502 THE 1987 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE SYSTEM DYNAMICS SOCITY. CHINA
R-SD: THE COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION
OF WATER RESOURCES OF RIVERS
Sun Dongchuan
East China Institute of Technology, Nanjing
ABSTRACT
R-SD is a dynamic system model used to study the comprehensive
development and utilization of water resources of rivers. This
problem covers a wide range of aspects, such as hydraulic power
generation, water transportation, flood cotrol, water consumption
of industry and households, irrigation in agriculture, reservoir
fishery, around-reservoir tourism and recreation facilities. R-SD
also relates to the thermal power generation and land transpor-
tation. It is a system with multivariables,nonlinear and complex
feedback structure. Usually, it is called as economic system of
a river-valley.
This paper emphasises on the structure of R-SD model. First, it
gives the interrelationship figures between the subsystems, then
the main cause-and-effect chains and flowchart of the system.
Finally,a part of the results of.a case study is given. It turns
out that during. the comprehensive development and utilization of
water resources of rivers, the emphasises should be placed on the
development of hydraulic. power generaion in association with wa-
ter transportation and other aspects.Meanwhile, thermal power ge-
neration and land transportation should be jointly developed to
promote the economic prosperity in the river-valley. In R-SD, we
have also posed.three degrees of satisfaction, which are guided
to decide the development velocities and investment proportions
of power generation, transportation, and water-supply.
1. PROBLEM
China is rich in water resources in. its many rivers. Once deve-
loped, the water resources may benefit the people and serve the
construction ..of the four modernizations. Water resources are
regenerable and inexhaustible as soon as they are developed. one
remarkable example is the Dujiangyan Irrigation Works which was
constructed in 250 B.C. Up to now, it has been benefitting for
more than 2200 years. On the contrary, the water resources will
slip by in vain if they are not exploited. A river may be bene-
ficial, they may do evil as well. Some rivers’ flood and water-
logging calamities often cause tremendous losses of people’s
lives and properties, due to lack of appropriate harnessing and
development. In Chinese history, the Yellow River and the Huaihe
River were wellknown for inundation which caused disasters.
Before the Dujiangyan Irrigation Works, the Minjiang River was
also destructive.
Today, we have comprehensive contents in our discussion of the
development .of water resources. The following issues are included:
THE 1987 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE SYSTEM DYNAMICS SOCITY. CHINA 503
hydraulic electrogenerating,water trasportation,water-supply—and-
consumption of industry and households, irrigation in agriculture,
flood-control and waterlogged fields’ draining, reservoir fishery,
around-reservoir tourism and recreation facilities; meanwhile,
thermal electrogenerating -and land transportation should also be
taken into consideration.
At present, most researchers at home and abroad adopt the optimi-
zation method of mathematical program in the study of water re-
sources’ development, laying particular emphasis on one aspect,
such as hydraulic electrogenerating or problem of hydropower sta~
tion sequence,many of which achieved practical effects (Li Mi-an,
1986). This paper studies the comprehensive development and utili-
zation of water resources of rivers, by means of the method of
System Dynamics ( Forrester, 1968. Wang Qifan, 1986 ). Its model
is called: R-SD ( River-SD ).
2. OBJECTIVES AND BOUNDARY OF THE SYSTEM
2.1 Objectives of the System
Our system is a river-valley economic system. R-SD deals with the
following issues:
(1) The quantitative relationship between the total output value
of industry and agriculture within the river-valley (€ TOIA > and
the total investment in the comprehensive development and utili-
zation of water resources ( TIV >.
(2) The proportion of investment in power, transportation, water-
supply and flood-control Cin terms of the total investment).
(3) The proportional relationship between the investments in
hydropower and thermal power.
(4) The proportional relationship between the investments in water
and land transportation.
(5) The rates of development of hydraulic electrogenerating, ther-
mal electrogenerating, water transportation, land transportation,
agro-irrigation, water-supply, etc.
(6) The amount of each investment and its sum within a historical
period.
