—_

ah

wy Pei wane, hs eee oe ak tek ara x. — Pode ee Pe. Ee Auk STE aS ANT wor 2 BS pe OL tes 10d
hen fee abr “te UBS ‘ : peck *s GN . %. ‘ € oy aay on ay Tey + sy - Seat Gat yc eee RNS a ewe , ae 3 ’
tie.” yY v Pied ae . e i he is adn? t i ee ;  Y hg cf fs a is yt +¥ we = oat - = ab. Nats Pes es. ie ie a ea +
EP ee tert nent aok ke UN) SRN ig. oil eee”, ay ae Ee ti a Sh ss Seah ae ce Nee BN
if eri a ia * v% me 3% : “tt Vagee Oe anal ri : tae i, ; ed Sa Gale a a ie ee oe So
“ Popa hve 3 Ws * OEY pea ep. bpm Cee he ay RAPE Pie e Ua SHR VIRB, en ait Mi EO
; Spit: thet ee ahah kM Re Ee coy Me ok Ae SY? wit: ‘he ak tae ekcwry : fF Pike ph an ge
FECA ge ae ott Toe oan ota ns het ee. Ls AS FP CO acon MTF : at SW meg Sy
, «. Us ; se . i zi ah d ' yg ae ae “ tee, ~ me be om ‘f ‘ . ‘ aCe NE ri j Ben be oe Me ¢ ‘
f + 8, y t us ay * ? ce ‘oS . br he X‘ & al ¢ ce, co% '
ae . xy : PAY! wa 4} Pi Nat é . iF ahh .
és ‘ ‘ ‘ eis t. , : J ¥ 4 ; +5 FS ‘ :
a ‘ vine . ‘ . Ly : ‘ ee 2
“all of thie people” frequently: occur, “tent economic democracy, ‘tt is ‘date Ra's pate
but there is no provision as to wh6: bound to’ insert: provisions for -the “>, <. PR
the. Japanese people are, ‘I~presume fpeople’s- life, namely, : ‘the people’s | .-
that it’ was omitted on the _ ground » rights to léad » ~af life worthy » of a’ “
that it is obvious. But it is a big. “human being, as the Socialist Party | _-.
omission. - And I hope the Govern-" “demands. It’ depends, upon how the ="
men will. reconsider it. “Moreover, ~ Government | interprets demiocracy, } i ’
‘this pter in general lays empha- We w ould | rather wait until the .° , ée,
sid upon the rights and is very gen-, . + ¥nodifications : of’ the Socialist ' Party ; , ies
erous ‘in. providing for duties, The - ‘are proposed and expressed” ‘our . ‘i Te Mey
Japanese people have been encum- ‘opthion to the Government. er of nee
bered only with duties aNd they had, With ‘regard’ alsb +o ~ “Articles: edhe es
few rights if any. + In this country XXXV and XXXVI... it is the ‘ques- ¥- oe
* ‘ > > ae
almost all of the rights ta_ be en-” tion to be: considered by” Justice: A"

Pd \ . r a & i ~ *
a Sha \ { “4 yt ys 3 ‘ b| bai .
ea Oy 25 Peri P82 J < : as ph oe / * ' yo} A :
ae te Ree ae LS < a P : i. J “ gers y* 4, \ ‘ ‘ he J git
Te a of Pa: Pays ae t f ey a ; ~ Be Bet te “= A : 2 =
ee eer ee “ ‘ ! “hay ee | < ‘$oee £. € 7 he be ; a,
&” , sve y< a » a) - ‘i
Bye a tt * w j >». ¢ . Geos ™ , ‘ » a ..: — 7 t
tous Pete eV eee Se ’ f “s aa ' i *. bial Leer ;
PRA» os he 7 7 f \ : > , Su...’ d ¥ Ayah i i *) . :
Tor AY Pa ak FT a . x ‘ ly » £3 La t -. %, ‘ omy ~
WS iienind of t : - ra u ws me \ f 4; = . af ; P ws. ‘ ;
“& . . Roe , } = < ~ . 4 / ¥ re ~ » ~~ ‘fh
— f Pe o F i ™ ; * o> J Z 4 = es x! - my, ~ ‘ , ty /
res fet Lea iets, | ee fy
1 a ete f é “ (Eo lee BS me 2 wis
ars é . » T “* ‘3 a x { % - 4
re ed \ ¢ ‘ea ¥
ra ; wb 3 H mm a . , ~ — ; . \ \ !
ao j : ’ “
fe } : , 4
aa: ‘ a, sf - " ‘“ hy ‘ a.” a ~
a “4 v
Pe ‘ ars : 2 pas
7 a

Sac oeae oi Ke 5 they” do. not ‘say. ‘hatathe Congte as may. be ‘made “electoral. districts burt
{i hee vt) (cds. the highest _ organ. ironcever s. it will, contradict. the provision that

ap a “whatever, law ‘may ‘be. -enacted by “the members shall be elected by all 3

‘the. ‘Congress. will become nil and, the ‘people.
ies  Yoids if its effect is.denied by the
Re. ee aie Supreme Court which copresponds

os ts Sto “Tai-shin-in” of Japan; .In view. will not be necessary. (If it is» yo
Naess Mote cA pf all this—although the idea of. the ; be consisted of the learned and ex-

If, therefore, ; the -sec~
ond. House is ‘similar in character:

wine ene supremacy . of -the: legislature is. perienced. persons and the _ func-
Behe ta ise) “noticeable—it will not be necessary, - tional representatives, . unlike the
< rot ice HF ‘say that the Diet is the highest. House ‘of Representatives, it will.
ig oe it “organ. Tt igs the purport of our, ‘ contradict the above-mentioned. pre-
* 4 o; ek ae Mbestiond whether or not there is a. vision. Accordingly, I CANN agree

