Singhasaneh, Pitan with John E. Lukens, Apisit Eiumnoh and Harvey Demaine, "Integration of Raster-Based GIS and System Dynamics and Its Application", 1991
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At present, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and System Dynamics (SD) can still be considered as scientific tools in the developing stage which are gaining popularity because of their utility in their own separate fields. GIS deals with the data, their position in a coordinate system , their attributes, and their spatial interrelation with each other, while System Dynamics is used to understand problems which are dynamic (involve quantities which change over time), and also involves the notion feedback.