American Academy of Arts and Sciences
280 Newton Street
Brookline Station, Boston, Massachusetts 02146
Telephone 522-2400
3 February 1969
To: Academy P-COSWA Committees
From: B, T. Feld
Re: Proposals for Sochi agenda’
Since it is likely that there will be a meeting of the Executive Committee
of the P-COSWA Continuing Committee in Moscow on Feb. 25-28, and that I
shall attend, I would appreciate your comments oun the following proposals for
topics to be included in the Agenda for the Sochi Conference:
I, Disarmament.
A. Containing the nuclear arms race
1. Levels of missile deployment required for deterrence and
stability of the nuclear balance.
2. Problems of a freeze on offensive and defensive systems.
8. Strategic relevance of nuclear weapons for the "small" powers.
4, Effects of new technological developments on the arms race.
B. Controlling the growth of conventional arms; feasibility of budget and
military manpower limitations
GC. BW and CW controls (SIPRI report).
II. Evolution of Methods for Settling International Disputes
A. UN and peacekeeping
B. Big-power cooperation
C. Other approaches -- the Danish proposal
III. International Cooperation for the reduction of tensions
A. Technological cooperation in Central Europe as an integrational process
(see Report of European Study Group in Proceedings of the Sopot Conf. , pp 76-87).
B. Cooperation in other areas of the world (Southeast Asia, Middle East, Africa).
Cee ung ey dL
I¥. Technological Sharing as an aid in the Development Process
A. Recent progress in the production of new strains of cereals for
averting the food crisis,
B. East-West cooperation in the introduction of advanced technology.
VY. Maintaining and improving the quality of the environment from an international
standpoint.
A. Major problems (air and water pollution, depletion of natural resources,
weather modifications, etc.)
B. Develcping new international machinery for controling the direct and
side-effects ¢ technology.
I'd especially appreciate your views on the relative priorities which should be
given to the above items (and any others you think should be added).
I also enclose a revised Agenda for the London Symposium (April 12-17)
on Economic Aspects of Energy Production, An attempt has been made to limit
the scope of the Syrnposium in accordance with our and other criticisms of the
earlier draft agenda.
If you have not already done so, please respond as soon as possible to my
earlier requests on available dates for our next meeting and on the US participant
list for Sochi.
ws
A survey af date on world fuol re
» their avatiahility, o&
‘agtlen of eeargy, Bed the aesaeutes of vartous mothade of powex
pavaluction, Wil bo pewolraulated in backsrourd nepard,
at
wemvontional va. nui
Yfackora ? Waa
imbalanes econamde
aa ox a ey
What are the ual eoone
8 ray revels oP
ae
Under what conditions should aueleay ptesar
production be oncourugad oa a epaall ox laxge
seals ?
a ‘Fhe eammanio instore in large eauis energy ublliestion.
da on energy.
Prediction +
=e tastin! ng dom
Wy 2 rau motel of pradlucion aut
ulliization of vy in coatries with different
eocnomlc siraohires and acre of indativinlization ?
Indes rialization of new aveas ia the world ag a
byvprodues of cheap onovyy.
a. The sovial and ecolodival cousamionces of contlstoug inoxrgase of
enevey Of ntlen,
How to control enviroamental pollution,
Hav to sfevont the Indiserimipate usa of aatavel
fuels leading to thely ronid exhaustion In cartain
areas.
de. IsteroaGoual covoseration in pawhling enorsy egenomloally,
parileolerly for developing countries.
International erids and thole teaaazenaut,
development
Langart of
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
280 Newton Street
Brookline Station, Boston, Massachusetts 02146
Telephone 522-2400
| 7 March 1969
To: Academy P-COSWA Committee
From: B. T. Feld
Re: March 14 meeting
I enclose a copy of the agenda for the Sochi Conference, worked out at ‘
the Executive Committee (of the Continuing Committee) meeting in Moscow
last week. On the whole, it was a useful meeting, and 1 shall report to you
in more detail on March 14. Also enclosed is a list of the Pugwash Symposia
currently planned,
In addition, we shall need to start on more detailed planning for our
1970 Conference and our 1969 Symposium.
The meeting is at the Academy Headquarters, starting at 10 a.m.
You are, of course, all also invited to the planning session on the study
“Evolution of Science and Technology in the Light of Basic World Problems",
which will be held at the Academy on March 15, Please let me know if you
are planning to attend.
é. f
poet
bb
Wednesday 22.10
feac!
SOCHI CONTERENCE (22-27 October 1969)
‘provteraidl Programme
am. ETL .
Hirst Plenary Session: Saepad Plenary Session:
Formal opening Report on Loudon Symposium
Thursday 23,10
Friday 24,10
Saturday 25,10
Sunday 26,10
Monday 27.10
Report on Marianske Lazne "Economic Aspects of Energy
Symposium and discussion Production". .
on the "Role of Science and
Scientists in National and
World Affairs".
Report on Helsinii Symposium
"European Security Commission"
Working Groups Working Groups
tt . "
Third Plenary Session: Free
Report on meeting of BW
Study Group,
Report on Elsinor Symposium
on "Methods of collecting and
Assimilating Information on
Crises",
Working Groups Working Groups
Fourth Plenaxy Session: Eitth Plenary Session:
Reports from Working Discussion on future symposia
Groups. and in particular on maintaining
the quality of the environment,
Close of Conference.
(SOCHI_ CONFERENCE, @2-27 October 1989)
Topies for Working Groups
Wrestdarda
. Current Military Conflicts, reasons for their termination, and koeping the peace:
m
8) termination of military intervention, and just, peaceful settlement in Vietnam;
b) peace in the Middle East - role of the Security Council and the Great
Power's; :
e) ending the wivil war in Nigeria, prevention of mase starvation in the area,
and the problem of separationist racvements;
d) international co-operation for the prevention of war and keaping the peace,
2, European Secumity:
2) interconnection between the status quo and security in Europe, and the
role of military pacts;
b) the German states and European security;
e) the responsibilities of the Great Powers in Europe;
d) vole of all~European co-operation for Kuropean security;
e) (adigcussion on Czechoslovakia, to he more closely defined at a later stage)
8. Reduction and Elimination of Nuclear Weapons and Delivery Systems;
®) non-proliferation of nucbhr weapons;
b) the importance of concrete steps in nuclear disarmament, a,¢, the
comprehensive tost~ban; ,
c) limiting and reducing offensive and defensive nuclear weapons systems;
d) effects of new developments in nuclear weapoas technology and the
urgency of disarmament agreements;
@) prevention of use of the ocean floor for military purposes;
f) new ideas in the field of nuclear disarmament,
4, Disarmament in the Non-Nuclear Field and Further Steps Towards General
and Complete Disarmament:
2) obstacles in the path of general and complete disarmament**;
b) current possibilities for disarmament in conventional weapons;
(® new ideas in the field of non-nuclear disarmament;
ec) necessary steps to eliminate the dangers of the use of biological and
chemical weapons;
e) the position and responsibilities of scientists in inhibiting new weapons
developments,
5, Modern Science and Development:
a) East-West concerted action in rendering assistance to developing
countries; f
b) preventing malnutrition and starvation;
c) the problem of populations;
d)- developing international selentifle and technical institutions, with
emphasis on new ideas,
** this Item may be discussed in a joint session with Working Group 3,
London (4th)
Czechoslovakia (5th)
Finland (6th)
Poland: (7h)
Denmark (8th)
UsS.A,
Netherlands
Rumania
Yugoslavia
Italy
Belgium
Nigeria
Bulgaria
F.G.R.
Yugoslavia
Soviet Union
SYMPOSIA 1969
12 - 17 Aprit
19 ~ 25 May
June
26 ~ 29 August
7 ~ 12 September
Central Office
not involved
December
Economic Aspects of Energy Production
(with particular reference to nuclear pover)
Role of Science and Scientists in National
ané World Affairs.
Security Commission for Europe,
Regional Arms Control and Disarmaniant
Measures in Europe.
International Centre to Study Conflicts
(Minister Petersen's proposal)
Effects of Wew Technologiel Developments
on the Nuclear Aris Race, and on Prospects
for Aris Control,
European Institute of Science and Technology
(with Bast/West Collaboration)
POSSTBLE SYMPOSTA 1969
November
alyost certainly postponed ta 1970
POSSIBLE SYHPOSTA 1970
Secial Consequences of Technological Change
ANNUAL CONFERENCE 1969.
22 ~ 28 October
10 March 1969
To: Academy P -COSWA Committee
From: B. T. Feld
Re: Meeting in Moscow (Feb. 26,27) of Executive Committee of Continuing Committee
In addition to the proposed Sochi Agenda, of which a copy has been sent to
you, a number of other items were taken up at the meeting. The main results are
summarized below:
1, Program of Symposia for 1969. Generally speaking, the problem of the
inadequate preparation of Symposia, though raised by me, was not satisfactorily
resolved; I believe we will need to raise this question again at the Marianske
Lazne meeting of the Continuing Committee. Specifically, the Czech group (Sorm
in particular) seems to be very anxious to use Marianske Lazne, through the
Symposium on the Role of Science and Scientists in National and World Affairs, as
a means of demonstrating their independence (for example, they have included
ex-foreign minister Hajek in their grovp), and I think we must support them as
far as possible, even at the riskof a second rate Symposium. On this basis, we
also included this subject as the topic for the first plenary session .at Sochi. The
Americans invited (so far) are Commoner, Davidon, Doty, and Rich; in addition,
Long, Rabinowitch and I will all probably be at Marianske Lazne and could participate.
The proposed Finnish Symposium is based on the paper that Johann Galtung
presented at Nice. There were serious doubts about-how this one will go, but in
order to encourage the participants in the European Security Study Group to devote
some efforts to its preparation, we are asking the Polish group to postpone their
proposed Symposium until the end of 1969 or early 1970.
2. Proposed participation at Sochi:
USSR 20
USA 15
UK 8
France, China 5 i
Czechoslovakia, Poland 4
Denmark, FGR, GDR, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Leeman, India - 3
Bulgaria, Finland, Norway, Rumania, Sweden, Israel, Japan, UAR - 2°
Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Chile,
Afghanista, Ceylong, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria,
Tanzania - 1
(Algiers, Iran, Iraq, Mexico, Turkey, Spain, Greece -.1 each if a suitable invitee
can be found)
In addition, 10 observers from International Organizations, and 15 science writers,
to be treated as full observers (and who, accordingly, should be carefully
chosen).