2.2 Subsystems
R-SD is composed of four blocks (subsystems): industry, agriculture,
transportation and water-supply-consumption. The general relation—
ship between them is shown in Figure 1. The total output value of
industry (TOI) and that agriculture (TOA) decide the demand for
transportation, while the capacity of transportation affects TOI
remarkablly. TOI,agro-irrigation and the water-consumption of hou-
seholds decide the total cons»mption of water,while, water-supply
504 THE 1987 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE SYSTEM DYNAMICS SOCITY. CHINA
affects TOA remarkablly. Other influences are relatively less, so
they do not appear in Figure 1.
Water Supply
+
Consumption
aa
+
Indus try Agricul-
hold ture
+ Demand +
Capacity of
Tansportation
Figure 1. The General Relationships
Between Subsystems
There are altogether ten level variables in the model of R-SD,
their distribution is:four in industry block, two in agriculture,
two in transportation, and other two are in water—-supply-consump—
tion block,
2.2.1 Industry Subsystem
Industry subsystem focuses on electricity generations, of which,
hydraulic electrogeneration is a certain aspect to considered.
Today world is faced with energy crisis. It is specially true to
develop hydraulic electrogeneration in a river-valley, in which
there is shortage in coal, oil and natural gas but is rich in
water-power resource. Water resources can be developed stepwise:
after generating electricity at upper reache, the water can be
used for generating electricity for the'second or more times at
lower reaches of the river. The water devoted to electricity ge-
neration can still be used for irrigation or supplied to industry
or households. Thermal power plants, however, burn coal or oil to
generate electricity, the waste residue and gas left over in the
process cause pollutions. Water resources are regeneratable,while,
coal and oil are not,once burnt in generation, the nature’s accu-
mulations for millions upon millions of years will never return.
But, it is unwise only concentrate on hydraulic electrogenerating
ignoring thermal. Both have their own weak and strong points. For
dinstance, the construction period of thermal power plants is gene
rally shorter than that of hydropower stations. (The construction
period of a hydropower station can also be shortened provided
constructs efficiently. For example, the Xin’anjiang Hydropower
Station in Zhejiang Province of China was completed basically wi-
THE 1987 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE SYSTEM DYNAMICS SOCITY. CHINA 505
thin three years in 1950s.) Thermal generators may run continuou—
sly for a year, with usual annual generating hours of more than
5000; hydraulic generators, however,have less,due to the influence
of natural precipitation (large-and-medium-scale hydropower sta
tions have annual generating hours of more than 4000, but small _
stations only have less than 2000). But hydropower generation can
be realized instantaneously: electricity can be transmitted out a
few minutes after opening the sluice; however, thermal electro-
generating process takes as long as several hours from streng~
thening combustion to increasing power output. Therefore, hydro-
power stations should be appropriately matched by thermal power
plants, making up each other's deficiencies, even though it is in
a river-valley being rich in water-power resources.
There must be equal techno-economic conditions upon which the re-
search of matching of hydropower and thermal power is done. A hy-
dropower station possesses two major functions: store water and
generate electricity. Storing water is to realize the exploitation
and storage of the primary energy (water energy), electro~genera~
ing is to transform the primary energy into secondary energy
Celectro-energy). While, a thermal power plant. only realize the
transformation of the primary energy (chemical energy in coal or
oil) into secondary energy. The exploitation and storage and tran-
smit.of coal or oil are not involved in a thermal power plant’s
function. When comparing the two method of power generation, of
course, rational conclusion can only be obtained when both the
development of the primary energy and the transformation of the
secondary energy afe involved, that is to say, the exploitation
and transportation cost of coal or oil Cincluding the investments
in expanding the capacities of coal or oil production and trans—
portation, which are essential to a thermal power plant >) should
be added to the construction cost of a thermal power plant. Under
such comparison, the per unit kilowatt investment ingenerator
capacity is hardly any difference between the two.
In R-SD,. we choose recoverable water energy reserves ( WER ),
hydropower generator capacity € HPG ) and thermal power generator
capacity (TPG) as level variables.