Sipe es ‘better mode of expression. oat ot to the provision as it is, although

~T am‘the-one’ who support the bica-

ws) Then. \ Article» XXXIX: > Both

as a he ss Houses shall consist of elected’ mene ameral. syStem. | I presume that this
gee. : ue bers, representatives of all the peo~ eo ig. the provision which caused’ diffir
< eee ae ge “ple. ‘The: House ne) ‘Councillors ang» culties to the .Government also, The
Pe tS * the’ House of. Representatives are! character’ of an Upper “House such
La Mi ye ‘provided for in one Article. - But) fas that,of : the Spammer: Germany
ON oe “2 the” organization. of. the House ef. which represented: . the: ‘Land’
Eos oS oe Councillors’ is not clearly indicated,” ~ the Reich, ig quite clear: According ,
Ay ies ate -Minister \of State Kanamori said on 40> ‘the: Constitutiqn . of. the , United
eee Ee “some occasion. that he would submit . ‘States, each | State returns two mem-_
a8 i oo.) al few proposals which: he had in bers, irrespective of its size, for the.
So aa igit? mittd. Without such proposals, I do | PUrPOse .of. protecting the rights:.of
- "not know whether or not I can agree” the State. In the case of our Upper
3 to. such “system as. the House of House, - namely, the House of Coun-.
Seice es ‘Councillors. The Constitutions of | cillors, I do not think ‘thati it will
oink Peete ~ \imost. of. the countries provides for Tepresent only the interest of each
cehtiey. the. ‘Upper. House and the Lower district. The organization of ‘an
"4 House in’ separate Articles, if there: Upper House is. always difficult. In
yo 4, are’ two Houses. Will it mot\ be* France it is organized through in-
abe Mache ae cléar. if. they’-are provided - for iy direct election. In Britain it is com-
"+... separate Articles’ and if it is also) ~ posed of:,most of the.peers, and in
Tone oe --. .provided -that the organizations Qf Italy it consists of Royal appointeese °
* © the House of Councillors he dete . Our, system is elective, being’ com-
““ 47 ° \). mineq by a separate Iaw? I hope posed’ of members of ‘the Imperial
See ae, a the Government iL take» the mat a Family,. peers, representatives of the
5 5) my fer- into consideration, There is an-— highest. tax-payers, fmperial_ ap-
wre a -. other thing’ we would like to know: . pointees and many others. What
me j - All. members Of « both the, House of | will; be the .new System? - Tf, as a
Prine Eig . Representatives‘ and the House~0f matter “af principle, the~ House . of
tee A ; * oa » Councillors. will be ‘elected. Necord- Representatives is predominant and
Rag keg te th Sa ADE tol Article XXXIV, both. Houses everything’ passed by that House is -
| | shall consist of elected members, re- "to bee swallowed blindly | hy the
ecety presentatives of all. the people. Here . House of Councillors, it is a -duplf

is a serious’ queStion. It was dis . cation “®f proceduré dnd: the, latter

py ae pn cussed by the Progressive Party, the will become a superfluity. If the
ie eas. (Social Party, members. of the Hotise of Councillors has. positive
fed oS OC Be House of Councillors are -to be elect- functions and obstruct the House of
eS GP oer st COM OR 8 regional . basis, the House. Representatives, the former will be
yin Ae “will become. similar to the House of very: harmful. and have to he éli-
oR SIA a tas if Representatives, and, the..-basis - for / minated, lt is an’: -awkwar d- insti-
Verge a ‘r the bicameral system -will be weak- - tution. anyway. But © we! do not
poetry 4 Y) ened. Ifthe system of, fungtional know |, “exactly > unless: the >Govern-
gh trates yt _Tepresentation. ig to be adopted: as” ment ‘states its preposals in  vety
ae. $ .. people. “With. progressive . ‘ideas dex definite terms. If Japan.’ ig to. con
Ree : “ “mand, zbi must. be noted that the. | aires ‘a cultural: state in’ future, as
Rea ritiod cy Japanese . pegple~ are not, classified. ; is “generally advocated, we will
anid ipa “ flopetianally., If the State is highly W ~olgHestvedly agree to. ave the.
SE ed son y IY developed as a corporate: State ands “Upper House £0 organized as tO
bh Cia kate | every member of the people belonf © adopt to some: extent the functional
Rept fe ae * * ed to’ ane of the corporation as was > “representatign — ‘and +o muster Peo-
Bg ie . the’ case in’ the -former’ Ttaly,~the ple , who vhave dis tinguished them-
Paige bist tee a functional - _representatign - ‘will be - gs: ives. in™Vvarious, cultural. circles,
yl e7 >) workable? Otherwise it will be diffi?, namely, musicians, . artists,--men ; of
Ranier ts quit. - If the learned! and. experienc: Tetters, scholars, . meritoriods gpocial
ih serio gate tee sed” persons are. to - be elected; ‘the 2 Werkerg,, authoritative educators,—
SpE Var, $4" oN BepEe a \npadern ys or. “universities those. who: have bean, active in» all.
= ye tie ST BS A 7h. ares, a ‘ake! ia ies El oae oer Q mae t
PACS A aa oe | ETM = oad he (6,7) ch ea } ay [er = %
tin ; é sy SN a :, Eat ed a ran es Saale earn ok
pe. ca Bie 3 dy go ass te ‘ tee: 4 tae wets sees ee | 3 . ak
Rea rare NN Pa Re ES nee, var oP Dal Ree es yf: Sy te
Pa as rea aE SS Saas Sa ie Rane ae eal BR aes ug
ake Pee Cae Pee ea “a ees serie 34 Tat . é 2 eg 4 amy aie - et we S i Uae ree 2 WORE Meee V ot } ‘

.
eet Wo z at aR, _: }
diate 2 Basks! me bas Bais died

BF My ae Pee POTN Bete INTE siden d he Ms i skaht ties Xt bdo  k par SSR ee

to the House! of Representatives, ‘it ;

“However, is

, . tioned in the United States.
_./Stanece: a bill or a budget passed by:

. Gevernor,
‘Veto, but such: matters will become ~~ ~

_cultural spheres; since that will .be.
character of: the™
Its organization is, ay

worthy of * the
. Upper» House.

however, very difficult, and we can
not agree to the bicameral system
in the abstruct,

€q. political controversy: in Fra
I hope the Government will speedi ;
announce its detailed proposal. _I de-
mand that. (Cheers) ‘
rT .will drop the details and pro-
ceed ‘to. Article, LI:
shall judg disputes related .~ to
qualifications and_ elections of its
members. It means that the ‘Houses
deal with trials, and it seems good
that their function is extended.
it» advisable .that
validity of elections is judgeq by
the Diet? ~I was informed of -~-the
litigation. concerning the~ invalidity.
of the election in Kagoshima Pre-
fecture in the genera] election ‘ of
1942,

valid, in spite of the fact that it was
helq under the Tojo Cabinet: I sus-
pect that there may be improper
cenducts.on the part of the publi¢
procurators, but the:
Japan, although not deemed exceél-
lent becatise of their “shqw motion”,

do nat ‘betray unfairness and par-
tiality. Accordingly, Will it not be
better to entrust’ the judicial courts

with the decision on the validity: of ,
. elections

rather than to the Diet?
if the Diet, undertakes the trial, it

will become the subject of political #
ad controversies.