3. Millionshchikov guarantees that all invitees will receive visas, provided applications
are made in enough time to permit processing. In particular, he agreed that application
by 1 September would be sufficient, even for the most difficult cases,
4. There will be an "International Youth Science Fortnight" in London this summer.
Friday, 8 August will be deyoted to Pugwash, and it is requested that one member of
theU.S. Committee participate. (About 500 young people will be attending. )
5. Meeting in Marianske Lazne:
Cont. Comm. May 20-21
CBW meeting May 22-24
Symposium on Role of Science May 19-24
#7 F~
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
280 Newton Street
Brookline Station, Boston, Massachusetts 02146
Telephone 522-2400
10 March 1969
Tentative Agenda for March 14 meeting of Academy P -COSWA Committee
(10 a.m, at Academy Headquarters)
1. Report on Moscow meeting -- B. T. Feld
2. Sochi agenda - discussion
3. Sochi participants
4, International Symposia
a. U.S. Plans
i. ‘New Technology - F. A. Long
ii. Development - E. Rabinowitch
iii. Other - B. T. Feld
4, Planning for 1970
a. Site
b. Agenda
ce. Financing
6. General financial situation.
7. Other ~- next meeting, etc.
10 March 1969
Condensed Sochi List
A _ 8B
H. A. Bethe dies B Ton
P. M. Doty C. Djerassi
B. T. Feld E. Rabinowitch
R. Garwin R. Revelle
C, Kaysen w Sheba haf
G. B. Kistiakowsky J. Mayer ;
F. A. Long VY. Rabinowitch
G. Rathjens H. Brooks _
A. Rich | H. B. Glass,
J. Ruina fate
J. B. Wiesner “Skolnikoff #4 Mewe vane
H. York
x v. ‘FL eo Woe.
M. L. Goldberger ' R. Adams
M. Meselson 3h~ W. Leontief é
By-P8ess i R. A. Marsiak
F. J. Dyson * TrenRacsans
M. Gell-Mapni J. Voss
. B. Sohn _C. L. Wilson
J. Stone .
GereGarine
M. Shulman of Some new names
PoGr-Beenran “
(hrwhReri, A. Zucker
B.G. Lal M. Willrich
lreelonaan “A. Wohlstettera»
: —_— A. Fisher of
fer Penhing
W. Eilers
I Slater {
Harold Brown
Gen. Ridgeway |
A. Hollander
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
280 Newton Street
- Brookline Station, Boston, Massachusetts 02146
Telephone 522-2400
28 May 1969
To: U.S. P-COSWA Committee and Sochi participants
From: B. T. Feld
Re: Meeting of Continuing Committee in Marianske Lazne, 20-21 May
i. Sochi meeting, 22-27 October: Revised agenda and program enclosed. Note
that the Wednesday p.m. (2nd) plenary session is to be devoted to a series of talks
on the ABM, aimed primarily at bringing the participants up to date on the
technological aspects and arms control implications, Frank Long will organize
this session; if you have suggestions, get in touch with him.
The US group of invitees now consists of Djerassi (5), Doty (3), Feld (1),
Garwin (3 or 4), Goldberger (4 or 3}, Handler (5), Kistiakowsky (3 or 4), Long (4),
E. Rabinowitch (5 or 2), Rathjens (3), Revelle (5), Rich (1 or 2), Wiesner (3 or 4),
Wohlstetter (2), York (4 or 3). (The number following each name is the suggested
Working Group assignment.)
I suggest a meeting of the US group of participants (and a few alternates)
on one or two days between now and the end of the month; please indicate your
preference (availability) on the enclosed card and return immediately. We need
to plan papers and other aspects at the earliest possible daté.
Participants are expected to arrive in Moscow on 21 October, will be
met and transferred as rapidly as possible to a Sochi flight (there are seven per
day), The Soviet Embassy is being instructed to issue visas on thé basis of the
official conference invitation; be sure to apply by 1 September to permit sufficient
time. Participants are guests of the Academy of the USSR during the Conference;
post -conference tours and wives’ .stay (about $20/day) can be arranged with
Intourist after arrival. Buy ticket only to and from Moscow; rest will be taken
care of onarrival. Please inform Rotblat of time of arrival in Moscow and number
in your party.
cience writers; We are permitted to suggest two (2) for invitation on
same basis 4s participants. Bring your suggestions with you to the group meeting
in June, or send them to me in adyance,
We have been asked if we could raise funds for the travel to Sochi of Varsavsky
(Argentina), Baptiste (Ceylon), and Bassir (Nigeria). Suggestions for sources ~
will be welcome.
2. Pugwash Symposia: Planned for the next year
a) Elsinor, Denmark, 7~12 September, "An International Agency for
Collection and Dissemination of Information on Possible Crisis Situations".
. b) Poland, period 5-15 December, "Regional Arms Control and Disarmament
Measures in Europe" :
c) Netherlands, Easter 1970, "International Cooperation in Science"
lee Ouawre,
d) Italy, Summer 1970, "Social Consequences of Technological Change”.
e) USA, Winter 1970? “Impacts of New Technologies on Arms Control",
~ Note: The first Pugwash Monograph is out. It is "Preventing the Spread
of Nuclear Weapons", I. Barnaby, ed., Souvenir Press (95 Mortimer St., London,
Wl) or the Ryerson Press (Toronto 1, Canada). Cost is around £3 1/2.
Also, SIPRI has now put out its report on seismic detection of underground
explosions in the form of a pamphlet. To obtain, write Almqvist and Wiksell, Box 62,
§-101 20 Stockholm, Sweden.
3. Organizational matters: The Continuing Committee has co-opted Ole Maalge
(subjéct to final agreement by West European Pugwash Groups) and Carlos
Varsavsky (Latin America) to fill the two outstanding vacancies.
4, Any Pugwashites planning to be in the vicinity of London on 8 August would be
welcome to participate in a program and series of panel discussions organized
by Pugwash at this year's Youth Science Fortnight; about 500 chosen young science
students from all over will be involved. : :
BL
World Security, Disarmament and Development
19TH PUGWASH CONFERENCE
SOCHI, U.S.8.R., 22-27 October 1969
Topics for Working Groups
1. Measures for terminating current military conflicts and keeping the peace:
a) termination of military intervention in Vietnam; insuring peace and progress
in Southeast Asia;
b) peace in the Middle East - role of the Security Council and the Great Powers;
c) ending the civil war and the consequent suffering in Nigeria;
d) international cooperation for the prevention of war and keeping the peace.
2, European security:
a) relationship between the status quo and security in Europe, and the role
of military pacts; a
b) the German states and European security;
c) the responsibilities of the Great Powers in Europe;
d) role of all-European cooperation for European security;
e) Czechoslovakia and European Security.
3. Reduction and elimination of nuclear weapons and delivery systems:
a) non-proliferation of nuclear weapons;
. b) the importance of concrete steps in nuclear disarmament, e.g., a
comprehensive test-ban and nuclear free zones;
c) limiting and reducing offensive and defensive nuclear weapons systems;
d) effects of new developments in nuclear weapons technology, and the
urgency of disarmament agreements;
€) prevention of use of the ocean and sea beds for military purposes;
f) new ideas in the field of nuclear disarmament.
4, Disarmament in the non-nuclear field and further steps towards general and
complete disarmament:
a) obstacles in the path of general and complete disarmament‘ and measures
to remove them,* .
b) current possibilities for disarmament in conventional weapons;
c) new ideas in the field of non-nuclear disarmament;
d) necessary steps to eliminate the dangers of the use of biological and chemical
‘weapons; :
e) responsibilities of scientists in inhibiting new weapons developments.
* 6. Science and developing countries: :
a) Concerted international action in rendering assistance to developing countries;
b) preventing malnutrition, starvation and disease; :
c) problems of population growth;
d) further development of international scientific and technical institutions
{including information centers) with emphasis on the needs of developing countries.
e) problems of power supplies for developing countries.
*This item. may be discussed in a joint session with Working Group 3,
a
SOCHI CONFERENCE (22-27 October 1969)
Provisional Programme
a.m.
Wednesday 22.10 First Plenary Session:
p.m.
Second Plenary Session:
Formal opening
Report on Marianske Lazne
Symposium and discussion
on the "Role of Science and
Scientists in National and
World Affairs".
Thursday 23.10 Working Groups
Friday 24.10 Working Groups
Saturday 25.10 Third Plenary Session:
Report on London Symposium
"Economic Aspects of Energy
Production".
Report on Elsinor Symposium
on "Methods of collecting and
Assimilating Information on
Symposium on the ABM
Working Groups
Working Groups
Free
Crises".
Sunday 26.10 © Working Groups Working Groups
Monday 27.10 Fourth Plenary Session: Fifth Plenary Session:
Reports from Working
Groups.
Report on Projects for
future symposia.
Close of Conference.
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
280 Newton Street
Brookline Station, Boston, Massachusetts 02146
Telephone 522-2400
1 July 1969
To: U.S. Pugwash Committee Members
From: B. T. Feld
Re: Invitation of Science Writers to Sochi
At aur meeting last Friday, we decided to poll the US committee on
their opinions as to which US science writers should be invited to Sochi. Our
quota is two, and the condition is that the writers attend as participants and
observe the regular rules: Working Group meetings are entirely off-the-record;
no positions ascribed to either individuals or national groups. Will you please
respond by marking one of the first three plus the last boxes next to each name,
signing and returning the ballot to me as soon as possible, but in any event by
July 257
I also enclose a sheet with brief comments on each candidate.
Chbren.
ee
KC A hist,
Irving S. Bengelsdorf, Science Editor, Los Angeles Times, since 1968. Ph.D.,
Chemistry, University of Chicago, 1951 (AEC predoctoral fellow). Research in
Chemistry at Cal Tech (1951-52), UCLA (1952-54), GE (54-59), Texaco (59-60),
US Borax (60-63). Writes current syndicated science news column "Of Atoms and
Men". Suggested by Harrison Brown and Ned Munger; would like to attend
Daniel Greenberg, European correspondent, Science, stationed in London. Obvious.
candidate, except for serious questions which have been raised about his attitude
and possible lack of sympathy towards scientists in general and Pugwash-like
activitles in particular. He would like an invitation.