Total power amount CTTPA), consisted of hydropower (HPA), thermal
power and net power input from outside the system (NIA), is sup-
plied to industry in a certain proportion. The product of indus-
trial consumption of power CICP) and output value per kilowatt—
hour is designated as TOI1. The TOI1 will be the actual total
output value of industry (TOI) if the system is supplied with
insufficient power. The output value per kilowatt-hour is given
as an increasing table function, for it will increase in pace
with the improvment of product structure, the progress of produc~
tive techniques and the raising of managerial level. If there is
a glut of power supply, it will be exaggerative to regard TOI1
as TOI. Therefore,R-SD takes it another way:designate the product
of fixed assets of industry and its rate of output value as TOI2,
and
506 THE 1987 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE SYSTEM DYNAMICS SOCITY. CHINA
A TOTS. K=MINCTOT1. K, TOI2. K> . a
A TOI. K=TOI3. K*MTRS. K «2
in which, MTRS.K € (0,1), is a multiplier decided by the degree
of transportation satisfaction. (TRS).
Fixed assets of industry <FAI) is chosen as a level variable too.
The degree of power consumption satisfaction (DPCS) is defined as
follows:
A. DPCS. K=MIN(1, TOI1. K/TOI2. K) @
in which, DPCS.K € (0,1),which decides the multiplier of the rate
of power development. The less the value, the greater the rate of
power development, by means of increasing power development.
2.2.2 Agriculture Subsystem
In agriculture subsystem, the irrigated area (IRA) and non-irri-
gated area (NIRA) are chosen as level variables. The grain yields
per unit area of the two ‘sorts of cultivated land are different.
The sum of the two sorts of land’s grain yields is the total grain
yields (TGY). Then we. obtain the value of TGY, which accounts for
a certain proportion in the total output value of agriculture
CTOA), thus obtaining TOA1. TOA is liable to the influence of deg-
ree of water supply satisfaction (DWSS), so
A TOA. K=TOA1. K*MWSS. K (4)
in which, MWSS.K € (0,1), is a multiplier decided by DWSS.
2.2.3 Transportation Subsystem
The “hydro~railway” river channels are the cheapest way of trans—
portation. The unit cost of inland river transportation is one
fifth that of railway and one twenty-fifth that of highway. There—
fore, the development of water transportation is an important part
of the comprehensive and utilization development of rivers.
Water transportation must develop with land iransportation coor-
dinatively. In China, railroad are programed, constructed and run
by the central government department ( in R-SD, .we reguard it as
an external variable.) The strong points of water transportation
are:large freight volume, low cost; land transportation, however,
has its strong points of high speed, flexibility and door-to-door
service. Obviously, they are mutually complementary.
In_ transportation subsystem, land transportation capacity (LTRC)
and water transportation capacity (1) CWTRC1) (formed under inves—
tment in water transportation)are chosen as level variables. Under
rational program, hydropower development may bring about a great
advance to water transportation. For example,after stepwise deve~
THE 1987 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE SYSTEM DYNAMICS SOCITY. CHINA 507
lopment of the Ganjiang River in Jianxi Province, the river opens
to navigation to ships with tonnages each over 1000, as compared
with before development, navigable tonnage is merely 50--100 in
ordinary months, and a little better tonnage of 100-300 in flood
season at the lower reaches from Ganzhou city in the province
(ai xichou, 1986). As for the Yangtze River, ships with tonnages
each over 10,000 may be expected to reach the Chaotianmen Port,
Chongqing, Sichuan Province,as soon as the Sanxia (Three Gorges)
Engineering is developed. Therefore, WIRC1 should be multiplied by
a multiplier decided by hydropower development (MHP),obtaining an
actual water transportation capacity CWTRC):
A — WTRC. K=WTRC1. K*MHP. K (5)
The total capacity of transportation (TTRC) consists of water,
land and railroad transportation capacities, excluding air and
Pipeline transportation for the time being. The degree of trans—
portation satisfaction (DTRS) is defined as:
A DTRS. K=MIN Ci, TTRC. K/TRD. K) (6)
DTRS.K € (0,1), in which, TRD.K is transportation demand, If DTRS.K
is less one, TOI will be affected remarkablly, then R-SD will speed
up the development of transportation capacity. In case the total
capacity of transportation exceeds transportation demand, R-SD
will restrict the development of transportation.
