Dramatic declines in harvests strengthen the assumption that Long Island’s hard clam fishery may be heading for collapse. A family of predator-prey models has been developed to test and evaluate alternative strategies to reverse the decline in hard clam harvests and/or stabilize the clam population. Harvesting is simulated as a fixed percent of standing stock and the behavior of the baymen in response to price and supply of clams is not included in the models. Five types of policies are evaluated: closed season, maximum size limit, hatchery seeding, bounty on predators, and nursery sanctuaries (closed areas). Effectiveness is judged for both the short term (ten years) and the long term (eleven to twenty years after the policy was instituted). While seeding options produce modest short term improvement in the annual value (8.0 to 10.8 percent), only the two bounty policies produce significant improvement in both the short term (17.0 and 72.6 percent) and the long term (20.4 and 66.4 percent). The results of this model reflect the influence of specific management policies on the biological system alone. A later version, incorporating the behavior of the baymen, will introduce key social and economic factors.
Alcohol abuse and treatment in the United States cost nearly $43 billion in 1975- including $19.64 billion in lost production, $12.74 billion in health and medical costs, $5.4 billion in motor vehicle accidents, $2.86 billion in violent crimes, $1.94 billion in social responses, and $0.43 billion in fire losses. There are about 13 million problem drinkers (including alcoholics) in the United States. Of these, less than 10 percent seek treatment. For those receiving treatment, the overall improvement rate ranges from 30 to 70 percent, depending on how broadly improvement is defined.
This paper attempts to explain the causes of widespread rural poverty which has persisted in Pakistan in spite of the development effort. The paper also analyses the various rural development policies implemented and explains why these policies have had little if any impact on the income of the rural poor. The main instrument of analysis of the study is a system dynamics model incorporating income generation and disbursement processes in an agrarian economy consisting of a capitalist sector and a self-employed sector. The analysis takes into account only the economic factors arising out of the rational decisions of the capitalists and the cultivators. These factors are considered adequate for maintaining rural poverty, although, the role of social and political factors is acknowledged. The study suggests that the absence of an economic force that should encourage ownership of land by its cultivators is a key factor responsible for the poor economic condition of the working rural households. Land is easily separated from cultivators and is concentrated in the capitalist sector. This concentration significantly reduces income in self-employment and thus leaves the cultivators with very little bargaining power for negotiating compensation for labor. Thus, development policies striving to increase productivity may only serve to increase the claim to income on the basis of ownership of resources. If ownership is concentrated outside of the cultivators, such policies may worsen economic condition of the cultivators. The study proposes a general framework for rural development incorporating simultaneously fiscal instruments that should encourage transfer of land ownership to its cultivators and policies that should help increase productivity of land.
Although the system dynamics literature covers issues of how to construct, analyze, test, validate, and implement dynamic models, surprisingly little attention has been paid to how managers react to and interpret the output from system dynamics models (see Gardiner and Ford, 1980; Rohrbaugh and Anderson, 1979). That is, system dynamicists construct feedback models that are simplifications of a complex reality and then conduct policy tests on these abridged representations. However, decision makers not trained in system dynamics may find that even these allegedly simplified models may be quite complex and difficult to evaluate, since model output typically consists of scores of variables interwoven over time.
With the goal of introducing system dynamics to high school students, a set of six learning packages were written during the 1979-80 academic year under grant number GOD7903439 from the US Office of Education. Co-authors of the material are Nancy Roberts, David Anderson, Ralph Deal, Michael Garet, and William Shaffer. The evaluations from pilot testing done during the grant year in six Greater Boston high schools suggest that the materials indeed can effectively accomplish this introductory role. The teachers involved generally made very positive comments about both the value of system dynamics as an exciting high school project as well as the appropriateness of particular materials.
System Dynamics models have been used extensively for depicting the dynamic behavior which arises from a given underlying feedback structure. In a typical application, a feedback structure is specified, numerical values for model parameters are specified, and then a base-run simulation is conducted. Following the establishment of a Base Case, initial conditions, table functions, constants, policy variables and exogenous inputs are altered; with the resulting impact on model behavior noted and analyzed.
A number of high technology firms have recently reported increasing delays in the development of computer-related hardware and software. Experiencing increasing product development times and schedule overruns, one such company commissioned a system dynamics study of the management of its product development group. The purpose of this study has been to uncover potential sources for rising product development times in the company and to identify those over which management can exercise some control.
Civil Engineer curricula are made up courses. Curricula also lead to degrees and most engineering curricula provide rather narrow time allocation to fundamental categories of course offering. It is usually a tight curricula, designed to be achieved in four calendar years by the good student, five by the average. It is sequestial in nature. The upper limit of course hours is usually a constraint, the addition of new course material must be at the expense of older material. The present curricula are built on science, math, chemistry physics, tools (drafting, surveying, computer programming, statistics), mechanics, dynamics, thermo and materials followed by general engineering and then the various components of civil engineering, such as hydraulics, transportation, sanitary, water resources, structures, materials, etc. This sequence presently produces a B.S. degree holder, ready to emerge on the scene at $18,000 - $30,000/year.
The oil tanker market is interesting from a system dynamics point of view. The market exhibits regularities which appear to be caused by an underlying structure which has been stable for at least 30 years, and probably longer. This seemingly stable structure is primarily the result of the systematic, but not particularly rational, behaviour of the main actor in the oil tanker market: the community of shipowners. The collective effect of their individualistic actions, I believe, is a rather violent and rhythmic development in the market- on a timescale of years to decades. The regularity is, of course, superimposed on a non-recurring pattern of developments caused by events entirely outside the control of the oil tanker community. In this paper I describe the stable structure and discuss what it means for the likely development of the oil tanker market over the next decade.
Stochastic aspects of systems have generally been ignored in most system dynamics studies except for purposes of sensitivity testing. Yet any model that claims to be more than simply an empirical description of a system must treat the underlying stochasticity explicitly in terms of its contribution to the dynamics. Recent work in chemical, biological, and hydrodynamic systems has shown that the aggregation of stochastic effects can lead to novel behavior (self-organization in dissipative systems). In this paper, an analogy between models of these physical and system dynamics models is developed, in which system dynamics models are seen to be an approximation (to lowest order in an expansion in system size) to a stochastic model for the system. The implications of theoretical results derived for the physical system models are evaluated for their application to the system dynamics models. A research strategy to elaborate this to analyzing systems is proposed.