It is likely that there
arises a controversy in the Diet even
without a plausible ‘subject,
stich a, subject, it is More likely, to
Live Vise to domestic strifes, There.
fore I am afraid that the Govern-

ment authorities, seemingly respect-,

-ing the Diet, do not in point of /fact

faithfully
‘the Diet.

the interest of
the gpinion of

consider
What ‘iis

the Gov Sas *

Next will be Article LY: “A pill
heconies a law on passage by both
Houses, except as otherwise provid-
od by the Constitution. A bill, wheih

5. assed by, the House’ of Repre-_

sitatived and upon  owhich~ the
House .of Councillors makes a_deci-
sicn. different. from. that, of- the

‘House of Representatives, becemes a

law when\ passed a second. time by

the House - of Representatives. by a,
of two- thirds or more of pi
The majority: \"-

. majority
the members present.”

of two-thirds is’ frequently | men

the Congress may be vetoed -by. the
who has. the power’. of

To be unicameral
or bicameral is the subject ofa ake .

The presiding judge was yery “
, fair, the election was adjudicated in-

judges of.

Given*

For ins,

~Each House _—

\

/

the ; iS

Pacis tf aa ES ala ratoatiagy D ohn ttaee toy Nee A BENG Meise ss Ma heme ete Sate
bes aut > fs j : 6 Ne \ ? | ipl pr tg iyo 5 EARL. , are a coe ee o ey Es ar he Reef a by Pama ee ie
os Bags ae | * eee el yo pe ae e, is te SAE "ee 2 Se te ane ° 5S eet ¢ phe
ie eta sta Lf iene pease Oh af Ne a aoe ie Sa ONE poh ot eae ake
yA es Sake! ' ie yin ie ; ued m5 ‘ +N he Lp age EAS AOA ES
3: re 5 ‘ entenh | ; AM Lt ti ; PETA rs os rs... ra " Bats > ‘
at sas , . effective if passed agaily by a major- . with the’ judiciary. by ite ‘Jegisla~’ ~ changed in a year. "Moreover, if one Pg ips
sre ity of two-thirds:’ The adoption of ture, and .it is not- unlikely that» a E ot the: Ministers has committed ° Ne Hea cae ra
PR rap te re Cla system Seems to have been. in-- partisan ‘controversy is introduéed, * improper’ act, the Prime: Minister: WARS ase Re
saa oee », fluenced by ‘tHe . American institu-|. in it. This “System ° Seems to ‘be in will be impeached, | since ithe Cabi-° bo y.
As - \ tion. I would like to suggest that ‘ accord: with the Constitution “of ‘the + net is. collectively. “responsible, : * oo hea, $
fasta the meeting of a joint’ committee » United: ‘States, whereby'’ the “exectt- - - namely, the Diet ‘ is” “empowered - tO- ay hE
ee -. of both Houses be held in such cases’ tive checks: the legislature, the legis=' move the vote, of non- -confidence,) 4) \
es i oy as.jn -the tase of-the budget and lature’ chetks the judictary and the |. - this ‘ ‘provision: will. Not be necessary: - 3 ay es
bie sg . that, if no agreement is reached by judiciary: in turn checks the execu- ‘That is: the: proposéd. iodifieation OF in as .
: raey M ihe committee, the matter be .vefer-_ tive—the ‘s0-Called check and balance — ours, (A shout, “Interpellation; St tates nets =
ns AE red to the House of ‘Representatives system.’ But, Had we not better dis -modification!”) I' am interpellating, crete ole
EN ty 4 ‘at the next session of the Diet and pekse Awith - this provision? Is it not “with refererice to that. IT would like “7 -
AS te te take effect if passed | by a simple _ better’ suited to the indepéndence of. to know the opinion ‘of thé Gov MSs
Petit * majority. Is it not a suggestion $0 ets legislature and of the judieiary © ernment, (A shout, “Tell the’ details” eruion. UE
a be agreed. upon not only by the that’ we create a different. agency . “at the ‘Cotnmittee.. meeting!) I will «= bate
¥ ay Liberal Party but also by most cf ‘to take: charge. of such” a. matter? 3 ‘refer to the details - at the Commit- °’ * pi Soe
Ba hege f the - other ° ‘parties? Most of the in-- That, ig our” idea. ces “tee meeting. (A’ shotit, “Expression “. “-
pte terested members of the House pf. Now I will priohaee! 163 the: provie > ‘of opinion is “frée!”) | In compliance LY,
° a ‘Peers are ‘also of the same opinion. ‘Ssions’ concerning the Cabinet. The ~.with your. opinion, T will postpone, %
‘ser taee? ‘The: third paragraph of: the Ar-  “erond naragraple ‘of Article LXIT A referente to thé details until the ay :
fra ‘Lo “ticle: reads: Failure by the House réads: The. cabinet, in the eXercise > “ Comrpitteé meeting, but I “would ;
Rha?) 7 Sos! Geihellloks 3t6 dake. final’ action of executive power, shall be collec. ~ like sto. refer ‘to a few more Beneral a a aed :
_ within “stxty, (60) days after receipt tively responsible to the Diet. “It ~ matters. | si free Rae EEN
BY ’ of a’ bill passed by, the House Of 3 is a provision good for ‘the ‘demo-  —- Afticle UXXIV Lt héiteve it is one} fm +
| ee ag « Representatives; time in recess ex-, cratization of! JapaneSe Government, j of the forms ~of interpellation to ask ee et ae
2.1. cepted, may be determined by the .as it proyises for, the institution of. the opinion of thé Government By>
Ne ee House of Representatives to comsti- . the’ responsible Cabinet. Our” pro-" way of expressing’ one’s own -views * Tae
xe _ tute a rejection. Sixty. days Seem posal - for modification | is that the Article LXXIV . reads: -Remoyals 7 “
by "tO be too long. T should say twenty, text. be madé to read, nit “the Cabi-. of judges ‘shall be’ -accomplistied PY ere ete
iS ee days or’ two or three ily \ That met shall be colle ctively responsible” 4 public impeachment only .° unless a Ah ASS,