2.2.4 Water-Supply~and-Consumption Subsystem
In water-supply-and-consumption subsystem, we choose potential
groundwater reserves (PGW) and its exploitation(EGW) as level va-
Tiables. Totalwater-supply(TWS) is composed of three parts: water
intakes from rivers, lakes and ponds(WRLP), from reservoirs (WRS)
and from groundwater drawing (WGD) which is to replenish the fore-
mentioned two parts. Total water-consumption(TWC) is also composed
of three,parts: water for agro-irrigation(WAC), for industry (WIC)
and for households (WHC). The degree of water~supply satisfaction
@WSS) is defined as follows:
A DWSS. K=MIN (1, TWS. K/TWC. K) Loe)
DWSS.K € (0,1), which will affect TOA if it is less than one.
Then, R-SD will increase the investment.in exploitation of water-
sources. In case TWS exceeds TWC, R-SD will restrict the invest-
ment.
3. COUPLING BETWEEN SUBSYSTEMS, AND THE SYSTEM FLOWCHART
In R-SD, subsystems are coupled closely, and hydropower develop-
ment plays the role of the core. System Dynamics fits right for
studying such a nonlinear system with multivariables and a comp—
licated structure of cause-and-effect chains, especially for the
research of long term development program in overall amounts ( Wu
Jianzhong, 1986).
508 THE 1987 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE SYSTEM DYNAMICS SOCITY. CHINA
3.1 The Constitution and Allocation of the Total Investment
The constitution of total investment (TIV) demanded by the deve-
lopment of water resources of a river is shown in Figure 2. In
which, the flood-control cost (FCC) is the sum of urban flood-
cotrol cost and agro-flood-control cost. The development of hydro-
power may increase the ability of fleod-control, thus cutting down
on FCC. The investment in each part is decided by the rate of its
deve lopment.
Figure 2, The Total Investment
All arrows drawn in Figure 2 can be simultaneously reversed, then
it shows how TIV on hand is allocated.
The sources of TIV includes:self-raised funds by local government
SRF) (depending upon. the development of industrial and agricul—
tural production in the regions), central government investment
(CGI), external investments (EXI) (from abroad or other provinces),
other funds (OTF) such as raised funds in society)
3.2 Multi-benefits Brought about by Hydropower Development
The development of hydropower may bring about multiple economic
and ecological benefits, as is shown in Figure 3.
After the stepwise development of a river and constructing large
reservoirs at upper and middle reaches, the distribution of runoff
inner-year or even inter-years may be adjusted effectively, thus
enabling water-supply balanced, and ensuring water~supply in dry
season.
The flood-control and waterlogging-draining capacity may increase
at middle and lower reaches as large reservoirs. retain huge
amounts of floods. : .
THE 1987 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE SYSTEM DYNAMICS SOCITY. CHINA 509
HP
Development
Figure 3, The Multiple Economic and Ecological
Benefits by Development of Hydropower
Following hydropower development, reservoir fishery may be develop
for improving people’s life. Large reservoirs may improve partial
and local microclimates, thus being advantageous for planting and
the growth of forests and fruits.Moreover, it booms around-reser—
voir tourism and recreation. For instance, the Xin’ anjiang Reser—
voir has become wellknown as Qiandaohu. (a lake with a thousand
islands) scenic spot,which received four hundred thousand person—
time of tourists. in 1983,and tourists keep coming to make tourism
income of the reservoir to be second only to electricity sales
income (Su Yunhua, 1986). In addition, a good economic circle may
be expected:sufficient. hydropower supply -- much benefits -~ more
sufficient hytropower supply ---more and more benefits ... , pro-
vided we carry out the policies of ” benefit the investors " and
" hydropower stations support themselves ". “For instance, we may
invest the incomes from reservoir fishery (IRF) and around-reser—
voir tourism and recreation CITR) into hydropower development. We
may also draw partial investment of the water-transportation and
water-supply and put them into hydropower development. .
R-SD studies in details the relationships between electrogenera—
ting and transportation and that between electrogenerating and
water~supply.
