Ogunlana, Stephen with Jason Lim and Khalid Saeed, "Civil Engineering Design Management Using a Dynamic Model", 1995
In an attempt to understand the current practices and problems in design projects, a system dynamics model was developed for the management of detailed design process in a civil engineering project. The model took an integrative approach, consisting of four interrelated subsystems: human resources, design production, controlling and planning. Two sets of data were used to initialise and test the model. Some policies and scenarios were then explored to gain insight into the model's behavior and to seek alternatives for better management. The experiments showed the following policy hierarchy: A) In terms of meeting scheduled times, the effectiveness of policies is in order:(1) progress control, (2) manpower allocation, (3) estimation of workload, and (4) realisation of underestimated work. B) In terms of man-days expended or cost reduction, the effectiveness of policies is the order: (1) manpower allocation, progress control, (3) estimation of workload, and (4) realisation of underestimated work. As such, good estimation of workload is essential but not sufficient to bring the project to finish on schedule. Good project control and early perception of real progress are needed to ensure adequate resource allocation and on-time completion.
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