eae . is the conclusion of the Studies of but “the Prime Minister and . the. judicially declared mentally * or. phy-_ r Sk ay
paren. -+my party. ahr does ‘the Govern- © other Ministers of State, in rebpect ‘ sically incompétent. It: means that” er -
ue thent think of: of government, “ete.” not. limiting: “ ordinary people impeach judges. Mle eat) DS ,
j : Then comes. ee , LVI concern-_ to the’ exercise — of” executive ‘power.’ - Discussion - ott’ the details, ” “which ap pe ie <
‘ cae Tine “ag biitdeet.; It teads in part: -.-: mthe second paragraph of Arti- “have reference to. Article’ LXXW, will ae Me
i 1% Upon consideration of the. budget, cle LXIII- reading! - “Tf the. House of - be Lp shige! until a suitable occa-| | . ates
pad when the House of Councillors Representatives. and the House of-- sion arises. The’ provision that. the - Ate
Ao ', stakes “a decision different from Councillors’ fails to make designa+- ~ judges of ‘the Supreme Cott: shall’ he
bey: bat that of the House of “Representa* tion within » twenty (20), days, ex-\. be reviewed by ‘the ‘people at the Nios <
ay Bae “tives; and when a joint corhmittee elusive, of the period of pecess, after ° : election. every ten > years may , be Nit Sy
uci of Both. Houses, provided for by. the‘ House: of Representative. has. workable when’ the ‘number’ of ee ed RET
Fas pel a Jaw, cannot come to an agreement, ~made designation, etc. “Twenty” judges” of. the“ ‘Supreme Court ie eee Anes
“oS “or in thé’ case of failure by. the’ _ days”, ‘we hope, will by: shortened \ “imiteG to abdlif fine’as in the ‘Case’. Sees wit
Bae ‘ ” House’ of Councillors to take. final. to within a week or tem days. That*> of the United States, “But there phe Le eS 2
a | action within, forty. (40) days, the, + if the Howse’ of Councillors fails “no less \ than” ‘thirty judges ‘at the“ fee
ba “<> period’ of. recess excluded, after the’ ‘to. make desig ation: within asweek *: Supreme ‘Court ‘of: Japan, Lg Yeah + (ey ea Eerste a Si
; _ 2 “weceipt of the budget passed by the | OF ‘ten. “days, nd not twenty days, he know « their “names’ myself. ° 1 am: ci A oan a pee
ge . House. of Representatives, etc. - Also — after the ° Hous, of Representatives ° © “afraid that, it will be extreiely diffi-+ a a at.
Bhiery nt .. a in this respect I hope that the period ° has made ‘designation, the. ‘decision » Cube to’ decide. “every | teh years’ 4p ey A
pay ye ). be modified to within three weeks.’ of the House of Representatives’ shall > _ they are qualified or. not or yrthey ae ade oak
ri as - F would like to know the view of \’ be the decision of the Diet. Wels, deserve’ “removal Or, not’ J believe se Zeit ;
BSN 2: the Government. ‘ would. like ‘to . avoid slow AIACNONE , that the provisjen - has- adopted too” , mies
eee Article LX reads: The Diet shall. 224 do it with dispatth. | “much of - the * “American idea and ~ Rae aa
ae Set up an impeachment’ court from * Article UXIV will, I believe, pre- » Should ‘be | recotisidered. ~ (Hear, i ks ee ee
r et SO, the meinbers of both: Houses for the -Sent a .sérious. question. It readai® “hear” ahd c cers) STN | tg ens te rs
betes. purpose of. trving » those judges. The Prime- ‘Minister shall, with the © a3 TT.) will pow. take’ ’ “up. “Article. ale * Ne
‘ against whom removal] proceedings. approval” of “the “Diet appoint ‘the. _LXXVIII. T will omit the details.” ig.
Ares. “| have been instituted. . Are ‘those. Ministers of Stabe. The "Minister oF, “It “reads: Trials shall ‘be opndicted Rist
x pe he judges against whom removal pro- State (sit; ‘Prime Minister?) ig des" and judgment declareq’ publicly. : ‘Tt. . ee Rate RR
roy _ ceedings have been: instituted” only f Signated and appointed by the Diet. . is gooW,. since it "provides for a pub- “i Paes oe
ee ‘ - the judges of the Supreme Court 6r If iain Aor has confiden¢e .in the~ lic trial. ~But ‘the second ‘Sentente: os ss pe seed,
tees ~ 4s it applicable to judges in general? Pri Minister, the Ministers of * “reads: “Where, hoWever; a court un °°" ae
ae 1. That is tht first! doubt. Another State may Re appointed by him.. It animously* determines _publicity’™ to * pce
bs ¢ j coup is whether the setting up of. will be intolerably unwieldy” t0- con?” "be . dangerous _ to public order: or |: bi yay
pce “an impeachment’ court from the: vene the Diet and obtain ‘ its deci-" “morals, * a ttial may bg ‘conducted’ fb enh
ape imenibers of both Houses” aims at. sion whenever a ‘Minister. ot” State is: “privately, | ete. ~ It ‘provides that a.” aot ke ee
bie ~ the democratization of the judiciary....to be appointed—unless' the Diet <secret trial ‘may be permitted. 7It ee
(0 \, J It the: Diet investigates severally is in @ps$ion’ throughout the year,“is added: bet trials of” politicat\\; 9 “5
eg ay _ Whether. a judge ‘is ZOOd or not, it ‘it’ must’ Be. convened every time in™ Loffehses, offerises: involving the: press we Ale
, ”, will open the way for the meddling» Ree: three ‘or bhi’ ‘Mihisters- are” “and CAség wherelh the isle? of ‘PeO?s, ee
aes RS | Lp aeeee. es pate i ae ns 7 ‘y oe tate > Ee atleaes Sr ioaa
bean eyo as Reh Pee ela Gate Noes inva athe SES
Rife ot: +P at PARE Cae a. aside alee eg Mh oN ek sts PiaMationg re A ANA OREN Bee PAL eS Wey Te Oa eS |) ET a
bine, ahs a ~ i oe ’ ey ~e “4 gel! f ates: 7 . i ete ieh | y ae | ‘« : | Re SON | i | * Rd ied firs is
Pana yaks ery oy. Se RR a) TERE RR sas IE A es re a