Robert Kleiman, Editorial staff, N.Y. Times. Attended Nice Conference and did
a good piece which only appeared in European edition. Has interest and expertise in
arms control (member of Doty's Joint Study Group). .
Daniel Lang, New Yorker writer on scientific subjects. Attended Dubroynik
Conference and did a New Yorker plece on Pugwash.
Richard Lewis, Associate Editor, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Would be
an outstanding candidate, in my view, were it not for the fact that Eugene already
represents us so well in the Bulletin,
_ Bryce Nelson, Washington reporter, Science. Much less experienced, but more
sympathetic than Greenberg. Question is whether Science would send him, if
he were invited, or insist on Greenberg.
Howard Simons, Former Science Editor, now a general Editor, Washington Post.
Nieman fellow at Harvard during late 50's and early 60's, and inyolyed in preparation
of the famous Daedalus issue. Remains interested, but has drifted off from science
writing.
Walter Sullivan, Science writer, N.Y. Times. Not only distinguished as a science
writer, but very knowledgeable on Soviet science. Only drawback is his closeness
to retirement, which means his invitation would represent a rather short-term
investment. .
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
280 Newton Street
Brookline Station, Boston, Massachusetts 02146
Telephone 522-2400
7 July 1969
To: U.S, Participants in Sochi Pugwash Conference
From: B. T, Feld
Re: Working Group and Paper Assignments
In our discussions last Friday on the preparations for the Sochi Conference,
it was strongly felt that we should try to cover the main topics by papers,
prepared and circulated in advance. We should aim at having the papers in
Rotblat' s hands by 1 October and, if possible, in my hands by 1 September,
so that they may be circulated for discussion among the U.S. group before
going to Rotblat,
The following are suggestions for working group participation and
possible papers. Unless otherwise noted, these are suggestions. Other
. Suggestions are solicited; nothing is frozen in concrete.
WG1: Doty, Feld, Rich
Propose paper by Goldberger on "Conditions for a Peaceful Settlement in Vietnam"
WG2: Shulman, Wohlstetter
Paper in preparation by Shulman on "Stages in the Future Evolution of Peaceful
Coexistence”
WG 3and 4: Garwin, Goldberger, Kistiakowsky, Long, Rathjens, Wiesner, York
: Paper "volunteered" by Kistiakowsky, Rathjens, and Wiesner on " Spectrum of
Possible Agreements on Nuclear Arms Limitation (Agenda for SALT)"
Proposed paper by Long on the "Status of the Underground Test Ban (threshold
ban, inspection, plowshare)"
Paper to be prepared by Wiesner on "Problems and Prospects of GCD"
Paper suggested by Rich, possible collaboration with Garwin, on "Problems
of Proposed Treaties for Limiting the Military uses of the Sea Beds (national
‘territorial limitations, relevance to ASW)"
Proposed paper by Goldberger on "Responsibilities of Scientists in Inhibiting
New Weapons Developments"
Paper by Munger on “Problems of Limiting Trade in Conventional Arms"
Proposed paper by Meselson on "Status of CBW Controls"
WG5: Djerassi, Rabinowitch, Revelle
Paper in preparation by Djerassi on “The Increasingly Dismal Prognosis for
the Development of New Chemical Means of Contraception"
Proposed paper by Revelle on "Implementation of Policies on Population
Control" (summary of Woods Hole Summer Study results)
Possible paper by Marshak on World University and/or International Science
Foundation,
It was strongly felt that questions relating to China are notably omitted
from the Sochi agenda. However, there are a number of agenda items where China
problems can be brought in, not to speak of conversations in the corridors. It was
suggested that we urge Rotblat to try to include some China experts in the invitees
from other countries (e.g-, Oldham, Wilson, Lin from Canada, Hodgkins, Sutherland
from UK) and that, if we get another opening in our group, we consider adding Alan
Whiting or Doak Barnet or John Lindbeck. Perhaps one or more of our papers should
raise the probléms of China and Arms Control (Wiesner, on GCD).
Can anyone suggest a prominent Nigerian scientists, reasonably close to his
government and reasonably open-minded on Nigeria -Biafra issues, who could be
invited to Sochi, who might come if invited, and who, if he came, might be willing
to discuss informally with other Africans (including a Biafran) and scientists from
the "great powers” problems of preventing mass starvation and malnutrition in Biafra?
- Bh
ij
i
i
|
19th PUGWASH- CONFERENCE, ON SCIENCE AND WORLD AFFAIRS
World Security, Disarmanent and Development"
SOCHE, 22nd to 27th Oetober 1969
REPORT OF WORKING Group 5
"Modern Science and Developing Countries”
I. A Comment on Pugvash’s Goals
During the first plenary session of this 19th Pugwash Conference,
the Secretary~General has posed to the participants the follawing question,-
raised in a letter from Nr. Cyrus Eaton: "Isn't it time for the entire
Pugwash group to reaffirm the original goals of the founders?", Mr. Eaton
goes on to say that the Conference "provides the perfect occasion for a
forthright declaration to Fire the imagination ‘and enlist the support of
the silent but concerned majority of the world". ,
, The members of Working Group 5 have considered this question and
wish to express ‘to the Continuing Committee the following:
4. We believe that in reaPPirming the original goals of Pugwash
we should add that Pugwash is deeply concerned vith the role of sciencs and
technology in development and that it wishes to dedicate a significant part
of its effort to study means and ways by which the growing gap. between the
More and the less developed countries may be reduced, since such a gap is
Jas much a threat to peace as the arms race,
2. We must call attention in this regard to the arms race of
the develoged countries themselves - distracting their material and human
resources from the urgent tasks of economic and social betterment. With
regard to the increasing gap between the developed and developing gountries,
and the relative diminishment of assistance from the rich to the poor, we
mote the tragic irony of the fact that the Food deficient non-comhnist
developing countries (1.2 billion inhabitants) produced about $60 billion
of agricultural goods in 1967 ~ at the same time that the military expend~
itures of the U.S, and U.8.S.R. together is far in excess of 100 billion
dollars,
3. We consider that the agenda of future Pugwash Conferences
must always include one or more Working Groups dealing with problems
f
development (including the arms aspect), and that the organisers of fature
conforences should be so informed, Greater participatibn from deyelopii
nn Aer
countries at these conferences is urged. | . —
4. We wish that the Continuing Committee recommend to the US
Pugwash Group that they hold 4 Symposium. on ‘some specific topic related
to development in conjunction with the 20th Pugwash Conference. ; It is felt
that represantation from industrial and applied research secbrs at such
a Symposium might be of great value, Future symposia on topics daaling
with development should be held regularly.
TI. Some Pressing Problems in Developing Countries
. . Within its agenda, the Working Group investigated three problems
which were felt to be of extreme interest im developing countries, but which
affect developed countries as well. These problems are; inadequate food
supplies and nutrition; population growth; water supplies.
1) Imadequate food supplies and nutrition, The Group considered
several major aspects of this broad problem, The points were; (a) whereas
the vorld view of malnutrition has centred increasingly on protein deficiency,
4t ig clear that in Fact an equally decisive factor is the insuffiency of
calories in diets and the relationship of both of these deficiencies to
the other social and economic problems of underdevelopment; (b) within the
next critical 20-year period during which the population explosion will. be
essentially wichecked, there must be considerably more world-wide cooperative
efforts to alleviate the world food shortage; on the ore hand, ‘greater
produetion by natural means, namely higher yield and higher protein crops
and greater meat production; on the other hand, unconventional protein
production, Food preservation technology becomes of crucial importanes
in either situation; {c) questions of irreversible phyaiological damage
arising from protein deficiency need more definitive scientific cxamination,
in particular as regards impairing the learning ability of tne affected
children; (a) changing food habits is recognised as a major obstacle
4n changing the nutritional picture in depressed areas. It is felt, however,
that insufficient effort has been made in investigating this question, both
in terms of scientific research and social experimantation, The potential
gains {n meeting the food supply problems should be vigorously songht;
{e) the introduction of the new high productivity agricultural technology
has resulted in significent short term gains. However, it has also spencd
Pandora's Box in the sense that full utilization and extension of these
new technologies will require massive expansion of research and development
SO ee OR i weetes
dn all the related factors of production such as pest controls, fertilizers,
etc., and in marketing and distribution systems, What is more, because
the ecological, social and cultural impact will be so profound, the |
technology will have to be generated largely in the place of application.
It was Felt that Pugwash should not only continue to explore
these problems from an expert's point of view, but it should urge and
direct. the commitment of the world scientific community to these and other :
problems affecting the developing countries ona priority basis. We
welcome, in this connection, the initiative of the Pugwash Group cf the
Pederal German Republic, to hold a Symposium on the Protein Problem in
preparathbn for the Second World Food Congress in which the Working Group
expressed great interest,
Other major action by this Group will be considered in
Section IV of this Report.
2) Population Growth. The increasingly inhibitory factérs
operating in the technologically advanced countries (notably the USA) for
the development of new contraceptive approaches useful in developing
countries hag been emphasized in paper KIX - 1 “The Increasingly Dismal
progussé for the Development of New Chemical Birth Control Agents". The
Working Group aupports the recommendation that while approval for public
use of new contraceptive agents must be left in the hands of the regulatory
agencies of each specific country, the approval for experimental clinical
work should be taken out of their hands and given to an unbiased, inter-
national agency whose function it is to encourage the rapid development
of new contraceptive approaches. The WHO, which already has two such
committees with representation from developed and developing countries,
appears to be the best agency for such a purpose and efforts should be made
to have national government regulatory agencies accept the authority of
the WHO on the matter of approving and monitoring clinical work on new
birth control approaches.
