Warren, Kim, "Simulating the Effects of Regulatory Change in the UK Pubs Industry", 1994
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A 1989 Monopolies Commission Inquiry intothe supply of beer claimed that Tied retail distribution by brewers’ ownershipof retail outlets (pubs) restricted consumer choice, excluding would-becompetitors from brewing and retailing, and forcing up the retail price ofbeer. The inquiry recommended reducing large brewers’ ownership of pubs. Thiswas intended enable new entry into retailing and production, reduce wholesaleand retail beer prices, and extended consumer choice. However, a 1993Government review found that the outcome had been largely the opposite of theseaims, and a further serious consequence was the closure of large numbers ofpubs and a sharp fall in their values.