3 tt Zeek < i eg Pte Ie Wiss Ags i bate 5 Ms ei i t y rhi4 " >
Be a i eA A i pe pe SMX oy MES BME Deg A ey SOR, ee : ea Oe be
ae Bes Pei T Saat Vins MMR ie Re Be AM» SA MOT | ERNE A Pe RON RRO a ‘Ss | v hse ern
cg SA 488, psn 22 P aere sy reat MODE gages. oP lise af Pee wets : tha. ak et Gents PoP 4 2 , ‘ i ey, ee
tL NSS ARS Sy otee. | < sie ete OTE EUR. 3 ix a ae ws 4 7 p< ers, ' a) . ee ; f ; a ra : as | art
pe tisha en Pa ce $ ne mS 5 caer Os Fra ee ae ier aga ep \ ae A, PEG ens : Speers Boss ALL a5
ae aaa, Se fea: Mis a ‘ aS ~ Es ‘ : eo #3 i at 3 ; 3 sor St . ‘
Sate WR eS fees Ai heMas | < fs cx ag “ give, * . ed NG
‘, *% en oe x A AS a ; ht Ate PEs Be shy & r aT J . e
e c seh . ; re ple as reserved in Chapter 3 of. this - America, ‘England , and jother, coun- to preserve our. ational character, Re
AGT Bet : ay ‘Constitution . are in question, shall. tries? It is also asked if the draft our statehood, and. the happiness of’ amas Rich
nae ete "be. sconducted publicly . without. ex- Constitution does not differ nauch, _ our people. We ‘must think first "area
sae fa “ception. The. rights of: people pro- even totally, from what was made of how ,we’can dispel. such misun- 9 +.”
Ss fas sate Mee vidég for in Chapter, 3 of Ahe Coh- - public. as a draft of- Minister’ Matsu- lerstanding, and such apprehensions | ne \ ae
. 2h) -¥)° ‘stitution. are so extensive that- there | moto, . The dahon question ig well-» on the part of the world» This is © 4)
Fa BRS tee ~~ will be no: case that can. be tried. grounded, he ‘so-called, )‘Matsu- . the first thing: we must. do as Tapas. sors
Bet "privately ° as an! "exception, if. the moto. draft” Seton ‘Was made pub= nese nation. From the Allieq view- 9 9)"
+ aK > “casey, involving these rights should - jie happened to be only ‘one of sev-. point, the fact there. ig the Imperial _ pete
x “ Nibetees always: De tried. in’ _public, - Cases  ieral. drafts. . There’ were a, Second family on. the‘ top, and. our loyal as: Ee
Wk sv angerous to: public. order or morals - draft, a thirg draft, and ‘so on, Be- “and brave people, are solidly: united) erie
Meee 3 “mostly involve | the press, but these — - side that draft which Wag. ‘studied with the Imperial family as the  — is
ie ioe ed “cases . care, to be tried in public, Ex-. by the gavernment, and given. out center, there lurks the danger t0 12554) ‘si
% 2a es cept. these cases, Cases dangerous 40. -: to the. public, and which becanie | peace and the source of trouble: to , ae . yh:
ee tg _ public order or morals may be tried the subject of So. ‘much discussion, the world. It is under such suspi-,” . nets
ees J as I “. ‘privately if unanimously agreed We had one or tWo other drafts that . ¢ion—such dangerous’ suspicion, that. ' ns
AS Bate “upon by the judges. There sseems were different}; and_ that ‘may, Qe We must. consider how Japan’'may =.
iby ues to ° be. a considerable ee oe - called even far more -pregres essive.” preserve her national, character, her. .- arm §
\ ae ey a I would. like to learn the opt But) before these. could lhe submit ationhood, The gover nment came ,) 6)
here te | TNO, of the ju icial authorities, ~~ ted. to the public, fhe situation to realize most keenly the. necessity
tay Sete Ps have. many’ other. points to: ask ‘changing with, the ‘sudden and swift of a most thorough revision of the ’ \ ‘
hte in addition _ tor the foregoing, but 28 changes. in international situation - Constitution—the . basic law of jour’ *”. f
~. S.. . 4 will-refer. to. the details at thée.Com- ‘demanded a still another new draft ' nation along the lines of pacifism deh thes
ee SE een “mittee meeting. “Here I would like constitution. After the kovernment, aNd democracy and’ of demonstrat- * . ° 2
’ pe eg eto request the reply of the Prime realizing ‘the necessity of constitu. ing therehy through.the new con> 9 \\> %
Ire) NE Minister and the ,ether. Ministets tional ° revision, began -to. proceed , stitution thet Japan is not a nation» - #5,
_ To #8 conckrned | to the above five: ques: - with the fask, many things came to of. such a character as will endane 2 Ee
Olney, oMons,.a€ an introductor'y: character — be clarified as to the. sentiments and. ger the peace of the world. ‘That ~ '. 4 \y%
Pores kay _anq anothey five concerning the par- attitudes * of , the European. and’ “is how. the- prestnt draft constitu- ~ hon a
vai * | ticnlar,—to what I have asked about American nations toward Japan. We. tion came. to be written. So~ be- tat lee
“fue < the provisions for the Emperor, the. then discovered that’ there was ; tween ~ the so-called. ‘Matsumoto ONG
Bri ik DSF ont hans Diet the Cabinet and the Judiciary, something’ very grave in the \inter- draft” and the’ present; draft--you° 9-4
a ys pe : (Cheers) oe Se «*).% &: national ‘relations of | this. country, - will note sqme wide: divergtncies,~  ¢ : by.
4 ¥ > ‘o: "(Minister YOSHIDA, Shigeru takes In’ the first’ plact, there. was a mis-. .but*that is due to the consideration, — Via
RORCALE ie ft . -the: platform.) ~ eats understanding that, Japan’s national . of these international factors, Dee oe
See - Minister YOSHIDA: |. > __ structure Was- stich . as would men-. earnestly hope that you. will make » - 8
% het, Iam going to” reply to the hone ace again the peace of” the world— a careful study of the) international] -: : ART Abode
ees Pee able » member. ‘of. the House. He A. - misunderstanding © that world ~ situation, Keeping this Boe Ls tae meat Ae
is eae Soe says, there are those: who argue that’ “peace was exposed to a serious dan- mind, (Cheers), 7 NEAR rae
ie A ~~ there is no need ‘of. revising’ the eX. Ser by the national condition and, Now I. turn to,the question rev ° AH ne
6) ls0 sting: Constituti n. ‘as long as it it national structure of Japan-that had garding the relations between mon- ~ Wika we
eves ee x spi gnoea properly; “As> you . know, Jed her ‘to war. ,The Allied Powers ~ archy and democracy. ‘The Japa=
RE as ge 8 “present. Tmpocial | Constitution. were most’ apprehensive if. there’ nese Constitution, may be said to
i cs Seat Bost “ana Deen. the object of national vene-. . Might ,exist..the danger df ‘Japan’s have its origin in thet Five Articles ~ AG
ys i ‘ration “indistructibly charter. for Ter arming fersel fi and disturbing and..- of the Charter Oath. The. text of |
ge : *on time.” But let Us consider what © destroying once more the peace’, of .. that Oath is simply a \written. des- Pp td RPM
Pete oy Mag brought on us today the defeat, the‘.world.. .That-is why the first cription of Japan’s national tradi--» ~~.
eae the disaster ang the heplorable state thing ‘the Allieq) Powerg , have de- \'. tions qnd trails. It is in the spirit |
Oe ae OF affairs! I. do. not say ‘that itis _ manded of Japan is the removal of» of the Oath that We find’ Japan's ‘
Ms at DRA . the fault ‘of the Canstitution. - But -armament. | They deem it of prime. ‘national , character—indeed, @apan er
nease'? ai sf the fact is that the Spirit and |sig= necessity to prevent .the ve-arma-_ . herself. By . merely bebe Re ey,
niet Eo onifigance | of, ‘the. Constitution Pets ment of Japan,’ to make sure that, through the Oath we can. reac fly's NTE oo
og OG “f ae £0 distorted’ as to produée such an’ she is demilitarized and that: her na- perceiye that Japan is’ a democracy,! | tS \ wi
eae aN ‘abnormal ‘political condition which: tional structure is\,made aver into and-that: our government haS Never | it pee
ets a ih has led the country, to. its..tragic one, that. will, not’ menace world. . been autdcratic or e@ppressive, If \y je 3
bums Sa: shes - fate, . From this standpoint, We. can- peace: Of COUMS, this” is born of: we-read the Jmperia] poem of ‘our ae
toe % f By ke “not but conclude. that it is high time . lisunderstanding—a- misunderstand- — successive sovereigns, or the poems .\\* %,
“ows of x We made-a fairly. thorough: revision,, 178, that Japan is a militaristic and and songs of ,illustrious. emperors
Sees oat » Especially when . considered - in the”  ultranationalistic state,°and we, are and wise. ministers, we can see that. ’
a (ge hy Jight of the Potsdam Declaration _ by nature a war- like. people. How: ‘Japan has never had ag jn other |
Pa ae hie and the terms ‘of surrender, We can- ~ ever, in. the light of .the eatastro- .countrjes q tyranical*government, or \ «> >?
EE Sor thes eS fo” not. escape ‘the conclusion. that the ; - phic. resiilfs of the war of last’ five 9 government that ignored the peo-
Tee SB 0 . present Constifution. is’ defective in years, and in view of the eagerness -ple’s| will. The -people’s will was. ¢ - :
2) 0+ 4 ..,)Many respects either for. the admin-. of the world to Win the peace, such— ‘the sovere'gn’s will. Thaytis Japan’a, fe
i ot tere Astration of our _lomestic. affairs or doubts. and. apprehensions about | national character, Therefore, de- 3
be on oO . for: the yeadjustment Of. our inter-.— Japan, are, We must admit, - quite ° mocracy is not a thing to_ be estab- Us a be:
oes ~ National _ relations; Another. ques- justified. | We. should realize that we lished anew: in Japan: by the pro- | Skit
i SA sit} Ne thas been < asked: “What are the* have. come to a point’ where we . posed new Constitution, * which: iecof 3. ‘ te
Deiiene RODS: between the draft Consti-s ‘must: give much thought if. in. the» going to clothe in new words what Reha Lok?
Re re A : iduton: ang the : Semonrg cle of _ face of a disastrous ‘defeat We are we have always had (Cheers)... This) 3b oe 6 2% xe
oe, 2 3} Rie
: + ey x AS ‘ ;
“A pe | Vote pieaa: agen ng