Thw Working Group recommends that Pugwash mobilize public
opinion on this hitherto neglected problem. Its urgency is underlined
by the fact that a minimum of 10 years is required for the development
of any new human contraceptive agent. In other: words, the new contra.
ceptive approaches of the 1980's should already now be under active
investigation.
hfe
Prapesed
=~ 4-e- : W.G.5,
3) Water Resources for Arid Landa. Many of the developing
and some of the developed, countries are facing, or will face, a serious
shortage of water. The Group realizes that many international agencies
are looking into this problem. It 4s felt, nevertheless, that Pugwash
can make a significant contribution because, due to the fact that it-is
@ non-governmental group, experts of all nations coming together under
its auspices, can share their views and experience more fully and frankly
than is possible in the atmosphere of official international agencies,
= The French Pugwash Group will be covering a very important
aspect of this problem in their planned Symposium in faker, where they
will consider the problems of the training of the scientific and technical
Staff that developing countries will require to take advantage of the water
programmes that are planned for them. Many similar efforts can be included
in this problem, which is also closely connected with. the ongoing studies
on power supplies, about which another Symposium was held recently,
: The Group recommends that Pugwash set up an, intermetienal
Study Group: (a} to review the available water resourt (b)} to assess
future needs, especially related to population growth, power availability,
and arid land; (c) to recommend sources and uses of water for the
Period of water deficiency Faced by numerous countries in the remainder
of this century. It is stressed that it is mot our intention to duplicate:
similar efforts by many other groups but rather use Pugwash’s. unique
characteristics to ensure that a proper balance of all factors, technical,
economic and sociological, is achieved.
Itt. an! International Foundation for Scientific and Technical Development
We recommend the establishment of an International Foundation
(or Pund) for Scientific and Technical Development, to support research by
acientists and engineers in developing nations in their own academic
institutions and scientific laboratories. In- making this recommendation
we have in mind three objectives: (1) opportunities for younger
scientists to do research at home would help to staunch the "Brain Drain";
(2) such opportunities would mobilize the abilities of many scientists
and engincers for national development; (3) stimulation and support of
research by wiiversity teachers would improve the quality of scientific
and technical education.
RE POs, /
ome Among such
_. Support.
- 5 - : WSS
We believe it would be feasible and useful to eS habitat a
Foundation along the foliowing lines:
t. Research would be supported in those scientific fields
which are (a) relevant to the problems of developing countries; (b) com
inexpensive in terms of equipment and highly trained manpower.
relevant and inexpensive fields are high polymer physics, semi-
and thin films, metallurgy, fluid mechanics, and physics of
Materials; most kinds of chemistry and biochemistry, many kinds of biology
such as physiology, genetics, nutrition and ecology of plants and animals
geology and solid
paratively
conductors
(including human beings); psychology; demography;
eatth geophysics. Many other areas oF reséarch could be added to this list.
2. In applied science, emphasis should be placed on those kinds
of research for which there is/particular need in the developed countries ~_
technologies which are most appropriate to local
sy ved Cery
donasetond” tropical insedta, ete.
3. Within the specified fields, the quality of. the proposée
research and the competence of the investigator, as evalued by a review
committee of scientists, should. be the primary criterion for granting
for Smamp 1s leve lopment y
4, The special need for contimity of support of scientists
‘and technicians in developing countries should be recognised, Grants of
funds should ordinarily be madé for an initial period of three years, with
assurance of renewal, provided review and evaluation at the end of two years
‘ig favourable,
5. The average size of grants should be relatively small, and
there should be an upper limt on any single grant. Tentatively, we suggest
am average of ga000 per year, or #24000 for three years, ane an upper Limit
of #50000 for three years.
. 6. Encouragement should be given to groups of three or four
scientists at a single institution to submit joint or combined proposals
for research in a single Field or in closely allied Fields, in order to
_build the “critical mass" which is necessary for a centre of excellence,
7. Im many institutions the infrastructure for high quality
research is lacking. It will be necessary to provide support for technical
= 6 - a WG. 5.
Poy 3 oll»
assistants to the research workers, including glass blowers, electronic
technicians, instrument makers, maintenance men, in addition ta scientific
and shop equipment, books and journals. : ‘
& Applications will be favoured from scientists and engineers
who will provide research opportunities for students.
. “Ss Up to hal? the galary of a faculty member in an academic
institution could be included in a grant, to make it possible to release
hin from a commensurate part of his teaching and administrative duties
when this is desirable, .
10. Any research proposal from an individual or group of
investigators would need to be approved by the responsible officials of
their own institution before it could be considered by the Foundation.
All grants would be made to the institution and not directly to the
investigators, unless the institution requests otherwise. The money would
be spent according to the requirements of the investigators, in accordance
With the usual practices of the institution, ,
11, Many research projects would occasionally require access
to expensive and complex equipment, such as mass and X-ray spectrometers,
magnetic resonance instrwtents and large compters. The Fouridation should
facilitate arrangements with institutions possessing thesa equipment, te
provide services to grantees, ‘This would have the great advantage of :
stimulating cooperation between scientists of different institutions. .
Alternatively, regional centres for expensive instruments wight be establish-
-ed in the developing areas.
12... The Foundation should be able to seek funds for its
Joperations from interested governments waxwekkxax and intergovernmental
agencies as well ag from industries and foundations. in-both developed .and
developing countries. Support, might. be sought, for example, from chemical,
Ql, and. mining companies, electronic, computer and other ‘high-technology
,dndugries in the developed countries, and their subsidiaries in developing
countries, and major public and private sector industries in the developing
;countries. Support could be in cagh or in “kind, “yo ay y
veers cue.» b3y-,-The Foundation should be initiated om an experimental,
-rarativery small-scale basis, and should concentrate at First on one or
,& small number of research fields, The initial budget should be large
“
a i WiG.5.
enough, however, so that the administrative expenses of the Foundation
will be @ relatively small fraction of its funds. We suggest a level of
3 million per year for the firat three years, with administrative
expenses not to exceed £250,000, This would be enough for a staff of
“5 professional scimtists, plus supporting personnel, adequate travel
funds for the staff and expenses of meatings and site visits by review
committees, . ;
14, ‘The Foundation should be given an appropriate legal
status. A widely experienced and broadly representative governing
board for the Foundation would be a basic prerequisite for success. We
suggest, for example, that the members of the Advisory Committee on Science
and Technology in Development, of the Economic and Social Council of the
United Nations, may be a suitable group of pergons to serve on the
governing board.
15. The composition and mode of formation of review
committees to evaluate research proposals is also critical. The Inter-
national Scientific Unions, National Scientific Sockties, and National
Academies or Research Councils, might be asked to nominate panels of
reviewers, Review Committees should have members from both developed
and developing countries, and there should be wide geographical
distribution. ‘
Tt should be emphasized that the propdsed Foundation will be,
and indeed showld be, only one of several sources of research support.
Research supported by the industries, different agencies and governments
should be major parts of the total research effort.
Tv. Future Action of the Working Group :
The Working Group felt that in the past the action-of Pugwash
in the field of development has not been very effective because of lack
of continuity and adequate preparation, Therefore, it wishes to suggest.
to the continuing Committee that the Working Group may propose an agenda
for the next Conference, and maintain informally a core of people that
will keep in touch between Conferences to ensure that the proposals made
by the Working Group are followed up and reperted at the next Conference,
In particular, the Group suggests to the organizers of the 20th Conference
the following items for the agenda:
eB PRR et Soy
ais
~ 8a | W.Gs5e
a) International Foundation (Fund) for Setentific and
Technical Development.
b) . Population Problems,
c) Problems of Food Supply p eo AN
a) Past Experience With and Future Prospects for écientitic
and Technical Aid to Developing Countries.
Economic aspects should be considered in every one of these
problems.
Further, the Working Group hopes that the organizers of the
20th Conference will prepare a symposium to be held close in time to the
Conference itself on a subject related to the problems of developing
countries. The suggested title ist Priorities of Research and Development
c
for the Seventies in Developing Countries".
— P
To ensurethat there will be close cooperation between the
organizers of tha 20th Conference and the members of Working Group 5, it
was suggested to appoint a very informal committee whose job will be to
work. out the detailed agenda for Working Group 5 during the 20th Conference,
and for the Symposium just mentioned. The names suggested for this
committee are as follows; Hansen, Parthasarathi, Varsavsky, Engelhardt;
they will cooperate with the Pugwash Sub-Committee on Development. of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
280 Newton Street
Brookline Station, Boston, Massachusetts 02146
Telephone 522-2400
11 November 1969
To: U.S. Pugwash Alumni
From: B. T. Feld, Chairman, Academy Committee on P-COSWA
Re: Annual report
This occasion, of sending you the statement issued by the Continuing Committee at
the conclusion of the recent Pugwash Conference in Sochi, provides me with the opportunity
to report to you on our activities of the past year and our plans for this next one.
As usual, we have mainly been concerned with arranging appropriate American parti-
cipation in Pugwash Conferences and Symposia -- in London in April, on "Economic Aspects
of Energy Production", in Marianske Lazne, in May, on "Role of Science and Scientists in
National and World Affairs" (also, a meeting of the CBW Study Group and of the Continuing
Committee, held at the same time), and in Elsinore in September on "An International Agency
for the Collection and Dissemination of Information on Potential Crises". Reports on these
Symposia have appeared in recent issues of the Pugwash Newsletter.
You will note from the enclosed list of attendees at the Sochi Conference that we were
able to send 15 participants and 3 science writers. The calibre of the latter helps to account
for the high level of press coverage achieved.
Those of us who attended the Sochi Conference feel that it was one of the most pro-
ductive and interesting conferences of recent years. We hope that the intensity and construc -
tiveness of the discussions will be repeated at next year's Conference, to be held at the
Abbey Inn, on Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, on Sept. 9-14, 1970.
The title of this Conference will be "Peace and International Cooperation: A Program
for the Seventies". We plan to divide into five Working Groups: on International Security
Problems, Problems of Disarmament, Problems Arising from New Technological Developments
in Armaments, Problems of International Cooperation and the Development of Appropriate
Institutions, and Technological Aspects of Development.
Since the US group will be host to the 20th Pugwash Conference next September, it
was our privilege to nominate the President of the Pugwash Conferences for 1969-1970.
Prof. Eugene Rabinowitch has been elected by the Continuing Committee to this post.
Symposia planned by various national Pugwash groups for the next year include:
1, “Arms Control and Disarmament Measures in Europe” ~ Poland, Dec. 9-12, 1969,
2, “Protein Problems" - West Germany, May 19-23, 1970,
3, “International Cooperation in Science in Europe" - Netherlands, June 5-8, 1970.
4, "Economic Consequences of GCD" - East Germany, April 10-12, 1970.
