Alfred R. Tyrner-Tyrnauer
305 West End Ave., Apt.1l5e
New York, N,Y,. 10023
Excerpts from the forthcoming book THE USA, THE USSR
AND THE TWO GERMANYS: PERMANENT DIVISION OR REUNIFICATION?
by A. R. Tyrner-Tyrnauer,
Contrary to the widely held opinion, the partition of Germany
was not a brainchild of Bresident Roosevelt. His original plan was
to restore the Weimar Republic in a thoroughly demilitarized form,
He tried to emulate the example of his admired teacher Woodrow
Wilson by including in his poat-war planning a resurrected and
strengthened League of Nations with the eventual participation
of a rehabilitated Germany. Even as late as 1943, after the Alamein
and Stalingrad reverses of the Nazi armies, Roosevelt was hoping to
establish a German democratic government (or at least national
council) in exile in the United States. Searching for a suitable
non-partisan, democratic, anti-Hitler and anti-militarist head
of his intended rallying-point for the "other Germany", the American
President expressed great sympathy for the proposed nomination of
Thomas Mann. Roosevelt's choice of the outstanding German literary
figure instead of a professional politician for this(unsuccessful)
venture was a further indication of his agreement with Wilson's
ideas./ Quring World War 1, President Wilson's support \enabled the
aderews
famous Pelish emigre pianist/to become the first President ef re-
united Poland, (This writer was contacted by F.D.R. through Adolf
Berle to explore Thomas Mann's reaction to the President's project
in a non-official capacity,)(See chapter 12.)
Winston Churchill was considering two entirely different
ideas, One was the restoration of the Hohenzollern dynasty in a
demilitarized, democratic Germany; mmmkaexm the other plan was to
promote a union between Bavaria and Austria under the Habsburgs,
to counter-balance the eventually restored power of the Hohen-
zOllerns in the North.
ES Gr Re Excerpts.
Stalin's greatest worry up te his Stalingrad victory was to
prevent partitioning the USSR by Hitler, At the Yalta conference,
mavever Re insisted on a dismemberment of Germany, whereas Churchill
said no decision should be taken before "elaborate searchings by
experienced statesmen on the historical, political, economie and
sociological aspects of the problem." Roosevelt proposed te refer
it to a Foreign Ministers meeting, The resulting compromise
formula stated that the three heads of governments agreed to
take such steps "ineluding the complete disarmament, demilitarisa-
tion and the dismemberment of Germany as they deem requisite fer
future peace and security." In other words, no commi¢ment was
made by any of the Big Three,
The great military and politieal successes in 1944-45 changed
the mind of Stalin who now gambled on a communist revolution in all
Germany. At the Council of Foreign Ministers in July 1946, his Foreign
Mimister Molotev deelared the Soviet government wants no further
partition of Germany (after Russian and Polish territerial claims
were satisfied.) Obviously, Moseow hoped te extend its power te al]
of Germany by politieal means, But when two more Foreign Minister
conferences in 1947 failed to agree on a peace treaty with Germany
and Western position was strengthened by the Mazexkke Marshall Plan
and the Truman Doctrine, Stalin deeded to maintain sécum&k Russia's
strategie position in Eastern Germany. While the Western Allies fused
xhtk their zones of occupation, stabilized the mark and were determined
te create a wiable West German state, the Russian zone was turned inte
& communist state, progressively isolated frem the west,
The Potsdam eenference whieh deliminated the zonal boundaries,
gave Berlin a special status, An enelave within the Russian zone,
more than 100 miles from the nearest point in the western zones,
Berlin remained under joint authority of fhe occupying powers,
A.R.T.T. 36 Excerpts.