F | wT ie ASC «plein ee aie ae as oe se = é
beers rasmussen Aen eg ue 2 RE oy eee fc, oe co eter ne ea :
, N Bul ‘ te c. ‘ ey Ue wee 3 weet oan SEE s eat
Ryne ji eer : . 32 | er, pote ass, eR PRET CS i a a ee ies RES
PEE Gg not merely ‘a personal ' theory of . agreement with‘. his, general views. . Minister: “y will ‘not “enter into the Ree tht a wor
als { mine alone. = I: believe: your views “regarding * ‘the necessity. of revising subject further’ It‘ is, firm convic~ Eset lee
BS Sent nm are. the same; the constitution. Apart from th® ‘ tion / that between’ democracy. und. +: ac We
Rete ‘+. ' The ’ Honorable: “tietaber of the! , question” of fulfilling our ‘ifterna- - Japanese ‘monarchy — there. is no — ee
v7 SS House’ hag - expressed opiniohs ¢ stional bbligation under the Potsdam > -break—no friction whatsoever—+« |. EB ices
“ .) “about. the Constitution and the ” ''Declaration;s we must “consolidate | (Cheers). “What is the trfle characs 0
veh 4 ‘Tmperial House and about the posi- |) Hi the foundation for the rebtlding | of teristic of Japan’ as a’ nation? “I. _De- “ cy ee ee
: tion of the Imperial House. I eee 1) an’ orderly _state- by’, overcoming — lieve it is the feeling that is rédted Besoneie is
- generally with what he “has said._ i quickly . the” thaatic ; corifusion” of © _ deep in our hearts and that is "closes * 7”. ve
= believe that the Imperial House ~ is thought and. the instability: of thé: ily bound up- with, the Emperor— pecs, 3
Pty to be’ identifieg: with the Japanese ‘social condition. For that I. believe, ‘4 that is the unity of the people: with’ SS ‘
Hotty people, it is the» “spontaneous out: i there must’ be, a. new ‘con’titution _ the Entiperor as ‘the center of deyo- Bs plo wt
aL s growth’ of the national . character “embodying new ‘principles. ‘(Cheers.) © “tion—torms | the foundation upon Birth: Oe o's &
tacn \. itself. There is no distinction be- The. ‘general character of: this draft:” which ‘the Japanese nation: stands. amet ey 5
Bae yee > tWeen the Impérial House and the _ constitutien ig that We cannot RK (Hear, hear!). Between this. foun- ,
“ss people. Sovereign and subjects are. plain jt away as being based on any ‘dafion. and “tHe redlizatior’ ofthe o  _
aM are one, as is often said. They maké: single definite econcmie or potitical ° “energetic aspirations of. the ‘ndivie "0
“ts { one. household. That there exists no theory. But; it takes the various * s ‘duals in’ the. political, ‘economic and — Apes BS
, Opposition | relationship between the Views current in Japan, and is so” other fields, there ‘can be no \cor-
Bons sovereign and the people goes with- designed to? all possible satisfaction ~ flict. In fact; the two,are ‘compte. |
Soe \ o - out saying. . Accordingly, the ques- to most. people, * ‘The’ one big un- "mentary ‘and | becorte fully opera.”
Fo.y- ” © tioh where lieg sovereignty . is’ too. derlying idea. in rafting the con= tive hy being” ‘together. Of course;
Bees obvious to require any | words of stitution was to make it such as will there. is, no legal provision on this - Ms
bias te 8 answer. Is the national character enable, people with their individual © : pcint. but as I shall explain later, li
i | Pie altered under the new Constitution? opinions | to stand on as. common a number of thé provisions - in the » a sees:
PA ~* I‘ doh't. think this-ie gq question, basis and carry on active political “ draft Constitution are, borne; this thai
aI ws Mr: Kita has askdd, put he said that 4nd other discudsion ackordin tO - conviction, ie Poet ee SMA Se. ay Bar
if wna ei “there, aight be. some ‘who would the principles of democracy, (Cheers). 7 The fifth point, the: mo Bonship: ; oe Le
yt tr” : a thihk that way. Well there 1ight As to the Second point, the rela- * between the new Constitution: and. , eat eee
Tatas _ be. But T wish to assure you ee Batya: betweéelt \ the , draft ratlone the national . character. The ’ Prime Retro ran:
ee A eae | national character will not be alter- be on' and the Potsdam Declaration, Minister had given a Clear explana. eae eee
oo, . ed in the~ slightest degree by, the “I have nothing magne toradd to the tion.” To exgpahd if “in: my ‘own  * 3 483"
> erste * Sheu : Constitution. _ (Gheers). It is ex pnna tian 2 given by. the. Prime - “words, T° pelifve that *hroughotit all -- iy SS, a
i sig » ithe- old . Spitet and” thoughts of Minister. ae hope you Will give’ us the’ knowh periods of our® history, ere :
~ % . Japan, expressed in. different words, . SOURS ;vieWs on all- points without . “setting aside the mythical age,—that FREES |
53 on that we “find: in the *new constitu- reservation. We believe we have . ds throughout the peridds of our hie: *, hears ae
tion. Py eet ; put into’ the, draft constitution the © tory shat we can appraise Nationally |‘ ee
ie Criticism . has. been voiced that most appropriate prov isions we can “from” what’ ‘We know clearly’ in’ ‘the eas ¥ . et:
* the draft constitutio reads too think of at the presert time. but ‘it * ‘Hearts of oir ‘Hearts, the ational aa os.
ari _ much: like Ja . translation. ». ‘Having, - "is far, from our thought to’ stand — character has {ts foundation’ in the © |”
oo Deen. prepared in great haste, it. may \ pat upon our; judgment ahd to evadé sanity of the ‘people’ with the Pine a .arhee:
‘ i tine Conan aed FP tht eae ets ans: ing "Co Soca ue ig rag se peror, as I Md before? as the ¢en--"..-
Ri hh Satisfactory. “I ask that. you will’ ing ee answer! ). ter of devotion: ‘Th this regard, the ooed
bY re a fully discuss | ‘them and amend them The’ ‘eherta: ‘point, According ae national ‘character: does ‘Hot thatige 8 Fah Pe
pase 1 a 4 ead . complete. satisfaction. Mr. Kita, there ate different kinds. a bit. It. -onlf happens—I may be. fy,
ae otis no Aas . of democrac —There is British ~dé- © . Se rai oe
ss 1 "<~ Then, a question was asked re- ° mocracy. chit ig American demoe See § i Tie rene cae Cae RAS as
F | parding Rit ee een e OE eA What cracy. He: says. that Japanese des" cent times in ‘6ur atademic * circles re ote ‘
Bs : the -interpellator has said is right motracy as conceived by the Japa* ~ pra eett &
As % have already said,,the inter- }, i -) 1 _there have been a tendency to re- EE ON AS
{3 > national sitttation deman dia’ thet <we oo peop oe, pet orfly bt gard a principle. that arises. from’ the Shyer (as
“ m4 insert those Articles“in our Consti-" pee Caauut leg So Atter tsi "situation | of a certain time as. the | ae eee, v
RNS : - Gefnocracy. ander’ the’. baither “of | “basic. principle: Be our national ear Pe re ites
Baht ae sy ‘tution in order to demanstrate: hOW which” Wwe must. work yee renova-~ Oaeie: 1 myself do tot sea POS
aie thoroughly ,we are imbted. with the 4:5, and’ reforin  throtighout the | -