5. "Problems of Human Ecology" - Prague, May, 1970.
6. "Water Resources and Education of Technical Personnel" - West Africa (French group),
Dec., 1970.
~2-
7. ‘Impacts of New Technological Developments on Arms Control", USA, early summer, 1970.
8. "Priorities of Research and Development for the Seventies in Developing Countries",
USA, summer, 1970.
Of these, only the first three can be considered as definitely scheduled at this time. Neverthe-
less, I would appreciate hearing from you concerning your possible interest in participation in
any of these, as well as in the 20th Conference next September, and also any suggestions you
may have for other possible participants, especially from among the "younger generation" of
American scientists. .
Which brings me to the perennial problem of finances. Our regular budget is around
$40, 000/year, of which half is provided (this year and next) by a grant from the Ford Foundation.
For the other half, for which we depend on help from the American Academy, other Foundations,
and generous individuals, we have so far only managed to raise around $10, 000 this year.
In addition, over and above our regular budget, we need to cover the expenses of the
1970 Conferences. Weare fortunate that the Adlai Stevenson Institute has agreed to act as
co-host for this Conference, and has assumed the responsibility for raising the bulk of the
necessary funds, There remains around $15,000 more which we shall need to raise to cover
all of the expenses of preparing and running the 20th Conference.
Beyond this, we have incurred a special expense of $5,000 in connection with the Sochi
Conference: this involved the bringiig to Sochi on our initiative of two scientists from Biafra
and one from Nigeria to participate in the discussions of this problem in the Working Group on
Current Conflicts. These discussions, both in the group and in private, turned out to be most
encouraging; I believe that the participants on both sides, if they are able to communicate
successfully to their governments both the flavor and substance of the exchanges which took
place, could contribute markedly to progress in bringing an end to that conflict. If so, our
monetary investment will have been extremely worthwhile. But in any case, we shall need to
find a way of reimbursing the Academy for money advanced.
The main source of funds which can be used for such purposes, as well as for some
of the other needs mentioned above, is through contributions from individuals made to the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences for support of the activities of its Committee on
P-COSWA. Pugwash alumni have been generous in the past in responding to my annual appeal
for such contributions; I urge you to be even more generous this year in view of our special
needs, Furthermore, if you know of any other individuals who might be approached toward this
end, either directly by you or by me with your help, such information (and action) would be
greatly appreciated. Contributions should be made to the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences and sent to me (26-425, MIT, Cambridge, Mass. 02139), They are tax exempt.
STATEMENT
on the 19th Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs
issued by the Continuing Committee
The 19th Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs met in Sochi from the 22nd
to the 27th October 1969, at the invitation of the Pugwash Group of the USSR. The Conference
was attended by 101 scientists from 29 countries; in addition there were 10 observers from
international organizations and 8 science writiers.
The Conference took place at a time when the world situation remains very serious.
The arms race is increasing in intensity; weapons of mass destruction multiply and new
weapons systems are being introduced. Most countries are increasing their arms expenditures
not only without adding to their security but also to the detriment of badly needed investment to
raise their standards of life, particularly in the developing parts of the world. Armed conflicts
are actually going on in several areas of the world; in addition to the suffering that they bring
to the peoples involved, they present serious dangers of escalation into a global conflagration.
Under the title ‘World Security, Disarmament and Development" all these problems
have been discussed at the Conference.
Most of the work of the Conference took place in five Working Groups which discussed
the following topics: 1) Measures for terminating current military conflicts and keeping the
peace; 2) European security; 3) Reduction and elimination of nuclear weapons and delivery
systems; 4) Biological and chemical weapons; 5) Science and developing countries.
The reports of the Working Groups were presented and discussed at plenary sessions
of the Conference. The statement that follows has been prepared by the Continuing Committee
on the basis of these reports.
1. MEASURES FOR TERMINATING CURRENT MILITARY CONFLICTS,. AND KEEPING
THE PEACE,
Since the 18th Pugwash Conference in Nice, in 1968, the state df the local armed conflicts
in Vietnam, Nigeria, and the Middle East has become even more dangerous and tragic. Re-
garding Vietnam, even though the Paris talks continue, and even though the military operations
during the past few months have been at a relatively lower level, no significant results towards
a peaceful settlement seem to have been achieved. In Nigeria, the conflict still continues.
No agreement has been achieved for relief of the millions of innocent people who suffer and
die of malnutrition and disease. In the Middle East the cease-fire has become an undeclared
but growing war.
Vietnam
The Group discussing these problems considered that complete withdrawal, as quickly
as possible, of American troops from South Vietnam is a necessary condition for the establish -
ment of peace in that country. It also felt that a very substantial and very rapid reduction in
the strength of American forces would facilitate achieving a cease-fire, and aid in the negotiations
for a political agreement among the parties in South Vietmam. To facilitate a settlement of the
Vietnam conflict, it is necessary to promote the setting up of a coalition government in the
South.
ani
It was stressed that the goal must be an end to the war, and not the so-called "Vietnam -
ization” of the war. Only when this senseless and tragic conflict comes to an end will it be
possible to devote attention to the necessary and pressing tasks of political, social and
material reconstruction.
Nigeria
It was agreed that an immediate cease-fire without prejudice to the military position on
either side could and should be achieved. This cease-fire ought to be internationally supervised
by a group of countries or body acceptable to both sides.
It was felt that this cease-fire would create an atmosphere in which meaningful discus-
sions for a political settlement could take place; it is important that such a political settlement
should be achieved at the earliest possible date.
It was emphasized that such a cease-fire would greatly facilitate agreement for
bringing medicine and food in to relieve the widespread suffering now going on.
Middle East
The Group noted the fact that the resolution of the Security Council of 22nd November,
1967, has been accepted asa whole, without modification, by most Arab countries and by
Israel. The Group urges the remaining Arab countries to declare their acceptance of this
resolution. Discussions took place on the ways by which this resolution could be unambiguously
interpreted and effectively implemented.
In considering the grave situation in the Middle East, the Working Group proceeded
from the statement adopted in the 18th Pugwash Conference in Nice:
"The Working Group has considered the Middle East question and taking
into account the need to eliminate acts of war and to secure a just and lasting peace:
1. urges speedy implementation of Security Council Resolution No, 242 of
22nd November 1967;
2. urges the parties to cooperate fully with the Jarring mission. to obtain
this implementation;
3. suggests, as a guarantee of a peaceful settlement under the auspices of
the United Nations, the temporary demilitarization of certain sensitive
zones along the borders following the withdrawal of Israeli troops in
implementation of the Security Council resolution;
4. suggests that restrictions on the supply of arms to contending parties,
following the implementation of the resolution, should be considered."
The Group emphasizes its deep regret at the delay in implementing the UN resolution
and urges fast action towards its complete implementation.
On this problem, as well as on the problem of Nigeria, the frank exchange of views
which took place was made more fruitful by the presence of scientists from the two sides of
the conflicts.
-3-
2. EUROPEAN SECURITY
The present situation in Europe, characterized by the existence of two military blocs,
is highly unsatisfactory because of the danger of military conflict and the political tensions
involved. The aim must be the creation of a system for European security and the dissolution
of the military blocs. The creation of such a system is not an easy task which could be
realized in a short time. However, meanwhile many important steps can be taken which would
reduce the danger of conflict and lessen mutual fear and suspicion. Such measures might
include the conclusion of agreements banning the use of force, and mutual reduction of the
levels of military forces and weapons in Europe. Thus the problem is two-fold: to search for,
and work towards a system for European security without military blocs, and meanwhile to
take all possible steps to improve the situation in the short term.
The Group supported the idea of a European security conference between governments
and welcomes initiatives for such a conference by any government. Such a conference could
contribute to the solution of both problems. Some members felt that this conference should
lead to the establishment of a permanent body, which might pos sibly take the form of a regional
Security Commission for Europe, perhaps under the United Nations, It was stressed by some
participants that in their opinion such a conference could be held only with the full participation
of the USA and Canada. Others stressed that the question of the participation of the US or
Canada was a matter for decision by the participating European states. The Group also supported
the idea of non-governmental conferences on European security and cooperation.
The Group reaffirmed the statement made at the Pugwash Conference in Ronneby in 1967
that all existing European borders, including the borders between the two German states and
West Berlin should be recognized; that both German states should be admitted to the United
Nations; and that it would be important for European security if all states would recognize the
German Democratic Republic, without prejudice to the possible future unification of the two
German states. The Group further declared itself in favour of the initiation of negotiations
between the governments of the Federal German Republic and the German Democratic Republic
to establish normal and equitable relations between those two states.
As has been stressed repeatedly by Pugwash, friendly contacts between East and West
in different fields should be encouraged and developed.
One aspect of such contacts is the movement of people, goods and information. Some
participants strongly felt that total abolition of censorship would considerably decrease the
tension in Europe and help to promote mutual understanding. More particularly, when there
is an international conflict all countries should make the views of the other parties fully known
to their citizens through the media of mass communication. Others, while fully agreeing
with the principle of expanding in every way the exchange of information contributing to the
mutual understanding among the peoples of Europe, do not share, at the same time, the view
that the principle should apply to propaganda for war, racism, fascism, and other concepts
undermining the foundation of peace, international security, and cooperation among nations.
The Group pointed to the need for abolishing discrimination in trade practiced by
some states in relation to others.
If contacts between East and West are to contribute to peace and cooperation they
should take into account the existing realities, social, political and ideological, in countries
belonging to different systems, otherwise they may create additional tension and arouse
suspicion,
-4-
There are many ways of developing fruitful cooperation on an all-European scale. One
proposal which found general support was to expand the agenda of the European Security Con-
ference to include the elaboration of arrangements for European cooperation in all fields. A
suggestion was made that consultation on economic policy may forestall economic crises
whose repercussions could extend through the whole of Europe. Cooperation might be useful
on such problems as pollution, not only by exchange of information and techniques, but. also
joint action in such case as water pollution in which the effects can transcent national
boundaries.
For cooperation in these and many other fields it may be desirable to set up European
regional organizations either ad hoc or under the existing UN agencies. Moreover, the Group
felt that such agencies could not Be developed as extensions of the existing Western European
agencies such as OECD.