3.2.1 The Relationship Between Electrogenerating
and Transportion
If we concentrate only on developing-hydropower while neglecting
water transportion, then dam will hinder or cut out navigation. So
we should build Ship locks and open logways when developing hy~
dropower to promote water transportation. Since channels are dee-
pened in stepwise development, the annual rate of navigation may
be increased.
510 THE 1987 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE SYSTEM DYNAMICS SOCITY. CHINA
As is mentioned above, thermal power plants should also be cons—
tructed. Because of the heavy demand for fuel transportation,
thermal power development will increase the pressure on present
transportation networks and reduce the degree of transportation
satisfaction. Then we have to increase the investment in transpor-
tation to expand its capacity if it saturates.
Figure 4, The Relationship Between Electro-
generating and Transportation
Figure 4 shows us the relationships between hydraulic electroge-
nerating, thermal electrogenerating and transportation. The loop
involved hydraulic electrogenerating is shown as a positive cause
-and-effect chain in the left, while, the loop involved thermal
electrogenerating is shown as a negtive chain in the right.
3.2.2 The Relationshp Between Power Generating
and Water-Supply~-Consump tion
The relationship between power generating and water-supply-con-
sumption is shown in Figure 5.
On the one hand, developing hydropower may increase the degree of
water-supply satisfaction,so it is positive cause-and-effect chain,
on the other hand,because developing hydropower and thermal power
both will providemore electricity fir industry to increase TOI,
thus increasing industrial consumption of water, so there emerges
two negtive cause-and-effect chains.
3.3 System Flowchart
System flowchart is shown in Figure 6. The coefficients in the
figure are mostly variables and are given as table functions in
the process of simulation. They are simplified and are shown as
small circles in the figure.
THE 1987 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE SYSTEM DYNAMICS SOCITY. CHINA 511
TOI Icp
Figure 5. The Relationship Between Power Gene-
rating and Water-Supply~Consumption
The flowchart can be redraw another form having a few differents
with the.former,by reversing several arrows. The former determines
easily the development-velocities of electricity, transportation
and water~supply by their investments, but the later determines
easily the development investments by that development velocities
respectively.
4. SYSTEM SIMULATION
In accordance with Figure 6, we compiled the programs in DYNAMO
language, utilizing Micro-DYNAMO software, then may conduct system
simulation in a IBM PC/XT. We call Figure 6 with its program R-SD
(1),and the another version of Figure 6 with its program R-SD(2).
Both R-SD(1) and (2) combine into the Model R~SD.
4,1 R“SD(1) and R-SD(2)
In R-SD(1), suppose the velocities of development are given, then
we can work out a lot of alternatives for the development, and
conduct system simulations to evaluate a series of investment
proportions: the proportions of investment in power (PIP), trans—
portation (PITR), irrigation and conservancy (PIIC) and in hydro-~
power (PIHP), thermal:power (PITP), water transportation (PIWTR),
land transportation (PILTR);, water-supply development C(PIWS),etc.
The supposed velocities of development are only bases which will
be revised in the processes of simulation in accordance with the
degrees of satisfaction of electro-consumption (DECS), transporta~
tion: (TRS) and water-supply (DWSS).
512 THE 1987 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE SYSTEM DYNAMICS SOCITY. CHINA
5
3
A
G
im
&
$
G
2
2
&
Figure 6.
THE 1987 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE SYSTEM DYNAMICS SOCITY. CHINA 513
In R-SD(2), suppose the proportions of investment are given,we can
work out a lot of alternatives for investment,and conduct system
simulations to evaluate a series of velocities of development: the
growth rates of hydropower (RHP), thermal power (RTP),water trans~
portation (RWTR), land transportation (RLTR), water-supply (RWS),
irrigated area CRIA), etc. The supposed proportions of investment
are only bases too, which will be revised in the processes of
simulation in accordance with DECS, DTRS, DWSS.
The results from simulation in R-SDC1) and (2) may refer to and
be adjusted by each other, thus obtaining some satisfactory plans
to solve the problems raised in Section 2.1.