. he. TR "portance to* sa a r artnerTe j He
abet SRE peor bee ov democracy 28 wworld.-T éan say’ we haves also the which “may. aitied a political y- 9°
wé set about to eqnstruct a NeW same sentiment. He asked whethtir! * “principle; Puiidethentalty speaking, ants a es
peaceful. Japan. _the*draft constitution is one 6f poli- ‘ the’ national character we: Swen

. Now State. Minister Kanamori w ill tical’ democracy alone. on. are of eco-  q ne th possess _ Pag aes
speak in reply on further details. democracy. - The \aratt’ doss edocs not change at a eG Watel ON arate
(Cheers). : ape g Ae HS aft does flows, but the siver etays.- It is dur’ sar aes
(Minister of State, Mr, KANAMORL Ahi in attic es that will give a ‘de=” - basic, ‘notion underlying the. draft mae ee
&d ite answer to his. question: But constitution. (Cheers), SHES ie : ee
._ « PoKujiro .takes. the platform.) if you read -through.the entire Con- * Me aoe Ops
Minister KANAMORI: _. stitution, you will, see that it ‘em-’- «NOW { tufn, go the particutars. ae teeters

: To the interpellations of Mr, Kita bodies economic democraey to thé Point. 1. The’ stylé. of the’ pre-_ ;
~ Twill, reply omitting the ~parts. extent as ‘is adoptable » cine ace amble. ‘is criticized. It has’ been sug- ° hake
| answered” by the” Prime Minister.’ pr eSent circumstance of ‘the country. . gested to alter’ the phase “blessings — cs 7 ete Se
For “convenience, I will” point by The fourth point, regarding: mon- of liberty.” T do not propose to dis -*” A

point, while totching briefly on the ‘ archy and” democracy, which the in- 7’ ‘cuss’ these tatters at this moment. o Q re th
- géneral question. §. 9 \ terpellator | believes do “not confitct, we We. ‘ghall be* flag to. hear all’ opi* Rhee ie eth.

In the first place, IT am in full ~ has been explaingd | by the Prime  nions, and Tike | to. mbre l he discus ~ ny eee
. : } ts 7 ; ' err | : , : Z dui ai at 7} i “ M3 hips A ae 4 >
‘ bey eeien td Stig Saas 8 * Sy, Apes Sih AeA BE no aA ie ae
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a ae we te x, Ae ne ae aoc} i -

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ae ae itt | » ox ey fl ‘ 4 * \ ¢

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> ean Ay i ;

<A x! iy } * x F 4 ( ‘ an , a ; ’

Sas CIM we sion ‘to. a Jater ‘ang ~appropriate: Oc>. put in. The Emperttr may delegate  propriateness. What. we ‘can be

“\ -_ : ‘ . . ‘

Rs aces caion. -«_ qhis functions. But there must be a omitted, have been omitted. The |
Fe San Sey Point 2. The interpellator oleate rule fpr it. Ang that’ rule*is the qualifications for @ subject are of : We

[++ ito the use of the word “shocho” y law passed by the Diet.. Such is the course an important matter. ;

But . 3

(symbol), and suggest to replace it ...’purport of the Paragraph,

by “genshu” (head). I. believe that

the source of all trouble'lay in the }

fact that the national. structure and
the . constitution of Japan, which.
should hdve been made plain and =!

clear and intelligible to everybody, :

functions may take place.