At the request of the Czechoslovak Pugwash Committee the Group unanimously deleted
"Czechoslovakia and European Security" as a separate item from the agenda. References to
this topic, expressing very conflicting views, were made in the discussion on some other items
of European security.
3. REDUCTION AND ELIMINATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS
The prospect of another escalation in the strategic armaments levels of the US and the
USSR is now a particularly acute problem because of the possibility of Anti-Ballistic Missile
(ABM) and Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicles (MIRV) deployment, which will
lead to a new and very dangerous stage in the steeply ascending spiral of the strategic arms
race. Deployment of either of these wepons systems would almost certainly have the effect of
introducing large uncertainties into the calculations made by both sides of the level of strategic
armaments required to deter a nuclear attack. It would seem virtually certain that strategic
force levels would be greatly expanded; this is due to the combination of the assumption by
each side that the capabilities of the other would be at the highest possible level, with the
assumption that its own capabilities are at the lowest level of the range of uncertainty. Such
an approach has been used in the past as a pretext to justify very great arms increases.
Experience shows that this approach, instead of making the world safer, has resulted ina
diminution of the security of all nations. An expansion of armaments will not only increase the
waste of resources and the danger of accidental or unauthorized launching of nuclear-armed
missiles, but will also increase the probability of nuclear war, since one or another of the
major nuclear powers might conclude that there are advantages to be gained by striking first
rather than accepting the risk of a first blow by its adversary.
With these considerations in mind, the Group concluded that early negotiation of an
agreement to limit strategic armaments was a matter of highest priority, and that indeed the
urgency was particularly great with respect to the deployment of ABMs and MIRVs and the
testing of the latter. Action on this problem should be at the top of the agenda of the Soviet~
American Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT). The Group heartily welcomed the
announcement that these talks are to begin on 17th November in Helsinki.
Effective deterrence can be obtained with a drastically reduced level of nuclear
stockpiles. Movement towards such reduced levels would provide opportunities for making
progress toward general and complete disarm ment.
Recognizing the danger of further proliferation of nuclear weapons capabilities, the
Group believes that early ratification and implementation of the Nonproliferation Treaty, with
the participation of the greatest number of states, including all the nuclear and potential
nuclear weapons states, is a matter of great urgency. Hope was expressed that progress in the
Strategic Arms Limitations Talks will encourage adherence to the Nonproliferation Treaty by
all nations.
The possibilities of preventing the placement of weapons of mass destruction on the
seabed, and extending the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty to cover all environments, were discussed,
and the Group favoured the implementation of treaties to achieve these purposes.
lt was urged that countries that have not yet subscribed to the partial Test-Ban Treaty
should do so now. Concern was expressed about the extent of present underground nuclear
testing. There was a consensus that difficulties in detection of underground tests have been
reduced to the point where they are no longer a serious impediment to extending the Test-Ban
to include underground testing.
It was felt that there is considerable and unwarranted complacency on the part of the
general public and among many officials about the seriousness of the present situation in the
nuclear arms race. The enormity of the destruction that would result from a full scale
nuclear war with present stockpiles of nuclear weapons is simply not comprehended by the
general public. Scientists have a great responsibility to help educate the public about this.
(The full text of the Report by this Working Group is attached, Appendix A.)
4, BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL WEAPONS
The Group reviewed the data now avai lable in relation to means of eliminating the use of
chemical and biological (CB) weapons.
The UN report on the possible effects of the use of CB weapons, emphasizing the need
for an effective international ban on the development, production and stockpiling of these
weapons adopted by delegates from 14 nations seemed to hold great promise for the negotiation
of such a ban. The technical reports on CB weapons from the Stockholm International Peace
Research Institute (SIPRI) and WHO will also help in preparing an effective ban.
The Geneva Protocol of 1925 has been an effective instrument of conventional law, and
all nations should be urged to ratify it. Steps beyond the Protocol, which only bans first use
of CB weapons, are urgently needed. Dangers of weakening the Protocol can be foreseen if
new adherents were to interpret it as permitting the use of chemical agents in war of which
the customary peacetime use is restricted to riot control, and use in agriculture. In war-time,
for example, riot control agents can be used to increase the lethality of conventional weapons.
Ways of defining acceptable peace-time uses of chemical and biological agents therefore needs
careful study.
In addition to the Protocol, efforts must be made to ban development, production,
stockpiling on home or foreign territories, and transfer of technical expertize on weapons
development between nations. Since biological weapons are not now used, it may be possible
to outlaw them completely, but separating biological from chemical weapons might outweigh
the advantages of this partial measure. Efforts might better be concentrated on banning
simultaneously further development of both types of agents. In the meantime, any unilateral
action by a nation to ban production and, where relevant, eliminate stockpiles of any of these
weapons would be a positive contribution towards a total ban.
The Group considered the two CBW -disarmament-related topics that SIPRI had under -
taken on the recommendation of Pugwash. A progress report was heard on the BW inspection
experiment. It was felt that this experiment had yielded fruitful results both as regards the
technical problems of verifying observance of nonproduction agreements, and as regards
arousing the interest and active participation of several countries, both East and West. The
Group recommended that Pugwash/SIPR1 convene an international symposium to consider
(a) to include an evasion exercise, and (b) to explore the problems of verifying observance
of agreements outlawing chemical weapons.
A progress report was made on the work in Sweden on rapid detection and identification
methods for BW agents. The Group felt that this work, which was still in its early stages,
was potentially very useful, and reiterated the recommendation of the Pugwash CBW Study
Group that a workshop be convened to discuss the results to date, and to explore further the
technical problems involved. It was felt to be essential that experts from national CBW
defence laboratories should participate in the workshop.
5. SCIENCE AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
8 The Group concerned with this subject expressed the belief that Pugwash should be
deeply concerned with the ways in which science and technology may help to narrow the gap
between the more developed and the less developed countries, since this gap is as mucha
threat to peace as the arms race between the developed countries. Attention was called by it
to the increasing expenditures on arms by the developing countries, detrimental to their econo-
mic and social betterment. Three problems, felt to be of extreme interest for the developing
countries, but also affecting developed countries were discussed in some detail: inadequate
food supplies and malnutrition; population growth, and water supply, particularly in arid lands.
Food Supplies. The relative roles of protein deficiency and calorie deficiency in the developing
Countires were discussed; the interdependence and importance of both of them was recognized.
The possibility of irreversible damage to children's mental development caused by protein
deficiency in early age, even after the first six months of their lives, was considered as
calling for further study. The favourable result of the introduction of new high-yield strains
of cereals was noted, but so were the complex problems that have to be solved to make proper
use of the potentialities of these crops, such as fertilizer supply, pest control, marketing
distribution, etc. It was pointed out that all these techniques will have to be developed in the
country itself and could not be imported.
Population. The problems of devel oping contraceptive methods adequate for use in developing
Countries were discussed. The slowness with which this development can proceed in advanced
countries because of stringent regulations imposed on clinical experimentation was pointed out,
and the need for the developing countries for testing procedures fast enough to permit applica -
tion in the next decade was stressed. The possibility of transferring the control of clinical
testing -- as distinct from that of actual distribution -- to an international agency was discussed.
Water. The problem of water supplies is already being considered by many international
agencies. One point that seems to have been overlooked is the need of the developing countries
to acquire the technical infrastructure necessary to take utmost advantage of the programmes on
development of water resources prepared by the international agencies, and possibilities of
Pugwash playing a role in this field were discussed.
International Foundation for Scientific and Technical Development. With the aim of supporting
research by scientists and technologists of developing countries in their own academic institu -
tions and laboratories, the Working Group suggested as worthy of study the proposal of an
International Foundation (or Fund) for Scientific and Technical Development, already recom -
mended in two previous Pugwash Conferences. A rather detailed outline of the structure of this
Foundation and of the types of research to be supported by it, was proposed. The Group suggested
that funds should come to this Foundation not only from governments and intergovernmental
agencies, but also industries, foundations and individuals. The legal structure of the Foundation
should be such as to ensure a highly competent governing body, and review committees from
respected scientists from both developed and developing countries.
ape
Finally, the Group made recommendations tending to ensure the continuity of the action of
Pugwash in the field of development.
(A shortened version of the Report of this Working Group is attached, Appendix B.)
* * * * *
In the discussions, both in the plenary sessions and in the Working Groups, the urgent
need for all scientists to concern themselves with these life -or -death problems has been
repeatedly stressed. The importance of reaffirming the original goals of Pugwash -- as
expressed in the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, issued in 1955 -- was emphasized, and the
need was expressed to expand these to include problems which have since arisen, particularly
in relation to the developing nations. It is no longer sufficient, as has mainly been the case
until now in Pugwash, to bring in senior scientists; involvement of the younger generation
of scientists and students is vital for the attainment of our aims. It is, after all, the young
who will have the task of preserving and securing our heritage.
APPENDIX A
19th PUGWASH CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE AND WORLD AFFAIRS
"World Security, Disarmament and Development"
SOCHI, 22-27th October, 1969
REPORT OF WORKING GROUP 3 _
“Reduction and elimination of nuclear weapons and delivery systems"
Problems of Strategic Arms Limitations
The discussion relating to problems of limiting the strategic arms race was an exten-
sion of that which developed in the plenary session on the ABM. It included an elaboration of
views expressed in several of the papers presented to the Conference.
The prevention of further escalation of the strategic arms race is a task of the greatest
urgency. All participants welcomed the fact that a date and place for the beginning of negotiations
between the Soviet Union and the United States on strategic arms limitations has been announced.
Several developments, notably the further development of Multiple Independently
Targetable Re-Entry Vehicles (MIRVs) and ABM defences, unless stopped, will almost cer-
tainly lead to a new spiral in the arms race with adverse consequences for the US, the USSR,
and the world asa whole. If that were to happen, at best, we might expect strategic forces
ultimately to level off at a much higher level with the dangers of nuclear war increased, the
problems of reducing strategic armaments made vastly more difficult, and with substantial
resources having been wasted. At worst, a nuclear war might occur because one or other of
the major nuclear powers might conclude that there are advantages to be gained by striking
first rather than accept the risk of a first blow by its adversary.
The majority of the Group felt that continuing growth in Soviet and American strategic
armaments would have an adverse effect on the policies of other nations. They might be less
willing to refrain from the development of their own independent nuclear weapons capabilities.