4.2 Case Study
A case study has been made on a river within the boundaries of a
province, utilizing R-SD. The result shows: that:
(1) Priority should be given to the development of hydropower,
bringing along water transportation, irrigation, water-supply and
flood-control. The results of the simulation about TOIA under
three basic supposed rates of development for hydraulic and ther-
mal power are shown in Figure 7. There are three alternatives: to
develop thermal power with a equal rate to hydropower € its TOIA
is noted by * );to develop hydropower prior to thermal power (its
TOTA, i.e. TOIAH, is noted by H); and, to develop therinal power
prior to hydropower Cits TOIA, i.e. TOIAT, is noted by T). Obviou-
sly, we may conclude that we have to give priority to the deve
lopment of the hydraulic power generation.. Figure 8 shows three
curves of degree of satisfaction of Alternative H.
20. 0OB 42. 50B 65. OOB 87. 50B 110. 00B *HT
1980.0 - * *HT
%*HT
*T
1990.0 -
Figure 7. The TOIA of Three Alternatives
514 THE 1987 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE SYSTEM DYNAMICS: SOCITY. CHINA
DPCS=P, DTRS=T, DWSS=W.
0. 8000 0, 8500 - 0.9000 0. 9500 1. 0000
1980.0 ------------------- T----P
oo, Hy
4
=
-
oO
o
°
°
1
1
i
1
1
1
'
1
1
'
f
i)
1
4
'
1
'
t
1
'
i)
1
'
= i)
VVUVVUVVUVUVUVUU UU UU UU
Figure 8. The Degrees of Satisfaction
of Alternative H
Pw
PW
PW
Pw
Pw
PW
PW
Pw
PW
Pw
PW
PTW
(2) To develop thermal power properly and in cooperation with hy-
-dropower to solve the problem of insufficient power-supply in the
river-valley.
(3) To develop land transportation properly and. in cooperation
with water transportation to solve the problem of heavy transpor—
tation in the river-valley.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author of this paper is grateful to Professor Wu Jianzhong and
his colleagues of Shanghai Jiao Tong University for their guidance
on the paper.
THE 1987 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE SYSTEM DYNAMICS SOCITY. CHINA 515
REFFERENCES
Dai Xichow (1986) "A Report on the Program of the Ganjiang River—
Valley”. .
Forrester, J.W. (1968) "Principles of Systems”, Cambridge, Ma.
The MIT Press.
Li MI’an, etc. (1985) "A Report of the Optimum Development of the
River Hongshuihe", The System Engineering Section of Automa—
tion Research Institute, Central. China Institute of Techno-
logy, 1983--1985.
Su Yunhua (1986) "An Analysis on the Influences upon Environments
After the Completion of the Xin’anjiang Reservoir”, Journal
of Water Energy Techno-Economy, 1986.
Wang Qifan (1986) "System Dynamics", Shanghai Institute of Mecha-
nical Engineering.
Wu Jianzhong, etc. (1986) "The Theoretical Basis of System Dyna—
mics", Journal of System Engineering, 1986. .