It is not’

easy to imagine concrete situation

where such delegation of Imperial

cordimfg to what has been talked
about so’ far; we may Cite q GaSe of
the Emperor's journey. abroad,

But ac--

they can not be specified Alefinitely
i¥ a constitution: Laws will be ne-
cesSary in» any _ case. , Moreover,
Since the proposed constitution does.
not give a wide scope to Imperial
functions, most of the things have.
to be fixed by law. Accordingly,

and ,Should -have heen, as Mr... which will Necessitate a system for : ~ even if there is no provision in the
Kita said, kept behind a veil» ‘delegation of functions,’ : constitution, the determination of
of “mystery, and expounded in | Point 5. .It has been suggested , nationality will have to be made by.
various obscur¢ round-about ways, that the word “ninsho” (attestation) ~law, So it has been omitted.. The
I’ hope to see that all things used in this constitution had _ better

are directly and clearly explained ,
in ‘terms that are most rational and -
plain-speaking.’ “Genshu” is a word |
-which has.a medieval twist in its
meaning. It. is thought “Shocho” is
- a better, word in ‘the sense that:
makes plain and tangible ‘something
which is complex and obtuse and |
‘which js difficult to be grasped by
ordinary senses, In the sense that,
when we, look up ‘to the Emperor,
We See readily the image of. Japan,
the word Sh@gcho_ is considered the
righs word, DOR: ‘direct ‘and simple.

Next, the ‘interpellator is
“right in supposing that the govern-—

ment believes that the Emperor has ,

No political responsibility although’
there is-no provision to that effect.

As stated in Article one the Emper-

_or is the symbol of the state and of
the unity of the ‘people. He repre-
sents in- his person the natian’s very
essence. of unclouded transparency.
_I do not believe there is no ground
for ascribing political responsibility
to such’ a person,
put in -a special provision to that

~ ¢ffect seems like stating too obvious i

a fact. Moreover, it’ is ‘plainly im -
plieg in Article .3 and elsewhere.

Point 4. Concepning “state turte- y,
de tions”

and “government.” ~ Article.
, 4-reads:' “The “Emperor shall per-

“+ form only such state function as

quite ‘

Nevertheless, to | -

be replaced. by “saika” (sanction or
assent), The question all depends
On the fundamental issue of how to
prescribe the authority of the Em-
peror. As.~Mr. ° Kita. said a ¢ little

while ago, there are a variety of |

Views on. the question. Some. hold |

. the draft constitution gives too wide

powers to the. Emperor, while others
contend the poOwers are too limited.

_ The ‘government believes .that the
...Emperor being the symbol of the
. State and of. the unity of the peo-

-ple,-it is desirable that he possesses
such powers as are inseparable from,

-and naturally attendant upon such

position, We thought, that to clothe
the throne with indispensable but

not, eXCessive powers-is the best way ~
of preserving the Imperial. institu-_
tion.
< “ninsho” and ,“‘saika” amount to the
- same thing.

Of course, you might say,
So it may: be.. But
“nirisho,’ is'to confirm the: existengse
_ Of a thing. ‘“Saika” is to decide.
upon , the course. of a’ thing.. The
_ two words have different ‘connota- |
‘tions. To attest to a fact is not the )

Same} with deciding on policy. In

‘the light of history we cannot be >
. Sure that this

difference ‘on
occasions and under certain

some
-influ-

ences might not give rise to a Situa-”

tion where the order under the con-

Stitution is disturbed in the name of ®

‘content of Article

. Our Constitution,

duty to pay taxes is obvioys to com-.

mon sense. What is’ wanted really
is the drawing up of definite regu-

’ lations governing the. taxation sys-:

tem predicated upon tax payment.

In fact the Constitution in its later

Articles clearly implies the duty of
tax, payment.

Point 8.

on

IT am asked to State the
21 concerning
academic freedom. As has. been
po-nted out by Mr. Kita, this is not
freedom in a narrow sense, such <as.
freedom for university’ professors,
The constitution guarantees acade-
mie freedom in its full sense—in-~
cluding the freedom as to the scope
of studies by individuals and the
freedom as to Stlidies carried on in
institutions of- pent

Point 9. Question has been asked
if we should not. weave into the
constitution ‘various stipulations con-
cerning the people’s life as long as
We accept economic | democracy.
unlike the Consti-
tution of the Soviet Union, does not
contain numerous ‘concrete provi-
sions relating the economic aspects
Of life. Of course, We are not keep-
ing our eyes shut to thoSe aspeets.
And as a matter of fact, the neces-
sary provisions are set up to, the ex-
tent which, I believe, will satisfy a
great majority of our people at the
present day. For txample,'I may cite

Imperial rerogatives. - We have - :
are provided: for in this Constitu- Saas ee oe a Sas ihe ' Article 23. It does no¢ directly men-
tion. Never shall. he have powers °* Speke 3 , > But!
+ Shs adel Where ‘it seems appropriate. We. tion the rights of the people.

_Telated to government.”

pellator, does not like the wording ~

_ Of this provision,’ There may be all

have thus ‘sought to _sraw. the line
at the proper point. ~

’

it makes
‘state to enact laws for the promo-

renunciation of —

it the obligation of the

tion, and extension of social welfare

manner. of idea as to this, But. With regard to and security and also ‘of public
since he understands what is intend- ‘ war the Prime Minister has spoken | health. This ig simply another way
€d by the Article, I will not argue fully, I haye no comment to offer. of saying the same thing. The pro-
with him further. Then the gov- ~~» Next, it has been suggested that vision indicates that enough Aatten-

ernment is asked to explain Para-
graph .2.of the same Artitle: “Thé
-Emperor may delegate his functions
as may be provided by law.” Every
One of, the functions of the Emperor
aS are provided for in this Consti-
tution is very. important. -Accord-

“ingly, legal basis is required for de--
That is °

legating these functions.
why the pecond. paragraph has been. .

ae

are | of

the Constitution should provide that
the qualifications of a Japanese sub-

- ject ave to be as determined by law,
or that it shoyld contain a provi- ‘
- sion -concerning the duty to-pay

taxes. As I have already sajd, the

‘present Constitution has been draft-
ed; on the principle to incorporate
therein only those provisions which
practical pe eeetee and ap--
‘. \ .

13 see

tion has been paid to. the guaran-
teeing of the people’s life.
Point 10. Questions have been

asked regarding provisions for com-

pensating persons accused with false °
charges and for illegal acts commit-
ted by government and public offi-
cials, I dvail myself of the inter-
pellator’s kind permission. to defer
replies to a later date.

7