Efforts to reach early agreement in the SALT talks would be the most important evidence of the
willingness of the Soviet Union and the United States to comply with the obligations accepted by
them in Article 6 of the Non-proliferation Treaty. ©
The Group felt that a limitation of the present strategic forces would be of the greatest
importance in developing momentum towards reductions in strategic arms levels and other
disarmament and arms control measures.
The task of halting the arms race is a political problem in its own right, not simply a
problem for technicians, and its solution would contribute to the alleviation of other political
difficulties. However, political conflicts, which must be resolyed, should not be permitted
to interfere with efforts to halt the strategic arms race, which has become to a large degree
a self-generating phenomenon with a life of its own.
Attention was drawn to the negative consequences of employing worst-case analysis
methods to military problems: i.e., the combining of assumptions that adversary capabilities
will be at the extreme upper limits of their possible range with assumptions that one's own
capabilities will be at the minimum level of the range of uncertainty. Application of these
principles has been used as a pretext to justify very great arms increases to establish a
reliable "level of security", Experience shows that the use of this method has not in fact made
A-2
the world more safe, but rather has resulted in a diminution in security for all nations.
Development of MIRVs and deployment of ABM systems are particularly likely to
introduce large uncertainties into the determination of force requirements, and so are likely
to lead to extreme examples of "worst case" analysis, and hence to a considerable escalation
in force levels.
The deployment of ABM defences and testing and deployment of MIRVs needs to be
stopped urgently. This could be accomplished in one of several ways: as the first order of
business for SALT, by tacit agreement, by simultaneous declarations, or by an initiative to
halt such activities on the assumption that reciprocal action by the other side will follow.
Immediacy is indicated because once a MIRV-ABM era begins it would be extremely difficult
to limit strategic arms, and because the difficulties of monitoring a MIRV ban would increase
rapidly with additional tests. An early moratorium of limited duration on MIRV testing and
ABM deployment could be of great value for this reason and also because it would provide
time to negotiate comprehensive agreements in the SALT talks.
In recent public discussion attention has been focussed primarily on measures to stop
deployment of strategic weapons. But each step in the arms race starts with research, develop-
ment and testing. In principle, action should be imposed to constrain these processes as well.
However, in research and development, it is hard to distinguish between military and non-
military programmes and between those that are desirable and those that are not. Moreover,
it is also difficult if not impossible to impose effective monitoring and control. But field testing,
which in most cases can be monitored unilaterally, seems a particularly effective point at which
to take action -- action which could have a major effect in slowing down the arms race.
A comprehensive ban, discussed later, on the testing on nuclear warheads would be one
constraint of this kind,
Members of the Group have arrived at the conclusion tit the existing level of strategic
armaments, tens of thousands of megatons, cannot be justified by considerations of deterrence,
security or by any other rational motives. It was estimated that a full scale nuclear war would
kill a large percentage of the population of the Northern hemisphere, a region representing more
than 90% of mankind. Furthermore, it is likely that this havoc would set in motion abnormal
psychological and physiological events that could take the lives of most of the survivors.
Effective deterrence can be obtained with a drastically reduced nuclear stockpile level.
Movement toward such levels would provide opportunities for making progress toward general
and complete disarmament. Ultimately, substantial progress towards general and complete
. disarmament will require the participation of all of the nuclear powers and other large nations
as well. However, the Group felt that the development of nuclear capabilities by other nations and
the fact that some have not yet been participants in discussions of arms control and disarmament
need not be serious impediments to progress on partial arms control and disarmament
measures affecting the strategic forces of the major powers.
Dangers of Nuclear Proliferation
Recognizing the danger of further proliferation of nuclear weapons capabilities, the Group
believes that the early entry of the Non-proliferation Treaty into force with the participation of
the greatest number of states, including all the nuclear and potential nuclear weapon states,
isa matter of great urgency.
The Group examined the adverse consequences for the proliferation of nuclear weapons
represented by the development of gas centrifuges for the separation of uranium isotopes. It
was felt that the threat of proliferation was of the same order as that due to the widespread use of
nuclear reactors, and therefore that a system of safeguards similar to that already proposed
for the control of plutonium should be developed and applied to gas centrifuges or other methods
of uranium separation if and when they are brought into production. It was also felt that the
IAEA should be consulted during the design stage about the early incorporation of safeguard
facilities into any centrifuge production -plant.
Prohibition on the Emplacement of Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed
Although its immediate effect may be limited, the Group recognized that the Seabed
Treaty would be a useful arms control measure and a practical first step towards the complete
demilitarization of the seabed. Some concern was expressed about possible ambiguities which
may arise in the Treaty which presently prohibits the emplacement of instruments of mass
destruction on the seabed if they are not navigable. One can foresee the possible development
of moveable instruments on the sea bottom which contain nuclear missiles or other weapons
of mass destruction. We believe the Treaty would be strengthened considerably if it specifically
prohibited the emplacement of unmanned weapons of mass destruction including those which
might be navigable. Such a formulation would not affect manned submarines, but would have the
effect of making less likely the development of new types of underseas weapons systems, such
as "crawlers" on the sea bottom,
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Concern was expressed about the extent of present underground nuclear testing and about
the possibility that some tests have apparently been conducted in such a way as to result in venting
of radioactive materials in possible violation of the present treaty.
It was urged that countries that have not subscribed to the present Treaty do so.
There was a consensus that difficulties in detection and identification of underground
tests using unilateral systems have been reduced to the point wheré this need no longer be a
serious impediment to extending the test ban treaty to prohibit underground testing for weapons
development.
Some members suggested that extension of the test ban to cover underground testing
would be desirable as a part of SALT or as a parallel measure. Indeed, it was suggested that
a comprehensive test ban might be politically feasible only in the context of SALT -- or if there
were otherwise an agreement on ABM deployment. Others argued that an effort to achieve a
comprehensive test ban would be desirable in any case.
Nuclear Accidents and Unauthorized Launch of Nuclear Weapons
It was concluded that in view of the very large number of nuclear weapons and delivery
systems deployed throughout the world, tle re is a very real prospect of an accident occurring
which might have catastrophic consequences. The risks will probably increase if MIRVs and
ABM are developed and deployed. In reaching this conclusion we are mindful of the argument
that ABM systems may be ws eful in coping with missiles launched accidentally or without
authorization. However, we are sceptical about ABM systems being effective in this role be~
cause of the difficulties of obtaining authorization to launch interceptor missiles at the time
required. Moreover, we feel that the adverse effects on the arms race and the disadvantages
of ABM missiles themselves being launched accidentally will more than offset whatever
utility ABM deployment may have in dealing with accidentally launched offensive missiles.
The Social Responsibility of Scientists
lt was felt that there is considerable and unwarranted complacency on the part of the
general public and among many officials about the seriousness of the present military situation,
a complacency which is in part the result of our having had certain limited successes in arms
control such as the Partial Test Ban Treaty, but which is primarily the result of our having
lived with nuclear weapons without their having been used for over two decades. The enormity
of the destruction that would result from a full scale nuclear war with present stockpiles of
nuclear weapons is simply not comprehended by the general public. Scientists have a great
responsibility to help educate the public about this.
The group was concerned that the credibility of scientists could be severely damaged
by scientifically irresponsible statements by individuals even if those statements are motivated
by the highest moral considerations.
There was a discussion about whether ethical standards among scientists with respect
to particular areas of scientific investigation are the responsibility of the social and professional
communities of which scientists are a part, or exclusively that of the individuals. The problem
arose particularly in the context of consideration of whether scientists should work on military
projects, for example, CB weapons. A special Pugwash symposium on this problem was
sugge sted.
The UN has in recent years appointed groups of experts to enquire into the consequences
of the use of nuclear and chemical and biological weapons. In each instance the General Assem -
bly has passed a resolution calling on governments to disseminate the report as widely as
possible to their people. In many countries governments have failed lamentably to do this. The
puHl ic remains ignorant and the work of the group of experts is in danger of being wasted in
obscurity.
The Group felt strongly that all governments which have not already done so should be
urged to disseminate these reports, translating them where necessary.
Concern was expressed that our discussions on strategic arms problems are conducted in
a frame of reference that might be very alien to that of many of the younger generation and to
the people of the developing countries. It was suggested that we, and presumably students and
other younger people, might benefit if some were invited to future Pugwash meetings.
It was also suggested that it was important to encourage young people to take informed
opposition to the arms race, and that perhaps a special manifesto to enlist their support would
be desirable.
APPENDIX B
19th PUGWASH CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE AND WORLD AFFAIRS
"World Security, Disarmament and Development"
SOCHI, 22-27th October, 1969
REPORT OF WORKING GROUP 5
{shortened version)
"Science and developing countries"
We believe that Pugwash should be deeply concerned with the role of science and tech -
nology in development and dedicate a significant part of its effort to study means by which the
growing gap between the developed and the developing countries may be reduced, since such a
gap is as much a threat to peace as the arms race.
We call attention to the arms expenditures of the developing countries themselves --
detracting their material and human resources from the urgent tasks of economic and social
betterment.
Some Pressing Problems in Developing Countries
The Working Group investigated three problems which were felt to be of extreme interest
to developing countries, but which affect developed countries as well: inadequate food supplies
and nutrition; population growth; and water supplies.
Inadequate food supplies and nutrition. The Group considered several major aspects of
this problem, suchas: (a) The world concern with malnutrition has centred increasingly on
protein deficiency, but an equally decisive factor is calorie insufficiency of the diets, and the
relationship of both of these deficiencies to the social and economic problems of underdevelopment,
(b) Within the next 20-year period, during which the population explosion will be essentially un-
checked, there must be considerably more intensive world-wide cooperative efforts to alleviate
the world food shortage than there igs now. Both greater food production by natural means --
growing higher yield and higher protein content crops and greater meat production -- and un-
conventional means of protein production, sichas yeast grown on various materials, must be
pursued. Food preservation technology acquires a crucial importance. (c) Questions of irre~
versible physiological damage arising from protein deficiency need closer scientific examination,
in particular in regard to impairing the learning ability of children affected by the deficiency after
the age of six months. (d) Changing food habits is a major obstacle to changing the nutritional
picture in many depressed areas. It was felt that insufficient effort has been made in studying this
question, both in terms of scientific research and those of social experimentation. (e) Intro-
duction of new high-productivity agricultural techniques has resulted in significant gains. How-
ever, it has also opened Pandora's Box; full utilization and extension of these new technologies
will require massive expansion of research and development in many related areas such as pest
control, fertilizers, etc., as well as in marketing and distribution systems. The new technolo-
gies will have to be generated largely in the area of their application, and not imported from
abroad.
lt was felt that Pugwash should not only continue exploring these problems but should urge
and organize the commitment of the world's scientific communities to these and other problems
affecting the developing countries.