516 THE 1987 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE SYSTEM DYNAMICS SOCITY. CHINA
APPENDIX: NAMES OF VARTABLES AND Col ICTENTS
He Nydraulic Power
TP Thermal Power
WTR Water Transportation
LTR Land Transportation
AGHIT. “Annual Generating Hours of HP
AGHT Annual Generators of HT
AIR Added Incomes of Reservoir
ANTI Transformed Area from NIRA to IRA
BSWS Base of Surface-Water~Supply
BUWS Base of Underground-Water-Supply
CFCP . Coefficient of FCP
CFTTP Coefficient of FTTP
cat Central Government Investment
CHPP Cost of HP per Unit
CLTRP Cost per Unit LTRC
CNIP Cost of Net. Input Power
CNIPP Cost of Net Input Power per Unit
CNTIP Cost per Unit ANTI
CRAIP Cost per Unit RAI
CRAWP Opened up Cost per Unit NIRA
CSRE Coefficient of SRF
CTIIRP Cost of TIIR per Unit
CTPP Cost of TP per Unit
CTRD Coefficient of TRD
DTRS Degree of Transportation Satisfaction
CWSP_ Cost Water-Supply per Unit
CWIRP Cost per Unit WTRC
DPCS Degree of Power Consumption Satisfaction
DWSS Degree of Water-Supply Satisfaction
EAWS Exploited Amount of Water~Supply
EGW Exploited Groundwater Reserves
EX! External Investment
» FAL Fixed Assets of Industry
FCC Flood-Control Cost
FCE Flood-Cotrol Effectiveness
FCP Fuel Consumption per Unit Power
FTRC Fuel Transportation Cost
FTTP | Fuel Transportation of TP
cYI Grain Yield of Irridation
GYIP Grain Yield per Unit IRA
GYNI Grain Yield of Non-Ircigation
GYNIP Grain Yield per Unit NIRA -
GYPP Grain Yield Price per Unit
HIV HP Investment
HPA HP Amount
HPG HP Generators
IAFAI Increased Amount of FAL
TFCC Initial FCC
ILTR Increased Amount of LTR
IOPK’ Industrial Output Value per Kilowalt-Hour
IRA Irrigation Area
IRF Income from Reservoir Fishery
THE 1987 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE SYSTEM DYNAMICS SOCITY. CHINA 517
IRFA] Increased Rate OF FAI
IRIV Irrigation Investment
ITAR Income from Around~Reservoir Tourism and Recreation
IWTR Increased Amount of WTR
ICP Industrial Consumption of Power
LTRC LTR Capacity
LTRI LTR Investment
NIA Net Power from Outsite
NIRA Non-Irrigation Area
OAC Occupied Area of Cultivation
OAl Occupied Area of Irrigation
OIIR Opened Up Investment of Irrigation
ORC Occupied Rate of Cultivation
ORFAI Output Value Rate of FAI
ORI Occupied Rate of Irrigation
OTF Other Funds
PGY Proportion of Grain Yield
PGW Potential Groundwater Reserves
PHP Proportion of HP
PICP Proportion. of ICP
PIV Power Investment
POIIR Proportion of OIIR
POP Population
- PPIV Proportion of PIV
PREF Price of Unit Fish Output
PTIIR Proportion of TIIR
PTPI Proportion of TPI
PTR Proportion of TRI
PURP Proportion of URP
PWSI Proportion of WSI
PWTR -Proportuon of WTR
RAFAL Retired Amount of FAL
RAHP Retired Amount of HP
RAL Reclaimed Area of Irrigation
RATP Retired Amount of TP
RAW Reclaimed Area of Wastaland
RCHP Retired Coefficient of HP
RCTP. Retired Coefficient of TP
RFO Reservoir Fish Output
RFOP. Fish Output per Unit RSA
RRFAI Retired Rate of FAIL
RRW Reclaimed Rate of Wasteland
RSV Reservoir Volume
RSA Reservoir Area
RTRC Railway Transportation Capacity
RUP Rural POP
RWR Retained Water of Reservoir
SAHP Started Amount of HP
SATP Started Amount, of TP
SRF Self-Raised Funds by Local Governments
TOI Total Output Value of Industry
TPA TP Amount
TPFC Fuel Consumption of TP
TPG TP Generators
TPL TP Investment
518 THE 1987 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE SYSTEM DYNAMICS SOCITY. CHINA
TRI TR Investment
TRD Transportation Demand
TGY Total Grain Yield
TOA Total Output Value of Agriculture
TOIAP TOIA per Person
TIIR Transformed Investment of Non-Irrigation to Irrigation
TPIR Transformed Proportion of Non-Irrigation to Irrigation
TTPA Total Power Amount
TTRC Total Capacity of Transportation
TWC Total Water-Consumption
TwS Total Water-Supply
URP Urban POP
VIGY Value ef TGY
WCA Water—Consumption of Agri-Irrigation
WCAP Water-Consumptio per Unit IRA
WCH Water-Consumption of Households
WCI Water-Consumption of Industry
WCIP Water-Consumption per Unit TOI
WCPR Water-Consumption per RUP
WCPU Water-Consumption per URP
WCIV Water-Conservancy Investment
WER Water Energy Reserves
WSI Water-Supply Investment
WIRC WTR Capacity
WTRI WTR Investment
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