Eack power had its own seetor but administrative authority was
vested solely in the joint Kommandatura, Here came the first trial
eemx of strength in the cold war, The Seviet Gommand cut road,
rail and water routes leading from the west to Berlin, and eeased
to supply electricity, gas,mua food and fuel to the western sectors
of the city. The western authoritks decided to supply their besieged
seetors by air and imposed a counter-blockade om the Russian sone,
Open hostilities were avoided and after 318 days the Russians
abandoned the bloekade in May 1949,
Three months later e@etions were held in the western sones and
on September 20th the German Federal Republie was proelaimed,
German reunification was indefinitely postponed, on the other hand,
the new German state became a member of the western allianee, NATO,
ereated during the Berlin blockade, The Soviet occupied Eastern zone
was turned into a second German state, the German Democratie Republie,
and was integrated inte the Seviet mtmek camp, Both states were re-
armed by conventional weapons bat backed by the nuclear umbrellas ef
the rival superpowers,
Berlin (or rather the western sectors of Berlin) continued to
maintain a special status. Incorporated in the Federal Republic by
its constitution and surrounded by /Hellieratie Republic by its geo-
graphic situation, it has its independent administration supperted by
the three western allies, Nominally, the authority of the Kommandatura
is still existing, During the cold war, Berlin was the foeal point
of American-Soviet rivalry. In the 1960s the tensions xemkaxmixxx
gradually relaxedgand the 1970s began under the sign of rapproche-
ment between East and West,
The USA and USSR are carrying on xegetkees negotiations on
nuclear arms limitations and "mutual and balanced forces reductions,"
A.RoTeTe Le Exeerpts.
Both superpowers show signs of overexpansion and exhaustion, both
seem to seek ways to reduce their military and financial commit-
ments. This is prebably one of the main reasons why Chancellor
Willy Brandt of the Federal Republie found the time propitious
te abandon Ranks his predecessors' rigid insistence of represent-
ing ALL Germany and signed treaties with Moscow and Warsaw re-
cognizing the Oder-Nmkzmmg Neisse line as Germany's eastern boundary.
The Chancellor's willingness to sign the non-proliferation treaties
is calculated to appease Germany's neighbers who are still afraid
of a revival of German militarism and are suspicious of an eventual
reunification of divided Germany,
Brandt also initiated negotiations with the East German
government for establishing formal relations between the two
Ge ymanys. As a former Mayor of Berlin, he did not forget to
include the former capital ef his country in his diseussiens
in Moscow, Warsaw and East Berlin, He made ratificatien of the
new treaties dependent on negotiations guaranteeing easy access
to Berlin from the west and define the city's relations with the
Federal Republic,
While the governments of the Soviet Union and Peland xxeexe
signed Brandt's treaties with obvious satisfaction, the iuugtiam
then head of the East German government, Walter Ulbricht, oppesed
the rapprechement. Early May Ulbricht suddenly stepped dowm after
25 years in power, Since he had no internal difficulties this
year, it is taken for granted that the tenacious eld communist
"resigned" because Rp sta refused te comply with the new
policy of Moscow, His successor, Erich Honecker, was quick te
express publicly his hope for a suceess for the current negoti-
ations on Berlin, Meanwhile Brandt was invited te Washington and
A.R.T.T. 5. Excerpts.
on the day of his meeting with President Nixen and Secretary Rogers,
Leonid Brezhnev
iz /emphasised in a speech delivered in East Berlin that he would
strive for a West Berlin accord,
This dees not mean that Moscow is willing to give up his
strategic positien in East Germany and agree tom a reunification
ef the two Germanys. But ne certainly shows willingness te resume
negotiations with West Germany. As Brandt said in response te
Breshnev's speech "In East-West relations the confrontation has
been mitigated and a limited arrangement new appears possible.
He hastened to add: The Federal Republic "is aware that there is
an indelible line drawn between democracy and communism,..,..No matter
how much it hurts, the division of the German nation has become sur-
mountable only in se far as the division of Eurepe can successfully
be surmounted," ert Se
This statement confirms that German reunification will be decided
by the twe superpowers who alone are able to change the present
situation in Europe. Also, they alone are able to prolong the
status quo in Germany for the sake of a bilateral understanding,
However, a mutual military withdrawal in Central Eurepe presupposes
the willingness to face a resurgent nationalism aiming at a re-
unification of the two German states, At first, probably, in a loose
confederation with fargoing autonomy, and possibly with a status
of a third partner for contreversial Berlin. The price for such
an agreement would likely to be a strictly controlled nuclear am
long-term nonproliferation treaty not only onthe part of the two
Germanys, but also a number of eastern countries that, in fact,
have already expressed willingness to accept such a solution,
(See the two Rapacki plans, the Eden, McCloy-Zorin and other
xk recommendations, )
AE AE EE I
~h
-
THE NEW SCHOOL Date .March -20)LO7L........