Population Growth. The inhibitory factors affecting, in the technologically advanced
countriés, the development of new contraceptive techniques were emphasized. Yet this devel-
opment, of no great urgency for the developed countries, is of critical importance for the
developing ones. To accelerate it one should -- while leaving approval for public use of new
contraceptive agents within a country in the hands of its present regulatory agencies ~-
transfer the responsibility for the approval of experimental clinical work in this field to an
international agency whose function will be to encourage rapid development of new contra-
ceptive techniques. The WHO, which already has two smaller bodies with representation
from developed and developing countries, appears to be the best agency for this purpose;
national regulatory agencies should accept the authority of WHO in the matter of approving
and monitoring clinical work on new birth control techniques.
Pugwash should alert public opinion to this hitherto neglected problem. Its urgency is
underlined by the fact that a minimum of 10 years is required for the development of a new
human contraceptive agent, so that contraceptive techniques to be used in the 1980's should
already now be under active clinical investigation.
Water Resources for Arid Lands. Many developing and some developed countries are
facing, or will soon face, a serious shortage of water. Many international agencies are looking
into this problem. It was felt, nevertheless, that Pugwash could make a significant contribution
to this problem because, being an unofficial body, it can help experts of all nations to come
together to share their views and experience more fully and frankly than is possible in the
atmosphere of official international agencies. It can help in bringing together scientifically,
technologically, economically, and sociologically oriented specialists.
An International Foundation for Scientific and Technical Development. The establishment.
of an International Science Poundation to support scientific and technological research in developing
nations in their own academic institutions and scientific laboratories was recommended in two
previous Pugwash Conferences. This plan was explored by the group in considerably greater
detail than before. It was suggested that the foundation be called International Foundation for
Scientific and Technological Development. Its purposes would be: (1) to provide opportunities
for younger scientists to do research in their home country, thus helping to staunch the "brain
drain"; (2) to mobilize the abilities of many scientists and engineers for national development;
(3) to stimulate and support research by university teachers to improve the quality of scientific
and technical education.
The following characteristics of the proposed institution were suggested.
1.° Research should be supported in those scientific fields which are (a) relevant to the
problems of developing countires; (b) comparatively inexpensive in terms of equipment and
highly trained man power.
ln applied science, emphasis should be placed on those kinds of research for which there
is no great need in the developed countries -- for example, development of technologies which
are most appropriate to local conditions and raw materials, physiology and ecology of tropical
insects, etc.
2. Within the selected fields the quality of the proposed research and the competence of
the investigator, as evaluated by a review committee of scientists, should be the primary cri-
terion for granting support.
3. The average size of grants should be relatively small; that is, the Foundation would
not be expected to support "big science”. On the other hand, the special need for continuity of
support of scientists and technicians in developing countries should be recognized.
4, Encouragement should be given to groups of three or four scientists at a single insti-
tution to submit joint proposals in order to insure the necessary “critical mass".
Support for technical assistants to the research workers, scientific and ship equipment,
books and journals, could be included in the applications.
5. Applications should be favoured from applicants who will provide research opportunities
for students.
6. Research proposals from individuals or groups would need to be approved by their
own institution before being considered by the Foundation.
7. Some research projects would require access to expensive and complex equipment.
The Foundation should facilitate arrangements with institutions possessing such equipment to
provide services to grantees; this would stimulate cooperation between scientists of different
institutions. Alternatively, regional centres for expensive instruments might be established in
the developing areas.
8. The Foundation should be entitled to seek funds for its operations from interested
governments and intergovernmental agencies as well as from industries, foundations and indi-
viduals in both developed and developing countries. Support could be in cash or in 'kind".
9, The Foundation should be given an appropriate legal status, and a widely experienced
and broadly representative governing board should be provided.
The formation of review committees to evaluate research proposals is also critical.
The International Scientific Unions, National Scientific Societies, and National Academies or
Research Councils, could be asked to nominate panels of reviewers, with members from both
developed and developing countries.
The above outline is very tentative, and it should be again discussed in forthcoming
Pugwash Symposia or Conferences.
MEMBERS OF THE 19th PUGWASH CONFERENCE
SOCHI, 22nd to 27th October 1969
Prof, V. Y. Aboltin (USSR) Acad. A. A. Imshenetsky (USSR)
Mr. H. Afheldt (FGR) Dr. E. K. Inall (Australia)
| *Dr. H. Alpert (UNESCO) *Dr. M. Kaplan (WHO)
| Prof. E. Amaldi (Italy) Prof. R. V. Khohlov (USSR)
**Mr. O. N. Anichken (USSR) Acad. V. M. Khvostov (USSR)
Prof, G, A. Arbatov (USSR) **Mr. R. Kleiman (USA)
| Acad. L. A. Artsimovich (USSR) Dr. A, Kolesnyk (GDR)
| *Mr. R. Aubrac (FAO) *** Prof, V. M. Kouznetsov (USSR)
Prof. O. Awe (Nigeria) Prof. H. Kroger (GDR)
*Mr. S. O. Awokoya (UNESCO) Dr. V. F. Kuleshov (USSR)
Prof. N. G. Baptist (Ceylon) *Dr. E. Y. Kutovoj (UN)
Dr. C. F. Barnaby (Executive Secretary) (UK) Mr. J. L. Leal (Spain)
Mr. E. Bauer (France) Prof. W. Leontief (USA)
**Dr. 1. S. Bengelsdorf (USA) Prof. S. Z. Lifson (Israel)
Prof. V. Benko (Yugoslavia) Dr. Patricia J. Lindop (UK)
Mr. A. Boserup (Denmark) **Mr. V. F. Liustiberg (USSR)
Dr. P. Boskma (Netherlands) Prof. O. Maalge (Denmark)
Acad. K. Bratanov (Bulgaria) Prof. M. Magat (France)
***Mir, M. Bruk (USSR) Prof. I. Malecki (Poland)
*Dr. R. J. Bunche (UN) Acad, I, Malek (Czechoslovakia)
Prof. F. Calogero (Italy) Prof. H. Marcovich (France)
**Mr. R, Clarke (UK) Dr. W. Mendl (UK)
Prof. E. Coppieters (Belgium) Prof, E. Menzel (FGR)
Prof. C, Djerassi (USA) Acad. M. D. Millionshchikov (President of
Mr. P. C. Dobell (Canada) the Conference) (USSR)
Prof. P. Doty (USA) Mr. J. Moch (France)
Acad. M. M. Dubinin (USSR) Dr. J. Moravec (Czechoslovakia)
*#** Mr, C,. §, Eaton (USA) Prof. H. Morgenthau (USA)
Dr. N. Eissa (UAR) ***Mr. 1. V. Mozheiko (USSR)
Prof. V. S. Emelyanov (USSR) Acad. G, Nadjakov (Bulgaria)
Acad, V. A, Engelhardt (USSR) Mr. T. Nemec (Czechoslovakia)
Prof. F. El-Bedewi (UAR) *Mr. R. Neild (SIP RI)
Prof. W. Ersil (GDR) Rt. Hon. P. Noel-Baker, M.P. (UK)
Prof, J. O. C,. Ezeilo (Nigeria ~Biafra) Prof. D. P. Novikov (USSR)
Prof. B. T. Feld (USA) Prof. C. A. Onwumechilli (Nigeria -Biafra)
Prof. C. I, Foias (Rumania) Mr. A. Parthasarathi (India)
Prof, J. Galtung (Norway) Prof. R. E. Peierls (UK)
Prof. R. L. Garwin (USA) Prof. C. Penescu (Rumania)
Prof, D. A. Glaser (USA) Prof. F. Perrin (France)
Dr. H. Glubrecht (FGR) *Mr. J. Perry Robinson (SIPRI)
Mr. W. Gutteridge (UK) Mr. N. W. Pirie (UK)
Dr. L. A. Gvishiani (USSR) Mr. I. G. Pochitalin (USSR)
Prof. V. Hacik (Czechoslovakia) Prof. K. Popiolek (Poland)
Prof. K. Hansen (USA) Mr. J. Prawitz (Sweden)
Prof. N. Herlofson (Sweden) Prof. E. Rabinowitch (USA)
Mr. M. Howard, (UK) Prof. G. Rathjens (USA)
* Observer
** Science Writer
*** Interpreter
** Guest
Acad. O, Reutoy (USSR)
Prof, R. Revelle (USA)
Prof. A. Rich (USA)
Prof. J. Rotblat (Secretary -General) (UK)
Prof, J. Ruina (USA)
Prof. C. Schaerf (Italy)
***Prof, A. D. Schweitzer (USSR)
Prof. M. D. Shulman (USA)
Dr. V. A. Shustov (USSR)
*Dr. K, Sinyak (SIPRI)
Prof. P. B. Smith (Netherlands)
Prof. N. Sodnom (Mongolia)
Dr. 1. A. Sokolov (USSR)
Prof. V. G. Solodoynikov (USSR)
Prof, G. Stein (Israel)
**Mr. W. S. Sullivan (USA)
wee Mr. W. Swartz (USA)
Acad. M. Szabolesi (Hungary)
Prof, A. Tanovic (Yugoslavia)
Dr. C..M. Varsavsky (Argentina)
Acad, K. Vas (Hungary)
**Mr. O. §. Vasiliev (USSR)
**Mr. N. Vichney (France)
Acad. A. P, Vinogradov (USSR)
Prof. M. S. Voslensky (USSR)
Prof. B. M. Vul (USSR)
Dr. C. J. H. Watson (UK)
Prof. P. Weinzierl (Austria)
Dr. W. Wieczorek (Poland)
Dr. E. Wojtaszek (Poland)
Dr. A. Van der Woude (Netherlands)
Dr. H. York, (USA)
Dr. S. H. Zaheer (India)
*Prof, I. §. Zheludey (IAEA)
