Clark, Rolf Clark, "The Cost of Instability in Defense Spending", 1990
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Budget instability like that seen in defense over the past 20 years cost defense about 15 percent of its force levels. This result derives from a dynamic simulation of the defense resource allocation process. The simulation assumes fiscal constraints, and uncertainty in planned future budgets. Inefficiencies depend on the severity of budget changes from budgets planned to those actually received. The effects of instability on the Army, Navy, and Air Force are shown to be quite different, with major determinants being the relative size of acquisition budgets and the life span of assets.