Office of the Dean
Xj Fall i71....
“COURSE PROPOSAL
CJ Spring 19....
Please Print or Type
Academic Area
Name ‘Alfred: Ra: ‘Pyrner=Tyrnauer --: of Course: ........ History. ...------ eee.
Address: 305 -Wesat: End -Avas,Aptel5e-- Telephone — Home: .TR. 45000 .Ext.eLl5e...
New ‘York, Wes’ 10023 Lente eee " Office: oo. ee eee eee es
COURSE TITLE: The USA,. the USSR. and .the.two. GermanyS:...........-..s.s ee.
Permanent Division ox Reunification?
Description: A brief statement, suitable for the Bulletin, of what the course will cover, and of what the
student may expect to learn. (If this course has been offered previously, please indicate the course
number and semester.) Rgyersing fhe usual approach this course analyzes
recent and impending changes in Europe's equilibrium from the view=-
point of American influence on world events. It traces this influence
back to the re-unification of the United States after the Civil Warm.
She international consequences included: The collapse of the French
and Austrian supported Mexican Empire, the decline of the French and
Austrian Empires and the corresponding rise of modern (Hohenzollern)
Germany. Less than fifty years later, the Hohenzollern Reich fell under
the impact of America entering World War I on the side of the Allies.
The Weimar Republic was born xxxexmigs and developed largely with USA
assistancee When, due to American isolationism and the depression, this
Credit Recommendation: — (] None [) One unit [] Two units C] Three Units (more
(See Over)
Schedule: Please circle your preference —
9:30-11:10 A.M. 11:30 A.M.-1:10 P.M. 1:30-3:10 P.M. ‘ 3:30-5:10 P.M.
6:00-7:40 P.M. 8:10-9:50 P.M.
Monday — Tuesday Wednesday Thursday _ Friday
Biographical Note: Please include below a concise biographical note suitable for the Bulletin. If note
from an earlier Bulletin will suffice, please so indicate.
See Fall Bulletin 1970.
(OVER)
DO NOT WRITE BELOW THIS LINE
CR T | ON F R
CH
ig 5 a aU oI, OE IR
= nec) '
» * ooh lm ,
{add qyrnor-Tyrnauer.. Description)
assistance was wig¢hdrawn, the German ropublic was overthrown by Hitler
and the generals. The Nazi dietatorship led to World War II, which again
wag decided by America joining tho Allies. The Reich was defeated, occupied
and partitioned. The establishment of two rival German states became the
prime cause of instability in postwar Luropoe The 1970siizcmmaus, however,
began with & significant rapprochery nt between East and West. The USA
and the USSR are carrying on negotiations on nuclear arms Limitations
and "mutual and balanced forces veductionse" Chancellor Wally Brands of
the Federal Republic signed treaties with Moscow and Warsaw recornizing
the Oder-Neisse line as Germany's astern boundary. Bonn's willingness to
sign the non-proliferation treaties is calculated to appease Germany's
neighbors still afraid of a revival of German militarisn. The strongest
opponent of a rounification is the East German government. Should, however,
the two superpowers agree to a forces reduction in Germany, Pankow might
prefer a loose confederation with wide autonomy to a resurgence of nation-
alism in its own backyard.
ty
Detailed Course Outline: Please indicate in the space below a detailed outline of the proposed
course. Please indicate major‘texts and required readings, the kinds of problems the course con-
fronts, suggested examination questipns, and any special considerations you think are relevant. Note
that, normally, New School courses that carry credit, carry two points of credit. For two (class) hour
courses to carry three points of credit it is essential that the formal course requirements include a
Substantial amcunt of outside and independent work on the part of the student.
1) Partition of Germany: USA, USSR and German viewpoints.
2) Union victory in the American Civil War and the creation of
the Bismarckian Reich. Mexico and the Austro-Prussian and Francoe
' Prussian warse ‘os
3) Russia and the sale of Alaska to the United States. The USA, Canada
and England. Russian expectation of an American-British conflict.
4.)Both the USA and the Reich enter the race for colonies. Industrial
rivalry. First conflicts. |
5) Russian ambitions: the Straits and the Far East. The Berlin-Baghdad
— railroad. The USA and KKM Asia.
6) The Spanish-American war. Germany and the Philippines. America as
& new wold power,
7) The Russo-Japanese war. Russian defeat and revolution. America as
peacemaker. The Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente.
8) World War I. The USA joins the Western Allies. Russia makes separate
peace with Germany. Lenin's revolution supported by the Reich. Never=
thelass, American industrial superiority decides the war. The end
of the Hohenzollern Reich.
9) The Woimar Republic. American influence on the political, economic
and cultural life of the German republic. USA isolationism and
depression weaken sxhm democratic Germany.
10) The Nagi Reich. World War II, Hitlerts "erand design"? The plan of
a two-ocean~front against America. Instead, when he invades Russia,
the Reich is caught in a vise. US war potential wins again.
11) The collapse of the Nazi Reich. Occupation and partition.
12) Roosevelt's, Churchill's and Stalints plans for a post-Hitler
Germany =~ and Realpolitik. |
132 Germany's neighbors and the USA. USSR expansion in Europe.
14) The Gold War. Korea, Vietnam and the Middle East. Berlin. Nuclear
race and fear. The German problem as the greatest obstacle to a
new equilibriun. Smiirctoersxs UIA XHHEXS ENR
15) Attempted solutions: Unification, denuclearization, neutralization.
Loose confederation, Permanent partition.
Bitte Privetadresse benutzen: 45 Sutton Place South, New York, N.Y. 10022
29. Marz 1971
Herrn Dr. Alfred A. Tyrmer-Tyrnauer
305 West End Avenue
Apt. 15 C
New York, N.Y. 10023
Lieber Herr Tyrnauer:
Ich habe noch nachtriglich 2 Briefkopien von Detitschland bekommen, die
Sie interessieren werden, auch wenn sie augenblicklich negativ sind.
Ich hatte gedacht, Sie wiirden mich vielleicht anrufen eines Morgens.
Ich nehme daraus an, dass Sie vielleicht auf Reisen sind.
Mit freundlichen Griissen
thr
Hans Staudinger
(diktiert, nicht gelesen)
Bitte Privatadresse benutzen: 45 Sutton Place South, New York, N.Y. 10022
17, Marz 1971
Herrn Dr. Alfred A, Tyrner-Tyrnauer
305 West End Avenue
Apt, 15 C
New York, N.¥. 10023
Sehr verehrter Herr Tyrnaucr:
Ich gebe nie auf, aber manchmal habe ich kein Gitick mit
- meinen Operationen, Ich habe heute die Antwort von Steltzer
erhalten, der mir seine Korrespondenz mit Herrn Stahl von der
Atlantik-Brttcke gesandt hat, Ich weiss nicht, wie weit Thre
Pine hier hier gediehen sind, aber ich aSchte mich mit Ihnen
@arilber unterhalten. Ich kann mich an die Thyssen-Stiftung
wenden, dessen neuer Direkter Dr, Hugbert Flitner, ein Freund
von mir, ist, mit dem ich korrespondiere, Aber ich weiss nicht, »
was Sie in der Zwischenzeit erreicht und getan haben, Bitte
halten Sie dic Bricfe pers8nlich und vertraulich.
Also ich erwarte Ihren Anruf, am besten morgens. Ich bin sehr
unglicklich, denn ich hatte auf diese Sache fest gebaut. Da
man ja in Datschland nicht gleichzeitig mehrere Eisen ins
Fouer legen Garf, habe ich noch nicht an die Thyssenstiftung
geschrieben, da ich weiss, dass eine ganze Reihe von Kollegen
die Thyssenstiftune an sich nicht lieben,
Mit freundlichen Gruessen
thr
Hans Staudinger
(diktiert, nicht gelesen)
